高分语法讲解 1JEnnqu
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第一章 名词 n& $^04+i
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 t]-u
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第一节 可数名词 A%\tiZe
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考点一 单复数 8I,QD`
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可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 ueG|*[
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。
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例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) 4ujvD ^
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 9PUes3"v
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: smQVWs>
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes Ov82ibp_1
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories D,ly#Nn
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives Cz^Q5F`
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs o5aLUWi-
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例题: =wq;@' U
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. &
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答案:A I]}>|
应改为:Flowers 1q.(69M
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 BC\S/5~k
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic v
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pain. X
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答案:A +3^NaY`Y
应改为:Doctors 6/mF2&&g
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 G5'_a$
考点二 复数形式特例 q^bO*bv
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 N?23 m`3
1.单复数词形相同 E20 :uZ7\
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 >#N[GrJAE
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: x0Bw{>Q
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises [BXyi
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula YB
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larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena ,d
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: k:P$LzIB
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), eoJ]4-WFq
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), .s};F/(diD
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: F 1}
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) QHQj/)J8
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5 不规则的名词复数 R=35
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child - children mouse - mice louse - lice \GHOg.
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tooth - teeth foot - feet od,tfLw4
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 8vJdf9pB*
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例题: ;o >WXw
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading AP
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. 1(pjVz&
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(2) "
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Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed LJ
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feet. K#;txzi
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答案:D *JS"(. '(
应改为:foot (n}%a6M
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 &@"w-M
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 Vs|sw
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第二节 限定词 uc\.oG;~q
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: -Y2
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1.之后肯定接单数: y\@SC\jk|
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. !4L#$VG
例句: Each of them has two books. v2(U(Tt
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) F;X"3F.!
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2.之后肯定接复数: ?{n>EvLY
these, those, many, such, other, +=Yk-nJ
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), oq
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a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several |
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one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of FE>3 D
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc ~DK F%}E
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 $e>/?Ss
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考点一 否定限定词no P_v0))n{
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: $+
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No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. iJEB?y
No one is here. ~v^%ze
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: poTl|y @
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; Wk7L:uK
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 z7|
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例题: f2`P8$U)R
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The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood.
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(A) none M' a&
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(C) not .WBI%ci
(D) nor R.91v4J
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答案: C 6F@zCv"w
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 LDT'FwMjy
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(2) MZ;"J82p
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when +vSCR(n
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. MV
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答案: A 3g?MEM~
应改为: No nQ:ml
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 Rel(bA-[N
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考点二 their等物主代词 OVDMC4K2z!
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars 1?/5A|?V4+
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 OvyB<r
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. *Gk<"pEeS
这里用their 而不用 the 7i-W*Mb:
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例题: eEZ|nEU
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A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten +XU$GSw3(
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the lives. d&[M8(
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答案: D gTmUK{y'
应改为: their Mm>zpB`qP
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 g6[/F-3Qlf
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A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any Z3X&<Y5
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