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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 MJd!J ]E6  
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第一章 名词 a_P8!pk+5  
+1~Y2   
正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 E4 GtJ`{X  
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第一节 可数名词 8e:J{EG~  
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考点一 单复数 m-4P*P$X  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 NKd}g  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 zgXg-cr  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) 7v3'JG1r-  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 L& ucTc =  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: F_.rLgGY  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes #d2XVpO[0  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories ;c p*]  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives f 1s3pr??  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs m:&go2Y  
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例题: {o1 vv+i  
n-zAkKM  
(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. ~(i#A>   
   A         B           C       D c\A 4-08  
答案:A Y;2WY 0eq  
应改为:Flowers IAyyRl\  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 lTb4quf8I  
1eHU!{<fqm  
>T I/W~M  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic 6mp8v`b  
   A               B   C          D s&v7<)*q  
pain. |wbXu:  
答案:A qzon);#7w  
应改为:Doctors 'q>2WP|UY9  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 a]H &k$!c  
考点二 复数形式特例 g[G+s4Nv  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 O>R@Xj)M  
1.单复数词形相同 mD5Vsy{Pb  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 Q|KD$2rB  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: edai2O  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises h`i*~${yg  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula B:)PUBb  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena L"8Z5VHA&&  
g"{`g6(+  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: 6;C2^J@  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), [_T 6  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), mUan(iJ  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: Cl6P,C  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) 0g8ykGyx  
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5 不规则的名词复数 *j~ObE_y  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice %45*DT  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet q# 6|/R*  
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 :]icW ^%  
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例题: [jz@d\k$_  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading _RNP_$a  
       A            B           C (]Q0L{~K  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. :x,dYJm  
            D FKtG  
CZ!gu Y=  
(2) ]`q]\EH  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed PYwGGB-  
  A      B           C           ,Yn$X  
feet. J8B0H1  
 D QYj*|p^x  
答案:D y1h3Ch>Y  
应改为:foot |['SiO$)  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 -k  }LW4  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 \=[38?QOY  
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第二节 限定词 cj4o[l  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: KGf@d*ZOMz  
1.之后肯定接单数: 4 }Y? :R  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. T2A74>Nw  
例句: Each of them has two books. R|k!w ]  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) tI  
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2.之后肯定接复数: "u'dd3!  
these, those, many, such, other, S"fqE%  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), J[UTn'M8]  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several mC$ te  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of @7t*X-P.;-  
*c( J 4  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc m;sYg  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 @7sHFwtar?  
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考点一 否定限定词no BPy pA $  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: ; X/'ujg  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. }]pOR&o  
No one is here. C?rb}(m  
ZV!*ZpTe~  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: Ut(BQM>U+$  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; @ 3b-  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 R;w1& Z  
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例题: ?o d*"M  
(1) ++}#pl8e  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. I -XkxDw  
(A) none yiczRex%rq  
(B) no UQ 2;Dg G%  
(C) not HmpV; <t3  
(D) nor }& 01=nY  
={nuz-3  
答案: C M-5zsN  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 =(,dI [v  
WoWBZ;+U  
(2) q%FXox~b  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when SA6.g2pFz  
A                B           C ;4(FS  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. I=V]_Ik4 N  
        D 4!<[5+.  
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答案: A K9UWyM<(2C  
应改为: No SZC1$..2T  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 ^ `Y1   
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考点二 their等物主代词 .sbV<ulbc  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars Edav }z  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 wz 5*?[4  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. KfLp cV  
这里用their 而不用 the gR) )K)  
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例题: T=->~@5  
(1) 626 !6E;T  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten 38eeRo  
              A      B        C [0mg\n?  
the lives. G2}e@L0  
 D 69u"/7X  
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答案: D V3$Yr"rZ;  
应改为: their QGQ> shIeZ  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 { z/Y~rf  
B @8 ]!  
(2) m dTCe HX  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any d% :   
      A        B              C [q{[Avqf  
specific way. G\1\L*+0  
    D 3ud_d>  
kKqb:  
答案: B &{c.JDO  
应改为: its Yq?FiE0  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 9c@."O`  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 ^%?*u;uU%  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 6RLYpQ$+  
ZCAdCKX|  
例题: `'Af`u\R  
(1) rVE!mi]%  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or .A. VOf_  
        A        B        C V9 dRn2- [  
relating those objects. uoM;p'  
 D tJ NJ S  
[%alnY  
答案: B 1@)kNg)*$  
应改为: is a set Wz~=JvRHh  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 .I"Qu:``  
ur,!-t(~t  
(2) G98P<cyD  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. [zO:[i 7  
A       B     C           D Ca&5"aki  
pu:Ie#xTDf  
答案: D .>Gnb2  
应改为: responses *f[nge&.  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few >VQP,J{  
#E?TE  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 vU:FDkx*nn  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) ] rP^  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) Uq:WW1=kh  
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第三节 冠词作限定词 Rr'#OxF  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 g>m)|o'  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an r\OunGUP  
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: JnW G_|m)  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university LH=gNFgzt  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour rd*`8B  
%h}Qf&U_  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). a.n;ika]-  
y9K U&L2  
例题: aC\O'KcH  
(1)       'qL:7  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever eP d  
   A                 B           C eGwO!Lv}B  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. pyvH [  
                 D #%4XZ3j#j;  
答案: B有错 9H~2 iW,Q;  
应改为: puzzle. bW]7$?acv  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle iyA=d{S;V  
(2) 50s1o{xwc  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a /|<Pn!}J  
   A        B       C          D q7}rD$  
question of physiology and of culture. #x?Ku\ts  
答案: D有错 86*9GS?U(  
应改为: day >>cb0fH5  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day D*%?0  
(3) Q#Tg)5.\  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the 0N |l1Sn  
  A      B       C e3 #0r  
nonprofessional metal worker. .+07 Ui]I!  
    D xU1_L*tu '  
答案: C t)4><22of  
应改为: still a practical 1dhuLN%Ce  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 #n7F7X  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 t]CA!i`  
例题: kl~)<,/@  
(1) Mp?Gi7o=  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. e7Sp?>-d  
   A     B    C           D kR+7JUq]  
答案: A /fSsh;F  
应改为: An emotion kSpy-bVn  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an eJ%b"H!  
(2) ]#\De73K   
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine uq2C|=M-x\  
   A    B                       C r  j.X"  
chemically with other atoms. j"s7P%  
         D F%:74.]Y  
答案: A 6U0BP  
应改为: an atom b8 E{~z  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an 6lPuYEmT  
kz/"5gX:  
考点二 定冠词the DDq? 4  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: SsEpuEn  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: D$AvD7_  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower }1DzWS-hh  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: vqAEF^HYry  
the first woman, the nineteenth century rb*0YCi  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby >m:n6M'r  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: i-ww@XOQ  
the largest city, the most advanced technology b BiTAP  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: lWn}afI  
the development of the watch, XtQwLH+F  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: EOZ 6F-':  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun {<$t Ej:  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: BIS.,  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: C+t0Zen  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) h;#046-7  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the I4|"Ztw  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) ZXN`8!]&  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如:  ^We}i  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) 3 l}9'j  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: _^eiN'B  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… (?g+.]Dt,  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: 3d]~e  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed &Nh zEl1  
乘车的词组: 5JEOLPS  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), -LT!LBnEkf  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) ?PS?_+E\L  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), <.Pt%Kg^BS  
打球的词组: IN@o9pUjV  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball ce#Iu#qT  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. <;yS&8  
例题: "O-X*>?f  
(D)       H2H[DVKv  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. z5oJQPPi  
(A) it was the rM^2yr7H  
(B) that the uY(8KW  
(C) there was a W!R0:-  
(D) the _WvVF*Q"k  
答案:D maDWV&Db  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 |pv$],&&:  
(2) ;/_htdj  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of [OTn>/W'  
           A            B Tg"? TZO~  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. +p6 3J  
     C      D U]gUGD!5x  
答案:D 9PA<g3z  
应改为:of n42\ty9  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 Z'j[N4%BK  
(3) |hw.nY]J  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to #+p-  
  A      B              C    \eNB L[  
nineteenth century. 1P[x.t#  
  D Q&vdBO/  
答案:D /{`"X_.o  
应改为:to the nineteenth gN />y1{a  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the [.fh2XrVM  
第四节 不可数名词 #"KC29!Yj  
,lA @C2 c  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 VqV[ @[P  
oRSA&h Ss  
抽象名词如: 3p&T?E%  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: r9&m^,U  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), <fG\J  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), D0xQXC3$`  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) :=;{w~D  
还有表达学科类的名词如: PBb&.<   
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, -grf7w^  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) v.Q#<@B^:  
y`buY+5l  
物质名词如: .>F4s_6l  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), Dho6N]86r  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) N $]er'`  
uB.kkkGZ M  
Ql)hIf$Oo  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 hk4t #Km  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, K-C,n~-  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), ;C$+8%P4  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) K#wA ;  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 dJ6fPB|k  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice &R<aRE:+R  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, 950N\Y @u  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 #mu L-V  
例题: 2uE<mjCt-r  
(1) 7amVnR1f  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and >Dr(%z6CN  
       A      B    C          D JyM k @Y  
trade. +`Z1L\gmA  
答案:C gfg,V.:  
应改为:advertising ,\\ba_*z  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 ]WDmx$"&e  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 \QK@wgu  
+r8bGS]ki  
考点二 限定词 M@A3+ v%K  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: %MjoY_<:_  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) INi$-Y+  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 I$xZV?d.  
例题: ':wf%_Iw  
(1) +H2Jhgi  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear |NfFe*q0;8  
        A              B         C `Y?VQ~ci>  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. N*-tBz  
                     D /sKL|]i=  
答案:D l'+3 6  
应改为:little. 5.~Je6K U  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little wX"hUu  
(2) =:WZV8@%  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge ebk>e*  
      A                    B 9*)&hhBs,  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. C& +MRP  
           C         D bBjr hi  
答案:B 9jkz83/+<  
应改为:much evidence *r`=hNr  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 F(G..XJQ  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 x>#{C,Fi  
例如: /Y7^!3uM  
a lot of students , a lot of money -N45ni87  
the rest of the students, the rest of money 7OV^>"S  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. AjVC{\Ik  
Y=mr=]q  
第五节 所有格及of结构 U zy @\  
B]rdgjz*  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 2@|`Ugjptl  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, nQF& ^ 1n  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office E'QAsU8pP  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , I\@r ~]+y  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room wNf:_^|}  
例题: gX}'b\zxC  
(1) VeA@HC`?"  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. V*p[6{ U0  
(A) of the drop ~MG6evm &  
(B) the drop's h3MdQlJ&  
(C) drop of F&M d+2  
(D) drops their B>2=IZ  
答案: (B) */aY $a Wv  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 -KiPqE%&G  
(2) fv;Q*; oC&  
Over a very lar jD S?p)&  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. U2VEFm6  
(A) occurs !sT>]e  
(B) will occur N63?4'_W  
(C) can occur N*IroT3  
(D) occurring V.~kG ,Ht  
答案:D o[;P@F  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 FK BRJ5O  
+*.*bo  
考点二 of结构 l0&Fm:))k  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) [n9l[dN  
如: the title of the passage Q<>u) %92@  
例如: T"\d,ug5[  
(1) | .+P ;g  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names W [jg+|  
          A     B     C F2 YBkwI  
of some works years after their completion. 1c,#`\Iikd  
       D MJX ny4n  
答案: C x& _Y( bHA  
应改为: paintings !>(uhuTBF  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 %:C6\4  
(2) :r{-:   
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and {GtX:v#  
      A         B     C         D "OwM' n8  
spinal cord. Kmx4bp4  
答案: B G5hRx@vfrL  
应改为: stimulation / 0 $ !.  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 :X":>M;;+  
@ws&W=NQ  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 kRggVRM  
i:Y5aZc/Ds  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 5[2kk5,  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 g)f& mQ)  
例题: -75mgOj.#  
(1) Jd ` Qa+  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. ( x% 4*  
(A) was a major collection x7B;\D#`i/  
(B) that a major collection .3) 27Cjw  
(C) a collection was major +Zi+ /9Z(H  
(D) a major collection o(}%b8 K  
答案: (D) h@JX?LzZS  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 IqlCl>_j  
(2) =XYc2. t  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of +DQUL|\  
    A         B        C     D \v+>qY<q  
medieval alchemists. {1=|H$wKg  
答案:A ElTB{C>u  
应改为:beginnings. mUl0D0#  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 S~r75] "  
kE6/d,  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 &b>&XMIK  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 t<c7%i#Od  
例题: XXm7rn  
(1) Fa`%MR1  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. b IxH0=f  
(A) new dance, the twist D HQxu4  
(B) twist, was the new dance P3!@}!r8  
(C) twist, the new dance that 9: g]DI L  
(D) new dance is the twist <!G\%C  
答案: (A) )sQ/$gJ  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 u,:hT] ~+  
(2) Yx,E5}-  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep ,j{tGj_  
     A                B        E;`^`T40  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. k(7Q\JKE  
 C               D %H{;wVjK  
答案: D I.C atm2  
应改为: promise. y5*zyd  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 l-nH  
569p/?  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 <L*`WO]\l  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, &N=vs  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. RcJtVOrd  
例题: KkTE -$-  
(1) G 0Z5h  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. ~ a4Y8r  
(A) that institutes F =*4] O  
(B) while instituted |ssl0/ nk  
(C) was an institution _OjZ>j<B.  
(D) an institute =Yl ea,S  
答案: (D) Id`V`|q  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 8!.V`|@lt  
(2) Eq tL&UHe  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. #Ff8_xhP2  
(A) is the great modern choreographer sG_/E-%5'  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers A/:_uqm4  
(C) that the great modern choreographers ZCZ@ZN  
(D) the modern choreographers were great }@t" B9D  
答案:B 'Nt)7U>oC9  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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