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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 1JEnnqu  
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第一章 名词 n& $^04+i  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 t]-u w-E  
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第一节 可数名词 A%\tiZe  
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考点一 单复数 8I,QD` xu  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 ueG|*[  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 >`jU`bR@  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) 4ujvD^  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 9PUes3"v  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: smQVWs>  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes Ov82ibp_1  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories D,ly#Nn  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives Cz^Q5F`  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs o5aLU Wi-  
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例题: =wq;@'U  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. & GWkq>  
   A         B           C       D %zo= K}u  
答案:A I]}>|  
应改为:Flowers 1q.(69M  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 BC\S/5~k  
Ey&aB YR  
DHfB@/ q#  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic v vE\  
   A               B   C          D #%S0PL"x U  
pain. X Y+y}D %  
答案:A +3^NaY`Y  
应改为:Doctors 6/mF2&&g  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 G5'_a$  
考点二 复数形式特例 q^bO*bv  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 N?23 m`3  
1.单复数词形相同 E20 :uZ7\  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 >#N[GrJAE  
F,v 7ifo#f  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: x0Bw{>Q  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises [BXyi  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula YB Sl-G'  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena ,d 7Z  
 *W^=XbG  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: k:P$LzIB  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), eoJ]4-WFq  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), .s};F/(diD  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: F1}  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) QHQj/)J8  
97x%w]kV  
5 不规则的名词复数 R=35 7^[R  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice \GHOg. P  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet od,tfLw4  
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 8vJdf9pB*  
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例题: ;o >WXw  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading AP ;*iyQ[  
       A            B           C qvTKfIl{  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. 1(pjVz&  
            D lWlUWhLnP  
x@ 6\Ob  
(2) " GLYyC  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed LJ l1v  
  A      B           C           Z~R dFC  
feet. K#;txzi  
 D \6LcVik  
答案:D *JS"(. '(  
应改为:foot (n}%a6M  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 &@"w-M  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 Vs|sw  
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第二节 限定词 uc\.oG;~q  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: -Y2 &A$cM  
1.之后肯定接单数: y\@SC\jk|  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. !4L#$VG  
例句: Each of them has two books. v2(U(Tt  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) F;X"3F.!  
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2.之后肯定接复数: ?{n>EvLY  
these, those, many, such, other, +=Yk-nJ  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), oq 243\?Y  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several | [p68v>  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of FE>3 D 1\  
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc ~DK F%}E  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 $e>/?Ss  
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考点一 否定限定词no P_v0))n{  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: $+ 0=GN  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. iJEB ?y  
No one is here. ~v^%ze  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: poTl|y @  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; Wk7L:uK  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 z7| s%&  
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例题: f2`P8$U)R  
(1) r9+E'\  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. 2f`WDL  
(A) none M ' a&  
(B) no X\o/i\ C}  
(C) not .WBI%ci  
(D) nor R.91v4 J  
MF f05\aDu  
答案: C 6F@zCv"w  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 LDT'FwMjy  
e} sc]MTM  
(2) MZ;"J82p  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when +vSCR (n  
A                B           C %KbBH:z05  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. MV Hz$hyB  
        D # [gcg]6c  
=-OCM*5~S  
答案: A 3g?MEM~  
应改为: No nQ:ml  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 Rel(bA-[N  
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考点二 their等物主代词 OVDMC4K2z!  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars 1?/5A|?V4+  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 O vyB<r  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. *Gk<"pEeS  
这里用their 而不用 the 7i-W*Mb:  
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例题: eEZ|nEU  
(1) /7UovKKbz  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten +XU$GSw3(  
              A      B        C W U+Jo@]y  
the lives. d&[M8(  
 D eHF(,JI  
C:tSCNH[  
答案: D gTmUK{y'  
应改为: their Mm>zpB`qP  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 g6[/F-3Qlf  
+(I`@5  
(2) h+zkVRyA  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any Z3X&<Y5  
      A        B              C J^s<x#C  
specific way. H/^TXqQ8  
    D !"Oj$c -  
n&3iv ^  
答案: B i)ES;b4  
应改为: its [F AOp@7W  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 -NflaV~  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 H(%] Os  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 SqA+u/"j2  
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例题: ;@7 #w  
(1) o trTrh  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or BJO~$/R?v  
        A        B        C \}4#**]  
relating those objects. iM\ Z J6  
 D 53u.p c  
u>Axq3F  
答案: B jK C qH$  
应改为: is a set $ Op/5j  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 v4k=NH+w  
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(2) y/sWy1P7  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. fssL'DD  
A       B     C           D )oxP.K8q)U  
"$:y03V  
答案: D 9 K /  
应改为: responses 3d)+44G_)  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few GLKN<2|2@y  
rW%'M#! =  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 knK=ENf;e  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) ah6F^Kpl{  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) (zLIv9$  
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第三节 冠词作限定词 e/% ;  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 LYq2A,wm$  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an \ -iUuHP  
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: Sl<-)a:  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university v ls> 6h  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour WT {Cjn  
<C`eZ}Qqv  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). z`:^e1vG  
KeOBbe  
例题: J&Qy$itqg  
(1)       ! tPK"k  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever Cwa0!y5%  
   A                 B           C iR5soIR  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. VM|) \?Q  
                 D qq%_ksQ  
答案: B有错 <gz MDX[^M  
应改为: puzzle. knZd}?I*  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle G8-d%O p  
(2) 0 S8{VZpy  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a J; Xz'0  
   A        B       C          D g^^m a}i  
question of physiology and of culture. (xJBN?NRO  
答案: D有错 yXl.Gq>]{  
应改为: day }4`YdN  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day by ee-BU  
(3) HY#("=9< h  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the t$D[,$G9  
  A      B       C o"CqVRR  
nonprofessional metal worker. ,\RCgc  
    D  0d)n} fm  
答案: C iU|C<A%Hh  
应改为: still a practical tXGcwoOB  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 }E_zW.{!  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 N.J:Qn`(  
例题: !LESRh?  
(1) xBd% e-r  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. } trMQ  
   A     B    C           D xk<0QYv   
答案: A p[I gnO  
应改为: An emotion [#V! XdQ,  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an )v.FAV:  
(2) 9EQ,|zf'  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine WocFID:b  
   A    B                       C cwM0Z6  
chemically with other atoms. ! h;VdCCi#  
         D HkCme_y"  
答案: A jk?(W2c#{  
应改为: an atom pwQ."2x  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an n%hnL$!z  
l K%Hb=  
考点二 定冠词the (nG  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: :>u{BG;=79  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: {0~ p"%*  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower Ea 1>]V  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: QS_xOQ '  
the first woman, the nineteenth century Uk#1PcPd  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby nDfDpP&  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: G5Nub9_*X  
the largest city, the most advanced technology 01b0;|  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: F$v G=3  
the development of the watch, 7>TG ]&  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: d #su  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun /$KW$NH4z  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: }_S]!AWz  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: +|N"i~f>j  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) @r<w|x}  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the B7 T+a  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) gw-l]@;1  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: wiZK-#\x  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) H"sey +-  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: _F$?Z  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… = 619+[fK  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: 3:r;(IaX  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed z\a#"2(G.  
乘车的词组: 4r %NtXAa  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), DY%E&Vd:h  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) My)/d]a  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), )7f:hg  
打球的词组: %*,'&S  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball %',. K)IR  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. N. uw2Y%  
例题: 6+>q1,<  
(D)       #=h~Lr'UH  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. ~R3@GaL1  
(A) it was the i0hF9 M  
(B) that the zUWu5JI  
(C) there was a E` BL3+kQ  
(D) the XK>B mq/]  
答案:D 1O8RGk4  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 cZi/bIh  
(2) ki39$A'8  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of rF'q\tJDz  
           A            B 2+50ezsId  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. pxjb^GZ0  
     C      D O1V s!  
答案:D um~U_&>  
应改为:of [WW3'= e^  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 .*+%-%CbP  
(3) g m'8,ZL  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to Tc$Jvy-G4A  
  A      B              C    _XvSe]`f`  
nineteenth century. u[k0z!p_ c  
  D 9l<f?OzAO  
答案:D R <}UT  
应改为:to the nineteenth /x\{cHAt8J  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the  xY v@  
第四节 不可数名词 /{il;/Vj  
SA!P:Q?h  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 VEFUj&t;xW  
U~H]w ,^  
抽象名词如: 20h+^R3{Z  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: !Z(3dtUy  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), `?P)RS30  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), U}hQVpP#  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) {_[\k^98>  
还有表达学科类的名词如: {XR 3L'X  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, so=Ux2  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) NRIp@PIF:"  
U?/C>g%/PI  
物质名词如: 0*y|k1  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), Le,e,#hiY  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) ^t0Yh%V7  
&[#iM0;)W0  
mto=_|gn  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 Rlyx& C8  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, BK *Bw,KQ<  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), +5<]s+4T  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) 1^v? Ly8  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 Yt3 +o<  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice F4X0DRC,G  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, EEI !pi  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 D}i_#-^MH  
例题: V!&O5T(~  
(1) kklM"Av  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and v{2euOFE  
       A      B    C          D 8`]1Nt!*B  
trade. Ec4+wRWk85  
答案:C 9*&RvsrX  
应改为:advertising Xg^9k00C  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 a} p}G\b|  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 lO+6|oF0  
]f}#&]<(T  
考点二 限定词 |XV@/ZGl~  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: _&U.DMt2 C  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) Uja`{uc  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 hH3~O` ~  
例题: W? SFt z  
(1) YEiQ`sYKG  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear Tj3xK%K_r3  
        A              B         C sc)}r_|g  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. GUH-$rA  
                     D @4FG & >kQ  
答案:D =_)yV0  
应改为:little. 1RM@~I$0  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little H5J1j*P<d  
(2)  |Ym3.hz  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge Op>l~{{ {  
      A                    B uJ@C-/BD!M  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. Nfo`Q0\[P  
           C         D N:% }KAc  
答案:B ekV|a1)  
应改为:much evidence p?idl`?^3  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 15dbM/Gj  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 LEn+0^hX  
例如: gF53[\w^v  
a lot of students , a lot of money T@P[jtH<d  
the rest of the students, the rest of money HB:VpNFn  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. !L?diR  
Uw5AHq).  
第五节 所有格及of结构 5SQqE@g%  
-)E nr6  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 2Sb68hJIE  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, J<h! H  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office Sece#K2J|  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , 0hv}*NYd  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room >p?Vv0*  
例题: 'MK"*W8QRM  
(1) `&w{-om\  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. \\9I:-j:p  
(A) of the drop :N#8|;J1Fl  
(B) the drop's C.N# y`g  
(C) drop of /Dj-@7.C/  
(D) drops their dBb &sA-A  
答案: (B) a1 v%G  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 h\lyt(.s  
(2) =x3T+)qCNX  
Over a very lar ln*jakRrC  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. GWW#\0*Bn  
(A) occurs |*> s%nF|  
(B) will occur awU&{<,=g  
(C) can occur ["0DXm%t  
(D) occurring XE($t2x,M  
答案:D }ki6(_  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 Iylf MwLC  
3DOc,}nI~@  
考点二 of结构 Y,M 2 D  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) <Gj]XAoe%  
如: the title of the passage WXFC e@  
例如: ~tZy -1  
(1) M,sZ8eeq  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names U[G5<&Z^  
          A     B     C ODCv^4}9  
of some works years after their completion. F0KNkL>&g  
       D }WnoI2  
答案: C p+}eP|N  
应改为: paintings ZO& F15$P  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 8I<LZ{a10  
(2) @<z#a9  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and ,~>u<Wc!S  
      A         B     C         D [E; ~Y_l  
spinal cord. 5!qLJmd=  
答案: B +m4?a\U  
应改为: stimulation )TOKHN  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 &2 4>9  
(``|5;T\  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 @!::_E+F]  
C8$/ z>tQ  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 ew1bb K>  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 v2}>/b)  
例题: 2o1 RJk9  
(1) Rip[  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. a]=j  
(A) was a major collection g>H\"cUv  
(B) that a major collection 5mg] su&#  
(C) a collection was major XT\Q"=FD  
(D) a major collection ;xjw'%n,  
答案: (D) !N\i9w}  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 $ -M'  
(2) !\|L(Paf  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of 7r$'2">K(  
    A         B        C     D 9FmX^t$T  
medieval alchemists. >?ckBU9  
答案:A ePe/@g1K*  
应改为:beginnings. 7hl,dtn 7  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 Fes /8*-  
v9l|MI15V  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 a'YK1QX  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 |Whkq /Zg  
例题: ( 2i{8  
(1) H]&^>Pvh  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. h0Ilxa   
(A) new dance, the twist "yc@_+"\+  
(B) twist, was the new dance K) {\wV="  
(C) twist, the new dance that AOR(1Qyo  
(D) new dance is the twist LLW xzu!<  
答案: (A) ^y3snuLtE  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 AJR`ohh  
(2) ,|Lf6k  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep |-.r9;-b  
     A                B        ewp&QH4  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. -`} d@x  
 C               D Yb Dz{m  
答案: D ahx*Ti/e  
应改为: promise. wEMg~Hh  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 Mh*^@_h?  
6 xAR:  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 hF7#i_UN<  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, ( | X?  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. 1 8kzR6(W  
例题: V j"B/@  
(1) @>SirYh  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. KL6FmL)HH  
(A) that institutes x,>r}I>^Q  
(B) while instituted  ={gfx;  
(C) was an institution @?\[M9yK  
(D) an institute Mo_(WSs  
答案: (D) *mTx0sQz(J  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 ibIo1i//[  
(2)  `UDB9Ca  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. *='J>z.]  
(A) is the great modern choreographer 'k?*?XxG  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers fkmN?CU{1%  
(C) that the great modern choreographers 7.N~e}p 8  
(D) the modern choreographers were great uDXRw*rTv  
答案:B E ) iEWc  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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