副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 6fiJ'
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(一) 副词的分类 ub&1L_K
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: "Y+`U
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 Et(prmH
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 Syb:i(Y
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 z&8#1'
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。
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5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 >JhQ=j
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 %F7k| Na
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(二)副词的用法 #"|Ey6
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1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. 3
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2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. 9/Ls3U?
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. F&Gb[
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4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. B4?P
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5. 修饰不定代词和数词: >_o_&;=`v
Nearly everybody came to out party. <Aa%Uwpc
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. udB}`<Q
9. 修饰全句: 1/ a,7Hl
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. .*Z]0~ &|
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(三)副词的构成 zK&`&("4C
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 Y<B| e91C
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 SFjN5u
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 b(yY.L=K
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 l}m@9 ~oC
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 }\@*A1*X2
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 ~9{.!7KPc
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, (efH>oY[
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 |Bjb
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 xN5}y3
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 iZ{D_uxq
(四)与形容词同形的副词 A
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有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: [mm5?23g
We had an early breakfast. az w8BK
We had breakfast early. @~"0|,6VC
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 P^
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 ZY83,:<
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: 3+)i23[4=\
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1. close做“近”解: x{=ty*E
He lives close to the school. B"G;"X
He was following close behind. HxkhlNB
做其他解释时用closely:
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Watch what I do closely. /@0wbA
The prisons were closely guarded. )s!x)< d;
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: !dZC-U~
She stopped dead. z7NaW e
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: ^)X^Pcx
He was dead tired. Yk:\oM
The wind was dead against us. daaur
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deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, Pj^6.f+
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 'y@0P5[se
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: kYx|`-PA<r
The train goes there direct. zg[ksny
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. ] OR]
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: 9"&HxyOfX
He was looking directly at us. B+,Z 3*
She answered me very directly and openly. s<n5^Vxy
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: e)O6k7U$
Answer me directly. \
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Let's meet directly after lunch. 6:@tHUm
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: 7n5bI\
They looked around. iYR8sg[' #
Let’s go on with the work. T~_+\w
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 !DXKn\aQf
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(六)副词的词序 |K7JU^"OQ
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 y~jTI[kS
The building is very high. 5)nm6sf
He came long before the appointed time. $yBU
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2. 副词修饰动词。 )FYz*:f>&
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. Y}Y2Vx
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. O$<kWSC
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 *q\Ve)
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I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. 7&qunK'
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4. 频度副词的位置。 P_
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在一般动词前:They always say so. ?l
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有be动词时,在be动词后: S)T~vK(n
I am always busy. Dqs{n?@n
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. !X*+Ct^
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: %A|9
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The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. R%=u<O
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 N7v7b<6
地点+状态+次数+时间: bH% k)
She arrived there safely the other day. SxI='z_S.f
程度十状态+地点十时间: %}elh79H*
They played fairly well there yesterday.