考点四 名词(词组)作定语 ]N#%exBVo
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 {zmh0c; |
这样的词语有：word order（词序）， taxi driver（出租车司机）等 3{/Y&/\"'^
例题: qTV;L-
(1) ka UEv\T
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, *? <ygzX
A B x<lY&KQ0
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. - &UP[Mq
C D R 32A2Ml
答案: D -w3KBlo
应改为: distribution/ distributing. Zk .V
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center，可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 3;t {V$
(2) w1 5Qqh lK
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. $sa5aUg }
A B C D 3Gyw^_{J
答案: D A&8{0
应改为: color R8(Bt73
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 `COnb@uD
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第二章 形容词 $6Az\Iu *
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇，在句中主要作定语修饰名词，同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 Mb
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 -Rcl(Q}LZ
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词，如：modern art, electric current, great responsibility；这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例，几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词，主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 T:?01
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例题： G1z0q3< B
(1) _ W +
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. {EL
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A B C D g71|t7Q
答案：C [/'=M h
应改为：certain. *v6 j7<H
解释：certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 z pV+W-j]
(2) xmp^`^v*
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. eJ2$DgB}t
A B C D SGK=WLGM8
答案：C -!JnyD
应改为：visual. c*:H6(u
解释：vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 ]%I}hj J
注意1：大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话： = (%+S<}
The man was awake. KH_~DZU*5
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) \
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这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable pjaDtNb
例题： qQ=\R1l
(1) QT[yw6Z
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means ,- FC
A B C 6 OLp x)fG
of on-the-spot, alive reports. EKTn$k=
D yL.Z{wd
答案： D c( 5r
应改为：live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) i{. %4tA4
解释：alive不能做定语, 只能做表语，所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) ~wl 4
(2) %M
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Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also Kp.d#W_TX
A B C 1GA$nFBVC
gather data from documentary and oral sources. kEr; p{5
D SuuLB6{u3
答案： A ` 0}z
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应改为：like ICxj $b
解释：alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 r'5~4'o$
注意2：形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. /rQ[Ik$|
如：a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等， -YD+x PD
注意3：形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, $~s|%>@
一般来说：这个排序的规则是: |2'u@<(Z/
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 'Bc{N^
如: two young American students g(`m#&P>G
my three red pencils qY^@^) b[
第二节 比较级
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英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级，主要有两种形式： ecg>_%.>
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词)，如：fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等； S( nZ]QEG
或在词前加more (多音节形容词)，如：more useful, more complex等 BXx0Z
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少数词比较级形式特殊，如：good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的)， 9+!1jTGSkf
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考点一 含有标志词than I]dt1iXu_{
1．最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象， G,]%dZH e
如：It takes less time to go there by air than by train. Rfuq(DwD6
She possesses more books than I do. )4@La&
He is more intelligent than I expected. iJH;OV;P
than可视为比较级的标志词，在填空题中， vsDR@Y}k
空后含有than的， 通常空格处需要填比较级， <XAW-m9SC
空格前含有比较级的，通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 bm Hl \?
例题： RXZ}aX[h
(1) \8 ~`NF
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. T+9#&
(A) coolest [LcHO] _^M
(B) the coolest L4w KG&
(C) cooler qwz_.=5E6
(D) the cooler -N4km5
答案：A K$K
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解释：标志词than意味着应用比较级，A, B可先排除；D多the; 只有A正确 e
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(2) a*fUMhIi
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. B"9 /+Yj
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答案：A :^Ouv1!e1
应改为：more e?"XM
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解释：标志词than表明此句应用比较级，而不是最高级 G"~% [
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2．为避免重复，than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略，只把相比的部分突出出来: R"0fZENTG
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, Oy, `tG0
如：The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 'aFj yY?%
(that 指代the population) @\_l%/z{
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. 2d`:lk%\
(those 指代 designs)
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情况2: 在省略的过程中，若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) W%)uKQha
如：The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may 8LH" j(H
probably contribute more to the success of a play. iHp@R-g
例题： svB T~P0x
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. T==(Pw7R7
(A) than do @ n-
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(B) that are having =h#3D?b0n
(C) which have lQ nl6j
(D) that do -@wnQ?
答案：A iyRB} [y
解释：空格前出现了形容词比较级，空格后是比较对象，应由than连接，选项中只有A符合条件，其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 o ZY2K3J)
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考点二 (not) so /as…as cP4K9:k
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思，其结构和than句式相仿，但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形，而且as…as必须搭配使用， -]uN16\ F
如：It is as good as it looks. z&"-%l.b@}
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. 7d7"^M
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as)，要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as)，一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 N <xf=a+j
例题： 6 +:Tv2
(1) :OF:(,J
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. ; U)a)l'y
(A) possibly little nourishment 3E !#?N|v
(B) nourishment possibly little j:yQP# U
(C) little as possible nourishment ; FO1b*
(D) little nourishment as possible , C#Mf@b
答案：D {|}tp<:2
解释：空格处需要动词have的宾语，同时包含as…as句式，A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构，C语序有误，均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. }HM8VAH
(2) MI
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There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. =sqh PS<>
(A) so early ZWC-<QO"<
(B) the earliest X7I"WC1ncz
(C) as early as V Qm)32'
(D) so early that *0 ;DCUv
答案：C $J/Z~ (=JT
解释：依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达，只有C符合题意，用的是比较级特殊句式as...as dQ=mg#(
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考点三 the same…as \#(cI
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”，the same和as既可连用，也可分开使用， *t;'I -1w^
如：She looks just the same as before. Gs*FbrY
I got the same feeling as you did. H61 ,pr>
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 UTEUVcJ\
例题： yZ[H&>
(1) ta>:iQ a
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, (+<SR5,/3
A B C }5H3DavW
shorter tails, and longer bills. })Og sBk
D Y{ X79Rd
答案：B tT}*%A
应改为：as. N|c;Qzl
解释：the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与．．．一样” m~ %\f8w-x
(2) g{@q
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of I_mnXd;n
A B ^Bw2y&nN
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. ,K Ebnk|i
C D B./Lp_QK
答案：D +K4d(!S b
应改为：as
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解释：与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 G>{
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考点四 the more…，the more… 3 ]B K*OqJ
此句式常表示“越……越……”，more在此处泛指比较级，此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开，句子结构平行，而且谓语动词一致时，为避免重复常进行省略， gF;i3OJg
如：The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. h#9X0 u7j
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. q/,>UtRr
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一，因此看到the more结构，要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 T] \_[e
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例题：
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(1) ec/1 Z8}p
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. (]0JI1
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(A) the greater the need there is "ewSh<t
(B) greater need b f.__3{
(C) is there great need H%`Ja('"p
(D) the great need V dp wZ
答案：A Md_S};!QN6
解释：这是典型的 “the more…, -@{5
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. xMNUy B{?
(2) ,h,DB=!K<
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. (L z VWz m
(A) the stress it is greater <eP`Lu"
(B) greater is the stress sJ[I<
(C) greater stress is o.IJ4'}aN
(D) the greater the stress (27bNKr
答案：D 7}>7@ W8
解释：此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行，当谓语一致时，后面的可省略，符合要求的只有D T$[50~
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer 8." B
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, /<7'[x<
如：He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. ]t$wK
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用，no more /not…any more同理，这一句式在改错题中出现。 .YYfba#{
例题： w1tWy Kq
(1) IiW*'0H:/
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio vz'/] E
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continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. MvV\?Lzj
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答案：A #Bu W
应改为：no longer. )b AO A
解释：根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ．．．”，英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
