高分语法讲解 ; ,sNRES3
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第一章 名词 %Jh(5
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 9b=0
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第一节 可数名词 KZg2`8F
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考点一 单复数 o S%(~])\
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 a_S`$(7k
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 V]J"v#!{
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) C@ q#s
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 rz&V.,s
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: XZk%5t|t
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes xa'U_]m
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories PCaFG;}
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives k?Hi_;o
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs NvIg,@}
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例题: %Bm{ctf#)
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. J&'*N:d
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答案:A 0B9FPpx? :
应改为:Flowers : 9(kU
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 viU}
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic <!G /&T
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pain.
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答案:A -tWxBGSa@
应改为:Doctors 9.dZA9l@g
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 EmUt/]
考点二 复数形式特例 AX{<d@z`j
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 }vB{6E+h/w
1.单复数词形相同 g$ )0E<
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 ]5*H/8Ke7
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: )N^fSenFBn
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises hA/Es?U]
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula _]'kw [
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena LQ Ux}
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: Su,<idS
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), ~a7@O^q4
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), :SN? t
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如:
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goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) {Gfsiz6
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5 不规则的名词复数 *pS3xit~
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice mrsN@(X0
tooth - teeth foot - feet %|/\Qu
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 x5rm
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例题: .gRb'
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading /NPx9cLW^
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. xw~oR|`U
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(2) :W-xsw
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed Ho%%voJBS
A B C _!vuDv%
feet. 0'5N[Bvp
D r5lPO*?Df
答案:D c;
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应改为:foot =ZV+*cCC=q
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 7/=r-
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 =':SOO7
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第二节 限定词 C2hB7?UGN
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: VB+_ kR6Zv
1.之后肯定接单数: 3P'Wk|j
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. 7Sycy#D
例句: Each of them has two books. "GxQ9=Z
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) +=kz".$
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2.之后肯定接复数: #("E)P
these, those, many, such, other, *@ S+J$
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), \VAS<?3
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several sdQ"[`~2R
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of Q,o"[ &Gp
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc s%zdP
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 kbx4I?
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考点一 否定限定词no q+9c81b
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: Yc>.P
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. K@!Gs'Op
No one is here. cs Gd}2VE
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: Sh U1RQk
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; NMH'4R
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 kfs[*ku
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例题: ?Lquf&`vP
(1) ^" UZ.@sq'
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. u_%L~1+'
(A) none EpH\;25u
(B) no Zopi;O J
(C) not >B+!fi'SS>
(D) nor %_ Vj'z~T
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答案: C V\r2=ok@y
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 K\^S>dV
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(2) <2fgao&-n
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when y3@5~ 4+
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. Amj'$G|+hj
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答案: A Nu7l
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应改为: No !4(QeV-=
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 "<yJ<lS&>
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考点二 their等物主代词 >AUzsQ
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 I"2*}v|
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. 9}aEV 0 V|
这里用their 而不用 the ugS
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例题: E5g|*M.+f
(1) zAH6SaI$
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten sk7]s7
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the lives. ZP9x3MHe
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答案: D uFn?U)
应改为: their R 0YWe
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 :r9<wbr)k0
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(2) I
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A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any 3>mAZZL5[
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specific way. 0HN%3AG]
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答案: B L5r02VzbD
应改为: its %a']TX
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 U<<XeSp
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 8&yI1XM|
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 ox5WboL
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例题: I>{o]^xw-D
(1) 934@Z(aUH
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or Yz#E0aTTA
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relating those objects. )YW"Zo8~!1
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答案: B t1wzSG
应改为: is a set ),Hr
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 g'cVsO)S
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At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. H!'4A&
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答案: D bo1J'pU
应改为: responses TbLU[(m-n
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few (4?^X
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 ;YSe:m*
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) @Ne&%F?^Z
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) Kj)sL0
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第三节 冠词作限定词 6lT< l zT
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 $41<ldJ
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考点一 不定冠词a / an :aBm,q9i:}
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: _>BYUPY
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university nCQ".G
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour Hzj8o3
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). `JY+3d,Ui
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例题: QAt]sat
(1) ''D7Bat@
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever P3-O)m]jv
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. wVFa51a)yy
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答案: B有错 ij#v_~g3
应改为: puzzle. F(zCvT
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle :*BN>*1^\r
(2) q,<l3r In
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a !.^x^OK%y
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question of physiology and of culture. $y,KDR7^
答案: D有错 #pgD-0_
应改为: day p`rjWpH
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day )U
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(3) 9H;Os:"\|
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the gK;dfrU.8Y
A B C ^|6
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nonprofessional metal worker. QIU%!9Y
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答案: C &=*1[ j\
应改为: still a practical `7y3C\zyQ
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 EtPB_!
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a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 WRkuPj2
例题: :h(3Ep
(1) u/wX7s
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. X
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答案: A Z:,\FB_U
应改为: An emotion ^GrSvl}v'
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an
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(2) 3I)oqS@q'
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine "N_@q2zF
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chemically with other atoms. .t>SbGC
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答案: A 2B6u
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应改为: an atom % rnRy<9
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an kSol%C
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考点二 定冠词the fj(WHL
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: J0e^v
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: -{JReplc
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower WuF\{bUh
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: AVU'rsXA
the first woman, the nineteenth century pX>wMc+
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby imwn)]L R
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: I
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the largest city, the most advanced technology +kxk z"fP
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: K)`R?CZ:s
the development of the watch, 0e]J2>
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: 2fc+PE
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun 54TWFDmGi
在下列情况下,一般不用the: cMy?&
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: s:,fXg25J
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) W0U|XX!&
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the u|EJ)dT?
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) M_75bU
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: hN1[*cF
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) >B;S;_5=
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: aG@GJ@w
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… WYCDEoqU2
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: T_)+l)
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed }gX
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乘车的词组: Ai)Q(]
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), 5=8_Le
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) u6\W"LW
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), &|zV Wl
打球的词组: u<j.XPK
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball ,0>_(5
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. j=>WWlZ
例题: c1f`?i}.
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used.
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(A) it was the )GC[xo4bg
(B) that the *(*XNd||
(C) there was a $~A\l@xAG
(D) the 6XeqK*r*
答案:D ! -gOqo
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 xU9^8,6
(2) P'Jb')m
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of B"RZpx
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Alaska and a territory of the Canada. ve=1y)
C D YjG:ECj}
答案:D nQ'AB~ Do
应改为:of pC)S9Kl
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 b@[5xv\J
(3) lGX_5R
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to *_yp]z"
A B C W}oAgUd
nineteenth century. \V<deMb=
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答案:D Dr"F5Wbg
应改为:to the nineteenth 3^AS8%qG
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the nr{}yQu
第四节 不可数名词 F(:]lM|
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 V|dKKb[Lve
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抽象名词如: })r[qsv
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: utwqP~
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), l.i&.;f
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), axi%5:I
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) re}
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还有表达学科类的名词如: uU00ZPS*G[
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, 7: T 5P
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) yq>3IS4O
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物质名词如: xpVYNS{c+|
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), ojd/%@+u+Y
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) j^Z3
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 C'}8
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, 52#@.Qa
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), Si]8*>}-B
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) a4! AvG
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 b-+iL
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice %+9Mr ami
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, pOip$Z
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 8P'>%G<m
例题: 3u8H F
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(1) HtIM8z#/
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and p]#%e0
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trade. R28h%KN
答案:C gKS0!U
应改为:advertising W 6~B~L
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 fN>o465I6
词汇:barter: 实物交易 c X553&
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考点二 限定词 r>`65o
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: hM(|d@)
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) H5=-b@(
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 jO$3>q
例题: Ohnd:8E
(1) ;
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Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear X'WbS
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image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. cyG3le& +G
D N/mTG2'<
答案:D 50Co/-)j
应改为:little. 9#.nNv*z3
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little 7\K=8G
(2) _bn*B$
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge 4
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A B WeE>4>^
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. x(&o=Pu
C D _CBG?
答案:B ?x"<0k1g
应改为:much evidence z'JtH^^Z
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 Q\Fgc ;.U
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 4WZ:zr N
例如: _JiB=<Fkr
a lot of students , a lot of money egxh
the rest of the students, the rest of money )}1J.>5
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. hdp;/Qz&
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第五节 所有格及of结构 =U!M,zw4
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考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 ds,NNN<HW
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, v{"$:Z
ow
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office (4LXoNT
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , Wqy|Y*$qT
如: the students' union, the ladies' room >fJY
例题: x4Mq{MrWp
(1) D.9qxM"Z>
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. k*d0ws#<l
(A) of the drop Stq&^S\x69
(B) the drop's D |kdk;Xv
(C) drop of 9q5jqFQ
(D) drops their :a
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答案: (B) sa$CCQ
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 X?&(i
s
(2) a,i
k=g
Over a very lar "`qmeZ$rg
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. >M=_:52.+
(A) occurs
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(B) will occur hkB/
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(C) can occur ],#Xa.r
(D) occurring MwbXZb{#"=
答案:D f]%:.N~1w
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 jYDpJ##Zb
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考点二 of结构 wV8_O)[
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) C+o1.#]JM
如: the title of the passage P/i{_r
例如: oGt,^!V1
(1) *-uA\
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names =rz7 x
A B C o;#:%
of some works years after their completion. b9nTg
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答案: C @^P<(%p
应改为: paintings tVfZ~qJ
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 5j'7V1:2
(2) tofX.oi+C$
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and K0;caqE^
A B C D ;wGoEN
spinal cord. 2{U5*\FhVX
答案: B `q
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应改为: stimulation (KG2
X
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 wrP3:!=
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 &t)$5\r
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 \/XU v(
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 q@i>)nC R
例题: DpCe_Vb%M
(1) ;t~Y>,
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. G*s5GG@Z.
(A) was a major collection g"{`g6(+
(B) that a major collection 6;C2^J @
(C) a collection was major [_T
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(D) a major collection PGd?c#v#
答案: (D) }|UTwjquBD
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 G^ShN45
(2) HXm&`
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of k1'd';gQ
A B C D A&N$=9.N1
medieval alchemists. B/Js>R
答案:A
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应改为:beginnings. \E
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解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 i);BTwW)#]
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考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 '2qbIYanh
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 s
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例题: qP[_!C.
(1) v4qpE!W27~
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. Bx/)Sl@
(A) new dance, the twist H 'IxB[
(B) twist, was the new dance m2%n:
(C) twist, the new dance that ^V~^[Yp
(D) new dance is the twist lDL(,ZZS`
答案: (A) !'C8sNs
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 $0cE iq?Hf
(2) |hS^eK_
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep }tW1\
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A B g) ofAG2
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. BXNC(^
C D :*vSC: q
答案: D e#vGrLs.
应改为: promise. x6Tpt^N}
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 Vp1 Q^`a{G
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考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 ?Ld:HE
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, 8.&P4u i
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. &k`/jl;u
例题: #3O$B*gV6
(1) v5I5tzt*%H
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. *&5./WEOH
(A) that institutes LWxP}? =
(B) while instituted l$!Z};mw0E
(C) was an institution f*EDSJu\
(D) an institute ZftucD|ZY/
答案: (D) Y3ypca&P9
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 KkJE-k*D+w
(2) o9v.]tb
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. {)4@rM
(A) is the great modern choreographer )7m.n%B!5V
(B) one of the great modern choreographers /GA-1cS_(
(C) that the great modern choreographers
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(D) the modern choreographers were great s
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答案:B ]2z
Gb5s"
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句