上海交通大学 !a7[8&
一九九九年秋季博士生入学考试试题 BI3@|,._N
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Part One: Listening Comprehension (25 points) Section A: Spot Dictation \QYFAa
DiruChons: In this section, you are going to hear a passage. The passage will be read only once. Fill in the blanks with the words you hear on the tape. After the passage, there will be 3-minute pause. During the pause, you must write the words on the Answer Sheet. Now, please get ready. 9~p[
As we grow up and grow old, our society offers us a sequence of (1) age-related roles, such as schoolchild, apprentice, college student, graduate, spouse, (2) executive, and retiree. Various role opportunities thus open or close to us at (3) point in our passage from the cradle to the grave. In this connection it is (4) to think of society as containing two fluid structures: a structure of ages, and a structure of roles. The (5) refers to the number and proportion of people in different age (6)-, such as infants, the middleaged, or the old. The latter refers to the number and types of roles that society makes (7) wE? 'Cl
such as those of warrior, airline captain, or grandparent. Both the age structure and the role structure of a society are (8) changing. B" !l2
Every society has to try to provide appropriate roles for its members, (9) .^h#_[dp
the aged. In a small number of societies where (10) are very n ~shK<!C
limited, there arc few roles for the old to play, and they may be (11) from 2/"u5
the community to die. The Eskimo, for example, (12) left xa <UM5eI
unproductive older members to perish in the snow, and (13) today the I3: [_1G@S6Ex
of Uganda leave the old and the infum to (14) to death. In most traditional societies, however, the aged are accorded an (15) role, so much so that people may took forward to old age. The old typically live out their lives in a large (16) family containing children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren Their life-long (17) makes them the repository of wisdom in the community, on subjects ranging from folklore to religion to (18) . Old men typically wield great political power as treads of families, and the aged of both sexes are usually (19) to remain active in the community and to perform some forms of light labor until (2.0) old age. 2E}*v5b,
Section B: Multiple Choice ?}kG`q
In this section, you will hear a passage. At the earl of the. passage, you R7l he& 5 gtxatiores. The passage and the qucahon wtjl be read only once. After each quesfan, thane will be a prose. Dwift the pauee, you must read the four wed moms mated A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Then Write your choice on the AnsaW Sheet. {(r`k;fB
21. A) Doctor Kapbn. 7f0l
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B) A university technician. C) A lab instmtor. &Low/Y'.jJ
D) A specialist in science. 22 A) At the beginning.
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B) In the mid(Oe. C) Near the end D) During the find exam. -uMSe~
23. A) To expisin the purpose of having lab experiences. B) To stress the brvartance of safety procedures. C) To tell them where to buy safety equipment. ?4q4J8j
D) To help them to understand their lab results. u>k
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24. A) An innovative scientist cannot take normal precautions while performing experiments. e\!0<d
B) An irwrntor must be Billing to make some painful personal sacrifices to achieve his or her goals. ZWc]$H
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C) Precautionary measures must be followed in all laboratory work to crnsure one's safety and health. Y@N,qHtz
D) Chemists with personal problems should never use toxic subslanccs. 25. A) Leave the room. . -jb0o/:
B) Hand in their lab notebooks. ]6TATPIr
C) Go to Professor Kaplan's office. D) Work on an experiment. -*
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Section C: Question and Answer P<X\%_Iat
directions: In this section, you w-l hear a passage. The passage %vitl be read ordy anc:,. Then try to answer the follo%ing 5 questions. Remember you should write your anssvm on the Answer Sheet. H!5\v"]WB
26. What would a man do when a woman got onto a crowded bus in the past'? 27. What does a roan do toda),? l49*<nkmq
28. What, according to the author, is the cause of this change? 29. What will a girl insist on sa)ing if she is taken out for a meal? 30. What have men given up nowadays? ^c^#dpn
Part II Vocabulary (20 points) ]:4*L
Directions: In each question, decide which of the choices given will most suitably complete the sentences if inserted at the place marked. Write your choices on the Answer Sheet. lDYyqG4
3I. The secretary was harshly——by her boss for misplacing some important files. e4H A7=z
A) rebuked B) teased kEOS{C%6R
C) washed D) accused -likj#Z
32.The jet airliner has ——from the Wright brothers’ small airplane. m
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A) involved B) evolved pWK(z[D
' C) devolved D) revolved ADDSCY=,
33. Chinese products enjoy high international prestige because of their , quality. nqI@Y)
A) indistinctive B) indisputable nExU#/*~^
C) indispensable D) indistinguishable YG@t5j#b
34. This can something that the students may not have comprehended in =t9\^RIx)?
English. v F`gi_;c
A) signify B) specify ^(vs.U^U<
C) clarify D) testify #gz
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35.1 must you on your handling of a very difficult situation. q8/MMKCbX
A) meditate B) complement #gRM i)(F
C) elaborate D) compliment *5%d XixN
36. I've had my car examined three times now but no mechanic has been able to the problem. _P0T)-X\(
A) deduce B) notify 7
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C) highlight D) pinpoint 1_9<3,7
37. Architectural pressure groups fought unsuccessfully to save a terrace of eighteenth century houses from _ \NgYTZ
A) abolition B) demolition (s.0PO`
C) disruption D) dismantling QRHu3w
38.Having decided to rent a flat, we____ contacting all the accommodation dt, NW]Lj>0Y
agencies in the city. &J[:awQX
A) set out B) set to jrr EAp
C) set about D) set off K^1o DP
39. The police decided to the department store after they lmd received a bomb warning. ;LcZ`1
A) evict B) expel "I3@m%qv
C) abandon D) evacuate ULs\+U
40. If the work-force respected you, you wouldn't need to your authority so often, IpYM;tYw&
A) affirm B) restrain [tlI!~Z
C) assert D) maintain '@o;-'b
41. Miss Rosemary Adang went through the composition carefully to all errors from it. Of*Pw[vD
A) eliminate B) terminate %|auA
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C) illuminate D) alleviate Gr*r=s
42. Several months previously, the workers had petitioned the company for a 25 percent wage increase and of stricter safety regulations. A,JmX
A) implement B) endowment $ `ov4W
C) enforcement D) engagement arIf'CG6
43. The rebel army __ the democratic government of the, country lawlessly. *=8JIs A>!
A) overthrew B) overtook ;&9)I8Us
C) overturned D) overruled $Q &lSVQ
44. Judges are ____increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences vx>
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A). i 18 B) demanding C[ NSkr
C) imparting D) imposing ~>
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45. The of all kinds of necessary goods was caused by natural calamity. s2h@~y
A) variety B) scarcity (up~[
C) solidarity D) commodity A
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46. It is essential to be on the for any signs of movement in the undergrowth "un]Gc
since there are poisonous snakes in the area. zwhe
A) guard B) care |?!~{-o
C) alert D) alarm p2#)A"
47. She took up so many hobbies when she retired that she had hardly any time xcd#&
A) in hand B) at hand HJ9Kz^TnC
C) on her hands D) at her hand Z-^LKe
48. Working with the mentally handicapped requires considerable -`_ of patience; and understanding. $mu^G t
A) means B) stocks o*-)Tq8GHE
C) provisions D) resources w^Sz#_2
49. He still suffers from a rare t2-opical disease which he -,. while working to Africa. {:Orn%Q
A) infected B) incurred !=pn77`g>
C contracted D) infested fa-IhB1!K
50. Giving up smoking is just one of the ways to heart diseases. ,kiv>{
A) ward off C) push off WYH Q?
B) put off D) throw off 7r7YNn/?
51. There is no_______for hard work and perseverance of you want to succeed. @ju@WY45$^
. A) alteration B) equivalent )P%ZA)l%_o
C) alternative D)substitute ^|/TC!v]M
52. What the film company needs is a actor who can take on any kinds of roles. QiQ_bB!\
A) diverse B) versatile ~Y `ld
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C) variable D) changeable (]Z_UTT
53. With their modern, lightweight boat, they soon the older vessels in the race. Ghu#XJB?
A) overran B) exceeded &b.=M>\9Q
C) outstripped D) caught up n D0K).=Q
54. Research suggests that, heavy penalties do not act as a to potential criminals. . ,-$LmECg
A) deterrent B) prevention R]vV*
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C) safeguard D) distraction srr
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55. There has been so much media of the coming election that people have got bored with it. \MsTB|Z
A) circulation B) concern VEH&&@d
C) broadcasting D) coverage -Y1e8H ='
56. You've done more of the work than I have recently so I'll give up my day off' in (lXGmx8
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A) offset B)redress 4~ q5,^kgB
C)herald D) compensate Gk.
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with the usual formalities since we all know each other e{h<g>7
57. I think we can______with the usual formalities since we all know each other already. v6[!o<@"a
A) dispose B) dispatch T%x}Y#U'`
C) dispense D) discharge }v@dL3{f
58. He joined a computer dating scheme but so far it hasn't a suitable patter.
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A) come by B) some across .\\DKh%
C) come up with D) come round to O#n8=B4
59. Have you thought what the _ might be if you didn't win your case in court? [8.c8-lZ^
A) applications B) connotations \6S7T$$ 1m
C) implications D) complications ,368d9,rDz
64. I thought 1 saw water in the distance but it must have been an optical F@^~7ZmP`
A) perception B) delusion ".f ;+wH
C) illusion D) deception
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61. He was intensely_____ by the way the shop assistant spoke to him. Bm.afsM;
A) intervened C) injected @(l^]9(V\
B) irritated !y#"l$"xK
D) insulated uvgdY
62. The people who were _ hurt in the accident were taken to the only hospital in the immediate_________ BK*x] zG$
A) vicinity B) mobility TH)"wNa
C) velocity D) integrity 3sc+3-TF
63. With all his experience abroad he was a major to the company. 6~OoFm5
A) attendant B) asset E"\/M
C) attachment D) attribute zFfoqb#*g
64. Don't thank me for helping in the garden. It was pleasure to be working out of doors. |yvQ[U~PQ
A) mere B) sheer M-\Y"]sW
C) plain D) simple b>_o xK
65. The peace of the public library was by the sound of a transistor radio. z,|r*\dw
A) shuttered "B) shattered :s=NUw_^
C) smashed D) fractured |].pDwgt
66. It is doubtless that those who wish to succeed should be r[1i*b$
A) aggressive B) possessive =nz}XH%=
C) cooperative D) conventional
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67. The damp and cold weather had painfully the patient's rheumatism. 8 m5p_\&
A) activated B)aggregated NIh:DbE
C) aggravated D) accelerated h
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68.1 utterly your argument. In my opinion, you have distorted the facts. b6W2^tr-
A) dispute B) refute "ZHW2l Mf
C) confound D) decline l;af~ef)'
69.1 think you will find that the inconvenience of the diet is by the benefits. FE" y\
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A) out looked B) outranked Kqun^"Df
C) outfought D) outweighed 5>VY LI
70. A good friend is one who will you when you arc in trouble. "mX\&%i6\p
A) stand for B) stand by V7#Ff i
C) stand up to D) stand over 'iy*^A `Y
Part III. Reading Comprehension (30 paints) )q0. 0<f
Directions There are 6 passages in this pail. Each Passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. Each question or unfinished statement is given four suggested answers marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the one best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. CQwL|$)]Y
Passage One ANvR i+ _
Some of the earliest diamonds known came from India. In the eighteenth century they were found in Brazil, and in 1866, huge deposits were found near Kimberley in South Africa. Though evidence of extensive diamond deposits has recently, been found in South Africa, the continent of Africa still produces nearly all the world's supply of these stones. tcI}Ca>u
The most valuable diamonds are large, individual crystals of pure crystal lint carbon. Less perfect forms, known as 'boars' and 'carbonado' arc clusters of tiny crystals. Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle lice those you sec on a ring--they just look like small, blue-grey stones. Mmj;'iYOwF
In a rather crude form the cutting and polishing of precious stones was an art known to the Ancient Egyptians, and in the Middle Ages it became 1Lidcspread iii north-west Europe. However, a revolutionary change in the methods of cutting and polishing was made in 1476 when Ludwig Van Berquen of Bruges in Belgium invented the use of a swiftly revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder. The name 'boast' is given to this fine powder as well as the natural crystalline material already mentioned. It is also gimp to badly flawed or broken diamond crystals, useless as jewels, that are broken into powder for grinding purposes, the so-called `industrial' diamonds. jlp:lX
Diamond itself is the only material hard enough to cut and polish diamonds--though recently, high-intensity light beams called lasers have been developed which can bore holes in them. It may be necessary to split or cleave the large stones before they arc cut and polished. Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along which it may be split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge. ktK_e
A fully cut 'brilliant' diamond has 58 facets, or faces, regularly arranged. For cutting or faceting, the stones arc fixed into copper holders and held against a wheel, edged with a mixture of Oil and fine diamond dust, which is revolved at about 2,500 revolutions a minute. Amsterdam and Antwerp, in Holland and Belgium respectively, have been the centre of the diamond cutting and polishing industry for over seven centuries. Sa\!*e_sN
The jewel value of brilliant diamonds depends greatly on their colour, or `water' as it is called. The usual colours of diamonds are white, yellow, brown, green or blue- dp+
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Surrounding rocks and take on their color. thus black ,red and even bright pink diamonds have occasionally been found. |"XPp!_uN
The trade in diamonds Is not only in the valuable gem stones but also in the industrial diamonds mentioned above. Zaire produces 70% of such stones. They are fixed into the rock drills used in mining and civil engineering, also for edging band saws for cutting stone. Diamond-faced tools are used for cutting and drilling glass and fine porcelain and for dentists' drills. They are used as bearings in watches and other finely balanced instruments. Perhaps you own some diamonds without knowing it--in your wristwatch! t^`O{m<
71. 'Carbonado' is the name given to A) only the very best diamonds B) lumps of pure carbon "+\ lws
C) Spanish diamonds f}Np/
D) diamonds made up of many small crystals <F'X<Bau
72. The art of cutting and polishing precious stones remained crude until A) the fourteenth century p>vn7;s2#
B) the fifteenth century !h(|\"
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C) the sixteenth century m.px>v-
D) the seventeenth century HQ|MhM/"
73. During faceting, diamonds are held in copper holders hj
A) to facilitate accurate cutting %ThyOl@O
B) to make them shine more brilliantly C|d
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C) so that they can revolve more easily wUiys/OVM
D) as a steel holder might damage the diamond 4%2~
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74. The value order of `water' in diamond, _ cZH-"
A) is more important than their colour 4
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B) ranges from blue-white upwards xfy1pS.[:
C) ranges from blue-white downwards u)3 $~
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D) has never been reliably established !_+8A/
75. Industrial diamonds are used zrR`ecC(b
A) for a wide range of purposes t|9 GS|
B) mainly for dentists' drills Jg]'+>,J
C) for decoration in rings and watches pWPIJ>2G:
D) principally in mass-produced jewellery s7g(3<(
Passage Two T21ky>8E
Just about everyone knows the meaning of `value" though you'd never know it from the excesses of the Eighties. Clever campaigns often allowed marketers to charge more for their product and reap ever-higher profits. It worked like a dream until suddenly, facing difficult economic times, consumers work up. &FH2fMLQ
Now, to the extent that they're buying, many consumers are choosing the car that delivers the most for the money--not necessarily the one they coveted as a status symbol a few years ago, they are shifting to the toothpaste that works from the ones with it slickest promotions. Companies that understand this new consumer have come up wit something new: "value marketing". "jTKSgv+q5
A word of caution is necessary. In marketing, watchwords quickly metamorphos into buzzwords--and value is no exception. We're not taping about ads that merely boast of a product's value or even such legitimate sates tools as price cuts and discount: Used correctly, value marketing amounts to much more than just stashing prices distributing coupons. It means giving the customer an improved product, with adds, features and enhancing the role of marketing itself: o;W`4S^
In value marketing, marketing becomes part of the system for delivering value t( the consumer. Instead of merely shaping image, such a program might offer enhance guarantees or longer warranties, ads that educate rather than hype, membership club: that build loyalty, frequent-buyer plans, improved communications with customer. through 800 numbers, or package design that makes the product easier to use or more environmentally friendly. gzjR6uz
These and other value-marketing techniques can be expensive. They can tncar added production and marketing costs added to lower unit prices, Even so, the principle involved in value marketing value for money, an improved product, enhanced =Nice, and added features--are just %fiat U_S_ business needs to enhance its competitiveness in the global marketplace. That's why it will be all to the good if the commonsensical virtues of value marketing become part of the permanent strategy of U.S. business. D?C)BcN
76. Consumers have waken up because of o Y1';&BO9
A) the poor products they bought >$ NDv
B) the high price they paid for what they bought C) the difficult economic times Mva3+T
D) a horrible dream U~}
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77. Many consumers are choosing the commodities {%VV\qaC
A) that are precious 6ZKsz5:=
B) that are warranted Nc:({@I
C) that can show their status "6R
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D) that deliver the most for the money <V7>?U l
78. In the 1980s, people would like to go after the products q}/WQ]p} <
A) that were most expensive i
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B) that were up-to-date #l4)HV
C) that could show their status D) that were in fashion ot`%*
79. Communications with customers malj be improved >iOzl wmG
A) through annual customers congress aWwPvd3
B) through ton free 800 numbers :Gu+m
C)through membership clubs t~e<z81p
D) through frequent education KjFK/Og.
80. A value marketing program may not include !IC-)C,q
A)daily visits to customers I.Y['%8,5~
B)longer warranties nI/kw%<
C)membership clubs Fi.aC;sx
D)environmentally friendly packages m6
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Passage Three QDTBWM%
Great emotional and intellectual resources are demanded in quarrels; stamina helps, as does a capacity for obsession. But no one is born a good quarreller; the craft must be learned. Bd^"=+c4
There are two generally recognised apprenticeships. First, and universally preferred, is a long childhood spent in the company of fractious siblings. After several years of rainy afternoons, brothers and sisters develop a sure feel for the tactics of attrition and the niceties of strategy so necessary in first-rate quarrelling. FYb34LY
The only child, or the child of peaceful or repressed households, is likely to grow up failing to understand that quarrels, unlike arguments, arc not about an)1hing, least of all the pursuit of truth. The apparent subject of a quarrel is a mere pretext; the real business is the quarrel itself. Tzt ,/e
Essentially, adversaries in a quarrel are out to establish or rescue their dignity. I fence the elementary principle: anything may be said. The unschooled, probably no less quarrelsome by inclination than anyone else, may spend an hour with knocking heart, sifting the consequences of roiling this old acquaintance a lying fraud. Too late! With a cheerful wave the old acquaintance has left the room. &SAH2xR
Those who miss their first apprenticeship may care to enrol in the second, the bad marriage. This can be perilous for the neophyte; the mutual intimacy of spouses makes them at once more vulnerable and more dangerous in attack. Once sex is involved, the stakes are higher all round. And there is an unspoken rule that those who love, or have loved, one another are granted a licence for unlimited beastliness such as is denied to mere sworn enemies. For all that, some of our most tenacious black belt quarrellers have come to it late in fife and mastered every throw, from the Crushing Silence to the Gloating Apology, in less than ten years of marriage. F$Ca;cP"
A quarrel may last years. Among brooding types Kith time on their hands, like writers, half a lifetime is not uncommon. In its most refined form, a quarrel may consist of the participants not talking to each other. They will need to scheme laboriously to appear in public together to register their silence. SR^_cpZoi
Brief, violent quarrels are also known as rows. In all cases the essential ingredient remains the same; the original cause must be forgotten as soon as possible. From here on, dignity, pride, self-esteem, honour ate the crucial issues, which is why quarrelling„ like jealousy, is an all-consuming business, virtually a profession. For the quarreller's very self-hood is on the fine. To lose an argument is a brief disappointment, much like losing a game of tennis; but to be crushed in a quarrel ... rather bite off your tongue and spread it at your opponent's feet. lJzl6&
81. Unschooled quarrellers are said to be at a disadvantage because 'JdkUhq1V
A) their insults fail to offend their opponent O1D6^3w
B) they reveal their nervousness to their opponent R*zO
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C) they suffer from remorse for what they've said &3v&i*DG,I
D) they are apprehensive about speaking their minds @ct+7v~
82. According to the writer, quarrels between married couples may be_-__ - A) physically violent 7
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B) extremely IYitter 0Rz(|jlbS
C) essentially trivial A])P1c. 7"
D) sincerely regretted yMc:n"-[
83.when quarrelling, both children and married couples may, according to the writer HPQ/~0$
A) be particularly brutal 1|ZhPsD.}g
B) use politeness as a weapon &[a Tw{2
C) employ skillful manoeuvres |2`"1gt
D) exaggerate their feelings xU
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84. The difference between a quarrel and an argument is said to be that aV`&L,Q)7E
A) the former involves individual egos NQ|xM"MqD
B) the former concerns strong points of view r]P, 9
C) the latter has well-established miles kax\h
D) the latter concerns trivial issues J^m<*
85. In the passage as a whole, the writer treats quarrelling as if it were ;pJ2V2 g8
A) a military campaign G{x[uE2X&f
B) a social skill sk2%
C) a moral evil .wK1El{bf
D) a natural gilt |%D%0TR&Q
Passage Four !EF(*~r!9L
`I just couldn't do it. I don't know what it is. It's not embarrassment. No that's not it. You see, you're putting your head in a noose; that's what it seems to me.' Derek am armed robber with a long record of bank jobs, was talking about hoisting (shop-lifting). `No I just couldn't do it. I mean just going in there.' He paused to try to fund a more exact way of fixing; his antipathy. `I tell you what. It's too blatant for my liking.' va|rO#.=
It seemed a fanny way to put it. Pushing a couple of ties in your pocket at a shop was hardly the last word in extroversion, and even a bit on the discreet side when compared to all that firing of shotguns and vaulting over counters which made up the typical bank raid. .G>t72DpU
But my ideas of shop-lifting were still bound up with teenage memories of nicking packets of chewing gum from the local newsagents. A lot of guilt and not much loot_ After a few conversations with professional holsters, I realised that `blatant' was just about right. ,xths3.K
Nobody took a couple of ties- they took the whole rack. The fast member of the gang would walk in nice and purposefully. Their job was to set up the goods: perhaps put an elastic bawd round the ends of a few dozen silk scarves; move the valuable pieces of jewellery nearer the edge of the counter; slide the ties on the rack into a compact bunch. Then, wine somebody else diverts the assistant or provides some fort of masking, the third member lifts the lot G
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'If the walk to the door is a little long, then there mm be someone else to take over for the last stretch. No one is in possession for more than a few seconds, and there's always a couple of spare bodies to obstruct any one who seems to be getting too near the carrier. Store detectives who move forward with well-founded suspicions may still find themselves clutching empty air. o%y;(|4t >
Store detectives watch for three main give-sways: am- sort of loitering which looks different from the usual hanging around and dithering that characterises the real customer; any covert contact between individuals %N-ho %v shown no other sign of knowing each other, any over-friendliness towards sales staff which might be acting as a distraction. 'There's one other little angle', said one detective. 'l often pop round the back stairs; that's where you'll occasionally find one of them; trying to relax and get themselves in the right mood before starting the next job.' .~=HgOJ
86. The bank robber wouldn't consider shop-lifting because Psa@@'w
A) it was beneath his dignity ~fz
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B) the penalties were too high V*65b(q)
C) it wasn't challenging enough > %*B`oqo
D) the risks were too great lQ*eH10H
87. The writer's experience led rum to think that most shop-lifters FN
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A) were I their teens We`'>'W0
B) stole modest amounts GVd48 *
C) used violent methods }qC SS<a
D) stole for excitement &K:' #[3V
88. The; role of the first member of the gang is to 'I/h(
A) convince the staff he's a serious shopper zTCP)x
B) remove die goods from the shelves 6E9N(kFYs
C) establish the easiest goods to steal A['uD<4b
D) smooth the. path for his accomplice . ZL%VOxYqi
89. Professional shop-lifters avoid being caught in the act by @?2n]n6
A) passing goods from one to another :d'65KMi
B) hiding behind ordinary shoppers LXhaD[
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C) racing for the nearest exit d$1#<