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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 KTd4pW?w  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 OV^) N  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 Dtt[a  
例题: 2wpLP^9Vr<  
(1) e\tcP  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, U2\ zl  
 A                       B [$ vAjP  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. mO(m%3  
   C         D Sc`W'q^X  
答案: D 5$`ihO?  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. wk' |gI[W  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 UW8 8JA0  
(2) IJhJfr0)Oo  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. W4Tuc:X5  
   A  B      C         D C{H:-"\J9  
答案: D n3da@ClBt  
应改为: color * _)xlpy  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 +vY8HQ|v  
mQ*:?\@  
1O"7%Pvw  
第二章 形容词 UC"<5z lcu  
IV]s!  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 [7]Kvb2t  
IxNY%&* `  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 @ )owj^sA  
6`Zx\bPDm  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 ?nZQTO7  
例题: p~1!O]qLt  
(1) "ph&hd}S  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. c'ExZ)RJ  
       A  B   C          D nG hFYQl  
答案:C 6EfGJq  
应改为:certain. Lx6C fR  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 Hyx%FN=  
(2) UlF=,0P  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. rWzw7T~  
  A       B         C   D f7NK 0kuA  
答案:C BIyNiol$AJ  
应改为:visual. 4|i.b?"  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 aM/sD=}  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: H]>b<Cs  
The man was awake. &a D ]_+b  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) 3N%%69JN)  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable Gc6`]7 s  
例题: <~ E'% 60;  
(1)  O+D"7  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means `72 uf<YQ  
     A                 B        C {p#[.E8  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. v"x{oD$R  
       D ;yh}$)^9  
答案: D O}VI8OB(&  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 6uWzv~!*D  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) +Fu=9j/,j  
(2) '&~A  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also &j2fh!\4  
 A              B               C b.Wf*I?  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. :m|%=@]`  
                 D e*[M*u  
答案: A |UbwPL_L  
应改为:like $O|J8;"v  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 'MEO?]Tf.^  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. mRI W9V  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, gwFHp .mE  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, q#W7.8 Z@  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: v6{qKpU#  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 c" mRMDg%  
如: two young American students 0q%=Vs~@g  
    my three red pencils 7QdU|1]  
第二节 比较级 wA`A+Z2*?  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: Z4#lZS`'A  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; oL'  :07_  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 !/0XoIf"  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), Ugmg,~U~k  
Q}!U4!{i|p  
A{hwT,zV:  
考点一 含有标志词than o5+N_5OE}E  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, cm]D"GFLY  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. QsYc 9]:  
  She possesses more books than I do. 8xUmg&  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. "42u0rH0J  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, XQ:HH 8  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, vO" $Xw  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 UC * <]  
例题: {: EQ  
(1) ?Gr<9e2Eo  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. R{.wAH(  
(A) coolest ee&QZVL>  
(B) the coolest f9u["e  
(C) cooler Q>}I@eyJ  
(D) the cooler n[WXIE<  
答案:A HkxFDU-K  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 -'k<2"z  
(2) L.!:nu]rV  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. oq]KOj[  
           A   B              C     D wSIt"g,%  
答案:A #f/-iu=L  
应改为:more @R}L 4  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 }Sp MHR`  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: h.'h L  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, ;?inf`t  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. E_?3<)l)RI  
   (that 指代the population) ?\hXJih  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. /q='~t  
   (those 指代 designs) :g<dwuVO  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) =NJb9S&8A  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may J+DuQ;k;  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. =K8`[iH  
例题: |Z 3POD"9  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. S2jo@bp!  
(A) than do Y]8l]l 1  
(B) that are having _rjCwo\  
(C) which have uc7np]Z  
(D) that do VdK-2O(.-  
答案:A >+oQxml6nI  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 &Vgjd>  
d G:=tf&1R  
考点二 (not) so /as…as V i#(x9.  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, a.8nWs^  
如:It is as good as it looks. >!WJ{M0  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. %8{' XJ!  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 de ](l687I  
例题: 9,,v 0tE  
(1) >656if O  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. ',1rW  
(A) possibly little nourishment 5gJQr%pS  
(B) nourishment possibly little 'm/b+9?.  
(C) little as possible nourishment (4c<0<"$  
(D) little nourishment as possible ?=4J  
答案:D n!tCz<v  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. bt j\v[D  
(2) +JQN=nTA  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. $W0lz#s:  
(A) so early 9CL&tpqv f  
(B) the earliest z-,U(0 .  
(C) as early as Bq$bxuhV  
(D) so early that J\ 3~  
答案:C +5T0]!  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as fitm*  
K, 35*  
考点三 the same…as -i;#4@^t  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, *?i~AXJm  
如:She looks just the same as before. 12rr:(#%s  
  I got the same feeling as you did. &i!.6M2  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 X#Hs{J~@p  
例题: LL:B H, [  
(1) & d~6MSk  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, >B3_P4pW9  
         A       B          C XfY]qQP  
shorter tails, and longer bills. Ejn19{  
            D ;H}? 8L  
答案:B /)v X|qtIY  
应改为:as. gI T"nG=a4  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” |*8 J.H*r  
(2) * 78TT \q<  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of A2htD!3  
  A                 B    ]V}";cm;2  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. V<(cW'zA/  
   C          D RD,` D!  
答案:D -u8 ma%JW  
应改为:as hfVJg7-  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 .hn "NXy  
[?_^Cy  
考点四 the more…,the more… 0(HUy`]>  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, `Y8 F}%i[  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. ,uK }$l  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. O*T(aM3r  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 X`#vH8  
例题: }-!0d*I  
(1) 8FU8E2zo  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. c7,p5[  
(A) the greater the need there is o4\\q66K  
(B) greater need iTwb#Q=  
(C) is there great need r roI  
(D) the great need +DU^"q=  
答案:A ) [+82~F  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, tp*.'p-SI  
J}BN}|Y@2  
Ra) wlI x  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. ' Dcj\=8  
(2) & %A&&XT9  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. 4PjC[A*  
(A) the stress it is greater ORuC("  
(B) greater is the stress U}@xMt8@l  
(C) greater stress is <yl%q*gls  
(D) the greater the stress qYoB;gp  
答案:D 5EU~T.4C<  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D V'hb 4}@  
\?SvO  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer KpA1Ac)T  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, G %'xEr0n  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. E\|nP~;~F9  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 4 km^S9  
例题: #x;,R Pw5  
(1) NV7k@7_{B  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio Z\?2"4H  
          A           B      Y{D%v  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. +$|fUn{  
    C                           D Y=p!xr>  
答案:A V"m S$MN  
应改为:no longer. Jy5sZ }t[  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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