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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 b0n " J`  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 //W7$DYEG  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 64jFbbd-/  
例题: F\U^-/0,  
(1) $V?h68[c  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, }_vUsjK  
 A                       B 6r3.%V.&  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. q o^PS  
   C         D t7 ].33%\  
答案: D jXu)%<  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. 8a}et8df:  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 brXLx +H8  
(2) $wq[W,'#L  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. E!_mXjlPc  
   A  B      C         D $22_>OsA  
答案: D c@&-c[k^W  
应改为: color <!m'xO D  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 =mWr8p-H  
C[0*>W8o  
rr;p ;  
第二章 形容词 VP\'p1a  
8:QnxrODP  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 ) }.<lSw  
9PZY](/  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 8;vpa*  
W:z?w2{VI(  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 <.6bni )  
例题: ZM$}Xy\9  
(1) )08mG_&atL  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. 1_Ag:> #X  
       A  B   C          D kl&9M!;:n  
答案:C f:)%+)U<Xm  
应改为:certain. mxxuD"5  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 nm3/-Q},  
(2) g*uo2-MN&e  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. :fW\!o 8Z2  
  A       B         C   D p"lTZ7c:Y  
答案:C 3$E\B=7/U  
应改为:visual. #^Io9dA h  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 &-s/F`  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: Q8^fgI|  
The man was awake. >^!qx b-  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) sp VE'"^  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable F N)vFQ#J  
例题: 9iWs'M  
(1) /6$8djw  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means ==i:*  
     A                 B        C T9,T'y>BD  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. U <|h4'(@L  
       D ;g M$%!&  
答案: D GdxMHnn=  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) f Cq  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) W%)uKQha  
(2) IQz:D J  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also x-Cy,d:YX  
 A              B               C +Je(]b @  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. :Y AxL J  
                 D ~BSE8M+r  
答案: A FK8G BkQ!  
应改为:like /%fa_+,|-  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 pX nY=  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. : Y{aa1  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, :4ndU:.L  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, 6"d^4L?  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: z&"-%l.b@}  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 7d7"^M  
如: two young American students _ -vf<QO]  
    my three red pencils 6+:Tv2  
第二节 比较级 YEEgDw]BQ  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: b :Knc$  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; l>Nz]Ul%{  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 XYKWOrkQqa  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), >@2l/x8;  
NW.<v /?=,  
:?Xd&u0){  
考点一 含有标志词than +&W%]KEh  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, x,s Ma*vd  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. x4PH-f-7  
  She possesses more books than I do. %f{1u5+5  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. 6AZJ,Q\E@  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, He)<S?X-6  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, AxaabS$\  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 y\'t{>U/  
例题: O1@-)<_71  
(1) FtUOgL)|  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. Q0K4_iN)&  
(A) coolest f6 zT  
(B) the coolest dOm#NSJVd  
(C) cooler IT,TSs/Y  
(D) the cooler 4:\s.Z{!3  
答案:A uiO7sf6  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 yZ[H&>  
(2) ta>:iQ a  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. (+<SR5,/3  
           A   B              C     D f>)k<-<yj  
答案:A Q 'R@'W9  
应改为:more m*L*# ZBS  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 P8K{K:T  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: [>P@3t(/  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, r;`6ML[5Vx  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. O:fv1  
   (that 指代the population) @O}%sjC1  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. i,R<`K0  
   (those 指代 designs) % eCbH`  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 2R&msdF   
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may =6b^j]1  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. 6P=6E   
例题: 6[kp#  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. =[!&&,c=  
(A) than do WJ$D]7  
(B) that are having {J2*6_  
(C) which have V`Z-m-V~1  
(D) that do DfP4 `  
答案:A g$s"x r`:  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 2xvTij O0  
{-IH?!&v  
考点二 (not) so /as…as bX%9'O[-  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, J[rpMQ  
如:It is as good as it looks. E(Tvj\9  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. tgy*!B6a~  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 8%]o6'd4  
例题: ( /{Wu:e  
(1) )IQa]A  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. 1w}%>e-S  
(A) possibly little nourishment a#t:+iw  
(B) nourishment possibly little >[;+QVr;  
(C) little as possible nourishment hnag <=  
(D) little nourishment as possible 1e.V%!Xk  
答案:D cl kL)7RQ  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. zKB$n.H  
(2) U:xY~>  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. e E: J  
(A) so early F]kn4zr  
(B) the earliest x"q!=&>f  
(C) as early as qScc~i Oq  
(D) so early that g,Z8I;A^  
答案:C cKt=_4Lf  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as qKu/~0a/  
zvjp]yTx"  
考点三 the same…as 57 (bd0@8  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, *HiN:30DZ  
如:She looks just the same as before. Yxik .S+G  
  I got the same feeling as you did. vz'/]E  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 /BEE.`6yI5  
例题: [XK^3pT_  
(1) f@Oi$9CZn  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, }7)iLfi  
         A       B          C RLl*@SEi"  
shorter tails, and longer bills. h=:Ls]ZU  
            D r"HQ>Wn  
答案:B KV&4Ep#  
应改为:as. t5t!-w\M$+  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” );*:Uz sC_  
(2) #R^^XG`1  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of Owd{;  
  A                 B    _=Y?' gHH  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. ,u.G6"<  
   C          D 3 UXaA;  
答案:D *z?Vy<u G  
应改为:as ]*/%5ZOI&  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 u9c^:Op  
<PMQ$s>KK  
考点四 the more…,the more… rJz`v/:|P  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, { pJf ~  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. bX*>Zm   
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. .I h'&  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 Sm5 T/&z  
例题: .#Vup{.  
(1) PS:"mP7n  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. ,S V34+(  
(A) the greater the need there is %M7EOa  
(B) greater need tS[@3h  
(C) is there great need "h \ (a<  
(D) the great need a[ Y\5Ojm  
答案:A oVAY}q|wU  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…,  I?R?rW  
jt?DogYx  
\2#j1/d4  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. "K)ue@?  
(2) LW#$%}  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. v!WkPvU  
(A) the stress it is greater zd0 [f3~  
(B) greater is the stress Va-.  
(C) greater stress is  k:i}xKu  
(D) the greater the stress YZ(tjIgQ  
答案:D [}Z!hq  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D o |"iW" +  
/cC4K\M  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer qA>C<NL  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, c`s ]ciC  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. aB^`3J  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 N /Fa^[  
例题: p%#=OtkC  
(1) %pUA$oUt  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio <tI_u ~P  
          A           B      !.c no&  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. b FB.hkTP  
    C                           D j}aU*p~N  
答案:A E HH+)mlo  
应改为:no longer. 20`QA u)'  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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