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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 |K-`  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 %P t){9b  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 Q% d1n*;+  
例题: S 593wfc  
(1) h"0)spF"d  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, 73Jm   
 A                       B m}=E$zPbO  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center.  +)e|>  
   C         D |b.xG_-s1  
答案: D wB \`3u4  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. vI5lp5( -3  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 )S2yU<6oOt  
(2) DHw)]WB M  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. m Jk\$/Kh  
   A  B      C         D u YT$$'S  
答案: D }F_c0zM  
应改为: color @C L#B98jl  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 l$/lbwi%  
A&~fw^HM  
Xzf,S;XV~  
第二章 形容词 *$NZi*z3  
G,|!&=Pe|E  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 &gY) x{  
#H>{>0q  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 $P0q!  
AT~,  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 x I.W-js[  
例题: qEST[S V  
(1) HN{c)DIm]  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. L#UR>Z#9  
       A  B   C          D J @"#  
答案:C ZLv/otf:|"  
应改为:certain. x [FLV8`b|  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 `)n4I:)2  
(2) 3N+lWuE}K  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. YzI;)  
  A       B         C   D &&X,1/  
答案:C |/*Pimk  
应改为:visual. S }`sp[6  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 KeQcL4<  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: 37/n"\4  
The man was awake. w6% Q"%rp  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) 6g g8 h>b  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable RwWg:4   
例题: fe?Z33V  
(1) z*eBjHbF  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means Nz,yd%ua  
     A                 B        C 4]y)YNQ(  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. $"^K~5Q  
       D !Lf<hS^  
答案: D L[ G O6l  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) xAQtX=FoX+  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) 7~/cz_  
(2) =Ph8&l7~sp  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also kXMp()N8`  
 A              B               C S\ k<  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. ETe4I`d{  
                 D 0s#72}n  
答案: A '$K E= Jy  
应改为:like #o.e (C  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 *T|B'80  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. WSkGVQu  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, Mqf Ns<2  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, *Z5^WHwg  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: rH+OXGoB  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 kI\m0];KnQ  
如: two young American students RgE`Hr  
    my three red pencils H"C'<(4*\  
第二节 比较级 }I"C4'(a  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: OZ,kz2SF#  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; $`=p]  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 {|+Y;V`  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), NWB YpGZx  
.1x04Np!  
j]a$RC#  
考点一 含有标志词than W L$^B@gXQ  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, ,g`%+s7u  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. l^B.iB  
  She possesses more books than I do. C I|lJ  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. dj|5'<l 2  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, ) "#'   
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, $6QIYF""  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 T:|/ux3  
例题: $ |4C]Me (  
(1) J( }2Ua_  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. (z?HyxRT  
(A) coolest Otn,UoeeB  
(B) the coolest fGgt[f[  
(C) cooler WKf<% E$  
(D) the cooler JuRoeq.  
答案:A UNI< r  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 NOz3_k  
(2) yev!Nw  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. E'5*w6  
           A   B              C     D T}~TW26v  
答案:A ]5W$EvZ9)  
应改为:more iP/v "g"g  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 1I Yip\:lS  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: SpH|<L3  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, \lL[08G  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. T&U}}iWN  
   (that 指代the population) B|(g?  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. 5'lVh/  
   (those 指代 designs) .^YxhUH,G  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 4Z)4WGp!  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may ycGY5t@K@  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. PSrx !  
例题: {%jAp11y+O  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. EIi<g2pM(  
(A) than do On C)f  
(B) that are having ;qx#]Z0 <  
(C) which have >Wg= Tuef  
(D) that do Q G) s  
答案:A za l]t$z>  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 c '|*{%<e2  
zcpL[@B  
考点二 (not) so /as…as ~Ps*i]n(  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, |T#cq!  
如:It is as good as it looks. QE]@xLz   
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. W 4{ T<  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 $`pf!b2Z  
例题: 7KtU\u  
(1) B=Hd:P|  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. g 2Fg  
(A) possibly little nourishment J%bNt)K}  
(B) nourishment possibly little x;ik   
(C) little as possible nourishment +h) "m/mE  
(D) little nourishment as possible IRW0.'Dn  
答案:D *oO%+6nL  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. *h^->+0n  
(2) xvGYd,dlK  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. 4^(x)r &(?  
(A) so early zK0M WyXO  
(B) the earliest b[vE!lJEq  
(C) as early as 2%/F`_XbP  
(D) so early that $G=^cNB|JB  
答案:C %Tp9G Gt  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as <5Vf3KoC&  
+=WBH'  
考点三 the same…as sbvP1|P8%  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, ``xm##K  
如:She looks just the same as before. 6O4 *OR<&  
  I got the same feeling as you did. J~x]~}V&  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 Q}#4Qz~n  
例题: 5{ ap  
(1) !&%KJS6p4  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, 5N9Cd[4  
         A       B          C PvKGB01_  
shorter tails, and longer bills. VnuG^)S  
            D $GoS?\G  
答案:B oy[s])Tg  
应改为:as. i7RK*{  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” x. t< @y~  
(2) .J.}}"+U  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of WjBml'^RY  
  A                 B    HX.K{!5  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. kwi$%  
   C          D yC z"~c  
答案:D 7Kym|Zg  
应改为:as gvVy0nJI~  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 W3l[a^1d  
CCpRQKb=  
考点四 the more…,the more… ~vP_c(8f  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, !,- 'wT<v  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. x~'_;>]r_  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. [voc_o7AI  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 A?tCa*b^  
例题: VI3fvGHat{  
(1) Sw$&E  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. }P=FMme{F(  
(A) the greater the need there is nUY)Ln I  
(B) greater need 2w8YtM3+"z  
(C) is there great need VK9E{~0=  
(D) the great need +VIEDV+   
答案:A Jv(E '"H  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, AsS~TLG9p  
zCq6k7u  
yR F+  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.  :A#'8xE/  
(2) )p!") :'fv  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. .&=\ *cZc  
(A) the stress it is greater 7F~Jz*,B*W  
(B) greater is the stress 3F6'3NvVc2  
(C) greater stress is rI)&.5^  
(D) the greater the stress 9<Zm}PE32  
答案:D x ZAg  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D 4/o9K*M+  
Q<osYO{l  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer B^1jd!m  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, Cn9MboXX  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. rI:]''PR  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 8W.-Y|[5?  
例题: )P/~{Ci:T&  
(1) lK irc2  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio HV3D$~gF  
          A           B      'bef3P9`  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. ,"5p=JX`  
    C                           D piUfvw  
答案:A * 8D(Lp1  
应改为:no longer. YAF0I%PYU  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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