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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 AWHB^}!}  
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第一章 名词 oEbgyT gB  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 + 5H9mk  
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第一节 可数名词 n)uvN  
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考点一 单复数 Bzn{~&i?W:  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 5%"${ywI  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 9 P_`IsVK  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) 0h-holUf}~  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。  ,X(P/x{B  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: D.Rk{0se8  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes 3":ef|w]  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories Cbm  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives Ou</{l /  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs fiOc;d8  
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例题: dl;~-'0  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. F>jPr8&  
   A         B           C       D 0}Rxe  
答案:A >JwdV y^  
应改为:Flowers 2 P+RfE`o  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 LSb 3w/3M  
4O_z|K_k|  
r9z_8#cR   
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic ,\!4 A  
   A               B   C          D HmKvu"3  
pain. IK5FSN]s/  
答案:A 44FK%TmtF  
应改为:Doctors (1H_V(  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 6} "?eW  
考点二 复数形式特例 2Fi>nJ  
u\=gps/Z  
这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 pq_ DYG]  
1.单复数词形相同 KJWYG^zI  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 2uFaAAT  
k1Zu&4C\  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: Ntr5Q IPd  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises 6 GX'&z  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula 6i[\?7O'0  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena VaC#9Tp2X  
& tQHxiDX  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: HRIf)n&~f  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), zMs]9o  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), vLR)B@O,2  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: y@]4xLB]  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) IcZ_AIjlk  
o_/C9[:  
5 不规则的名词复数 BL0WI9  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice }hyK/QUCoN  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet ?2[=llS4  
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 I=D{(%+^d  
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例题: 5Zs"CDU  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading ,]Yjo>`tW  
       A            B           C ?I}jsm1)  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. JfKhYRl  
            D S1uW`zQ!+_  
mkYM/*qyM&  
(2) a1ZGMQq!  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed [UNfft=K3P  
  A      B           C           JiZ9ly( G  
feet. 9UOx~Ty  
 D ,iCd6M{  
答案:D c}Jy'F7&f  
应改为:foot }@@1N3nnxV  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 598 xV|TON  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 yHQ.EZ~%  
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第二节 限定词 [rTV)JsTb  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: +x G](?  
1.之后肯定接单数: Y8.0R-:ZAN  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. St|sUtj<r  
例句: Each of them has two books. 5 W(iU  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) ~/3cQN^  
""D rf=]  
2.之后肯定接复数: ++,mM7a  
these, those, many, such, other, 9<7Q{  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), !SJmu}OB]  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several CvQ LF9|  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of P%Q }R [Q  
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc >ID 3oi  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 =AgY8cF!sl  
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考点一 否定限定词no y H+CyL\  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: J)jiI>  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. F,:F9r?l,H  
No one is here. GrM~ %ng  
{B\.8)&8  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: +bRL.xY  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; gLpWfT29V  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 $S,Uoh  
<5$= T a  
例题: Do_L  
(1) ;quGy3  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. -w@fd]g  
(A) none ww\/$ |  
(B) no 'rR\H2b   
(C) not e #zGLxa  
(D) nor er qm=)  
DV%tby  
答案: C fi?[ e?|c@  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 MfL q h  
D 'u+3  
(2) 4h~Oj y16&  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when vfy- ;R(  
A                B           C hD$U8~zK  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. 9CN / v  
        D huq6rA/i  
b _u&%  
答案: A V)a6H^l  
应改为: No NA3yd^sr  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 {(tE pr  
{:oZ&y)Ac  
考点二 their等物主代词 rmhCuY?f  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars #d l8+  
.i. |wY  
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 I|LS_m  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. oVhw2pKpM  
这里用their 而不用 the &FZe LIt  
Ke/P [fo  
例题: Y7jD:P  
(1) , m\0IgZdz  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten sEj:%`l|  
              A      B        C KC]Jbm{y  
the lives. D!<$uAT  
 D SP*5 W)6  
+ zrwz\  
答案: D L.Lt9W2fi  
应改为: their Z8#I  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 hKT:@l*  
QP;b\1 1m  
(2) {xykf7zp  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any D4vmBVT  
      A        B              C PRLV1o1#  
specific way. "''<:K|  
    D Y5NbY02E  
#wd \&  
答案: B ' |/_='  
应改为: its %zD-gw>  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 R] [M_ r  
e-')SB  
考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 WV@Tm$ r  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 pkU e|V  
6C0_. =7#  
例题: aK&+p#4t  
(1) _Ry.Wth  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or pjCWg 4ya  
        A        B        C `p{ !5  
relating those objects. GufP[|7b-  
 D t(Zs *c(  
(rG1_lUDu  
答案: B  b:QFD|  
应改为: is a set HV9SdJOf  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 5An0D V5  
H|)1T-%  
(2) :]^P ^khK  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. 8$v7|S6 z  
A       B     C           D f>5RAg  
N &[,nUd  
答案: D 8T)zB6ng  
应改为: responses 3NN'E$"3  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few cQ.;dtT0  
0#[f2X62B  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 LZ)m](+M  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) ^CPfo/!  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) o$ce1LO?|N  
klJ[ {p  
第三节 冠词作限定词 7F(F.ut  
m_$I?F0  
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 tt ]V$V  
bez'[Y{  
考点一 不定冠词a / an )c*k _/ 4  
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: p$nK@t}  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university F>QT|  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour 2ly,l[p8  
"'!%};  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). z g7l>9Sc  
e ?| URW  
例题: V< vPFxC  
(1)       em1cc,  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever `cP'~OT  
   A                 B           C V 7l{hEo3?  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. zNny\Z  
                 D \$'m ^tVU  
答案: B有错 BY*2y p}7  
应改为: puzzle. rocB"0  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle |[ Ie .&)  
(2) )@, 90Vhh  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a (]Ye[j^"7  
   A        B       C          D icPp8EwH  
question of physiology and of culture. R6!cK[e]4  
答案: D有错 sm;E2BR$ `  
应改为: day b0YiQjS6>  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day H^D 3NuUC  
(3) wb6L? t  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the zg#m09[4  
  A      B       C VU! l50   
nonprofessional metal worker. Pr5g6I'G   
    D x}?DkFuxb  
答案: C /5Zp-Pq  
应改为: still a practical QqiJun_m  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 b96t0w!cs  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 r$GPYyHK  
例题: U*3A M_w  
(1) <0u\dU  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. &8<<!#ob  
   A     B    C           D EBoGJ_l  
答案: A C4QeDvpI  
应改为: An emotion zL:&Q<  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an JEW L)  
(2)  0xJ7M.  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine "]V DY)  
   A    B                       C Deg!<[Nw  
chemically with other atoms. +|y*}bG  
         D m\>|C1oRy  
答案: A M.>^{n$ z  
应改为: an atom LHh5 v"zjG  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an o :2Q2+d  
B*\$ /bk,  
考点二 定冠词the Ntb:en!X  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: W'a(oI  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: E2@`d6  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower lT2 4JhJ#  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: dsJm>U )  
the first woman, the nineteenth century 96d~~2p  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby H BH$  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: X) V7bVW  
the largest city, the most advanced technology JB3"EFv  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: j5Qo*p  
the development of the watch, ^/HW$8wEi  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: j^flwk  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun <$%X<sDkq  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: V YZU eh  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: H&#{l)  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) &( EHq  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the aSC9&Nf;  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) + WVIZZ8  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: "wAf. =F  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) %Y]=1BRk}  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: =-NiO@5o  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… LCs__.  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: |Os6V<u"  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed K*q[(,9  
乘车的词组: & $'z  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), g:7,~}_}^  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) G,f-.  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), 4[yIOs  
打球的词组: &;E5[jO^D  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball %ft &Q  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. ?YQPlv:<o.  
例题: %' $o"  
(D)       POAw M  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. ! }f1`/   
(A) it was the |&3x#1A  
(B) that the  Es5f*P0  
(C) there was a N~^yL<O  
(D) the 2 PqS%`XiS  
答案:D ^/U27B  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 'sh~,+g  
(2) 69m ;XdkKz  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of vI1i, x#i  
           A            B fu[K".  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. ;G |i^  
     C      D A#8q2n270*  
答案:D =(v^5  
应改为:of F&RgT1*  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 = ?D(g  
(3) B* kcN lW  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to T9W` ?A  
  A      B              C    : _e#  
nineteenth century. !RB)_7  
  D vhbDb)J  
答案:D o+w;PP)+=  
应改为:to the nineteenth !pTJ./  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the (jjTK'0[  
第四节 不可数名词 j9Yb x#  
2H71~~ c  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 f() FY<b  
:Z`:nq.a  
抽象名词如: 8Jf.ECQT  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: [(X y.L7x  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), XU!2YO)t;!  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), kiUGZ^k\s  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) Q!- 0xlx  
还有表达学科类的名词如: 7C#`6:tI  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, ;g{qYj_  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) +$4(zP s@  
Vk< LJ S  
物质名词如: Lg8nj< TF  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), S$KFf=0  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) f# +el y  
BA\/YW @  
hxce\OuU0h  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 oFjIA!  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, z/i+EE  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), NM ]bgpP  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) ^u 3V E  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 LU!dN"[k  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice rG,5[/l  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, v<Bynd-  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 j* ~T1i  
例题: >0Q|nCx  
(1) 1lv2@QH9  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and 2^?:&1:  
       A      B    C          D  }fp-5  
trade. `/Y{ l  
答案:C <&)v~-&O  
应改为:advertising @ A)R_p  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 qJ0fQI\  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 3sd"nR?aX  
42]pYm(jk3  
考点二 限定词 aZ\ UrV4 ,  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: .*elggM  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) eb*#'\~'  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 b(9FZ]7S  
例题: #-h\.#s  
(1) T?4G'84nN  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear  & y<ZE  
        A              B         C MxBTX4ES  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. 41fJ%f` G  
                     D 7'OtruJ   
答案:D 2B,] -Mu)  
应改为:little. *cyeO*  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little a')|1DnR  
(2) je]}R>[r5  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge 8uA,iYD  
      A                    B =|=.>?t6Z0  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. %$TGzK1  
           C         D ,K^4fL$C;3  
答案:B Vx @|O%  
应改为:much evidence UUMtyf  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 S(7ro]U9  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 h&kZjQ&  
例如: +S=Rn,  
a lot of students , a lot of money yS=oUE$  
the rest of the students, the rest of money J+f!Ar  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. ~@kU3ZGJZ  
.$#r V?7  
第五节 所有格及of结构 YZ+RWu9K  
~(]0k.\  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 asC_$tsMe  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, I<A6Z&*un  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office *OyHHq|>q  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , It75R}B   
如: the students' union, the ladies' room /6_|]ijc  
例题: j+HHQd7Y  
(1) @&} q} D  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. n-TQ*&h]3S  
(A) of the drop ;m2<eS`o'  
(B) the drop's b?eu jxqg  
(C) drop of j;Z?WXWD h  
(D) drops their  kQ   
答案: (B) "H XYNS>  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 }E_#k]#*  
(2) lq"f[-8a2q  
Over a very lar m %PC8bf`S  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. P<K){V  
(A) occurs 4GB7A]^E  
(B) will occur W}|'# nR  
(C) can occur xB !6_VlB  
(D) occurring C^ )*Dsp  
答案:D O3CFme  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 AO UL^$&  
Rml2"9"`  
考点二 of结构 v)_nWu  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) sm$ (Y.N  
如: the title of the passage sFBneBub  
例如: mYU9 trHV  
(1) "U \JV)N  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names W14 Vm(`N  
          A     B     C ",)Qc!^P$  
of some works years after their completion. "l >Igm  
       D G/v/+oX  
答案: C 4H+Ked &Oq  
应改为: paintings BYKoel  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 mE^o-9/   
(2) qp}Ma8+  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and IuZ) [*W  
      A         B     C         D |+$% kJR=  
spinal cord. iKas/8   
答案: B pMs AyCAk  
应改为: stimulation ;sch>2&ZWU  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 Er k?} E  
Iyo@r%I  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 ]qB:PtX  
Yhp]x   
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 oy<WUb9W  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 j|tC@0A  
例题: 6:% L![FX  
(1) ip~$X 2  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. S60IPya  
(A) was a major collection >E,U>@+  
(B) that a major collection @/&b;s73  
(C) a collection was major %{;Qls%[t  
(D) a major collection CB~Q%Q LG  
答案: (D) oQ=>'w  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 =_]2&(?  
(2) )f dE6  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of V Yw%01#  
    A         B        C     D 2 3KyCV5  
medieval alchemists. 8^B;1`#  
答案:A B cj/y4"  
应改为:beginnings. MlW 8t[  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 #'4OYY.  
)IT6vU"-yd  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 8j1ekv  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 gK|R =J  
例题: [Vd z^_@Y  
(1) :c8n[+5  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. zX{.^|  
(A) new dance, the twist !G_jGc=v  
(B) twist, was the new dance /XS&d%y  
(C) twist, the new dance that irTv4ZE'+l  
(D) new dance is the twist 4e9q`~ sO  
答案: (A) HEA eo!  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 2=ztKfsBhE  
(2) G%# 05jH  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep *R % wUi  
     A                B        7t-Lz| $"  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. P%X-@0)  
 C               D q6`G I6  
答案: D jw6Tj;c  
应改为: promise. NE|[o0On  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 5+X_4lEJK(  
=7 ,Kf} 6  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 [RU NuO  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, (fo Bp  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. lu UYo  
例题: 3}&ZOO   
(1) U=Bn>F}y\  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. '~-IV0v9  
(A) that institutes j nwQV  
(B) while instituted Hlj6$%.  
(C) was an institution Qu{c B^Ga*  
(D) an institute G5]1s  
答案: (D) KO]N%]:&~  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 0o&}mKe  
(2) |;;!8VO3J  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. 1(`M~vFDK  
(A) is the great modern choreographer &:?e &  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers sM\&. <B  
(C) that the great modern choreographers ipKG !  
(D) the modern choreographers were great a5`eyL[f  
答案:B V"d=.Hb>  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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