高分语法讲解 HrR
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第一章 名词 /5?tXH
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 (7X^z&2
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第一节 可数名词 NFf?~I&mfu
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考点一 单复数 $Ut1vp1$
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 6L-3cxqf\
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 `L3{y/U'
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) z
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 8P}
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复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: Q776cj^L
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes ^,Ft7 JAn
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories > v4+@o[~
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives D<T:UJ
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs zSBR_N51
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例题: yY"n: &T(
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. I@(3~ Ab
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答案:A c']m5q39'
应改为:Flowers +rka
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解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 s=<65
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic bMqFrG
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pain. 7H?lR~w
答案:A K!v\r"N
应改为:Doctors Xj<xen(
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 ]#W9l\
考点二 复数形式特例 SgQ(#y|vV
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 E=ObfN"ge
1.单复数词形相同 oW6b3Q/B
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 8k^1:gt^
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: qCm8R@
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises _D8:p>=
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula hcR^?
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena U[hokwZ
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: 5-:H
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), C-H6l6,
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), >KJE *X@s
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: 27Vx<W
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) w]US-
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5 不规则的名词复数 ESuP ZB
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice 5.lg*vh
tooth - teeth foot - feet Q!h+1fb
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 SU(J
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例题: ,t39~w
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading Z.N9e
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. a,e;(/#\7
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(2) y .a)M?3
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed 5?TX.h9B4
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feet. J$&2GAi
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答案:D 8cj}9}k
应改为:foot |2I/r$Q
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 zvT8r(<n}
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 3H%bbFy
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第二节 限定词 _w7yfZLv+
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: ,?!MVN-
1.之后肯定接单数: kuv+ TN
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. S*H
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例句: Each of them has two books. ePTxuCf>
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) K pmq C$
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2.之后肯定接复数: A9LVS&52
these, those, many, such, other, "f-HOd\=
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), qG#ZYcVec
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several (_fovV=
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of i L'j9_w,
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc `Yyi;!+0
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 aO*v"^oF
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考点一 否定限定词no Lg|]|,%e
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: ;G*)7fi
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. JG{`tTu
No one is here. 0+KSD{
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: NBA`@K~4
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; FDuIm,NI
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词
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例题: k{cPiY^
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The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. c, }VC-
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(B) no \Npvm49
(C) not ]N:Wt2
(D) nor T/jxsIt3
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答案: C A|yU'k
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 C2yJ Xi`$
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Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Pav
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. gwFW+*h
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答案: A X,D ]S@
应改为: No +P.JiH`\=
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 $9Gra#
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考点二 their等物主代词 .I%B$eH
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars o5G]|JM_
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 ](`:<>c
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. ""h%RhcZ\
这里用their 而不用 the LN9.Q'@r?
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例题: \U'*B}Sz
(1) 7<k@{xI/
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten y8]vl;88yY
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the lives. P#"_H}qC*
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答案: D Ld=6'C8ud
应改为: their )2r_EO@3HP
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 z]j_,3Hff
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A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any >Fc=F#tA9
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specific way. 5e2yJ R
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答案: B ")w~pZE&+
应改为: its ~)5k%?.
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 P+,YWp
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 bLUyZ3m!
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 zZV9`cqZ{
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例题: h\8bo=
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or DhG{hQ[[
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relating those objects. Hlj3z3
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答案: B C
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应改为: is a set (-{.T
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 g].
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At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. Tg v]3
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答案: D {|tMN,Z
应改为: responses 5I5#LQv0
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few u2l`%
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 ~93+Oxg
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) z4(Q.0x7
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) Il!#]
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第三节 冠词作限定词 wdEQB-dA
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 s=)1:jYk
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考点一 不定冠词a / an )n$RHt+:>
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: 5i&+.?(Z=
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university %<'
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an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour ]a\HgFp@
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). =p$:vW
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例题: bOdyrynh
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How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever > 0NDlS%Q:
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. Z$ Mc{
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答案: B有错 Ck^jgB.7
应改为: puzzle. v/}hy$7
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle 2W=am_\0e.
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Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a -nC!kpo
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question of physiology and of culture. <LOas$
答案: D有错 $61*X f+*
应改为: day gAViwy9{
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day /,#
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Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the eXZH#K7S#
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nonprofessional metal worker. dEM=U;
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答案: C *L~88-V^
应改为: still a practical (.54`[2+L
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 (3M7 RpsL@
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 (xhV>hsA
例题: >J
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A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. ia}V8i
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答案: A YXWlg%s
应改为: An emotion X[up$<