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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 !j8h$+:K  
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第一章 名词 )r v5QH`i  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 [B9'/:  
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第一节 可数名词 kLVf}J~?  
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考点一 单复数  "Mgx5d  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 wZVY h  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 W)jO 4,e O  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) 3v Pb}  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 gB@Xi*  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: I|lz;i}$  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes 2g1[ E_?  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories Z]l<,m  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives 0!F"s>(H  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs W R@=[G#TJ  
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例题: AOQimjW9a  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. _f$8{&`k  
   A         B           C       D ~U`oew  
答案:A F<q'ivj:w  
应改为:Flowers l CHaRR7  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 =3OK 3|  
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic  S[!K  
   A               B   C          D )orVI5ti  
pain. Ig75bZz   
答案:A SLp &_S@4  
应改为:Doctors m7wD#?lm  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 bVmHUcR0  
考点二 复数形式特例 nf& P Dv1  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 "MHm9D?5  
1.单复数词形相同 8uq^Q 4SU  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 F8M&.TE_3  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: YXI_ '  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises > p#`%S  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula 51j5AbFQ"  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena )[RLCZ  
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: rx2?y3pv  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), zaWy7@?  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), VuA7rIF$66  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: ^hq+ L^$^  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) Yt&Isi +  
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5 不规则的名词复数 Y~\71QE>  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice G165grGFd  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet Q#"p6ZmI  
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 HV O mM17  
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例题: k(LZ,WSR  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading 8B#;ffkmN  
       A            B           C iV9wqU kMv  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. @}[>*Xy%  
            D PWeCk2xH  
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(2) BGM5pc (ei  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed vHR-mQUs  
  A      B           C           l e+6;'Q  
feet. ZEY="pf  
 D <Z{pjJ/  
答案:D MTBHFjXO  
应改为:foot 6oTWW@  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 =$bJ`GpJ  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 vTnrSNdSE  
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第二节 限定词 b-*3]gB  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: -CV_yySc  
1.之后肯定接单数: V|6PKED  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. /<[S> ;!kr  
例句: Each of them has two books. !`kX</ha.  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) Skb,cKU  
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2.之后肯定接复数: :Y? L*  
these, those, many, such, other, j /d? c5  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), _N`'R.va  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several So?.V4aD_  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of ~kDR9s7  
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc b:%z<vo  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 \.0cA4)[$  
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考点一 否定限定词no }s*H| z  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: %62W[Oh5  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. B#o/3  
No one is here. 0P MF)';R  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: ,(1n(FZ  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; OO7 sj@  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 Z`_`^ \"  
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例题: [{s 1= c  
(1) gzHMZ/31  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. 1/ZvcdYB  
(A) none tVAWc$3T  
(B) no 6}V)\"u&   
(C) not 4jWzYuI&J  
(D) nor "ITC P<+  
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答案: C %1Ex{H hb  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 E?VPCx  
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(2) S_Tv Ix/7&  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when mYU7b8x_  
A                B           C {2A| F{7>  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. $ 8"we  
        D .J/x@  
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答案: A qw#wZ'<n  
应改为: No sIVVF#0}]  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 {Df97n%h;  
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考点二 their等物主代词 b]-~{' +  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars }3b3^f  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 *A^j>lV  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. WxLmzSz{xD  
这里用their 而不用 the 6w?l I  
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例题: [Iwb7a0p  
(1) cC4 2b2+  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten 6~oo.6bA  
              A      B        C JU6PBY~C'  
the lives. )335X wA+  
 D b} f#[* Z  
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答案: D eU*0;#  
应改为: their b`9J1p.;  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 5PcN$r"P  
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(2) i"B q*b@  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any _EusY3q  
      A        B              C J2KULXF  
specific way. Q#h*C ZT  
    D MF41q%9p  
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答案: B ^zfO=XN  
应改为: its ].!^BYNht  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 2 1LJ3rW_  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 Ir,3' G  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 2_i9 q>I  
"44A#0)B'l  
例题: Cj +{%^#  
(1) O} &%R:  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or rsGQ : c  
        A        B        C fPA5]a9  
relating those objects. Ofm?`SE*|  
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=dp(+7Va  
答案: B -aV!ZODt  
应改为: is a set J}{a&3@Hm  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 01_*^iCf5  
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(2) 5j{jbo =!  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. zT< P_l  
A       B     C           D d'okXCG  
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答案: D '  ~F  
应改为: responses qx;8Hq(E[  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few  A|90Ps  
y+"6Y14  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 q-lejVS(g  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数)  <j<V{Wc  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) h't! 1u  
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第三节 冠词作限定词 Pqtk1=U  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 d7 W[.M$]  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an =U- w!uW  
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: n]Z() "D  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university QO;OeMQv%  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour x,rK4L7U  
}9FAM@x1K&  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). !*1Kjg3  
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例题: L8WYxJ k  
(1)       B_3:.1>"BM  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever rQLl[a  
   A                 B           C eJ"je@vvrK  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. n8RE  
                 D ->S# `"@$  
答案: B有错 )xxpO$  
应改为: puzzle. OC5\3H  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle ,CED%  
(2)  {Yc#XP  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a TR J5m?x  
   A        B       C          D (M;jnQ0  
question of physiology and of culture. E-v#G~  
答案: D有错 G}V5PEF]`  
应改为: day Muay6b?  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day DV!10NqUr  
(3) *P; cSx?2  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the R|g50Q  
  A      B       C 3 [r9v!l  
nonprofessional metal worker. *u ^mf~  
    D ggL^*MV  
答案: C <nk7vo?Ks  
应改为: still a practical I3^}$#>  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 {^*K@c  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 E'iN==p_:  
例题: I(Gl8F\c~  
(1) H[o >"@4  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. z~($ "  
   A     B    C           D ~m6b6Aj@6  
答案: A 6 6C_XT  
应改为: An emotion UNF@%O4_T  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an |E?,hTRe5  
(2) zXZXp~7)  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine YwU[kr-i  
   A    B                       C iPCDxDLN3V  
chemically with other atoms. 5MHc gzyp  
         D i TLX=.M  
答案: A ! z6T_;s  
应改为: an atom /I48jO^2  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an qtlcY8!  
{v,NNKQ4x  
考点二 定冠词the 36MNaQt'e  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: tRVz4fk[G  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: Qpocj:  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower V/Q/Ujgg  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: BF/l#)$yK  
the first woman, the nineteenth century %V|n2/O Y  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby C$4!|Wg3  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: tLzb*U8'1w  
the largest city, the most advanced technology 1b,MJ~g$  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: p8(Z{TSv  
the development of the watch, z#*> u  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: #c$z&J7e  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun #<DS-^W!  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: dLbSvK<(I  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: *h M5pw  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) ;T :]?5W!  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the yY_#fJj  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) %[x PyqX  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: 8EY]<#PN  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) :B~m^5  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: LnPG+<  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… |#ZMZmo{  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: 'fPDODE  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed 7O,!67+^~  
乘车的词组: NH<~B C]I  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), t"?)x&dS  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) Ch_eK^ g1  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), e2kW,JV/<$  
打球的词组: o>HU4O}  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball hA1p#  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. Mc{-2  
例题: Z8`Y}#Za[  
(D)       -z">ov-)  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. 3F32 /_`  
(A) it was the $r)NL  
(B) that the nP_)PDTFp  
(C) there was a A<+1:@0  
(D) the >qZl s'  
答案:D Xi;<O&+  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 &WZ&Tt/)/  
(2) PYTwyqS  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of 9Dp0Pi?29  
           A            B fr`Q 5!0  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. 9"zp>VR  
     C      D iK!FVKi}  
答案:D Tj+U:#!!~  
应改为:of e,MgR\F}  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 &+3RsIl W  
(3) 5_1\{lP  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to 8nwps(3  
  A      B              C    5fRrd;  
nineteenth century. v3{%U1>}v  
  D 2#ZqGf.'v  
答案:D x~=Mn%Ew0  
应改为:to the nineteenth qWf[X'  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the tu(^D23  
第四节 不可数名词 tEt46]{  
f8ZuG !U  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 HD& Cp  
?#Y:2LqPC  
抽象名词如: O3mw5<%15  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: I;n < ) >  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), =iH9=}aBFC  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), ;&'ryYrex  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) ,Xr`tQ<@  
还有表达学科类的名词如: wqT9m*VK  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, [4aw*M1z}.  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) R.DUfU"gp  
/ DP0K @%  
物质名词如: |5ge4, }0  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), &n#yxv4  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) 9gglyoZ%  
c{ +bY .J  
,LP^v'[V7  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 ~mwIr  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, BoST?"&}'  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), Z`86YYGK  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) n>7aZ1Qa  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 0igB pHS  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice W/b)OlG"2  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, :Ocw+X3  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 ~MXhp5PI   
例题: BFg&@7.X  
(1) T ,jb%uPcE  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and bar=^V)  
       A      B    C          D A_WaRYG  
trade. Lq1?Y  
答案:C 6y1\ar(A  
应改为:advertising zx,9x*g  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 T:zM]%Xh  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 }ijQ*ECdl  
SD{)Sq  
考点二 限定词 2H0BNrYM  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: E`V\/`5D  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) { 7c'%e  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 EpyMc+.Ze'  
例题: 5V\",PA W  
(1) 3fB]uq+eD%  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear K1BBCe  
        A              B         C 9xhc:@B1J  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. M?L$xE_&  
                     D ;b~\ [  
答案:D W]7/ e  
应改为:little. .|5$yGEF_+  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little vNrn]v=|}7  
(2) Qubu;[0+a  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge # Q,EL73;  
      A                    B 6hv.;n};  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. h9CTcWGt  
           C         D uC#@qpzy  
答案:B 3NDddrL9  
应改为:much evidence \`xlD&F@U  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 i,a"5DR8  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 ?6&8-zt1?  
例如: :S_]!'H  
a lot of students , a lot of money >h#w~@e::  
the rest of the students, the rest of money Y$\|rD^f  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. O0xqA\  
KNd<8{'.  
第五节 所有格及of结构 vno/V#e$WX  
"O<ETHd0  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 PWiUW{7z  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, z|D*ymz*EY  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office E'DHO2 Y  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , 7 g(Z @  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room qx[c0X!  
例题: )3:0TFS}}k  
(1) +jwHYfAK)  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. E KV[cq  
(A) of the drop ][v]Nk  
(B) the drop's A8Q^y AP^  
(C) drop of qE8aX*A1/  
(D) drops their >a<1J(c  
答案: (B)  3}8o 9  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 mA+:)?e5~  
(2) U\tx{CsSz  
Over a very lar WXY'%G  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 3wq<@dRv4  
(A) occurs c:Nm!+5_(  
(B) will occur V+O,y9  
(C) can occur ^D$|$=|DH  
(D) occurring P8,Ps+  
答案:D bPU i44P  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 96(Mu% l  
0yI1r7yNB+  
考点二 of结构 <]M. K3>  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) K8sRan[4}  
如: the title of the passage p/HDG ^T:u  
例如: o'!=x$Ky  
(1) wwB3m&  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names *7jz(iX  
          A     B     C rm,`M  
of some works years after their completion. .+/d08]  
       D Zp9. ~&4o-  
答案: C sI!H=bp-8  
应改为: paintings "s(~k  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 ,KW Q 6  
(2) 5*p zL0,Y  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and tNi>TkC}`  
      A         B     C         D J, 9NVw$  
spinal cord. 9Rnypzds  
答案: B E+]9!fDy<  
应改为: stimulation H4w\ e#|  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 :CyHo6o9  
$')C&  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 T }}2J/sj  
2X?GEO]/4  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 U#` e~d t<  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 J?QS7#!%  
例题: { qNPhi  
(1) BNu >/zGpB  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. }Y~Dk]*  
(A) was a major collection =:- fK-d  
(B) that a major collection 2?JV "O=  
(C) a collection was major ;A*SuFbV  
(D) a major collection /<J(\;Jr6  
答案: (D) 4ba*Nc*Yc  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 -K64J5|b7  
(2) UlYFloZ  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of *NmY]  
    A         B        C     D I\~[GsDY  
medieval alchemists. C0wtMD:G  
答案:A  Aqy w  
应改为:beginnings. uE-(^u  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 6hxZ5&;(*  
-*C WF|<G  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 &9L4 t%As  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 zBF~:Uc`B  
例题: +V3mF_s|z  
(1) {q-&!l|  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. "rv~I_zl  
(A) new dance, the twist wPlM= .Hq?  
(B) twist, was the new dance |R`"Zu`  
(C) twist, the new dance that X0/slOT  
(D) new dance is the twist GWA"!~Hu  
答案: (A) 17LhgZs&  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 I |Oco?Q"  
(2) q~ H>rC(\  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep Q_5 l.M/9]  
     A                B        I652Fcj  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. 7EJ2 On  
 C               D po| Ux`u  
答案: D W__ArV2Z_  
应改为: promise. mUYRioNj  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 U0x A~5B  
pgU [di  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 BEdCA]T  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, >B BV/C'9  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. 'p@f5[t  
例题: aJu&h2 G  
(1) jLAEHEs  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. }w0pi  
(A) that institutes ~Amq1KU*Z  
(B) while instituted MpV<E0CmE  
(C) was an institution Z)?$ZI@  
(D) an institute bi<<z-q`wJ  
答案: (D) k<gH*=uXY'  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 w"hd_8cO  
(2) -f+#j=FX  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. Gm~([Ln{  
(A) is the great modern choreographer / *0t _  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers Y;i=c6  
(C) that the great modern choreographers c6h?b []  
(D) the modern choreographers were great !T 6R[  
答案:B 6^`iuC5  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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