考点四 名词(词组)作定语 b0n " J`
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 //W7$DYEG
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 64jFbbd-/
例题: F\U^-/0,
(1)
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Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, }_vUs jK
A B 6r3.%V.&
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. qo^PS
C D t7].33%\
答案: D jXu)%<
应改为: distribution/ distributing. 8a}et8df:
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 brXLx+H8
(2) $wq[W,'#L
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. E!_mXjlPc
A B C D
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答案: D c@&-c [k^W
应改为: color <!m'xO
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解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 =mWr8p-H
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第二章 形容词 VP\'p1a
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 ) }.<lSw
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 8;vpa*
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 <.6bni
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例题: ZM$}Xy\9
(1) )08mG_&atL
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. 1_Ag:>#X
A B C D kl&9M!;:n
答案:C f:)%+)U<Xm
应改为:certain. mxxuD"5
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 nm3/-Q},
(2) g*uo2-MN&e
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. :fW\!o8Z2
A B C D p"lTZ7c:Y
答案:C 3$E\B=7/U
应改为:visual. #^Io9dAh
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 &-s/F`
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: Q8^fgI |
The man was awake. >^!qxb-
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) spV E'"^
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable FN)vFQ#J
例题: [l9iWs'M
(1) /6$8djw
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means ==i:*
A B C T9,T'y>BD
of on-the-spot, alive reports. U<|h4'(@L
D ;g
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答案: D GdxMHnn=
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) fCq
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) W%)uKQha
(2) IQz:DJ
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also x-Cy,d:YX
A B C +Je(]b@
gather data from documentary and oral sources. :YAxL J
D ~BSE8M+r
答案: A FK8GBkQ!
应改为:like /%fa_+,|-
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 pX nY=
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. :
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如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, :4ndU:.L
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, 6"d^4L?
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: z&"-%l.b@}
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 7d7"^M
如: two young American students _
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my three red pencils 6 +:Tv2
第二节 比较级 YEEgDw]BQ
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: b :Knc$
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; l>Nz]Ul%{
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 XYKWOrkQqa
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), >@2l/x8;
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考点一 含有标志词than +&W%]KEh
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, x,sMa*vd
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. x4PH-f-7
She possesses more books than I do. %f{1u5+5
He is more intelligent than I expected. 6AZJ,Q\E@
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, He)<S?X-6
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, AxaabS$\
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 y\'t{>U/
例题: O1@-)<_71
(1) FtUO gL)|
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. Q0K4_iN)&
(A) coolest
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(B) the coolest dOm#NSJVd
(C) cooler IT,TSs/Y
(D) the cooler 4:\s.Z{!3
答案:A uiO7sf6
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 yZ[H&>
(2) ta>:iQa
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. (+<SR5,/3
A B C D
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答案:A Q 'R@'W9
应改为:more m*L*# ZBS
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 P8K{K:T
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: [>P@3t(/
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, r;`6ML[5Vx
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. O:fv1
(that 指代the population) @O}%sjC1
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. i,R<`K0
(those 指代 designs) %
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情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 2R&msdF
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may =6b^j]1
probably contribute more to the success of a play. 6P=6E
例题: 6[kp#
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. =[!&&,c=
(A) than do WJ$D]7
(B) that are having {J2*6_
(C) which have V`Z-m-V~1
(D) that do DfP4 `
答案:A g$s"x r`:
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 2xvTij
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考点二 (not) so /as…as bX%9'O [-
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, J[rpMQ
如:It is as good as it looks. E(Tvj\9
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. tgy*!B6a~
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。
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例题: ( /{Wu:e
(1) )IQa]A
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. 1w}%>e-S
(A) possibly little nourishment a#t:+iw
(B) nourishment possibly little >[;+QVr;
(C) little as possible nourishment hnag<=
(D) little nourishment as possible 1e.V%!Xk
答案:D cl
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解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. zKB$n.H
(2) U:xY~>
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. e E:
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(A) so early F]kn4zr
(B) the earliest x"q!=&>f
(C) as early as qScc~i Oq
(D) so early that g,Z8I;A^
答案:C cKt=_4Lf
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as qKu/~0a/
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考点三 the same…as 57 (bd0@8
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, *HiN:30DZ
如:She looks just the same as before. Yxik.S+G
I got the same feeling as you did. vz'/]E
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 /BEE.`6yI5
例题: [X K^3pT_
(1) f@Oi$9CZn
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, }7)iLfi
A B C RLl*@SEi"
shorter tails, and longer bills. h=:Ls]ZU
D r"HQ>Wn
答案:B KV&4Ep#
应改为:as. t5t!-w\M$+
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” );*:UzsC_
(2) #R^^XG`1
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of Owd{;
A B _=Y?' gHH
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. ,u.G6"<
C D 3UXaA;
答案:D *z?Vy<u G
应改为:as ]*/%5ZOI&
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行
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考点四 the more…,the more… rJz`v/:|P
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, {
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如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. bX*>Zm
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. .I
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填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式
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例题: .#Vup{.
(1) PS:"mP7n
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. ,SV34+(
(A) the greater the need there is %M7EOa
(B) greater need tS[@3h
(C) is there great need "h
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(D) the great need a[
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答案:A oVAY}q|wU
解释:这是典型的 “the more…,
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. "K)ue@?
(2) LW#$%}
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. v!WkPvU
(A) the stress it is greater zd0[f3~
(B) greater is the stress Va-.
(C) greater stress is
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(D) the greater the stress YZ(tjIgQ
答案:D [}Z!hq
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D o |"iW" +
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer qA>C<NL
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, c`s ]ciC
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. aB ^`3J
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 N / Fa^[
例题: p%#=OtkC
(1) %pUA$oUt
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio <tI_u ~P
A B !.cno&
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. b
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C D j}aU*p~N
答案:A EHH+)mlo
应改为:no longer. 20`QA
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解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer