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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 @InZ<AW>|  
&2I*0  
第一章 名词 Fd\ e*ww'  
OJb*VtZz5R  
正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 "gW7<ilw  
XUV!C 7  
第一节 可数名词 DDd|T;8  
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考点一 单复数 o0z67(N&g  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 /\Q*MLwD  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 ~2_lp^Y  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) %G3sjnI;l  
@oe\"vz  
下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 %"A_!<n@*`  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: y~<@x.  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes 1QJBb \  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories ?PPZp6A3L=  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives 2)/NFZ  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs dX )W0  
s.jO<{  
例题: RM*f|j  
J7i+c];!<  
(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. R21~Q:b !  
   A         B           C       D .gYt0raSY  
答案:A K3p@$3hQ  
应改为:Flowers "2Op[~V  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 %(LvE}[RJ  
s'_,:R\VM>  
)fh0&Y; R  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic S]2 {ZDP  
   A               B   C          D N?23 m`3  
pain. r[HT9  
答案:A O]nT>;PXX  
应改为:Doctors ehOs9b  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 xFsmf<Vm  
考点二 复数形式特例 J4yt N3  
m@ oUvxcd  
这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 uu}-"/<~7  
1.单复数词形相同 !dv-8C$U  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 Fh`-(,e?5  
zk>h u<_  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: NJ$e6$g)  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises 1!/-)1t  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula |NEd@  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena *bZ\@Qm  
6An{3 "  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: RG? MRxC  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), aJ2H. E  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), 3A R%&:-  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: QGPR.<D)B  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) @)z *BmP  
oEAfowXSqk  
5 不规则的名词复数 @"8~Y|L93  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice 2nx9#B*/T  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet X,Zd=  
VR v02m5  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 KW>VOW<.  
~'[jBn)  
例题: X2P``YFV{  
k5s?lWH  
(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading 6EP~F8Kd  
       A            B           C 3k{c$x}  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. ^^ j/  
            D Jy`G]] ?  
j]HE>  
(2) TMY{OI8a  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed tGqQJT#mr7  
  A      B           C           .xnQd^qoac  
feet. :}y| 4*z  
 D c 85O_J  
答案:D Fd}<Uote3  
应改为:foot @e={Wy+Vm(  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 x cnt?%%M  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 Pzptr%{  
(L:`o jiU  
第二节 限定词 F_ _H(}d  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: X,&xhSzg?  
1.之后肯定接单数: {N Y]L==H  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. ny~ W]1  
例句: Each of them has two books. ,0FwBK  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) UXQb ={  
SCI1bMf  
2.之后肯定接复数: < )Alb\Z  
these, those, many, such, other, SUo^c1)G  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), 0|GpZuGO9  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several z6Fun  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of N]V/83_  
xdCs5ko  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc XEa~)i{O  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 0&f\7z  
TJE% U0Ln  
 JUmw$u  
>QA/Mi~R  
考点一 否定限定词no 2(hvv-  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: B,w:DX  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. VPdwSW[eM  
No one is here. /cM 5  
a4Ls^  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: ?VUgwP_=  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; "^Y6ctw  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 `Fz\wPd  
;5-R =e(KA  
例题: zoJ_=- *s  
(1) IkiQ Ok  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. OiYNH~hv  
(A) none ~6\ & y  
(B) no Cc@=?  
(C) not ~*jsB=XM/  
(D) nor @X3 gBGY)  
Pb bXi  
答案: C iTj"lA  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 A Z]P+v  
;r gH}r  
(2) j2< !z;2  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when ){+.8KI  
A                B           C 'bZMh9|  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. *?EO n-  
        D w> Tyk#7lw  
IlcNT_ 5a8  
答案: A b24NL'jm  
应改为: No NFrNm'v  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 |h#DL$  
CPc"  
考点二 their等物主代词 X_vI0YX9  
~AEqfIx*^&  
1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars y_ }K?  
?2J S&i  
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 u@GRN`yn  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. DQ}_9?3  
这里用their 而不用 the -&qRo0^3  
l-DGy#h+z  
例题: ;FV~q{  
(1) W HlD %u  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten 7bgnZ]r8t  
              A      B        C *6 I =o E  
the lives. +Fu@I{"A  
 D K $Mx}m7l  
[(D}%+2   
答案: D !~Hafn-1  
应改为: their 7i-W*Mb:  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 377j3dP  
0Zc*Yd H  
(2) C$N4   
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any /7UovKKbz  
      A        B              C IQ(]66c ,  
specific way. *@-q@5r}!  
    D NDs]}5#   
*tq|x[<  
答案: B OH-~  
应改为: its 6nY )D6$JG  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 H#1*'e>  
^'C,WZt  
考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 )+jK0E1  
Ov~S2?E8  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 '- nuH;r  
4y]:Gq z~  
例题: < tu[cA>  
(1) l ))~&  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or ~n8*@9[  
        A        B        C }C`}wS3i  
relating those objects. {E3<GeHw4  
 D `aO@N(  
OIXAjU*N  
答案: B Dj,+t+|  
应改为: is a set w{:Oa7_A  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 !"Oj$c -  
},n,P&M\`  
(2) 'n>3`1E,  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. P$(iB.&  
A       B     C           D t_zY0{|P  
7&RJDa:a7T  
答案: D v'bd.eqw  
应改为: responses {-v\&w  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few a' >$88tl  
-}N\REXE  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 . tH35/r  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) rmg";(I  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) cO=UswIkwO  
:#W>SO  
第三节 冠词作限定词 YP\4XI  
q/w6sQx$  
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 YCB 3  
[y=$2  
考点一 不定冠词a / an YnO1Lf@  
U+RCQTo  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: jK C qH$  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university `i>B|g-  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour wkZ2Y-#='  
WJFTy+bD  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). !7Nz W7j  
R SWB!-  
例题: fssL'DD  
(1)       ++{+ #s6  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever / =U v  
   A                 B           C h'YcNkM 2>  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. 0.Ol@fO  
                 D 3d)+44G_)  
答案: B有错 : .w'gU_  
应改为: puzzle. ,YMdXYu`s  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle EPd.atA  
(2) 1'U%7#;E  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a A_q3p\b  
   A        B       C          D k2tX$\E  
question of physiology and of culture. gmAKW4(  
答案: D有错 NW>:Lz ?"  
应改为: day W lLZt gq  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day ~z1KD)^   
(3) NMY!-K v 5  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the LYq2A,wm$  
  A      B       C $Q$d\Yvi  
nonprofessional metal worker. fm:{&(  
    D S| -{wC%  
答案: C 3{L vKe  
应改为: still a practical 2Ku#j ('  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 v ls> 6h  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 S+xGHi)  
例题: +#db_k  
(1) z4fK{S  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. i\z0{;f|GX  
   A     B    C           D Pk]9.e1_  
答案: A 3@ukkO)   
应改为: An emotion qlT:9*&g  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an Sm_:SF!<D6  
(2) n *0F  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine ^Jpd9KK  
   A    B                       C cWy0N  
chemically with other atoms. ^[z\KmUqt  
         D ZU@jtqq  
答案: A h?tV>x/Fu  
应改为: an atom vgZP Df|  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an so&3A&4cL  
os ud  
考点二 定冠词the  D.x3@+  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: 5P2FNUKL  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: ] b=A/*z  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower Jpnp'  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: vjWgR9 4/{  
the first woman, the nineteenth century XxQ2g&USk  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby s_?* R  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: dM.Ow!j  
the largest city, the most advanced technology EHJc*WFPU-  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: o |.me G  
the development of the watch, *hgsS~  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: ?UIb!k>  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun oYm"NDS_.  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: l%w|f`B:  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: <"9Z7" >  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) 3CL:VwoW  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the }E_zW.{!  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) V:npcKpu  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: [qo* ,CRz  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) cv&hT.1  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: 05DtU! 3O  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… y!Eh /KD  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: A#\X-8/  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed ?q7Gs)B=^'  
乘车的词组: 8;bOw  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), o W [-?  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) *V+fRN4 W  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), |1$X`|S  
打球的词组: _z< q9:  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball EkPSG&6RZ  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. Yi,um-%  
例题: ]z$<6+G  
(D)       EyiM`)!5  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. /$Jh5Bv  
(A) it was the e<pojb1Q  
(B) that the Z H*?~ #  
(C) there was a ;* Jd#O  
(D) the nfR5W~%*:  
答案:D r>OE[C69  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 P^r8JhDJ  
(2) a$-ax[:\sm  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of g.qp _O  
           A            B B;$5*3D+  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. eAEVpC2  
     C      D t `oP;  
答案:D %r!-*p<i|  
应改为:of e wR0e.g  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 [DviN  
(3) .FyC4"b=c  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to 1>LquZ+Kj  
  A      B              C    -rBj-4|"  
nineteenth century. _`_$U MK ;  
  D )ALcmC?!#  
答案:D 5Dd;?T>  
应改为:to the nineteenth a7ty&[\  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the 7>TG ]&  
第四节 不可数名词 {[eY/)6H  
G}g+2`  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 78kk"9h'  
C.|MA(7  
抽象名词如: x1Uj4*Au  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: fQ@["b   
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), o z QL2  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), \4 DH&gZ[  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) lEJTd3dMi  
还有表达学科类的名词如:  zcc]5>  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, b@k3y9 &  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) 6N ^FJCs  
6b0#z#E  
物质名词如: :DEZ$gi  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), %NuS!v>  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) 7_LE2jpC,5  
}6\p7n  
"{}5uth  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 @d)6LA9Ec  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, }Q*8QV  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), My)/d]a  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) KQh'5o&  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 {Q0"uE)-.  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice a"}?{  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, :`d& |BB  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 F2#^5s(  
例题: ^ `!6Yax?  
(1) oY &r76  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and ;Q ]bV52  
       A      B    C          D w%kxY5q  
trade. ,oR}0(^"\<  
答案:C SOd(& >  
应改为:advertising 1 #_R`(C{  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 #P1k5!u  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 Y.ic=<0H  
x.!%'{+ {  
考点二 限定词 }I !D65-#'  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: [H!V  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) R{/nlS5  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 lbM b  
例题: wPOQy ~:  
(1) =MA$xz3  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear P)4SrqW_  
        A              B         C 7D<M\l8G  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. 4~DoqT   
                     D %kUIIH V}  
答案:D cZi/bIh  
应改为:little. JS} iNS'X  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little rF'q\tJDz  
(2) Pi`}-GUe,  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge _3. =| @L  
      A                    B N vY%sx,  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. p{gJVP#l'Z  
           C         D [WW3'= e^  
答案:B P`0}( '"U  
应改为:much evidence g m'8,ZL  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 ,ir(~g+{g  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 0CX2dk"UB^  
例如: DAa??/,x7  
a lot of students , a lot of money yy8h8{=g  
the rest of the students, the rest of money Gf*|f"O  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. k /srT<  
oK\{#<gCZ  
第五节 所有格及of结构 t*KgCk1  
6ZKSet8  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 vuN!7*d+  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, O(pa;&"  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office .d/e?H:  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , 20h+^R3{Z  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room JlaT -j  
例题: cqXP}5  
(1) lfTDpKz3D  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. n3x< L:)  
(A) of the drop 9\ f%+?p  
(B) the drop's 'Sk-L 5  
(C) drop of % XvJJ  
(D) drops their xQA6!j  
答案: (B) u]`ur#_  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 a]NH >d  
(2) 2d:IYCl4q  
Over a very lar ]&+,`1_q  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. ;cpQ[+$nKp  
(A) occurs 1>)q 5D  
(B) will occur ;Gnk8lIsb  
(C) can occur ^t0Yh%V7  
(D) occurring 2,T^L (]  
答案:D lD+f{GR  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 Fm-D>PR  
E=3UaYr  
考点二 of结构 x b6X8:  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) M?[~_0_J  
如: the title of the passage OK8|w]-A  
例如: .G/>X%X  
(1) ~[[(_C3  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names J>w3>8!>7  
          A     B     C <h"07.y  
of some works years after their completion. _+=M)lPm  
       D U l{{g$  
答案: C P&kjtl68 Y  
应改为: paintings S W; %2  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 q{RH/. l  
(2) SI"y&[iw  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and jT:z#B%  
      A         B     C         D S!oG|%VuB#  
spinal cord. :i};]pR   
答案: B Y;I>rC (  
应改为: stimulation c|hT\1XR,  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 _$vAitUe4S  
{vf4l4J(  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 5JvrQGvL  
@gM>Lxj  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 ]IQ`.:g=9  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 @!np 0#  
例题: |XV@/ZGl~  
(1) .z6"(?~  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. {37v.4d;  
(A) was a major collection 40i]I@:JK  
(B) that a major collection b,#lw_U"  
(C) a collection was major rAwuWM@BIg  
(D) a major collection m]"13E0*x  
答案: (D) }bA@QEJ  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 l2|[  
(2) _Yqog/sG  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of @4FG & >kQ  
    A         B        C     D FbU98n+z  
medieval alchemists. 7}%Z>  
答案:A I/vQP+w O  
应改为:beginnings. 8G<{L0J%!  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 q y\Z2k  
 |Ym3.hz  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 zho$g9*  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 8?z7!k]  
例题: _Gb O>'kE  
(1) G.l ~!;  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. *^=zQ~  
(A) new dance, the twist ,2MLYW,  
(B) twist, was the new dance ?VRf5 Cr-  
(C) twist, the new dance that @en*JxIM  
(D) new dance is the twist {I^@BW-  
答案: (A) `"RT(` m  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 )z Hib;O  
(2) 29tih{ xx  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep 7^<{aE:  
     A                B        S:Y QVj  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. qC:QY6g$N  
 C               D ve&"x Nz<  
答案: D QFX/x  
应改为: promise. ;'i>^zX`  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 B$D7}=|kc  
fMl uVND  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 OGWZq(c"6  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, {[:]}m(c  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. #C#*yE  
例题: O;83A  
(1) =tQ^t4_  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. Y:#nk.}>  
(A) that institutes p"tCMB  
(B) while instituted \\9I:-j:p  
(C) was an institution #Mm1yXNu  
(D) an institute pz0Q@n/X  
答案: (D) ^SvGSx i  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 oa<%R8T?@  
(2) F|bg2)|du8  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. ~v|NC([(  
(A) is the great modern choreographer vlVHoF;&  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers Qr9@e Q1Pp  
(C) that the great modern choreographers tFvXVfml  
(D) the modern choreographers were great Lc! t  
答案:B \ IX|{]*D  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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