高分语法讲解 F5Va+z,jg
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第一章 名词 {8OCXus3m
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 ZW}_DT0
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第一节 可数名词 v1[29t<I!
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考点一 单复数 '%D7C=;^
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 J *yg&
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 2?5>o!C
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式)
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 >bxS3FCX
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: NgwbQ7)
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes H. c7Nle
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories :svqE+2
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives w@pPcZ>z/
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs g
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例题: (ZGbhMK
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. S 5U;#H
A B C D GeqP
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答案:A 5bIw?%dk(
应改为:Flowers -} +[
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 ~@!bsLSMU
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic LLI.8kn7
A B C D ,_P-$lB
pain. >eaaaq9B-
答案:A s*4dxnS_8
应改为:Doctors +_`7G^U?%
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 k!^{eOM
考点二 复数形式特例 ~rm_vo
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 0"R|..l/
1.单复数词形相同 ta0|^KAA
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 <%^&2UMg
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: @CoIaUVP
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises 2!\DPX
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula 0]L"H<W
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena +t.b` U`-
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: \wZe] G%S
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), 4| f*eO
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), `V1]k_h
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: }ZI
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goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) V#HuIgf-
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5 不规则的名词复数 W_=f'yb:E
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice 0Gk<l{o?^
tooth - teeth foot - feet m 5.
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 F
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例题: R-:2HRaA
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading ]]mJ']l
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. a#4?cEy
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(2) 9Na$W:P
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Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed osRy e3
A B C eavV?\uV%
feet. g(052]
D \zkg
答案:D ]'}L 1r
应改为:foot QY/w
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 r"
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词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 CY1Z'
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第二节 限定词 Z~CjA%l
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: JI}'dU>*U:
1.之后肯定接单数: NOva'qk
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. N['.BN
例句: Each of them has two books. WJ#[LF!e
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) py4 h(04u
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2.之后肯定接复数: a9gLg
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these, those, many, such, other, ^sw?gH*
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), aOp\
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a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several pP_LR
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one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of C]6O!Pb0
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc qm}@!z^
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 ^
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考点一 否定限定词no Tk
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: ;l+Leex
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. }#fbbtd
No one is here. aN?zmkPpov
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: ?9/G[[(
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; dV_G1'
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 la!~\wpa
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例题: o/E >f_k[
(1) kP:!/g
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. zX[
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(A) none 0mE 0 j
(B) no y(#e}z:
(C) not B\~
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(D) nor X?O[r3<
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答案: C 7!1S)dup
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 5m@V#2^P
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(2) kiEa<-]
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Jy)/%p~
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. K(4_a``05
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答案: A .-zom~N-?
应改为: No Rq -ZL{LR7
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 E.h*g8bXe
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考点二 their等物主代词 ".%k6W<n
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars 3]hWfj1m2
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 T{"(\X$
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. ;uW FHc5@B
这里用their 而不用 the (7Qo
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例题: 0RfZEG)
(1) YSMAd-Ef-
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten l;U?Z'n
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the lives. ooGM$U
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答案: D Bvj0^fSm
应改为: their rqq1TRg
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 t^HRgY'NjM
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(2) U*:!W=XN
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any 9mgIUjz
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specific way. i4Jc.8^9$
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答案: B R]dg_Da
应改为: its
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解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 $(
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 0c&+|>!
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 Si,6o!0k
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例题: U.TA^S]`g
(1) >7r!~+B"9'
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or l,:F
A B C JRFtsio*
relating those objects. /=h` L,
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答案: B 23?rEhKe
应改为: is a set 1}37Q&2
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合
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(2) |3%8&@ho
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. /> Nt[o[r
A B C D .o8t+X'G
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答案: D .l|$dE/E
应改为: responses *dF>_F
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few e%6QTg5#
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 CJ%I51F`X
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) x :7IIvP
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) 8] ikygt"
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第三节 冠词作限定词 66 Tpi![
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 V$~9]*Wn
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考点一 不定冠词a / an 8X0z~&
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: `"~%bS
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university .mAjfP*
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour Z6pUZ[j,
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). d7i]FV
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例题: MWL%
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(1) qv*^fiT
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever N !|wo:
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. \G3rX9xG
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答案: B有错 #=v~8
应改为: puzzle. 7!$^r$t
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle d:{O\
(2) lPJ\-/>$z
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a V/;B3t~f
A B C D o+9j?|M
question of physiology and of culture. W,-g=6,
答案: D有错 Y5d \d\e/
应改为: day p[lA\@l[
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day TBrPf-Xr
(3) 2wgg7[tGi
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the 1>&]R=
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nonprofessional metal worker. eNu7~3k}
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答案: C ;]jNk'oa
应改为: still a practical !#"zTj
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 *r
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a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 @Pzu^
例题: CWP2{
(1) c\V7i#u[d;
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. FjI`uP
A B C D .q 3/_*
答案: A ^Js9 s8?$
应改为: An emotion +XYE {E5
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an M+9 gL3W
(2) ApXy=?fc
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine QW~1%`
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chemically with other atoms.
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答案: A +V^;.P</
应改为: an atom 1\rz%E
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an r!a3\ep
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考点二 定冠词the Z@@K[$
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: Eue~Y+K*b
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: RTJ3qhY
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower Jl9k``r*
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: A1?2*W
the first woman, the nineteenth century -701j'q{
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby xZF}D/S?Ov
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: *lw_=MXSK
the largest city, the most advanced technology n%s
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(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: U,- 39mr
the development of the watch, nl,uuc
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(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: 2nIw7>.}f
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun /U)D5ot<
在下列情况下,一般不用the: *zL}&RUKM
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: !|S43i&p
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) k<{{*
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the M|`U"vO
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) JU5C}%Q6
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: A_5P/ARmI
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) Fv<F}h? 6
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: |! E)GahM
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… 4 bH^":i(
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: y)!5R 3b
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed
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乘车的词组: |NC*7/}
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), jesGV<`?l
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) $$5aUI:$~$
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), H>B&|BO_[
打球的词组: wlk4*4dKn
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball >X4u]>X
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. 9-DZU,`P
例题: :~T99^$zA
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. W=vP]x
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(A) it was the
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(B) that the `a/%W4
(C) there was a ]d0tE?9
(D) the a\E:sPM'>
答案:D _EMwm&!
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 .=;3d~.]
(2) /1Q(b
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of #( jw!d&
A B /.M N
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. U4-g^S[
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答案:D ,Pjew%
应改为:of <55g3>X
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 Vz~nT
(3) -[!P!
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The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to -~ Mb
A B C ]<pjXVRt"
nineteenth century. S=nzw-(I
D Q&g^c2
答案:D >wBJy4:
应改为:to the nineteenth ac.Ms (D
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the ,Bo>E: u
第四节 不可数名词 5nO% Ke=
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 <U >>ZSi
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抽象名词如: h!ZV8yMc
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: K7W6ZH9;
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), [E
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English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理),
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enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) S9`flo
还有表达学科类的名词如: $8[r9L!
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, S. q]
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mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) F>[,zN
me ks
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物质名词如: sHl>$Qevz
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), '07P&g-
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) C[Dav&=^F
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 Bw64
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词,
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如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), eT8}
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) Gkv{~?95
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 $N=N(^
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice B7<Kc
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, &F5@6nJ`
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 g
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例题: Y.U[wL>
(1) 1`9xIm*9w
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and
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A B C D 'fNKlPMv4D
trade. Kmv+1T0,
答案:C -yg?V2
应改为:advertising CZt \JW+"
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 N**g]T
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词汇:barter: 实物交易 xvSuPP4 m
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考点二 限定词 m&iH2
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不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: h"[+)q%L
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) -tI'3oT1
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 W|,V50K
例题: D^;*U[F?
(1) F5qFYL;
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear }Lw>I94e
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image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. n%\
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D Ky
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答案:D =FT98H2*|
应改为:little. VCcr3Dx()F
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little R1W}dRE}
(2) ]}6w#)]"
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge C}*cx$
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A B }/,CbKi,+
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. ,xT?mt}P
C D A[YpcG'9
答案:B Y}D onF
应改为:much evidence ]k8
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解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 Kw`VrcwjT
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 R,
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例如: /)rkiwp
a lot of students , a lot of money f0LP?]
the rest of the students, the rest of money 6R29$D|HFO
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. !"TZ:"VZU
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第五节 所有格及of结构 ._96*r=o
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考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 Pu>N_^ C
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, l48k<
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office e|r0zw S
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , O;]?gj 1@
如: the students' union, the ladies' room I6LD)?
例题: lKEa)KF[
(1) 8 )\M:s~7&
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. 2PSTGG8JV
(A) of the drop vVs#^"-nW
(B) the drop's
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(C) drop of Ld|V^9h1;
(D) drops their ^Dx#7bsDZR
答案: (B) xkA2g
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解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 WO,xMfK
(2) .
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Over a very lar "L2 m-e6
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. czBi Dk4
(A) occurs `HX3|w6W;
(B) will occur
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(C) can occur (=T$_-Dj`}
(D) occurring p`+VrcCBOd
答案:D mPVE?jnR^0
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 O=jN&<rb
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考点二 of结构 En9R>A;`
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) :LV.G0)#
如: the title of the passage :J(sXKr[C
例如: nJVp.*S
(1) _JOP[KHb
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names {:Vf0Mhb
A B C Gidkt;lj
of some works years after their completion. XS0V:<+,
D O2H/rFx4
答案: C wR7aQg
应改为: paintings o1YU_k<#
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 &jJckT
(2) 6f}e+ 80
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and NdQ%:OKC
A B C D dokuyiN\
spinal cord. zeTszT)
答案: B YMAQ+A!
应改为: stimulation *j<@yG2\gP
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 YkbO&~.
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 YY!!<2_
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 j<$R4A1
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 %UmbDGDWI
例题: tQ0=p|
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(1) ?-{IsF^
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. fNEz
(A) was a major collection qP`?M\!O
(B) that a major collection /'+4vXc@
(C) a collection was major &enlAV'#)O
(D) a major collection R1 qMg+
答案: (D) 2))t*9
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解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 P6E1^$e
(2) h*l4Y!7
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of XbXgU#%
A B C D &U0WkW
medieval alchemists. 6)+9G_
答案:A
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应改为:beginnings. cqHw^{'8
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 5{fwlA
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考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 aZC*7AK
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 zCM^r <Kr
例题: k2wBy'M.'
(1) =*[, *A
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. e
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(A) new dance, the twist ]t7ClT)n!
(B) twist, was the new dance U!
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(C) twist, the new dance that
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(D) new dance is the twist 4Z],+?.[
答案: (A) $TFTIk*uU
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 _i.({s&_9
(2) AtuZF
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep frk7^5
A B U=M#41J
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. `2sdZ/fO
C D ^]KIgGv\
答案: D M44_us
应改为: promise. 5
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解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 Ml8E50t>;
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考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 fHW-Je7mG
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, GsR-#tV@
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. gjO
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例题: g2!0vB>
(1) #^"hqNwA
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. iM4mkCdOO
(A) that institutes YAX #O\,
(B) while instituted X9p+a,
(C) was an institution Yjpb+}
(D) an institute S6=\r{V
答案: (D) Vj#%B.#Zbf
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 _a?wf!4>P
(2) W,0KBkkp
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. Iwnj'R7:
(A) is the great modern choreographer -Pv P
(B) one of the great modern choreographers C!CaGf=
(C) that the great modern choreographers O8!!UA8V
(D) the modern choreographers were great JDIz28 Ww
答案:B Ir'DA_..
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句