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主题 : 考博英语词汇解答技巧-副词
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楼主  发表于: 2008-11-24   

考博英语词汇解答技巧-副词

副词也是博士生入学英语考试中的一个重要项目。在这部分词类中,要求考生能够正确地识别副词的形式以及词义。在这一章中,我们将介绍副词的分类、用法、构成及特点,帮助考生熟悉考试的形式。 ^o(C\\>{&  
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(一) 副词的分类 SJO^.[  
副词按其词义和作用可分为下列几类: )QB9zl:  
1. 时间副词,如:yesterday,tomorrow,today,last,ago,recently,immediately,nowadays,still,just等。 A}CpyRVCn  
2. 频率副词,如:never, sometimes, often, usually, hardly, seldom,always, frequently等。 sDS0cc6e  
3. 地点、方向副词,如:here,there,outside,west,left,straight,over,on, in, out,off, somewhere,anywhere,up,down,over,away等。 pW5PF)([  
4. 方式副词,如:awkwardly,largely,neatly,quickly,well,together,slowly,fast等。 R 5Cy%  
5. 强调副词,如:very,quite,too,more,extremely,so,pretty,terribly,wholly,almost,entirely,even,only等。 `cqZ;(^  
6. 疑问、连接副词,如:when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。 &Ui&2 EW  
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(二)副词的用法 3&Fqd  
1. 修饰动词: The girl threw the ball quickly. ]Czq A c  
2. 修饰形容词: The job is too hard to him. Y#fiJ  
3. 修饰其他副词: He drives rather fast. [KsVI.gn  
4. 修饰小品词: They let her well behind. nEh^{6  
5. 修饰不定代词和数词: Iq(;?_  
Nearly everybody came to out party. y0 qq7Dmu  
7. 修饰名词:Life here is full of Joy. (Ek=0;Cr  
9. 修饰全句: 33w(Pw  
Ordinarily we eat breakfast at seven. b* o,re)Dj  
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(三)副词的构成 mG+hLRTXP  
1. 大多数副词是由形容词加后缀-ly 构成的。如:politely,sadly;当形容词以-y结尾时。在加-1y之前,先变-y为-i:heavily,busily;以-1e结尾时去-e加-y即可:   simply,ably;以-ll结尾时,只需加-y: dully,shrilly;以-ic结尾时,则在-ic之后加-ally: economically,basically等。 "dBCS  
2. 由名词加-ly构成的副词,如:weekly,monthly,yearly。 k?'PCV  
3. 由数词加-1y构成的副词,如:firstly。 `L?9-)m<f  
4. 由不定代词加-1y构成的副词,如:mostly。 Zbjj>*2% ^  
5. 由介词加-ly构成的副词,如:overly。 2s8(r8AI  
6. 由短语加-1y构成的副词, 如: matter-of-factly。  eZ +uW0  
7. 由各种词类加前缀-a或后缀-fashion,-ways,-style构成的副词,如:alike, !FR1yO'd>  
round,aloud,sideways,cowboy-style等。  P7 p'j  
8. 有些副词由介词或地点名词加后缀-ward(s)构成,意义是“向…”。如: backward(s),downward(s),forward(s),northward(s),onward(s),upward(s)等。 Jul xFjC  
9. 另外,有些副词是由名词加后缀-wise构成,表示方向、位置、状态、样子等,如:clockwise,crabwise,lengthwise等。 4r>buEU  
(四)与形容词同形的副词 1Qgd^o:d  
有些形容词与副词同形,但有着不同的句法功能。如: ^Sz?c_<2P  
We had an early breakfast. od~`q4p1(-  
We had breakfast early. 7<c&)No;  
early在第一句中是形容词,做定语;在第二句中是副词,做状语。有些表示时间的如:daily,weekly,quarterly,monthly,yearly也能做如此用法。 /WI HG0D  
9wC:8@`6E  
(五)兼有两种形式的副词 2F#R;B#2  
有些副词有两种形式:一是与形容词同形,二是由该形容词加-1y构成。这两种不同的形式,有些含义相同,有些略有不同,有些完全不同。如: &t w   
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1. close做“近”解: zwKm;;v8  
He lives close to the school. 2_ HPsEx  
He was following close behind. ^#L? HIM  
做其他解释时用closely: ?OPAf4h  
Watch what I do closely. ^6 sT$set  
The prisons were closely guarded. 0\y@etb:mf  
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2. dead做“突然地, 完全地”解: c=p@l<)  
She stopped dead. kM\O2 ay  
在非正式用语中作“完全地”“直接地”解: k&P_ c  
He was dead tired. !&Q3>8l  
The wind was dead against us. "@I"0OA  
deadly做“死一般地”或“非常”解, S:"t]gbF =  
例如:deadly pale,deadly serious,deadly dull等。 ngN_,x 7yc  
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3. direct做“直线地”“不绕圈子地”解: _k@{> ?(a  
The train goes there direct. 0fPqO2  
The next flight doesn’t go direct to Rome; it goes by way of Paris. *<!W k\  
做“直接地”(即“间接地”的反义词)解时用directly: G K @]61b  
He was looking directly at us. p stQithS  
She answered me very directly and openly. hoihdVjv  
directly也可以做“立即”或“马上”解: X?.bE!3=  
Answer me directly. '.@R_sj   
Let's meet directly after lunch. 0\jOg  
有些词,如:above,in, on,around,away,off等,在与动词搭配时,其后面没有宾语,这些词是做副词。请看以下例句: 7 v<$l  
They looked around. K`FgU 7g{  
Let’s go on with the work. !DCJ2h%E[_  
上面两句中的around和on都是副词。 u hP0Zwn  
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(六)副词的词序 j78xMGKO  
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1. 副词修饰形容词、副词时,通常放在被修饰词的前面。 d #a  
The building is very high. "ngYh]Git$  
He came long before the appointed time. r[Q$w>  
&bj :,$@  
2. 副词修饰动词。 &U xN.vl  
不及物动词+副词:She speaks well. B:z-?u#B  
及物动词+受词+副词:She speaks English well. 4 _N)1u !  
gH\r# wy|  
3. 地点副词和时间副词可置于句首或句末,放在句首时语气较强。 =pcj{B{qa  
I was born in Zhejiang in 1963. 9zO3KT2  
*!9/`zW  
4. 频度副词的位置。 OqBw&zm  
在一般动词前:They always say so. R C (v#G  
有be动词时,在be动词后: {u.V8%8  
I am always busy. 4&ea*w   
有助动词时,在助动词和本动词之间:This job will never be finished. &OhKx  
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5. 两个以上的副词词序。单位较小者+单位较大者: P>@`hZ9 o  
The school is situated at the fifth street, Beijing, China. F41!Dj7  
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6. 两个以上不种类的副词词序。 `8dE8:# Y  
地点+状态+次数+时间: DQlaSk4hF_  
She arrived there safely the other day. uaPBM<  
程度十状态+地点十时间: Km <Wh=  
They played fairly well there yesterday.
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