高分语法讲解 AWHB^}!}
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第一章 名词 oEbgyT gB
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 +5H9mk
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第一节 可数名词 n)uvN
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考点一 单复数 Bzn{~&i?W:
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 5%"${ywI
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 9 P_`IsVK
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) 0h-holUf}~
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。
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复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: D.Rk{0se8
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes 3":ef|w]
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories Cbm
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives Ou</{l
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4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs fiOc;d8
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例题: dl;~-'0
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. F>jPr8&
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答案:A >JwdV
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应改为:Flowers 2
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解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 LSb
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic ,\!4A
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pain. IK5FSN]s/
答案:A 44FK%TmtF
应改为:Doctors (1H_V(
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 6}
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考点二 复数形式特例 2Fi>nJ
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 pq_
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1.单复数词形相同 KJWYG^zI
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 2uFaAAT
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: Ntr5Q
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basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises 6GX'&z
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula 6i[\?7O'0
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena VaC#9Tp2X
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: HRIf)n&~f
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), zMs]9o
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), vLR)B@O,2
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: y@]4xLB]
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) IcZ_AIjlk
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5 不规则的名词复数 BL0WI9
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice }hyK/QUCoN
tooth - teeth foot - feet ?2[=llS4
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 I=D{(%+^d
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例题: 5Zs"CDU
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading ,]Yjo>`tW
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. JfKhYRl
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(2) a1ZGMQq!
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed [UNfft=K3P
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feet. 9UOx~Ty
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答案:D c}Jy'F7&f
应改为:foot }@@1N3nnxV
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 598xV|TON
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 yHQ.EZ~%
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第二节 限定词 [rTV)JsTb
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: +x
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1.之后肯定接单数: Y8.0R-:ZAN
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. St|sUtj<r
例句: Each of them has two books. 5
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You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) ~/3cQN^
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2.之后肯定接复数: ++,mM7a
these, those, many, such, other, 9<7Q {
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), !SJmu}OB]
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several CvQ LF9|
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of P%Q
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc >ID 3oi
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 =AgY8cF!sl
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考点一 否定限定词no y
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: J)jiI>
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. F,:F9r?l,H
No one is here. GrM~%ng
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: +bRL.xY
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; g LpWfT29V
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 $S,Uoh
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例题: Do_L
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The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. -w@fd]g
(A) none ww\/$ |
(B) no 'rR\H2b
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(D) nor erqm=)
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答案: C fi?[ e?|c@
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 MfL q
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Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when vfy-;R(
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. 9CN /v
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答案: A V) a6H^l
应改为: No NA3yd^sr
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 {(tE pr
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考点二 their等物主代词
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars #d
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 I|LS_m
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. oVhw2pKpM
这里用their 而不用 the &FZe LIt
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例题:
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A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten sEj:%`l|
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the lives. D!<$uAT
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答案: D L.Lt9W2fi
应改为: their Z8 # I
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 hKT:@l*
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(2) {xykf7zp
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any D4vmBVT
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specific way. "''<:K|
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答案: B '
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应改为: its %zD-gw>
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 R] [M_ r
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 WV @Tm$r
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 pkU e|V
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例题: aK&+p#4t
(1) _Ry.Wth
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or pjCWg4ya
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relating those objects. GufP[|7b-
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答案: B
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应改为: is a set HV9SdJOf
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 5An0DV5
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(2) :]^P^khK
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. 8$v7|S6 z
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答案: D 8T)zB6ng
应改为: responses 3NN'E$"3
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few cQ.;dtT0
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 LZ)m](+M
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) ^CPfo/!
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) o$ce1LO?|N
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第三节 冠词作限定词 7F(F.ut
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 tt]V$V
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考点一 不定冠词a / an )c*k_/4
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: p$nK@t}
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university F> QT|
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour 2ly,l[p8
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). zg7l>9Sc
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例题: V<vPFxC
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How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. zNny\Z
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答案: B有错 BY*2y
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应改为: puzzle. rocB"0
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle |[Ie
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(2) )@,
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Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a (]Ye[j^"7
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question of physiology and of culture. R6!cK[e]4
答案: D有错 sm;E2BR$
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应改为: day b0YiQjS6>
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day
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(3) wb6 L?t
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the zg#m09[4
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nonprofessional metal worker. Pr5g6I'G
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答案: C /5Zp-Pq
应改为: still a practical QqiJun_m
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 b96t0w!cs
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 r$GPYyHK
例题: U*3AM_w
(1) <0u\dU
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. &8<<!#ob
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答案: A C4QeDvpI
应改为: An emotion zL:&Q<
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an JEW
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If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine "]V
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chemically with other atoms. +|y*}bG
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答案: A M.>^{n$
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应改为: an atom LHh5 v"zjG
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an o
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考点二 定冠词the Ntb:en!X
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: W'a(oI
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: E2@`d6
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower lT2 4JhJ#
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: dsJm>U
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the first woman, the nineteenth century 96d~~2p
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby H
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(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: X) V7bVW
the largest city, the most advanced technology JB3 "EFv
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: j 5Qo*p
the development of the watch, ^/HW$8wEi
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: j^flwk
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun <$%X<sDkq
在下列情况下,一般不用the: VYZU eh
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: H{l)
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) &(
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但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the aSC9&Nf;
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) + WVIZZ8
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: "w Af.=F
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) %Y]=1BRk}
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: =-NiO@5o
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… LCs__.
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: |Os6V<u"
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed K*q[(,9
乘车的词组: &$'z
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), g:7,~}_}^
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) G,f-.
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), 4[yIOs
打球的词组: &;E5[jO^D
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball
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注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. ?YQPlv:<o.
例题: %'
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. !}f1`/
(A) it was the |&3x#1A
(B) that the Es5f*P0
(C) there was a N~^yL <O
(D) the 2 PqS%`XiS
答案:D ^/U27B
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 'sh~,+g
(2) 69m
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The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of vI1i,x#i
A B fu[K".
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. ;G |i^
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答案:D =( v^5
应改为:of F&RgT1*
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 = ?D(g
(3) B* kcNlW
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to T9W`
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nineteenth century. !RB)_7
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答案:D o+w;PP)+=
应改为:to the nineteenth !p TJ./
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the (jjTK'0[
第四节 不可数名词 j9Ybx#
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 f()FY<b
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抽象名词如: 8Jf.ECQT
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: [(Xy.L7x
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), XU!2YO)t;!
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), kiUGZ^k\s
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) Q!-
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还有表达学科类的名词如: 7C#`6:tI
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, ;g{qYj_
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) +$4(zPs@
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物质名词如: Lg8nj< TF
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), S$KFf=0
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) f#
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 o FjIA!
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, z/i+EE
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), NM ]bgpP
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) ^u3V
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2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 LU!dN "[k
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice rG,5[/l
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, v<Bynd-
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 j*
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例题: >0Q|nCx
(1) 1lv2@QH9
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and 2^?:&1:
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trade. `/Y{ l
答案:C <&)v~-&O
应改为:advertising
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解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 qJ0fQI\
词汇:barter: 实物交易 3sd"nR?aX
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考点二 限定词 aZ\
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不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: .*elggM
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) eb*#'\~'
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 b(9FZ]7S
例题: #-h\. #s
(1) T?4G'84nN
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear
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image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. 41fJ%f`
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答案:D 2B,] -Mu)
应改为:little. *cyeO*
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little a')|1DnR
(2) je]}R>[r5
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge 8uA,iYD
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thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. %$TGzK 1
C D ,K^4fL$C;3
答案:B Vx @|O%
应改为:much evidence UUMtyf
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 S(7ro]U9
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 h&kZjQ&
例如: +S=Rn,
a lot of students , a lot of money yS=oUE$
the rest of the students, the rest of money J+f!Ar
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. ~@kU3ZGJZ
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第五节 所有格及of结构 YZ+RWu9K
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考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 asC_$tsMe
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, I<A6Z&*un
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office *OyHHq|>q
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , It75R}B
如: the students' union, the ladies' room /6_|]ijc
例题: j+HHQd7Y
(1) @&}
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It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. n-TQ*&h]3S
(A) of the drop ;m2<eS`o'
(B) the drop's b?eu jxqg
(C) drop of j;Z?WXWDh
(D) drops their kQ
答案: (B) "H
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解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 }E_#k]#*
(2) lq"f[-8a2q
Over a very lar m
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ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. P<K){V
(A) occurs 4GB7A]^E
(B) will occur W}|'#
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(C) can occur xB !6_VlB
(D) occurring C^)*Dsp
答案:D O3CFme
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除
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考点二 of结构 v)_nWu
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) sm$(Y.N
如: the title of the passage sFBneBub
例如: mYU9
trHV
(1) "U\JV)N
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names W14Vm(`N
A B C ",)Qc!^P$
of some works years after their completion. "l >Igm
D G/v/+oX
答案: C 4H+Ked
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应改为: paintings BYKoel
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 m E^o-9/
(2) qp}Ma8+
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and IuZ) [*W
A B C D |+$%
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spinal cord. iKas/8
答案: B pMs
AyCAk
应改为: stimulation ;sch>2&ZWU
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 Erk?}
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 ]qB:PtX
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 oy<WUb9W
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 j|tC@0A
例题: 6:%
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(1) ip~$X
2
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. S60IPya
(A) was a major collection >E,U>@+
(B) that a major collection @/&b;s73
(C) a collection was major %{;Qls%[t
(D) a major collection CB~Q%Q
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答案: (D)
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解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 =_]2&(?
(2) )fdE6
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of VYw%01#
A B C D 2 3KyCV5
medieval alchemists. 8 ^B;1`#
答案:A B cj/y4"
应改为:beginnings. MlW 8t[
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 #'4OYY.
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考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 8j1ekv
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 gK|R =J
例题: [Vd
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(1) :c8n[+5
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. zX{ .^|
(A) new dance, the twist
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(B) twist, was the new dance /XS&d%y
(C) twist, the new dance that irTv4ZE'+l
(D) new dance is the twist 4e9q`~sO
答案: (A) HEA eo!
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 2=ztKfsBhE
(2) G%#05jH
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep *R% wUi
A B 7t-Lz|
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to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. P%X-@0)
C D q 6`G I6
答案: D jw6Tj;c
应改为: promise. NE|[o0On
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 5+X_4lEJK(
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考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 [RU
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同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, (foBp
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. lu UYo
例题: 3}&ZOO
(1) U=Bn>F}y\
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. '~-IV0v9
(A) that institutes j
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(B) while instituted H l j6$%.
(C) was an institution Qu{cB^Ga*
(D) an institute G5]1s
答案: (D) KO]N%]:&~
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 0o&}mKe
(2) |;;!8VO3J
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. 1(`M~vFDK
(A) is the great modern choreographer &:?e
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(B) one of the great modern choreographers sM\&.<B
(C) that the great modern choreographers ipKG
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(D) the modern choreographers were great a5`eyL[f
答案:B V"d=.Hb>
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句