高分语法讲解 (VAL.v*
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第一章 名词 =k=2~
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 FqxOHovE
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第一节 可数名词 U<
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考点一 单复数 +4g%?5'
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 bM0[V5:jB
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 {dx /p-Tv
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) \e8*vos
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 E
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复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: F2`htM@,
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes e_k
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2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories L sDzV)
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives $`5lvy^
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs n~ >h4=h
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例题: 9g
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. *Iwk47J ;a
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答案:A >6[ X }
应改为:Flowers (OyY_`
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 i$JG^6,O
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic %g0z)J
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pain. 9]L! .
答案:A ik Y]8BCc
应改为:Doctors Z6R:
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解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数
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考点二 复数形式特例 5]H))}9>d
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 :otY;n -
1.单复数词形相同 V5u}C-o
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 \,l.p_<
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: sb}K%
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basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises *>aZc::
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula 0q[p{_t`
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena 29a_ZU7e6
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: ASKAgU"h
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), I|KY+k> /
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), YY#s=
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: 5\akI\
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) 5)d,G
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5 不规则的名词复数 "UQr :/
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice tt6.
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tooth - teeth foot - feet c*x J=Gz6d
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 35Ai;mU'
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例题: r{t.c?/
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading L6|Hgrj -u
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. >I$B=
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Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed k2EHco0BG
A B C D:=t*2-Iv
feet. cC^W2\
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答案:D S5uJX#*;
应改为:foot PT3>E5`N u
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 /8f>':zUb
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 *:a'GC%/
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第二节 限定词 $aB/
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名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: ?q\FLb%"7
1.之后肯定接单数: 4HM;K_G%{
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. eymi2-a<
例句: Each of them has two books. {}V$`L8
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) q[-|ZA bbr
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2.之后肯定接复数: xpF](>LC(
these, those, many, such, other, b3}Q#Y\G
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), }i(q
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a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several zG_p"Z7,
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of Rq) 0i}F
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc m#JI!_~!
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 ;(7-WnU8N
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考点一 否定限定词no _g[-=y{Bb
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: ^=^$tF
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. JBz}|MD
No one is here. n@hl2M6.x9
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: Oa!
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no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; /t*YDWLg
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 [F+,YV%t
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例题: eJHp6)2
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The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. vg)Z]F=t(
(A) none 4J5pXlzV
(B) no
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(C) not XV>@B $hu
(D) nor a[sKE?
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答案: C UX2lPgKdLz
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 E=AVrv5T
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Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when QB&BTT=!
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. w2dcH4&
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答案: A MzkkcQLK
应改为: No Qhn;`9+L
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 |quij0_'e
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考点二 their等物主代词
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars XRtD< jlA"
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 2eb1lJdS
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. 7K;!iX<d
这里用their 而不用 the :Ht;0|[H
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例题: FwG!>
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A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten vScjq5"p
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the lives.
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答案: D 646JDX[o
应改为: their EGVM)ur
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 |nUl\WRd\
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(2) neZ.`"LV
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any U/ od~29
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specific way. TrS8h^C
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答案: B ^h' Sla
应改为: its <ABX0U[*
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 $sHP\{
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 CusF
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 *cuuz
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例题: =@&cH Y
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or -VKS~{
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relating those objects. aT!'}GjL
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答案: B ygJr=_iA9
应改为: is a set ^hNgm.I
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 t7n(Qkrv
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At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. 7w,FX.=;cv
A B C D d@`M
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答案: D "k*PA\U
应改为: responses AjcX N
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few @SZM82qU2z
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 p&+;w
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) Tc8un.
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) BdlVabQyKW
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第三节 冠词作限定词 yjfat&$
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 L}@c6fHG
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考点一 不定冠词a / an .>Ljnk
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: ?5_7;Ha
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university _g1b{$
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour UnI48Y
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). x| yEtO&
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例题: nstUMr6
(1) \[Z?&
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever h;6lK$!c
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. ZDbc
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答案: B有错 ]T%rjsN
应改为: puzzle. BJ% eZ.
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle rETRTp0HT
(2) oWYmj=D~2z
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a G "73=8d
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question of physiology and of culture. lsJnI|
答案: D有错 &L^+BQ`O?
应改为: day OoWyPdC+P
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day O }
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Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the XGl+S
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nonprofessional metal worker. 2 $Tj84'X
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答案: C ~$~5qwl
应改为: still a practical X-wf:h?i
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 78/Zk}I
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a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 "sG=w
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例题: -4cXRv]
(1) YGrg
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. 7x@A%2J
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答案: A Ry'= ke
应改为: An emotion IP(Vr7-v
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an B#M5}QT|2
(2) % ClHCoyA
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine tQjLOv+?=
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chemically with other atoms. ^pYxKU_O
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答案: A w'UVKpG+
应改为: an atom ](s'L8(x
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an pim!.=vN/U
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考点二 定冠词the 2'W<h)m)z
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: 1 A\OC
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: oomT)gO 6*
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower m_)FC-/pSl
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: yI"6Da6|y
the first woman, the nineteenth century @9lUSk^9
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby o/+13C
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: W#hj 1
the largest city, the most advanced technology /|D*w^>
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: IkGfnXJ
the development of the watch, RE/~#k@a
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: u)~C;f)
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun JW3B'_0
在下列情况下,一般不用the: iT%} $Lu~
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: Uk6HQ
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Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) Np"exFqN k
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the E( Z8
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) Z7= `VNHc
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: <y?r!l=Am
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) T>NDSami
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: 'coV^~qy
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… '2[albxSc
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: oyYR-4m\
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed "-vW
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乘车的词组: *U
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by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), }<9cL'
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) CD~z=vlK-
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), Y7*U:I+N
打球的词组: O vk_\On
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball xUa{1!Y8
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. ^h"`}[+
例题: Q+W1lv8R
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. T^Ze3L]
(A) it was the Lcg)UcB-#
(B) that the &C"L
(C) there was a WZ*ws[dVI
(D) the +h r@#n4A
答案:D {;:/-0s
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 9mmCp&~Z
(2) +i@y@<l:+
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of [&#/]Ul'
A B aD=A^ktx
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. Zf65 `K3
C D o1h={ao
答案:D K0}pi+=
应改为:of ?MgUY)X
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 >76\nGO
(3) g!+|I
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to #py[
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nineteenth century.
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D p%*%n3bw
答案:D FMClSeO7
应改为:to the nineteenth 9&_<f}ou
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the v,4pp@8rv
第四节 不可数名词 V9dF1Hj
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 d[V;&U
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抽象名词如: .QN>z-YA6:
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: obNqsyc77R
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), G
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English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), qCqFy#Ms\
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) -2 A(5B9Fq
还有表达学科类的名词如: -Ty*aov
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学,
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mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) /|eA9 ]
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物质名词如: s#tZg
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), kAC&S!n
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) @>)r}
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 R5 9S@MsuD
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词,
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如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), 1PP $XJtyD
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) vbD{N3p)?n
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 0 SNIYkGE
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice q11>f
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, 3
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而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 naw0$kXTA
例题: vOc 9ZE
(1) ,J{ei7TN
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and y1bbILWej
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trade. ?hWwj6i&
答案:C .NvQm]N0.
应改为:advertising u(wGl_
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 P5#r,:zL
词汇:barter: 实物交易 )Ib<F7v
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考点二 限定词 ( 2n>A D_
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: B,@c;K
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) Tp-l^?O-p
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 k=B]&F
例题: G1"zElug
(1) 8rMX9qTO@
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear OZTPOz.
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image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. +tk{"s^r*
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答案:D ;+<&8.=,)
应改为:little. x7<\]
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解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little '`XX
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(2)
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Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge DV\`Wv
A B N\#MwLm
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. ^H2-RBE#
C D HKqwE=NZ
答案:B >9q&PEc
应改为:much evidence DVK)2
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解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 3v
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另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 `xywho%/Y
例如: nD)K}4
a lot of students , a lot of money ;B?DfWX
the rest of the students, the rest of money H~+ l7OhV
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. GF>'\@Th
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第五节 所有格及of结构 kH4Ai3#g
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考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 98WZ){+,m
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, F@* +{1R
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office ^B@Wp
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , +Wx{:
如: the students' union, the ladies' room (vB<%l.&
例题: uFLx
(1) s.x&LG
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. %^8^yZz
(A) of the drop :LQ5u[g$\
(B) the drop's e+j)~RBnu3
(C) drop of u_'!_T L
(D) drops their <]T` 3W9
答案: (B) 9!Ar`Io2@
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 "d$m@c
(2) ^kgBa2 7
Over a very lar !Yw3 d
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 8-lOB
(A) occurs oXDN+4ge
(B) will occur :T._ba3|
(C) can occur :M
cu
(D) occurring 2PeR
答案:D `c69?/5
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 ^<:sdv>Y5
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考点二 of结构 9XHz-+bQ
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) h@@nR(<i
如: the title of the passage U|5nNiJM
例如: PT^c^{V
(1) @_"9D y Y%
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names -PnyZ2'Z
A B C ] )"u+
of some works years after their completion. %&Fk4Z}M
D e.*%K!(
答案: C 2~*Ez!.3
应改为: paintings 7nVRn9Hn
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 c=;:R0_'t
(2) %"X-&1vV
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and W>=o*{(YO
A B C D {0@&OO:w
spinal cord. k;EPpr-{
答案: B 9~0^PzTA
应改为: stimulation y
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解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 97,rE$bC
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 XG@`ZJhU6
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 &(a(W22O
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 IhiGP
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例题: GI7=xh
(1) y#<MVH
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. kL90&nP
(A) was a major collection =l9T7az
(B) that a major collection 7$k8%lI;>
(C) a collection was major
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(D) a major collection @cq`:_.[
答案: (D) d"U(`E=H9
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 }#v{`Sn%^C
(2) 70B)|<$
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of e9^2,:wLB
A B C D kzq29S
medieval alchemists. 3"UsZyN:
答案:A nPkZHIxuD
应改为:beginnings. .1 QgK
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 Sg]
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考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 =Z
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填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 `!G7k
例题: WA)Ij(M8 p
(1) ^+R:MBK
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. z}.D"
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(A) new dance, the twist qUf)j\7"Fn
(B) twist, was the new dance Y'Z+, CNf
(C) twist, the new dance that kA7(CqUW
(D) new dance is the twist (Btv ClZ
答案: (A) ^GYq#q9Q
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 c Cxi{a1uo
(2) vN{-?
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep agd)ag4"[u
A B qSQ
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to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. 9b6!CNe!
C D kd;'}x=5yP
答案: D &.*uc|{
应改为: promise. @+^c"=d1S
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 E' %lxr
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考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 GM}C]MVD
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, ^t78jfl
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town.
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例题: |5xz l
(1) fW~*6
ln
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. 0R
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(A) that institutes Ko}2%4on
(B) while instituted a{`"6
8
(C) was an institution tF`MT%{Va
(D) an institute f[qPG&
答案: (D) GOW"o"S
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 b~W)S/wF$P
(2) o
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Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. VD#!ztcY'
(A) is the great modern choreographer pGGV\zD^
(B) one of the great modern choreographers <bdyAUeFw
(C) that the great modern choreographers *mV&K\_
(D) the modern choreographers were great #` +]{4hR
答案:B 8ath45G @
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句