I. 攻读博士学位考试大纲词汇量要求:
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清华大学博士生入学时其英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生水平。根据《研究生英语教学大纲》中的规定:硕士生应领会式掌握词汇5500个,其中大部分为实义词,如:名词、动词、形容词、副词。动词所占比例最大,约占五分之一;名词应不亚于动词,而且词汇级别越高名词的比例就越大。但这并不意味介词、连词就可以忽略。 {M=*>P]E
掌握一定数量的常用词组。 JxEz1~WK &
掌握一定数量的常用词缀,并能根据构词法和语境意思识别常见的派生词。 vj]h[=:
II. 词汇部分的考试形式及重点: }r;=<mc,O
形式:10个单句有下划线,选出同下划线意义相同的单词;10个单句选择填空以完成句子。 kjXwVGK=P<
题量: 20个句子(10%),每道题0.5分,共10分。 LvZ',u}
重点:是对名词、动词、形容词、短语及固定搭配的判断和理解,其中包括区分同义词、近义词、反义词等。如: `)M
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In order to achieve your goals, you must work hard. H]f[r~
A. make B. accomplish C. require D. develop 6#\:J0
As they can’t afford to let the situation get worse, they will take some necessary _____. @gM}&G08
A. decisions B. sides C. directions D. steps 3Wx\Liw,
The first, second, and third prizes went to Jack, Tom and Harry ______. 6Ypc]ym=J
A. equally B. differently C. similarly D. respectively ,)aUp4*
III. 单词记忆方法: ]\k
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通过阅读记单词 rp2g./2
通过做练习题记单词 8HHR
通过联想方式记单词: 邻近联想:lightening-thunder-storm; winter-freeze- snow-frost; spring-blossom-awake; 类比联想: result-effect-impact; because of, on account of, due to; 对比联想: stupid-clever-smart; advance-backward等.。 ,mC=MpfzJ
分类记忆单词:根据单词的词性、词义、读音等方式将单词分类。如按意义分类:vehicle, truck, jeep, taxi 等。按单词词性分类:reduce, decline, decrease, fall, drop等。 mZuLwd$0
掌握构词法:如,前缀、后缀、词根。 PSX
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IV. 四种命题方式: y9=<q%Kc-
1.近形词题目:考单词辨认、近形词辨认的能力。如: )r)ZmS5O
The problem is caused _____ by a lack of money. wfcR[
A. prominently B. profoundly C. primarily D. proportionally $M+'jjnP
The new director of the television station wants to _____ its program. q:iu
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A. divide B. decide C. diversify D. divert NzeiGj
2. 近义词题:词义相近、用法不同。如: 5r~hs6H
Generally ____, that city is less crowded than the others in the same state. iun_z$I<+Z
A. talking B. speaking C. saying D. telling |Q";a:&$
In the big flood, only 20 % of the people in that village ______. tDfHO1pS
A. remained B. stayed C. lived -w5sXnS
D. survived I:YgKs)[
语境词汇题:根据单词所处的具体语言环境,确定正确选项。 rR#wbDr5
In 400 A.D. Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that span upwards and fell back to earth as _____ ceased. ?FV%e
A. rotation B. suspension C. emission D. motivation RZ ?SiwE
As a good photographer, you must develop an awareness of the world around you and the people who ____ it. jpoNTl'
A. innovate B. inhabit C. integrate D. inherit
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固定搭配:动词与介词或副词的搭配,形容词与名词的搭配等。 ;d]vAj
Not all persons arrested and ____ with a crime are guilty, and the main function of criminal courts is to determine who is guilty under the law. .WuSW[g
A. sentenced B. accused C persecuted D charged 5P 5Tgk
If you are a member of a club, you must _____ to the rules of that club. q9a6s{,
A. conform B. appeal C. refer D. access jc#gn&4C
词汇部分的主要词类及要点 [
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在词汇考试中,考生应该重视主要性及其要点,如名词、动词、形容词和副词。 _5$L`&
名词:名词是词汇考试的一个重要组成部分;考生应注意名词在不同的语境中所体现的不同含义和用法,同时需通过练习熟悉这批名词,以及了解名词的外延和内涵和一定量的同义词。 3*(><<ZC
1、除了英语本族语及少量外来语等拼写简单的名词外,名词多数是由希腊及拉丁词根加上前缀、后缀构成。大量的名词后缀是表示性质、状态和行为的。参见III. e. 掌握构词法之名词后缀及成绩词根。 ziM@@$.F
2)名词的复数 b@K1;A! S
(1) 以-f结尾的名词,构成复数时只加-s,如: xj3{Ke`6
cliffs(悬崖)gulfs(海湾)proofs(证据) safes(保险箱) -9o7a_Z
有些-f结尾的名词可有两种复数形式。如: K,
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dwarf—dwarfs—dwarves(侏儒) hoof—hoofs—hooves(蹄) z3>4 xn{
(2) 源自拉丁语、希腊语及法语的一部分外来 词的 复数形式仍然保留不变。 `gJ$fTi&
1)来自拉丁语的: Nei i$
stratum / starta(地层) KDA2
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larva /larvae(昆虫的幼虫) A* Pz-z>z
stimulus / stimuli(刺激) nHp$5|r<
bacterium / bacteria(细菌) r>CBp$
2)来自希腊语的: dNov= w
analysis / analyses(分析) hypothesis / hypotheses(假设) U^qS[H
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synopsis / synopses(概要,大意) thesis / theses(论文,论题) 1Y~'U
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criterion / criteria (标准) phenomenon / phenomena(现象) ,wv>G]v
(3) 一些外来词兼有原有复数形式和英语规则复数形式。 #MiO4zXgd
外来词 原有复数 规则复数形式 y>d`cRy
syllabus(拉) syllabi syllabuses(大纲) 2=1qmQE
medium (拉) media mediums(媒体) =5YbK1Q^
symposium(拉) symposia symposiums(研讨会) F6:LH,~8
(4) 复合名词的复数形式 If8
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1)daughter-in-law / daughters-in-law(儿媳) -@B6 $XWL
2)looker-on / lookers-on(旁观者) 4E1j0ARQQ
3)stand-by / stand-bys(可依靠的人或物) &+H\ST(/
(5) 一些名词的单复数意义不同。 r/HG{XH`
anxiety(焦虑)/ anxieties(令人忧虑之事)
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security(安全)/ securities(证券,债券) mmCGIX
kindness (善意)/ kindnesses(善行) g9d/nRX&
(6) 有些名词的复数形式兼有单数形式的意义和新的意义。 ` 1y @c"t
letter字母;信 letters 字母;信 / 文学,学问 4!
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manner方式,方法 manners方式,方法 / 礼貌 #$!^1yO
pain 痛 pains 痛 / 努力 *e<'|Kq
color 颜色 colors 颜色 / 军旗 k
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动词: r|/9'{!
动词的测试重点: fWDTP|DV
1) 动词的认知能力和辨别能力; Qkw_9
2) 动词的用法; gI@nE:(m
3) 动词的搭配关系。在考试大纲的词汇表中,约有五分之一是动词。因此,掌握好这批词汇直接关系到考试成绩。 3Gw*K-.
1. As a result, they had to __________ answering their letter by three days. .cmhi3o4
A. decide B. refrain C. surpass D. delay !MmbwB'
2. The diplomatic relations between the tow countries have _____________. ^?0?*
A. ticked away NvpDi&i
B. gone out %Rk0sfLvn
C. broken off y'JJ#7O=
D. rung up ygUX ]*m!
1) 动词不规则词型变化 A$;*O)
动词原形 过去时 过去分词 L%pAEoSG
abide 遵守 abode, abided abode, abided >T
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arise 升起 arose arisen j2 >WHh
awake 唤醒 awoke awoke, awaken VwXR,(
bid 表示 bade, bid bidden bid ?4R q +
breed 繁殖 bred bred jX t5.9 t
cast 投、掷 cast cast yV&]i-ey
creep 爬 crept crept qa6HwlC1
dwell留居 dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled RGY#0 .Z}
forbid 禁止 forbade, forbade forbidden i/C0
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2) 动词词型相近,词义不同 ER4#5gd
compliment vt. 赞美 He is complimented for his fine work. u}?{1B!
complement vt.补充 They need to complement the factory with more workers. ~BBh 4t&
affect vt. 影响 award vt. 授予、给予 Cth<x n(Q
effect vt. 产生、引起 reward vt. 奖赏、报答 -,$:^4
adapt vt. 使适应 contract vt. 缔结、订约 ;b_<5S
adopt vt. 采用 contact vt. 使接触, V:AA{<
compress vt. 挤压 confirm v. 证实 o+S?j*mv@
comprise vt. 包括 conform v. 符合 \PmM856=ms
inquire vt. 打听、询问 compel vt. 强迫、迫使屈从 P1`YbLER5
require vt. 要求、命令 impel vt. 促成、推动 hm1.UE
ensure vt. 保证、担保 rescue vt. 援救、营救 #vPk
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insure vt. 给...保险 secure vt. 保护、使...安全 mVT[:a3
extinguish vt. 熄灭 respect vt. 尊重 !VvM
distinguish vt. 区别,辨别 suspect vt. 猜想 #"o`'5
3) 动词词义相近,用法不同 2nSz0 .
arrive vi. 该动词后面需采用 at, in, on 等介词He arrived in Beijing yesterday. tZr_{F@
reach vt. 该动词为及物动词,直接跟宾语。They reached the village yesterday. P;ZVv{mT
insist v. insist 后面需用介词on He insisted on going to the hospital tomorrow. Ye[Fu/0
persist v. persist 后面需用介词 in He persisted in working on this experiment. 48mTL+*
consist vt. 这个动词一般用于主动态 This class consists of forty students. n." XiXsN
compose vt. compose 常用于被动语态 This country is composed of ten nations. ip*UujmNyR
4) 动词后需用动名词 R~#&xfMd.
band enjoy complete imagine *
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consider deny practice acknowledge 4&B|rf
anticipate avoid delay envy LO)QEUG
escape miss mind risk g}I{-
appreciate favor facilitate postpone t&G #%
quit resent resume include ^pocbmg
permit involve admit favor 1]7v3m
5) 动词后需用不定式 QU@CPME
afford refuse decide seek H*&!$s.
agree care learn expect _2<d6@}
intend pretend promise manage 2K{)8;^
desire consent prepare resolve '5P:;zw
presume undertake Kr%O}<"
6) 动词后可用动名词或不定式 TnPx.mwK\
continue dislike prefer begin AD"L>7
remember regret propose like continue intend forget deserve remember neglect attempt twql)lbx
7) 动词固定搭配 R^6^{q
1) 动词与介词的搭配 G}'\
bring about 产生,引起 (w/lZt
bring forward 提出,提议 }A7]bd
break out 逃出,爆发 ?#u_x4==e
break through 突破,突围 sW@_q8lG
carry off 夺取,夺去 C*Dco{
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come by 得到,获得 o 0H.DeP
get across 使人了解 R|!4klb
get at 够得着 OH vV_
2) 动词与名词的搭配 TiSV`V q
arrive at a conclusion 得出结论 ]goPjfWvU"
take into consideration 考虑到 Opf^#6'mq
commit a crime 犯罪 *En4~;l
make a decision 决定,果断 F3<Ip~K
reach an agreement 达成协 G8OnN
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break one’s promise 违约 4
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take action 采取行动 6Vy4]jdT5
keep balance 保持平衡 M
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3) 动词与名词和介词的搭配 v'u
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make an apology to sb. 向某人道歉 |=s jGf
make comments on sth. 评论谋事 E>`gj~
hold an inquiry into sth. 对某事进行调查 QPp>%iE@
express sympathy for 对某人表示慰问 MK, $#
形容词: %CG=mTP
形容词测试点包括: @i@f
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1)形容词的认知能力和辨别能力; Ct9*T`Gl
2)词形及词相近的形容词的区分; P<IZ%eS3B
3)形容词和介词的搭配。 例如: ,\0>d}eh!
1. All the off-shore explorers were in good mood when they read ______letters from their family. tcj3x<
A. affectionate B. intimate C. passionate `Bv, :i
D. considerate e><