高分语法讲解 U9
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第一章 名词 -_O jiQR
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 Ea-U+7JC
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第一节 可数名词 Zp9kxm
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考点一 单复数 !?+q7U
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 $2-_j)+
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 rI6+St
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) <z>oY2%
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 TNK1E
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: |
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1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes W,_2JqQp
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories {esb"beGLa
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives %&q}5Y4!
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs =);@<Jp
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例题: 5}Xi`'g,
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. *;~u 5y2b
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答案:A ik;F@kdm`
应改为:Flowers
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解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 #N'9
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic o
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pain. Y:, rN
答案:A RVLVY:h|F
应改为:Doctors 5Z5x\CcC3
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 .>P:{''
考点二 复数形式特例 {<Gp5j
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 QCE7VV1Rw
1.单复数词形相同 5b*knN>
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 xIC@$GP
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: K7K/P{@9[9
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises z ynu0X
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula hqmE]hwc
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena #8yo9g6
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: \=bKuP(it
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), }(|gC,
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), ?+^p$'5
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: {\P%J:s#9
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) V
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5 不规则的名词复数 ZDgT"53
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice V|
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tooth - teeth foot - feet *Q/^ib9=
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 /Xb4'Qj
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例题: zIjfxK
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading J
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. *qy \%A
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(2) !V3+(o1
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed UNa"\
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feet. 4=Ru{ewRV
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答案:D v#%rjml[
应改为:foot {/,(F^T>2
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 [1P_^.Htr
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 nsU7cLf"^V
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第二节 限定词 KYm8|]'g
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: yj4"eDg]
1.之后肯定接单数: i~]60M>
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. @i>)x*I#AI
例句: Each of them has two books. Q!@M/@-Ky
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) C?gqX0[ q
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2.之后肯定接复数: y,x 2f%x
these, those, many, such, other, AYfOETz
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), 63=&??4
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several $`3yImv+w
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of 0<!9D):Bb
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc pS+w4gW
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 ~F'6k&A^q
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考点一 否定限定词no (x2?{\?
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: e7;7TrB.
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. OXrm!'
No one is here. 1cOR?=G~
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: _{k*JT2
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; P".}Y[GD
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 (_e[CqFu
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例题: 5eff3qrH{
(1) Qpmq@iL
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. s oY\6mHio
(A) none 88_ef7w
(B) no Li5&^RAo|J
(C) not NuR7pjNMZ
(D) nor p\=T
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答案: C G%bv<_R
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 akyMW7'3V<
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(2) B.G6vx4yp
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when iRrUIWx
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. cQt&%SVT]E
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答案: A &q<k0_5Q
应改为: No 6m?<"y8]
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 C+**!uYIB
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考点二 their等物主代词 s_y8+BJaV
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars i24k
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 y
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例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. ^o5;><S]
这里用their 而不用 the PI*@.kqR-
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例题: -/?)0E
(1) ppz3"5
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten BmV
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the lives. k( 0; >)<i
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答案: D H-pf8
应改为: their H[.)&7M\
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 -*mbalU,J
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(2) }iKjef#J
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any X:s~w#>R
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specific way. 2!-Q!c`y
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答案: B }Ecv6&G
应改为: its M#4;y,n<k
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 X8m-5(uW
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 1"CWEL`i
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 H4`>B>\
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例题: @}6<,;|DQ
(1) M <J
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or yFk|8d-|
A B C -Wa<}Tz
relating those objects. fSd|6iFH
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答案: B ]d(Z%
应改为: is a set N<SW
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解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 k'%yvlv
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(2) JJ1>)S}X-
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. Ju#j%
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答案: D EG^
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应改为: responses ;/V])4=
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few Qa/1*Mb
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 XSof{:V
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) Z0H_l/g
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) *>?N>f"
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第三节 冠词作限定词 6@lZVM)E
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 4xT /8>v2|
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考点一 不定冠词a / an :55a9d1bL
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: 6K7lQ!#}Q
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university :
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an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour }s?w-u+(c6
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). dpchZ{
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例题: 9a@S^B>
(1) q;QasAQS`p
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever L;g2ZoqIr0
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. tU Je-3,
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答案: B有错 (gE<`b
应改为: puzzle. )@U~Li/+
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle x]hG2on!
(2) ~mvv
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Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a GNwFB)?j
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question of physiology and of culture. r$M<vo6C
答案: D有错 "ivVIq2
应改为: day ]!1HN3
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day 7)O+s/.P)
(3) HnFH|H<Uf
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the L{;Q6_
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A B C >(YH@Z&;
nonprofessional metal worker. Je"XIhBr
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答案: C =d~pr:.F
应改为: still a practical 1)~9Eku6K
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 xi<}n#
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 dpge:Qhr
例题: )eSQce7H
(1) e50xcf1u
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. yO\bVu5V
A B C D /IX555/dR1
答案: A -y_q
应改为: An emotion Ps0<CUyI
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an Kn?h
(2) |_s,]:
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine EN}4-P/5
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chemically with other atoms. c\szy&W
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答案: A cuf]-C1_
应改为: an atom p?
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解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an 6"[,
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考点二 定冠词the cV`NQt <W
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: \SgBI/L^
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: ;3Z?MQe"NQ
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower B'y)bY'_dS
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: 6 RSit
the first woman, the nineteenth century Sq2 8=1%
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby I~ mu'T
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如:
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the largest city, the most advanced technology jQfnc:'
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: *
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the development of the watch, 5lwMc0{/3
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: '
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the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun i\4YT r,
在下列情况下,一般不用the: 1p-<F3;
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: (II#9n)
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) {?mb.~(
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the ?l|&JgJ$
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) @y
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(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: `lbRy($L
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) XZTH[#MqeI
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: mZnsr@KF
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… ^%U`|GBZp
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: R_:lp\S&
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed fNrpYR X
乘车的词组: e?GzvM'2
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), |$GPJaNqa
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) 3?+t%_[
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), XE;'K`%
打球的词组: TTo?BVBK
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball vNm4xa%
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. =[TXH^.0
例题: bc& 5*?
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. +5:9?&lH
(A) it was the _?Ly7*UML
(B) that the 8SupoS
(C) there was a =6qSo
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(D) the >Gvd?r
答案:D vhU#<59a1
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 0^d<@\
(2) LZJFp@
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of |A=~aQot
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Alaska and a territory of the Canada. 8K\S]SZ
C D h~=~csya:
答案:D pA\"Xe&
应改为:of +
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解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 hu~XFRw15
(3) hXc:y0
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The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to ?nM]eUAP
A B C IL%P\Zs
nineteenth century. - G=doP0
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答案:D * YLpC^&
应改为:to the nineteenth "~08<+
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the <4"Bb_U
第四节 不可数名词 A%EGu4
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 ?oU5H
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抽象名词如:
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(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: 75c\.=G9q<
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), |u[@g`Z
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), CmtDfE
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) f3mQd}<L
还有表达学科类的名词如: r<$"T
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, D\z`+TyJ
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) V"A*B
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物质名词如: 2))pB/
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), |1m2h]];Q
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) stq%Eg?
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 _Hv@bIL'
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, C=DC g
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), (5)DQ1LaF
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) ifadnl26
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2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 eMU t%zvb
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice kp,$ NfD
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, <a&$D
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 wU&vkb)k
例题: DxG8`}+
(1) B?;P:!/1
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and Tuy5
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A B C D e^-C
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trade. f+4j ^y}
答案:C jR^_1bu
应改为:advertising OTWp,$YA=
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 +.66Ky`|[
词汇:barter: 实物交易 qyR}|<F8*
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考点二 限定词 > |(L3UA9
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: X 3(*bj>P
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) otdm rw|
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 `~2I
例题: Ev0=m;@_
(1) dg@'5.ApPu
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear fmv,)UP
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image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. 8l
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答案:D HD>UTX`&mc
应改为:little. uevhW
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little #? 7g_
(2) f<3lxu
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge #:tC^7qk
A B }hS$F
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. #F'8vf'r
C D q)OCY}QA
答案:B q;QE(}.g
应改为:much evidence QNGp+xUHJ9
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 C(2kx4 n
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 G$;cA:p-j
例如: <l<6W-I
a lot of students , a lot of money $
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the rest of the students, the rest of money VI?kbqjo
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. m[s$) -T
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第五节 所有格及of结构 ,iXQ"):!OB
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考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 0e(4+:0
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, )&qr2Cm*
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office )a<MW66
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' ,
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如: the students' union, the ladies' room +HlZ?1g
例题: ^;wz+u4^l
(1) x;A.Ll
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. wxy@XN"/i+
(A) of the drop P<=1OWC
(B) the drop's #dQFs]:F
(C) drop of DSlO.)dHu
(D) drops their C]Q}HI#G
答案: (B) 3ej[
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 9(lcQuE9
(2) vb3hDy
Over a very lar FmgMd)#
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. Xq}}T%jcd
(A) occurs IUz`\BO4
(B) will occur HQMug
(C) can occur 8Z3:jSgk
(D) occurring v7,- Q*
答案:D l[[^]__
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 pUa\YO1J
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考点二 of结构 J+}z*/)|#
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) o>|D
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如: the title of the passage =]1cVnPI
例如: J[c`Qq:&e
(1) G!lF5;Ad`
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names I=
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A B C y{2\T
of some works years after their completion. 4gZ)9ya
D M>xT\
答案: C Q:
Ma3El\
应改为: paintings uvJ&qd8M
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 $-]I?cWlQ
(2) `q
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Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and 7spZe"
A B C D n3j_=(
spinal cord. `ZT/lB`
答案: B *Ea)b-
应改为: stimulation oTrit_@3
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 |9X2AS Qu
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 KtArV
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 /F6"uZSt4
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 &WOm[]Q4
例题: |*M07Hc x
(1) <{@ D^L6h
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. Ya(3Z_f+VZ
(A) was a major collection 'K01"`#
(B) that a major collection cI
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(C) a collection was major ~z")';I|
(D) a major collection <N>7.G
答案: (D) 0d1!Q!PH3
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句
+KWO`WR
(2) ei"c|/pO
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of PZO.$'L|7
A B C D y&bZai8WlE
medieval alchemists. 1$`|$V1
答案:A Jd',v
应改为:beginnings. b80&${v
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 .v+
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考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 h7@%}<%
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 d|)ARRW
例题: ` N
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(1) +XW1,ly~
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. &9z`AY]>
(A) new dance, the twist 9W_mSum
(B) twist, was the new dance ]6s/y
(C) twist, the new dance that w'XSkI_ay
(D) new dance is the twist :>Qu;Z1P
答案: (A) 7FD,TJs
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 l!W!Gz0to
(2) /m,i,NX07
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep ;b. m X
A B MgN;[4|[h
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. _[i.)8$7
C D p$= 3$I
答案: D aBQ@n
应改为: promise. %s
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解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 #<U@SM
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考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 %++S;#)~
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, o?~27
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. =<)/lz] H
例题: A7&/3C6{H
(1) vb]uO ' l
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. `ZO5-E
(A) that institutes Io>U-Zd\>
(B) while instituted g
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(C) was an institution mA_EvzXk\
(D) an institute Ov4 [gHy&
答案: (D) a?4Asn
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 k>8OxpaWv?
(2) CdcBE.%<
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. Y5B!*+h
(A) is the great modern choreographer | z_av
(B) one of the great modern choreographers 9&<c
)sS&B
(C) that the great modern choreographers ,?Vxcr
(D) the modern choreographers were great z|Xt'?9&n
答案:B s|
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解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句