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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 OAZ#|U   
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 8?Y['  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 l??;3kh1  
例题: <;t)6:N\  
(1) ? {F{;r  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, baoD(0d  
 A                       B F X1ZG!  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. VzR x%j/i  
   C         D Y &r ]lD  
答案: D Cw,D{  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. /=#~  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 ^!;=6}YR  
(2) EkKnUD  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. I(n* _ bFq  
   A  B      C         D _NdLcpBT?  
答案: D a~^Srj!}x  
应改为: color 'CS.p!Z\  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 XqR{.jF.  
02]xJo  
WY)^1Gb$ux  
第二章 形容词 o;-<|W>  
CYB=Uq,  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 DQ=N1pft2v  
iTNqWU-o  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 U?U(;nSR\A  
uJ'9R`E ]1  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 g^o_\ hp  
例题: 1BD6 l2y  
(1) VvgN3e[  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. ^[M~K5Y  
       A  B   C          D  "jU  
答案:C }g,X5v?W  
应改为:certain. iAz UaF  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 JY4_v>Aob  
(2) 6dT|;koWbm  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. :2q ?>\  
  A       B         C   D Rx. rj~  
答案:C mvf _@2^  
应改为:visual. ti;%BS  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 k`IrZHMw  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: (/q}mB  
The man was awake. px&=((Z7>  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) ip5u_Xj ?  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable x\;GoGsez  
例题: O&P>x#w  
(1) aT/KT,!  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means ` t\z   
     A                 B        C S^g]:Xh&  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. xDe47&qKM  
       D .%hQJ{vf-^  
答案: D wG6FS  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) KH)pJG|NY  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) @S}|Ccfc _  
(2) $p Br &,  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also \1khyF'  
 A              B               C |x[$3R1@  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. h&'J+b  
                 D pgfu+K7?w  
答案: A D99N#36PU  
应改为:like Kk56/(_S  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 ;op'V6iG  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 1uj05aZh}  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, bAdAp W  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, iq lVlm>E  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: @%keTTZ  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 m>+A*M8  
如: two young American students qIUC2,&g  
    my three red pencils EXH!glR[$  
第二节 比较级 dR%q1Y&`  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: ="= #5C  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; ,$SkaTBe  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 } pSt@3o,  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), se"u m5N-  
*%]+sU  
QD l )92z  
考点一 含有标志词than cKSfqqPm$"  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, 9O2a | d  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. sd]0Hx[  
  She possesses more books than I do. sL;z"N@PK  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. Ig='a"%  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, CD$u=E ]  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, kz3?j<  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 1'gKZB)TG7  
例题: |A2W8b {]  
(1) Nt?2USTs-  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. o x03c   
(A) coolest :K!GR  
(B) the coolest ZA) SJWwD  
(C) cooler @|jKO5Y  
(D) the cooler 8 b8e^\l(  
答案:A M^!C?(Hx^x  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 9 kTD}" %2  
(2) "Yc^Nc  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. `ja`#%^\u  
           A   B              C     D nEeQL~:  
答案:A FCUVP,"T  
应改为:more 60.[t9pk6  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 jb#1&L 14  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: U4 go8  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, ~5XL@jI^  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. L<{OBuR  
   (that 指代the population) YL0WUD_>  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. 1"~O"msb  
   (those 指代 designs) P@o,4\;K  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) >b/k|?xP  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may uM}dZp 1  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. P22y5z~  
例题: *_<SWTE  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. }+QhW]nO{F  
(A) than do 4jq`No_  
(B) that are having CrQA :_Z(7  
(C) which have [1Qk cR  
(D) that do xC=3|,U  
答案:A d=.n|rS4 W  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 %Hl:nT2M  
y~#R:&d"  
考点二 (not) so /as…as nEa'e5 lg  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, nf+"vr}1  
如:It is as good as it looks. NL>[8#  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. r~Is,.zZ}  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 H*:r>Lm=  
例题: ??esB&4?  
(1) X<@y*?D9D  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. O.  .@<.  
(A) possibly little nourishment k:HSB</}  
(B) nourishment possibly little \8@[bpI@g  
(C) little as possible nourishment (<:rKp  
(D) little nourishment as possible T/spUlWu  
答案:D "YdDaj</  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. j8ohzX[ Y  
(2) q[,R%6&'  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. cO"Xg<#y  
(A) so early ( _F  
(B) the earliest %q\P'cK  
(C) as early as <=GzK:4L  
(D) so early that #I{Yf(2Z  
答案:C w _6Y+  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as Xta>  
FoelOq6  
考点三 the same…as !kk %;XSZ  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, 3lrZ-k+S{  
如:She looks just the same as before. fKK-c9F   
  I got the same feeling as you did. A%2M]];%X  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 Qd)cFL "v  
例题: s)'_{ A"h  
(1) {p_vR/ yN  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, a.*j8T  
         A       B          C y2ws* IZ"  
shorter tails, and longer bills. u B%^2{uU  
            D uJ5%JB("E  
答案:B Appz1q  
应改为:as. <}'B-k9  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” lp%.n= '\  
(2) 7(+ZfY~w"  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of b)`#^uxxJ  
  A                 B    1^"aR#  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. $j2)_(<A%Q  
   C          D  #=~1hk  
答案:D G?1V~6  
应改为:as AT'$VCYC(  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 N#!1@!2BN  
FveK|-  
考点四 the more…,the more… 5i-;bLm  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, z ex.0OT;  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. (GOrfr  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. \kGtYkctZ  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 csA.3|rv  
例题: 6uE1&-:L  
(1) Gqb-3n gH  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. bc}OmPE  
(A) the greater the need there is =WRU<`\  
(B) greater need Im1qWe  
(C) is there great need .wn_e=lT  
(D) the great need =QO[zke:  
答案:A MQM y Z:  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, }ucg!i3C  
|3o@I uGt  
s(LqhF[N2]  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. g' U^fN  
(2) W/X;|m`  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. )cBV ; E<  
(A) the stress it is greater 3YF]o9  
(B) greater is the stress ~i#xjD5  
(C) greater stress is  +6-!o,(  
(D) the greater the stress +~]g&Mf6o  
答案:D $466 ? oI  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D -^"?a]B  
DQQjx>CK  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer OyZ>R~c'B  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, _( Cp   
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. )q-!5^ak  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 9xp ;$14  
例题: E #]%e^  
(1) m <ruFxY  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio l0 _O<  
          A           B      =Bx~'RYl1d  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. #<3\}*/  
    C                           D Ip-jqN J~  
答案:A y>PbYjuIU  
应改为:no longer. H:Le^WS  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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