高分语法讲解 &)2i[X
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第一章 名词 &]V.S7LC#
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 ~3^
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第一节 可数名词 LU
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考点一 单复数 ]"r&]qx7
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 :D euX
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 &]g}u5J!=
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) ng[Ar`
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 F7
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复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: V n7*JS
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes \}+_Fo/
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories R(!s
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives aL*&r~`&e'
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs Vl5`U'^qx
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例题: \@WDV
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. vmi+_]
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答案:A ydFD!mO
应改为:Flowers
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解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 1Y/s%L
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic Ed"h16j?z
A B C D 0QFS
pain. *Y,x|F
答案:A +lm{Olm'^
应改为:Doctors C+'/>=>a.
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 ks"|}9\%<
考点二 复数形式特例
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 ao%NK<Lt
1.单复数词形相同 9G9fDG#F\I
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 6 2'j!"xv
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: H!?c\7adX
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises i8`Vv7LF
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula [.m`+
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena >CrA;\l
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: JM=JH
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clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), 8s"%u )
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), Rd2qe /
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: >{N9kWY
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) p=;=w_^y
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5 不规则的名词复数 @HQ`~C#Z'
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice 9)}[7Mg:C
tooth - teeth foot - feet 8JM&(
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 b6}H$Sx~
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例题: HGXt
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading q;QbUO
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. FuVnk~gq
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(2) whpfJNz
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed MNC*Glj=
A B C p<zSJLN
feet. _z'u pb&
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答案:D lLp^Gt^}w(
应改为:foot PE~G=1x3
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 n;(\5{a
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 LNrX;{ Z
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第二节 限定词 ,=tD8@a<
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: 6,d@p
1.之后肯定接单数: ]<H&+ &!
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. 0}$Hi
例句: Each of them has two books. X=hYB}}nu
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) <z]cyXv/
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2.之后肯定接复数: C!Rs^/
these, those, many, such, other, kBYNf =
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), p /#
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a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several 2C/$Ei^t
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of &m|wH4\
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc 4zJtOK?r"
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 R,F[XI+=N
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考点一 否定限定词no EGZb7:Y?
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: s<oNE)xe
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. :E>HE,1b+
No one is here. MxY/`9>E|+
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: ai
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no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; $)RNKMZC}A
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 f}1&HI8r
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例题: "FTfk
(1) M#~Cc~oT
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. kAu+zX>S+
(A) none E I:w
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(B) no );Z1a&K5k
(C) not %*&UJpbA
(D) nor DwrO JIy
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答案: C |b-]n"}c>
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 |37
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(2) LxpuhvIO
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when b^p"|L
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. 4H|(c[K;
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答案: A J,zO2572u
应改为: No de>v
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 v{9t]s>B
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考点二 their等物主代词 40|,*wi
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars wbe<'/X+
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 bk)g;+@
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. 9Ffp2NW`;
这里用their 而不用 the 'w14sr%
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例题: 3 q`)*
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A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten gq"gUaz
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the lives. =&},;VOh
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答案: D P)uDLFp]
应改为: their gd0Vp Xf'
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 V~
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(2) Fh*j#*oe
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any Vp<seO;7o
A B C /'hC i]b@v
specific way. H
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答案: B P1 zdK0TM
应改为: its <BW[1h1k5_
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 @&"Pci+-|
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 *-12VIG'H
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 af|5n><~A
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例题: Pub0IIs
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or i%{3W:!4t
A B C @
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relating those objects. &wU'p-V
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答案: B kSc{^-<R
应改为: is a set a,Gxm!
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 yIb,,!y9{
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(2) h C=:q
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. E`j-6:
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答案: D jEz+1Nl)
应改为: responses dx,=Rd5'
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few ?4CNkk=v
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 L0%hnA@
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) |K
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A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) K1?Gmue#I
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第三节 冠词作限定词 m6
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 %b?$@H-Re
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考点一 不定冠词a / an xKOq[d/8
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: JM.XH7k
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university
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an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour B6}FIg)
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). I/x iT
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例题: Ja^ 5?Ar|
(1) MN=
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How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever mjnUs-`W|
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. :
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答案: B有错 eQX`,9:5
应改为: puzzle. DhKr;e
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle y)J(K*x/$
(2) {gy+3
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a 3-wD^4)O,
A B C D p_terD:
question of physiology and of culture. \x\.
答案: D有错 h#f&|*Q5m
应改为: day f$xhb3Qn
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day ^3I'y
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(3) 7t(Y;4<2
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the )BV=|,j
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nonprofessional metal worker. Xza4iV
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答案: C Z^6#4Q]YC
应改为: still a practical WVL#s?=g
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 ,Q2N[Jwd$
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 {/UhUG
例题: @!H
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(1) Jh2Wr!5
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. u(vw|nj`
A B C D L{PH0Jf
答案: A m6so]xr
应改为: An emotion #MM&BC
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an V/H@vKN2
(2) Zc\S$+PM
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine %h* 5xB]Tt
A B C 0BC`iql5
chemically with other atoms. Ow3a0cF[9
D xii$e
答案: A FGVb@=TO>
应改为: an atom <9 },M
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an Jr
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考点二 定冠词the Tf l;7w.(A
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: Y(z}[`2
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: YX `%A6
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower hT=f;6$
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: >ZDC . ~
the first woman, the nineteenth century <UK5eVQn
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby U$09p;~$Ww
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: | XLFV
the largest city, the most advanced technology ^je528%H
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: y*|L:!
the development of the watch, &G=0
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: y {;u@o?T
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun /fC\K_<N
在下列情况下,一般不用the: V
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(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: C$ hQN
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) p.aE
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the b\M b*o
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) %OFj
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: X=#It&m%s
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) -PXoMZx%
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: lG
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Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… \086O9
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: z^9E;
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed i)8g CDc
乘车的词组: 0ZT 0
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), ^Bn1;
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) ^K/G 5
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), <YSg~T
打球的词组: {[N?+ZJD*L
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball `TkbF9N+
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. 7NeDs$
例题: n'Bmz
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. dUZ$wbV%h
(A) it was the ,Z?m`cx
(B) that the srhFEmgN7)
(C) there was a t+jIHo
(D) the y3Y2QC(
答案:D 2S'AIuIew
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 ` v>/
(2) @{'o#EJY
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of :82?'aR
A B
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Alaska and a territory of the Canada. bd.j,4^
C D l<s :%%CX
答案:D /(y4V
应改为:of LPb]mC6#
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 >'ie!VW@
(3) 5s#R`o%Z
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to vY4WQbz(
A B C $#F;
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nineteenth century. O.]_Ry\OXA
D }{P&idkv
答案:D )hePN4edj
应改为:to the nineteenth b?sAEU;
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the jM{qRfOrg
第四节 不可数名词 Dm&lSWW`/
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 E=$7ieW
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抽象名词如: GjG{
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(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: FEge+`{,
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), /+Wb6{lY
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), n%7A;l!{
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) U/}AiCdj@
还有表达学科类的名词如: nC-c8y
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, |:!EHFr
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) 8:;u
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物质名词如: CD XB&%Sr
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), V2WUM+`uT
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) (:tTx>V#
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 'lQ
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, e<ism?WG
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), O=4ceEmz
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) -f-O2G=
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后
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不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice ?=pZmvQg
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, s[vPH8qb
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 mmpr]cT@'k
例题: i-Ge*?
(1) 'p|Iwtjn>
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and rU2YMghE
A B C D B6Wq/fl/
trade. =+SVzK,+3
答案:C S4aHce5PXA
应改为:advertising S1x.pLHj8
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 X+'^Sp
词汇:barter: 实物交易 ]IbPWBX
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考点二 限定词 #*7/05)
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: 9FIe W[
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) +cE tm
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 !txELA~24
例题: ,:dEEL+>c
(1) *]E7}bqb
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear NP<F==,
A B C n'&`9M['%d
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. Ql6ai
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答案:D LGo@F;!n
应改为:little. !
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解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little E;GR;i{t
(2) kT }
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Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge 5{d9,$%8&
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thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. %&=(,;d
C D Jn
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答案:B l
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应改为:much evidence ,O&PLr8cJ?
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 eE riv@v
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 !qw=I(
例如: b#I*~
a lot of students , a lot of money P
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the rest of the students, the rest of money }MavI'
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. 4{pemqS*
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第五节 所有格及of结构 ssJDa
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考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 -IEP?NX
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, tId !C
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office Ualq>J5-m-
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , ^B!?;\4IM
如: the students' union, the ladies' room ~j&:)a'^
例题: CpqSn/
(1) :%b2;&A[
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. ~!d)J
(A) of the drop :k )<1ua
(B) the drop's $t
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(C) drop of nC!^,c
(D) drops their 6L> "m0
答案: (B) ^YJ^+:D(
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 ]vkHU6d
(2) //5_E7Ehu$
Over a very lar Q%VR@[`\
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. _yB9/F
(A) occurs Q.2nUT`
(B) will occur U9fF;[g
(C) can occur ;ld~21#m
(D) occurring `L*;58MA
答案:D p+sPCF
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 ;q&D,4r]
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考点二 of结构 dlzamoS@AR
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) /N{@g.edL
如: the title of the passage Cl.T'A$
例如: A}Dpw[Q2@8
(1) Ahbu >LPk
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names ^`MDP`M;
A B C GXlg%
of some works years after their completion. |<
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D NP'DuzC
答案: C <a[8;YQC
应改为: paintings ~[y+B0I3
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 +mOtYfW
(2) AX RNV
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and >D4Ez
A B C D -86:PL(I"
spinal cord. 3(*s|V"
答案: B %ys}Q!gR
应改为: stimulation Iw7r}G
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 }V;]c~Q/H
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 Bic {
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 HWOH8q{f!
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 ea>\.D-S
例题: _N';`wjDY
(1) \%Q
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In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. VVl-cU
(A) was a major collection g"?D>}@=
(B) that a major collection @\}36y
(C) a collection was major zL8A?G)=M
(D) a major collection oz@6%3+
答案: (D) =W*`HV-
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解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 V<pjR@
(2) 9W$)W
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of toJ&$HrE
A B C D Lo9?,^S
medieval alchemists. `_^=OOn
答案:A dwMwd@*j
应改为:beginnings. {hR2NUm
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 k"{U}Y/}
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考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 :%MWbnVSC,
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 ? d\8Q't*
例题: h
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(1) -#x\ E%v.F
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. L{p-'V
(A) new dance, the twist ayp}
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(B) twist, was the new dance pj]<i.p
(C) twist, the new dance that bp,CvQ'}a
(D) new dance is the twist >.\E'e5^C
答案: (A) fif<[Ax
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 E: k?*l
(2) .vMi<U;
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep 9l]IE,u
A B {eUfwPAa3
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. lV'83
C D )K~nZLULY
答案: D [_
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应改为: promise. n4johV.#
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 pdSyx>rJ
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考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 's<}@-]
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, v<1;1m
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. 9 lv2
例题: p<4':s;*
(1) k
W ,|>
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. 2+PIZ6=hN
(A) that institutes {SV$fl;
(B) while instituted 7f>n`nq?
(C) was an institution 16vfIUtb
(D) an institute STe;Sr&p
答案: (D) Sgj6tH2M
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 ;q Z2V
(2) t&_lpffv
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. :[doYizk:
(A) is the great modern choreographer dIm m},
(B) one of the great modern choreographers A@UnrbX:
(C) that the great modern choreographers
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(D) the modern choreographers were great *"@P2F&
答案:B sZc<h]L(g
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句