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第一章 名词 6:i{_YX(.S
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 p]:5S_$
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第一节 可数名词 l4u_Z:<w
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考点一 单复数 rg)>ZHx
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 ,1EyT>
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 TZT i:\nS
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) q+5g+9
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 !#`
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复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: o(Yfnnuy
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes vmm#UjwF3
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories r ) ;U zd
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives #S)+eH
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs k#NIY4%.
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例题: -b"mx"'?
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. XFKe6:
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答案:A $_ IvzbOh
应改为:Flowers
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解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 k=!lPIx
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic p)v|t/7
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pain. Yw @)0%G
答案:A Y1fcp_]m
应改为:Doctors V&)Jvx}^
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 )tYu3*'
考点二 复数形式特例 Cge@A'
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 j"=F\S&!
1.单复数词形相同 vDI$
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如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 *{WhUHZF
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: cG!\P
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basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises wNc.z*+O"H
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula ?
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larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena F(h
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: yuP1*QJ%
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), Cp"a,% b6u
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), )+GwYt
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: 7:/gO~gI
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) T)c<tIr6
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5 不规则的名词复数 jD
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child - children mouse - mice louse - lice vJ,r}$H3
tooth - teeth foot - feet Nyx)&T&I
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 [?>\]
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例题: k\76`!B
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading S(^HIJK
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities.
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(2) r03%+:
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed nEt{ltsS0
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feet. j-
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答案:D i!{A7mo
应改为:foot Y&<]:)
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 S6g_$Q7
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 W)Ct*I^
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第二节 限定词 1xEFMHjy
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: &\=Tm~
1.之后肯定接单数: >4#:qIU
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. ;}Ei #T,D
例句: Each of them has two books. I_m3|VCa|t
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) [D+,I1u2h
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2.之后肯定接复数: {O:{F?
these, those, many, such, other, j1;<3)%0
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), ;F|#m,2Q-
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several dF[|9%)
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of k`;d_eW
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc NLr a"Z
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 LZb<-vK"y
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考点一 否定限定词no zYP6m3n
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: )Q62 I\
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. gxhdxSm=2
No one is here. q1q9W@H
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: c:e3hJ
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; Z;V(YK(WO.
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 &l0K~7)b
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例题: o">~ObR
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The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood.
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(B) no
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(D) nor ]\KVA)\
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答案: C ;py9,Wno
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 [.^ol6
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(2) -yB}(69
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when $1"gFg
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. Y~g\peG7
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答案: A >vp4R`
应改为: No >#$SaG!
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 #%Bt!#
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考点二 their等物主代词 `X5!s
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars =X?fA,
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 ?/OF=C#
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. @J
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这里用their 而不用 the Vt(Wy
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例题: y
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A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten }lIc{R@H
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the lives.
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答案: D KE3`5Y!
应改为: their gLX<>|)*
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 VkFh(Br<{
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A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any ~D9Cu>d9
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specific way. :s_>y_=g
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答案: B _=~u\ $
应改为: its ;stuTj@vH
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 'nq=xi@RC
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 cF8
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 X}k;(rb
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例题: U*[E+Uq}:N
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or E
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relating those objects. )$n%4 :
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答案: B '3b\d:hN
应改为: is a set N_c44[z1
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 XZIapT
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At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. [7@g*!+d
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答案: D bTD?uX!^@
应改为: responses ^#:;6^Su
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few h0PDFMM<
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