高分语法讲解 q#A (gyy
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第一章 名词 ?^mi3VM
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 j:T/ iH!YF
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第一节 可数名词 .MW
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考点一 单复数 ,B(7\
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 =p^He!
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 YIt & >
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) OdWou|Gz
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 Q-Ux<#
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: \$aF&r<R
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes `-`qdda
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories [%50/_h
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives J89Dul l
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs ^=n+T7"J
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例题: L@75-T
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. HkV1sT
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答案:A ZKQ hbNT
应改为:Flowers < v]3g
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 -y
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic JOjoiA
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pain. ve
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答案:A nd;fy$<J\
应改为:Doctors f:g,_|JD$
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 < B_Vc:Q
考点二 复数形式特例 &U+ _ -Ph
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 L=2y57&Y
1.单复数词形相同 o7B[R) 4
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 |AlR^N
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: nR4y`oP+
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises *lef=:&,,
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula i"|$(2
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: e]=!"nJ+
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), 2+Px'U\
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), :'a
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4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: SXao|{?O
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) }F+zs*S
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5 不规则的名词复数 b3wM;jv
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice AmwWH7,g
tooth - teeth foot - feet A:<;M@q!
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 pT?Q#,fh
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例题: 2oJb)CB
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading L6>pGx
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. vzF5xp.
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(2) yfU<UQ!1
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed T]Nu)
A B C &D%(~|'
feet. (;. AS
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答案:D ylKmj]A
应改为:foot 4'KOpl
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解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 k`".
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 B12$I:x
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第二节 限定词 #S%Q*k<hw
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: `RMI(zI3g.
1.之后肯定接单数: */ G<!W
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc.
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例句: Each of them has two books. 'gQidf
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) 7=@jARW
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2.之后肯定接复数: J==SZ v
these, those, many, such, other, BF{w)=@/'
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), "i:T+#i({O
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several M>jtFP<S
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of hzI*{
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc X5YiFLH>y\
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用
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考点一 否定限定词no 5>9Y|UU
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: zr76_~B1u
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. DaNW~rd{
No one is here. G;gJNK"e
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: M8w5Ob
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; 4([.xT
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 +.[\g|G
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例题: *X%m@KLIKv
(1) [%HIbw J
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. X7UBopm&
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(B) no ;D ~L|
(C) not n)8Yj/5
(D) nor m$>iS@R
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答案: C D)='8jV7
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 kL@Wb/K JP
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(2) x_@i(oQ:_
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when ?4PQQd
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. A3P9.mur
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答案: A A,i()R'I
应改为: No 5#:pT
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 O]u",J5
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考点二 their等物主代词 :x>T}C<Y
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars _45cH{$sA
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 }#9(Mul
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. "|LQK0q3
这里用their 而不用 the }*;EFR 6'
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例题: b;vNq
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A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten $+VgDe5{S
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the lives. v4<j
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答案: D PZ]5Hf1"
应改为: their o<\6Rm
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 ze
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(2) gduxA/aT
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any uB+9dQ
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specific way. 75 Fp[Q-
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答案: B q!*MH/R
应改为: its -- S"w@
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 GMb!Q0I8
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 ;G Qm[W([
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 {d}26 $<$]
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例题: TAAR'Jz S
(1) 0#
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or =#'+"+lQ }
A B C >0M:&NMda
relating those objects. !G>(j
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答案: B /MqP[*L
应改为: is a set u=l0f6W
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 SNxz*`@4
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(2) e18T(g_i
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. kFnUJM$r
A B C D -YAO3
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答案: D jiOf')d5
应改为: responses /o'oF
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few >pa\n9=Q^
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别
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The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) >Ziy1Dp
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) J;7s/YH^
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第三节 冠词作限定词 K"G(?<>~4c
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 &~42T}GTWG
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考点一 不定冠词a / an T R+Q4Y:
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: `s#sE.=
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a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university Am]2@ESUP
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour m]Hb+Y=;h
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). WFQ*s4 R(
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例题: PjiNu.>2(
(1) d%S=$}o
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever j\%?<2dj=
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. hw EZj`9
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答案: B有错 A%.J%[MVz
应改为: puzzle. ^
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解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle $,xtif0
(2) byEvc[/>Ys
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a }wa}hIqx
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question of physiology and of culture. 6M
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答案: D有错 @&!=m]D*
应改为: day 94Kuy@0:+
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day 6R$F =MB
(3) chvrHvByS
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the + 1E?He:iQ
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nonprofessional metal worker. =;'ope(?S
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答案: C ,(;p(#F>
应改为: still a practical sw 3:HNG=
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 /8P4%[\
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 !0>!tW
例题: ;PP_3`
(1) JxMyeo%gv
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. xdFP$Y~ogy
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答案: A mK7^:(<.LO
应改为: An emotion 0x3 h8
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解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an +[X.-,yW
(2) 36x5 q 1
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine yP<:i
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chemically with other atoms. #um1?V
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答案: A +aXk^+~j
应改为: an atom @]y{M;
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an NXWIE4T>*^
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考点二 定冠词the Qn'r+X5t
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: w7`@=kVx
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: "$,}|T?Y`
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower *+,Lc1|\
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: 56O<CgJF<
the first woman, the nineteenth century 6%ti B?
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby n/-p;#R
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: v @I^:I
the largest city, the most advanced technology W O \lny!
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: D\_*,Fc
the development of the watch, Ph!KL\
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: 0t:|l@zB
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun &:cTo(C'
在下列情况下,一般不用the: /O(;~1B
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: QF.wtMGF&
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) Q'Jpsmwu
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the |"tV["a
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) Bc9|rl V,
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: +G=C~X
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) -)->Jx:{
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: <x%my4M
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… ;ZqD60%\
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: <4A(Z$ZX)
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed eQ)ioY
乘车的词组: XGrxzO|{
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), cdU
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by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) C6T 9
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), cX=b q_
打球的词组: a~N)q
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play tennis, play baseball, play basketball DrCfC[A~]
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. "F.J>QBd
例题: @SVEhk#
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. XkfUPbU
(A) it was the B xN#Nk~
(B) that the ?Kz`
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(C) there was a FVLA^$5
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(D) the bA9dbe
答案:D P*^UU\x'4I
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 %$-3fj7
(2) f*H}eu3/j
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of [(^''*7r+T
A B GISI8W^
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. /SM#hwFxJ&
C D WRyv
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答案:D cngPc]?N
应改为:of Uc;IPS
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 Tf]VcEF
(3) sBG(CpQ
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to oM7-1O
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nineteenth century. '$ nGtB5
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答案:D 9Yne=R/]
应改为:to the nineteenth C2%3+
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the e/I{N0SR
第四节 不可数名词 6*oTT(0<p
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 ^O9m11
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抽象名词如: \FX3=WW
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: X7!A(q+h
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), ^Q:`2C5
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), (
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enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) a'.=.eDQ
还有表达学科类的名词如: u"3cSuqy
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, 4h@
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mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) #.K&]OV/88
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物质名词如: 0a;zT
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equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), ZACn_gd[5
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) #_5+kBA+>'
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 QpZhxp
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, [r~lO@
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), T{Q&