考点四 名词(词组)作定语 OAZ#|U
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题
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这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 l??;3kh1
例题: <;t)6:N\
(1) ? {F{;r
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, baoD(0d
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is a prosperous trading and distribute center. VzR
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答案: D Cw,D{
应改为: distribution/ distributing. /=#~
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 ^!;=6}Y R
(2) EkKnUD
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. I(n* _
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A B C D _NdLcpBT?
答案: D a~^Srj!}x
应改为: color 'CS.p!Z\
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 XqR{.jF.
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第二章 形容词 o;-<|W>
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 DQ=N1pft2v
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 U?U(;nSR\A
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 g^o_\hp
例题: 1BD6l2y
(1) VvgN3e[
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. ^[M~K5Y
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答案:C }g,X5v?W
应改为:certain. iAz UaF
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 JY4_v>Aob
(2) 6dT|;koWbm
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. :2q
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答案:C mvf
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应改为:visual. ti;%BS
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 k`IrZHMw
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: (/q}mB
The man was awake. px&=((Z7>
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) ip5u_Xj?
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable x\;GoGsez
例题: O&P>x#w
(1) aT/KT,!
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means `t\z
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of on-the-spot, alive reports. xDe47&qKM
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答案: D wG6FS
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) KH)pJG|NY
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) @S}|Ccfc
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(2) $p
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Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also \1khyF'
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gather data from documentary and oral sources. h&'J+b
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答案: A D99N#36PU
应改为:like Kk56/(_S
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 ;op'V6iG
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 1uj05aZh}
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, bAdAp W
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, iq
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一般来说:这个排序的规则是: @%keTTZ
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 m>+A*M8
如: two young American students qIUC2,&g
my three red pencils EXH!glR[$
第二节 比较级 dR%q1Y&`
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: ="=
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在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; ,$SkaTBe
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 } pSt@3o,
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), se"u
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考点一 含有标志词than cKSfqqPm$"
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, 9O2a |
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如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. sd]0Hx[
She possesses more books than I do. sL;z"N@PK
He is more intelligent than I expected. Ig='a"%
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, CD$u=E
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空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, kz3?j<
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 1'gKZB)TG7
例题: |A2W8b
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(1) Nt?2USTs-
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. o
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(A) coolest :K!GR
(B) the coolest ZA) SJWwD
(C) cooler @|jKO5Y
(D) the cooler
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答案:A M^!C?(Hx^x
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 9
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(2) "Yc^Nc
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. `ja`#%^\u
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答案:A FCUVP,"T
应改为:more 60.[t9pk6
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 jb#1&L14
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: U4
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情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, ~5XL@j I^
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. L<{OBuR
(that 指代the population) YL0WUD_>
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. 1"~O"m sb
(those 指代 designs) P@o,4\;K
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) >b/k|?xP
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may uM}dZp 1
probably contribute more to the success of a play. P22y5z~
例题: *_<SWTE
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. }+QhW]nO{F
(A) than do 4jq`No_
(B) that are having CrQA :_Z(7
(C) which have [1QkcR
(D) that do xC=3|,U
答案:A d=.n|rS4
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解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 %Hl:nT2M
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考点二 (not) so /as…as nEa'e5
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比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, nf+"vr}1
如:It is as good as it looks. NL>[8#
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. r~Is,.zZ}
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 H*:r>Lm=
例题: ??esB&