高分语法讲解 MJd!J]E6
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第一章 名词 a_P8!pk+5
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 E4GtJ`{X
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第一节 可数名词 8e:J{EG~
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考点一 单复数 m-4P*P$X
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 NKd}g
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 zgXg-cr
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) 7v3'JG1r-
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 L&ucTc=
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: F_.rLgGY
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes #d2XVpO[0
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories ;c p*]
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives f1s3pr??
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs m:&go2Y
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例题: {o1vv+i
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. ~(i#A>
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答案:A Y;2WY0eq
应改为:Flowers IAyyRl\
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 lTb4quf8I
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic 6mp8v`b
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pain. |wbXu:
答案:A qzon);#7w
应改为:Doctors 'q>2WP|UY9
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 a]H
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考点二 复数形式特例 g[G+s4Nv
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 O>R@Xj)M
1.单复数词形相同 mD5Vsy{Pb
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 Q|KD$2rB
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: edai2O
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises h`i*~${yg
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula B:)PUBb
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena L"8Z5VHA&&
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: 6;C2^J @
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), [_T
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statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), mUan(iJ
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: Cl6P,C
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) 0g8ykGyx
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5 不规则的名词复数 *j~ObE_y
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice %45*DT
tooth - teeth foot - feet q#6|/R*
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 :]icW^%
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例题: [jz@d\k$_
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading _RNP_$a
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. :x,dYJm
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(2) ]`q]\EH
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed PYwGGB-
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feet. J8B0H1
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答案:D y1h3Ch>Y
应改为:foot |['SiO$)
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 -k
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词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 \=[38?QOY
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第二节 限定词 cj4o[l
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: KGf@d*ZOMz
1.之后肯定接单数: 4
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a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. T2A74>Nw
例句: Each of them has two books. R|k!w
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You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) tI
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2.之后肯定接复数: "u'dd3!
these, those, many, such, other, S"fqE%
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), J[UTn'M8]
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several mC$ te
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of @7t*X-P.;-
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc m;sYg
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 @7sHFwtar?
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考点一 否定限定词no BPy pA$
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: ;
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No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. }]pO R&o
No one is here. C?rb}(m
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: Ut(BQM>U+$
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; @ 3b-
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 R;w1& Z
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例题: ?o d*"M
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The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. I -XkxDw
(A) none yiczRex%rq
(B) no UQ
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(C) not HmpV;
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(D) nor }& 01=nY
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答案: C M-5zsN
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 =(,dI[v
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(2) q%FXox~b
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when SA6.g2pFz
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. I=V]_Ik4N
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