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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 HrR w  
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第一章 名词 /5?tXH "  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 (7X^z&2  
- P4X@s_;  
第一节 可数名词 NFf?~I&mfu  
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考点一 单复数 $Ut1vp1$  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 6L-3cxqf\  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 `L3{y/U'  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) z AY -Y  
d;).| .}P  
下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 8P} a  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: Q776cj^L  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes ^,Ft7JAn  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories > v4+@o[~  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives D<T:UJ  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs zSBR_N51  
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例题: yY"n:&T(  
z#d*Odc  
(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. I@(3~ Ab  
   A         B           C       D #eKH'fE  
答案:A c']m5q39'  
应改为:Flowers +rka 5ts  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 s =<65  
^a7a_M  
lXutZ<S[  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic bMqFrG  
   A               B   C          D @CKMJ^#|  
pain. 7H?lR~w  
答案:A K!v\r"N  
应改为:Doctors Xj<xen(  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 ]#W9l\  
考点二 复数形式特例 SgQ(#y|vV  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 E=ObfN"ge  
1.单复数词形相同 oW6b3Q /B  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 8k^1:gt^  
 8(}cbW  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: qCm8R@  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises _D8:p>=  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula hcR^?  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena U[hokwZ  
88l{M[B2  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: 5-:H  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), C-H6l6,  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), >KJE *X@s  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: 27Vx<W  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) w]US- 7  
5L,q,kVS  
5 不规则的名词复数 ESuP ZB  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice 5.lg*vh  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet Q!h+1fb  
xo{z4W  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 SU(J  
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例题: ,t39~w  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading Z.N9e  
       A            B           C <4N E)!#  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. a,e;(/#\7  
            D "|/q4JN)7d  
ZpZoOdjslV  
(2) y.a)M?3  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed 5?TX.h9B4  
  A      B           C           /Ur]U w  
feet. J$ &2GAi  
 D |lh&l<=(f  
答案:D 8cj}9}k  
应改为:foot |2I/r$Q  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 zvT8r(<n}  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 3H%bbFy  
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第二节 限定词 _w7yfZLv+  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: ,?!MVN-  
1.之后肯定接单数: kuv+TN  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. S*H @`Do%d  
例句: Each of them has two books. ePTxuCf>  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) K pmq C$  
cY.5z:7u~v  
2.之后肯定接复数: A9LVS&52  
these, those, many, such, other, "f-HOd\=  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), qG#ZYcVec  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several (_fovV=  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of iL'j9_w,  
D~ 7W  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc `Yyi;!+0  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 aO* v"^oF  
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考点一 否定限定词no Lg|]|,%e  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: ;G*)7fi  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. JG{`tTu  
No one is here. 0+KSD{  
X5=I{eY}  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: NBA`@K~4  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; FDuIm,NI  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 S(_ DR 8  
DDZnNSo<JQ  
例题: k{cPiY^  
(1) 3]kN9n{  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. c,}VC-  
(A) none \9]- (j6[H  
(B) no \Npvm49  
(C) not ]N:Wt2  
(D) nor T/jxsIt3  
wqgKs=y  
答案: C A| y U'k  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 C2 yJ Xi`$  
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(2) =Ea,8bpn  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Pav  
A                B           C dcfwUjp[  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. gwFW+*h  
        D BJ{?S{"6%G  
nIqF:6/  
答案: A X,D ]S@  
应改为: No +P.JiH`\=  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 $9Gra#  
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考点二 their等物主代词 .I%B$eH  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars o5G]|JM_  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 ](`:<>c  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. ""h%RhcZ\  
这里用their 而不用 the LN9.Q'@r?  
qipS`:TER  
例题: \U'*B}Sz  
(1) 7<k@{xI/  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten y8]vl;88yY  
              A      B        C jRxzZt4  
the lives. P#"_H}qC*  
 D _,w*Rv5=  
Ad4-aWH  
答案: D Ld=6'C8ud  
应改为: their )2r_EO@3HP  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 z]j_,3Hff  
HN< e)E38  
(2) >uE<-klv  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any >Fc=F#tA9  
      A        B              C NC|VZwQtm  
specific way.  5e2yJ R  
    D Hq,znRz~`  
!0cb f&^:  
答案: B ")w~pZE&+  
应改为: its ~)5k%?.  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 P+,YWp  
p&HkR^.S  
考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 bLUyZ3m!  
6lwWFR+k  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 zZV9`cqZ{  
RMAbu*D0  
例题: h\8bo=  
(1) yRz l}  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or DhG{hQ[[  
        A        B        C Y7`Dx'x  
relating those objects. Hlj3z3  
 D  FO qD  
-i4hJC!3  
答案: B C 0L(ti;  
应改为: is a set (- {.T  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 g]. _J  
P2 +^7x?  
(2) dV"K x  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. Tg v]3 0F)  
A       B     C           D wVUm!Y  
QB7^8O!<  
答案: D {|tMN,Z  
应改为: responses 5I5#LQv0  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few u2l`% F`x  
_u;34H&/  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 ~93+Oxg  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) z4(Q.0x7  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) Il!#]  
~Yl%{1  
第三节 冠词作限定词 wdEQB-dA  
mQ:5(]v  
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 s=)1:jY k  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an )n$RHt+:>  
wTVd){q`.  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: 5i&+.?(Z=  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university %<' PSri  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour ]a\HgFp@  
yv.(Oy  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). = p$:vW  
(\$=+' hy  
例题: bOdyrynh  
(1)       \oAxmvt  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever > 0NDlS%Q:  
   A                 B           C -wn(J5NnR  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. Z$ Mc{  
                 D REKv&^FLN  
答案: B有错 Ck^jgB.7  
应改为: puzzle. v/}h y$7  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle 2W=am_\0e.  
(2) )\0LxsZ  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a -nC!kpo  
   A        B       C          D ? Glkhf7(  
question of physiology and of culture. <LOas$  
答案: D有错 $61*X f+*  
应改为: day gAViwy9{  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day / ,# &Htk  
(3) nXcOFU  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the eXZH#K7S#  
  A      B       C 334tg'2]  
nonprofessional metal worker. dEM=U;  
    D rJ}k!}G  
答案: C *L~88-V^  
应改为: still a practical (.54`[2+L  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 (3M7RpsL@  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 (xhV>hsA  
例题: >J No2  
(1) ImVHX~ qHJ  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. ia}V8i  
   A     B    C           D 8q#Be1u<s2  
答案: A YXWlg%s  
应改为: An emotion X[ up$<  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an pJ 7="n  
(2) ^%r>f@h!L  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine WGrG#Kw[  
   A    B                       C IHlTp0?  
chemically with other atoms. nofK(0TF  
         D geB]~/-p  
答案: A -^%YrW gd?  
应改为: an atom EZvf\s>LT  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an N N;'QiE  
7 -Yn8Gq  
考点二 定冠词the ;_vo2zl1  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: XLNR%)l  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: v{dvB:KP5X  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower rWo&I _{  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: 1SYBq,[])  
the first woman, the nineteenth century  + Y  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby 4Cdl^4(LT  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: pNzSy"Y$  
the largest city, the most advanced technology )KPQ8y!d  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: uNn]hl|x  
the development of the watch, C_JDQByfL  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: yxt `  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun RC| t-(Z  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: ;^K4kK&f  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: MSw:Ay [9  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) LYv$U;*+  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the mSu1/ ?PS  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) \:/ : S"-  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: CQ+WB TiC  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) s28rj6q  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: s}pn5zMp:8  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… '&.QW$B\B_  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: lB0: 4cIj  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed -%*w&',G  
乘车的词组: 0WjPo  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), Ew|VDD(.  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) i"{ \ >  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), c9 UJ=  
打球的词组: `2M`;$~ 5  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball h* to%N  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. #$GDKK  
例题:  3O:gZRxK  
(D)       $1h,<$5H  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. Q[+o\{ O  
(A) it was the V*m@Rs!)2  
(B) that the WzC_M>_  
(C) there was a -}B&>w,5  
(D) the g)<t=+a  
答案:D 0t-!6  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 f ,?P1D\  
(2) Ig hd,G-  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of /GK1}h  
           A            B SYPG.O? I  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. 7n-;++a5]  
     C      D wX_s./#JJ  
答案:D ov{  
应改为:of VPB,8zb ]  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 C>d_a;pX  
(3) iI2 7N'g  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to z(AhO  
  A      B              C    *LTFDC  
nineteenth century. ltKUpRE\?  
  D z9k3@\ 7  
答案:D &TmN^R>  
应改为:to the nineteenth { XN"L3A  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the m'))prl  
第四节 不可数名词 ?N 6'*2{NT  
=tJ}itcJ'  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 L#Mul&r3x0  
l .8@F  
抽象名词如: ZSKSMI%D  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: pXfg{2  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), ,\ y)k}0lH  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), eIz T(3(  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) : Gp,d*M  
还有表达学科类的名词如: 5 ",@!1ju  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, &-Bw7v  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) PVGvjc  
z\z mAus  
物质名词如: sLGut7@Sg  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), k_p4 f%9  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) -6(u09mb_  
(nWi9(}J  
;naD`([  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 >wiW(Ki}  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词,  ~yQby&s  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), Byx8`Cx1  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) (Ev/R%Z  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 }%K)R 5C  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice !,f{I5/  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, fiuF!<#;6  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 N/ 7Q(^  
例题: `N8?F3>  
(1) YGRv``(  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and s8,N9o[.~P  
       A      B    C          D Bvke@|]kW  
trade. 's.%rre%  
答案:C ~NYy@l   
应改为:advertising a1lF8;[  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 NdpcfZ q  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 *>x~`  
=|lw~CW  
考点二 限定词 A^/$ |@  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: PP\nR @  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) yH\z+A|  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 n9.` 5BH7/  
例题: 9|Z25_sS  
(1) %kM|Hk3d  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear L B:wo .X  
        A              B         C ?nWK s  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. y/!h.[  
                     D C]22 [v4  
答案:D p&Usl.  
应改为:little. y:TLGQ0  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little |Qq_;x]  
(2) qla$}dnvc  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge |Gc2w]\3  
      A                    B IuJj ;L1  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. .Rq|F  
           C         D yFp8 >  
答案:B hhu !'(j  
应改为:much evidence Iu`B7UOF  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 &5Ai&<q"p  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 -5 -X[`cF  
例如: 92}UP=RW!  
a lot of students , a lot of money %T3 L-{s5  
the rest of the students, the rest of money vh8{*9+  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. vAW+ ,Rfj  
^MPl wx  
第五节 所有格及of结构 h#K863  
j(Tt-a("z  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 r"s <;  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, Yrb[:;Y  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office ?(Dk{-:T'  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , t\2Lo7[Pu  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room kFP Z$8e  
例题: tA?P$5?-*  
(1) <<>?`7N  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. Yc+0OBH[  
(A) of the drop m09 Bds  
(B) the drop's (dO, +~  
(C) drop of `.PZx%=  
(D) drops their N~H9|CX  
答案: (B) ^Xjh?+WM  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 mgeNH~%m@*  
(2) g0w<vD`<g  
Over a very lar ;5tSXgGw7  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. {Z <4  
(A) occurs |n-NK&Y(o  
(B) will occur S[!-M\b  
(C) can occur Hf P2o 5-  
(D) occurring <6k5nEh  
答案:D )]Xj"V2  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 gD0O7KO  
.{as"h-.O  
考点二 of结构 aaf\%~  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) $<c0Z6f  
如: the title of the passage {<7!=@j  
例如: 9j458Yd4*  
(1) >jU. R;H5  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names =s"_! 7  
          A     B     C j`1% a]Bwc  
of some works years after their completion. WXP=U^5Si  
       D #)`N  
答案: C -AcLh0pc  
应改为: paintings fvKb0cIx]  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 t-gg,ttnA  
(2) x_lCagRGC4  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and Ht,_<zP;  
      A         B     C         D wS"[m>.{v  
spinal cord. 0,*clvH\;  
答案: B k4iu`m@^H  
应改为: stimulation K@lZuQ.1  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 Fl\X&6k  
i{zg{$U  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 w7NJ~iy  
[|PVq#(  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 .R ocENO0  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 ,Oojh;P_  
例题: g#0h{%3A \  
(1) K 8CjZpzq  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. |r*btyOJk  
(A) was a major collection #@xSR:m  
(B) that a major collection Oo{+W 5[  
(C) a collection was major VXEA.Mk o  
(D) a major collection MkJ}dncg*  
答案: (D) \,jrug<C$^  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 V {R<R2h1  
(2) No8~~  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of -'& 4No  
    A         B        C     D G!},jO*"  
medieval alchemists. Oq~>P!=   
答案:A yIC.Jm D*  
应改为:beginnings. |eT?XT<=o  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 p-n_ ">7  
2Wz/s 0`  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 ~J1;Z0}#  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 .m_yx{FZ=  
例题: Z M"J5}h  
(1)  `=b)fE  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. N\b%+vR  
(A) new dance, the twist ypE cjVP D  
(B) twist, was the new dance | ZBv;BW  
(C) twist, the new dance that F XJI,(:-  
(D) new dance is the twist hPtSY'_@_  
答案: (A) Omo1 p(y  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 Th,15H DA  
(2) q,-bw2   
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep @2Xw17[f35  
     A                B        *=i|E7Irg  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. 5`,qKJ  
 C               D %.,-dV'  
答案: D *IWO ,!  
应改为: promise. $/ ;:Xb=q  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 6L Z(bP'd;  
C;2!c  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 {IEc{y7?gO  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明,  e#0C  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. HHu|X`tc  
例题: {>[,i`)  
(1) [eL?O;@BD  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. fk-zT  
(A) that institutes 9?<WRM3a>  
(B) while instituted xe} d&  
(C) was an institution @!/w'k 8  
(D) an institute _?Zg$7VJ  
答案: (D) Y6L_ _ RT  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 >#).3  
(2) fR<_4L  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. 5Mm><"0  
(A) is the great modern choreographer \{  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers (xw)pR  
(C) that the great modern choreographers Pe[~kog,TP  
(D) the modern choreographers were great ^(7<L<H  
答案:B U{(B)dFTH  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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