副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 ^o(C\\>{&
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(一) 副词的分类 SJO^.[
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: )QB9zl:
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 A}CpyRVCn
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 sDS0cc6e
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 pW5PF)([
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 R 5Cy%
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 `cqZ;(^
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 &Ui&2EW
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(二)副词的用法 3&Fqd
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. ]Czq
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2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. Y#fiJ
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. [KsVI.gn
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. nEh^{6
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: Iq(;?_
Nearly everybody came to out party. y0
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7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. (Ek=0;Cr
9. 修饰全句: 33w(Pw
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. b*o,re)Dj
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(三)副词的构成 mG+hLRTXP
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可: simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 "dBCS
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 k?'PCV
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 ` L?9-)m<f
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 Zbjj>*2%
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5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 2s8(r8 AI
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。 eZ
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7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, !FR1yO'd>
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。 P7p'j
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 JulxFjC
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 4r>buEU
(四)与形容词同形的副词 1Qgd^o:d
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: ^Sz?c_<2P
We had an early breakfast. od~`q4p1(-
We had breakfast early. 7<c&)No;
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 /WIHG0D
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(五)兼有两种形式的副词 2F#R;B#2
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: &tw
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1. close做“近”解: zwKm;;v8
He lives close to the school. 2_HPsEx
He was following close behind. ^#L?
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做其他解释时用closely: ?OPAf4h
Watch what I do closely. ^6
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The prisons were closely guarded. 0\y@etb:mf
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: c=p @l<)
She stopped dead. kM\O2ay
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: k&P_ c
He was dead tired. !&Q3>8l
The wind was dead against us. "@I"0OA
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, S:"t]gbF =
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 ngN_,x7yc
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: _k@{>
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The train goes there direct.
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The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. *<! W k\
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: G
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He was looking directly at us. p
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She answered me very directly and openly. hoi hdVjv
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: X?.bE!3=
Answer me directly. '.@R_sj
Let's meet directly after lunch. 0\jOg
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: 7
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They looked around. K`FgU7g{
Let’s go on with the work. !DCJ2h%E[_
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 u
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(六)副词的词序 j78xMGKO
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 d#a
The building is very high. "ngYh]Git$
He came long before the appointed time. r[Q$w>
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2. 副词修饰动词。 &U xN.vl
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. B:z -?u#B
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. 4_N)1u !
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3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 =pcj{B{qa
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. 9zO3KT2
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4. 频度副词的位置。 OqBw&zm
在一般动词前:They always say so. RC (v#G
有be动词时,在be动词后: {u.V8%8
I am always busy. 4&ea*w
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. &OhKx
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: P>@`hZ9
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The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. F41!Dj7
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 `8dE8:#Y
地点+状态+次数+时间: DQlaSk4hF_
She arrived there safely the other day. uaPBM<
程度十状态+地点十时间:
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They played fairly well there yesterday.