考点四 名词(词组)作定语 ;|f|d?Q\
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 O! (M:.
这样的词语有：word order（词序）， taxi driver（出租车司机）等 2n] Br
例题: rn7eY
(1) 9""e*-;Mi
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, tB_GE t2M
A B 1>1&NQ#}
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. Pvq74?an`
C D 6.| {l8%r
答案: D gUs.D_*
应改为: distribution/ distributing. FabzP_<b
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center，可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 r(W =1e'
(2) 0yhC_mI
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. oz(V a!
A B C D }j^a suf~c
答案: D A~_*v cz
应改为: color
r%*,pN7O
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 )a ov]Ns
]_6w(>A@3#
8X,dVX5LT
第二章 形容词 u]K&H&Ax T
038|>l-9[
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇，在句中主要作定语修饰名词，同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 6; WfsG5
KTr7z^
第一节 形容词修饰名词 N8!V% i?
cn62:p]5
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词，如：modern art, electric current, great responsibility；这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例，几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词，主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 V(hM@ztN
例题： zPzy 0lx
(1)
V\$'3(*
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. .ME>ICA
A B C D Y.XNA]|
答案：C i2]7Bf)oV
应改为：certain. 0w M2v[^YO
解释：certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 b.mcP@
(2) ~m:oJ
+:O
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. >KPxksFR8
A B C D +ZFw3KEkz
答案：C SlU?,)J}
应改为：visual. ,X+LJe $
解释：vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 hk S0 ae
注意1：大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话： oeV. K.
The man was awake. ,z4)A&F[c;
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) 6T"4<w[
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable z$64Ep#
例题： 73Zx`00
(1) =VC"X ?N
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means @c;XwU]2t
A B C 7:[u.c
d
of on-the-spot, alive reports. O`?qnNmc;
D k4N_ Pa$}\
答案： D Q$Q>pV;uH
应改为：live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) :.DZ~I
解释：alive不能做定语, 只能做表语，所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) 0tz7^: |D
(2) W;Y"J_
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also 0P_=Oy"l-
A B C "A( D}~i
gather data from documentary and oral sources. \wjT|z1+Y
D PJfADB7Y
答案： A 8
'> yB
应改为：like e
w%r c.;
解释：alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 i'cGB5-j
注意2：形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. FhP $R}F
如：a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等， "xI 70c{
注意3：形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题,
O*S
Jx.
一般来说：这个排序的规则是: YD9| 2S!G
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词
.u 3;
如: two young American students *w#^`yeo
my three red pencils /KTWBcs 7
第二节 比较级 gB<1;_KW
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级，主要有两种形式： SuR+Vv
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词)，如：fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等； ([ jm=[E^
或在词前加more (多音节形容词)，如：more useful, more complex等 Leu6kPk
少数词比较级形式特殊，如：good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的)， aCRi W;+'
eK[9wEdn
|4C5;"P c
考点一 含有标志词than lyS`X
1．最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象， pzT,fmfk
如：It takes less time to go there by air than by train. Q<Q?#v7NX
She possesses more books than I do. l3Qt_I)L
He is more intelligent than I expected. m0i,Zw{ eM
than可视为比较级的标志词，在填空题中， /g>]J 70
空后含有than的， 通常空格处需要填比较级， P6 7*-Ki
空格前含有比较级的，通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 Of c
u4pi
例题： F J p<J
(1) a"{b}UP
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. V
7oE\cxr
(A) coolest yR% l[/ X
(B) the coolest %0zp` '3Y
(C) cooler rMoz+{1A
(D) the cooler \Ez&?yb/
答案：A )+Yu7=S
解释：标志词than意味着应用比较级，A, B可先排除；D多the; 只有A正确 z.!u<hy(
(2) ,z01 *Yx
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. L@ S1C=-/
A B C D ?@^gpVK{
答案：A 9
+b){W
应改为：more b%h.>ij?
解释：标志词than表明此句应用比较级，而不是最高级 v\g1 w&PN
2．为避免重复，than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略，只把相比的部分突出出来: *Oq& g\K)
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, R"{P#U,HNO
如：The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. iX6*OEl/Q
(that 指代the population) 6H!l>@a7v
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. `Bb32L
(those 指代 designs) wkY$J\J
情况2: 在省略的过程中，若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) Zul@aS
!
如：The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may N"7BV
probably contribute more to the success of a play. I0N~>SpZ5
例题： ky'G/ z
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. (/S6b
(A) than do k&:~l@?
O
(B) that are having 4m%Yck{R
(C) which have F5+!Gb En
(D) that do Knp}88DR^j
答案：A M
9 N'Hk=
解释：空格前出现了形容词比较级，空格后是比较对象，应由than连接，选项中只有A符合条件，其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 <.ZD.u
[KMS/'; ]
考点二 (not) so /as…as Bw.?Me)mf|
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思，其结构和than句式相仿，但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形，而且as…as必须搭配使用， P )[QC
如：It is as good as it looks. N _p^DP
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. N.vkM`Z
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as)，要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as)，一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 }:
\e "Bfv
例题： -h 2 1
(1) b~?3HY:t~K
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. +$R%Vbd
(A) possibly little nourishment
LbnF8tj}h
(B) nourishment possibly little s5ILl wr
(C) little as possible nourishment BQ {'r^u
(D) little nourishment as possible xw3A |Aj?r
答案：D 85](,YYz
解释：空格处需要动词have的宾语，同时包含as…as句式，A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构，C语序有误，均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. LufZ,
(2) zTze %
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. Y|<1|wGG
(A) so early Yt;@ @xe&
(B) the earliest !< ^`Sx/+
(C) as early as &.:yP3
(D) so early that > H?~2O
答案：C QezDm^<
解释：依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达，只有C符合题意，用的是比较级特殊句式as...as w&}UgtEm
DO ?
bJ01
考点三 the same…as eS"sd^;R
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”，the same和as既可连用，也可分开使用， p+R8Mo;I
如：She looks just the same as before. pl.=u
0 *
I got the same feeling as you did. ^Cn_
ODjo
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 D 3}e{J8
例题： 0'Qo eFKG
(1) agW#"9]WM
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, a tWAhN
A B C c95{X y
shorter tails, and longer bills. #-u?+N k/
D a0x/ ? )DO
答案：B xo*[
g`N
应改为：as. o
Gi{d5
解释：the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与．．．一样” ^aO\WKkA
(2) YNi3oG]h
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of Cdd
+I5~
A B lGP'OY"Q
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. ~2*8pb 4
C D ocT.2/~d
答案：D A PR%ZpG
应改为：as gRdg3 qvU
解释：与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 O~AOZ^a:2
?#917M
考点四 the more…，the more… W:16
qbK
此句式常表示“越……越……”，more在此处泛指比较级，此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开，句子结构平行，而且谓语动词一致时，为避免重复常进行省略， [b vI T ]Z
如：The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt.
*u%4]q
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. UN}jpu<h
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一，因此看到the more结构，要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 U8(Rye$
例题： cHMS[.=;
(1) nUvxO `2
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. ( U |[ C*
(A) the greater the need there is }9xEA[@;
(B) greater need j5:{H4?
(C) is there great need dEp?jJP$;
(D) the great need $ Q|t^ (
答案：A ^.J
F?2T/
解释：这是典型的 “the more…, ZAPT5
"oYyeT
,?
8 ]N+V:
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. YGObTIGJvf
(2) Nd~?kZZu
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. *Ki ],>_~
(A) the stress it is greater N}>XBZy
(B) greater is the stress 8 _K22]c5
(C) greater stress is
2Ek6YNx
(D) the greater the stress d" |XN{
答案：D 3I?? K)Yl
解释：此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行，当谓语一致时，后面的可省略，符合要求的只有D Qc z7IA
rs3Uk.Z^ '
考点五 no longer /not…any longer V,($I'&/
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, jl=<Q.Mm7
如：He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. 8| zR8L
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用，no more /not…any more同理，这一句式在改错题中出现。 jBV2]..
例题： &2{ h]V6
(1) a4X J0Tm
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio 0 iW]#O/
A B d+%1q
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 5,'?NEyw
C D 2"NRnCx *
答案：A #JGy2Hk$^
应改为：no longer. }.7!@!q.
解释：根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ．．．”，英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
