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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 OM"T)4z  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 p%M(G#gOgP  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 zqE8PbU0M;  
例题: })=c:h &  
(1) 56~da ){gd  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, B#/~U`t*  
 A                       B V'| g  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. iz|9a|k6x  
   C         D eB1eUK>  
答案: D a0v1LT6  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. 0aq-drl5\  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯  OG<]`!"  
(2) <a/ZOuBzZ  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. 5'}!v  
   A  B      C         D W9V=hQ2  
答案: D 9?mOLDu}Q0  
应改为: color ]8j5Ou6#y  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 &^Q ~G>A  
C @[9 LB  
&cv /q$W4  
第二章 形容词 MyR\_)P?  
K {N;k-  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 Q?'W >^*J  
T?$?5  
第一节 形容词修饰名词  K`mxb}  
dL Py%q  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 ~#xs `@{s  
例题: ^rZ+H@p:6  
(1) HrcnyQ`Q0  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. 4 w  
       A  B   C          D Wh&Z *J  
答案:C I,q~*d  
应改为:certain. >L3p qK   
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 S )1:*>@  
(2) >}`1'su  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. RB 0j!H:  
  A       B         C   D fN/KXdAy&  
答案:C s`#j8>`M  
应改为:visual. |[t=.dK%  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 5 BG&r*U  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: m^ &mCo,  
The man was awake. O? <_,-.  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) S`PSFetC  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 'Z%aBCM  
例题: w4/)r-Z4I  
(1) Y\2>y"8>$x  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 8U$UI  
     A                 B        C sm <kb@g  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. P =Gb  
       D h*'5h!  
答案: D / S^m!{  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) ` R-np_  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) un%"s:  
(2) M0\[hps~X  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also JVCgYY({KQ  
 A              B               C eesLTy D2_  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. m$j;FKz+|  
                 D T+( A7Qrx%  
答案: A SQvB)NOw  
应改为:like ?XrTZ{5'  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 6XqO' G  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 2,`mNjHh  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, l0o_C#"<S  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, 'v5gg2  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: [^P2Kn  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 4H '&5  
如: two young American students jt*@,+e|  
    my three red pencils <\NXCUqDpo  
第二节 比较级 J?DyTs3 Z  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: VUhu"h@w%  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; breVTY7 S  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 I<f M8t.Y>  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), KLB?GN?Pb  
-': tpJk  
8=VX` X  
考点一 含有标志词than )`0 j\  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, xEqrs6sR  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. 4,8 =[  
  She possesses more books than I do. M1\/ueOe  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. h<q``hn>  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, 0cVXUTJ|W  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, H|?`n uiD  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 NmXTk+,L#  
例题: \v_(  *  
(1) Z]CH8GS~<  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. z9ZAY!Zhq]  
(A) coolest [0e mOS  
(B) the coolest  (w fZ!  
(C) cooler )k Uw,F=6  
(D) the cooler vhW '2<(  
答案:A -fv.ByyA  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 YXEZ&$e'  
(2) wH. 'EC  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. ,\ i q'}i  
           A   B              C     D J0k~ %   
答案:A z m%\L/BF  
应改为:more OZD/t(4?6s  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 qZ.\GHS  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: fi)ypv*  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, kW9STN  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. N C& 1l]  
   (that 指代the population) =/;(qy9.-R  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. pWqahrWh  
   (those 指代 designs) 9azPUf) C  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) - U|4`{PP  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may IM+PjYJ  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. .6*A~%-=[d  
例题: )Z#7%, o  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. R?(j#bk  
(A) than do U"Y$7~  
(B) that are having Z=xrj E  
(C) which have 8{RiaF8  
(D) that do n1ICW 9  
答案:A "](~VF[J8  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 Ugn"w E  
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考点二 (not) so /as…as Je/R'QP^8  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, ^6=nL<L  
如:It is as good as it looks. C-(&zwj?!  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. ]T$~a8  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 8WvT0q>]  
例题: ms?h/*E<H  
(1) }*%%GPJ  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. MKbW^:  
(A) possibly little nourishment -6? 5|\  
(B) nourishment possibly little i}!CY@sW  
(C) little as possible nourishment $V[ob   
(D) little nourishment as possible js{ RaR=  
答案:D }&=C*5JN  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. 'b-}KDP  
(2) qZ4DO*%b3  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. @=$;^}JS|  
(A) so early u~K4fP  
(B) the earliest sV-9 xh)i  
(C) as early as nF)|oA   
(D) so early that )0NA*<Q+.  
答案:C /V,:gLpQ  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as HxkhlNB  
!4|7U\;  
考点三 the same…as *b> ~L  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, U5" C"+ 3  
如:She looks just the same as before. F77~156  
  I got the same feeling as you did. K(hqDif*6  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 v,kedKcxv'  
例题: L='GsjF0}  
(1) u{HB5QqK  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, hEDj"`Px  
         A       B          C y6$5meh.T  
shorter tails, and longer bills. ibEQ52  
            D d<xBI,g  
答案:B Tc{r}y[)  
应改为:as. SFTThM]8M1  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” 3rs=EMz:w  
(2) - v`;^X  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of 8$S$*[-a  
  A                 B    e)O6k7U$  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. \  3ha  
   C          D 6:@tHUm  
答案:D 7n5 bI\  
应改为:as +tl&Jjdm  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 {l! [{  
AS~O*(po  
考点四 the more…,the more… flnoK%wi  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, !'MZeiLP  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. >$k_tC'"  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. 7\<#z|  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 ! p458~|  
例题: }3ty2D#/:  
(1) u<:R Sg  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. ?=-18@:.ss  
(A) the greater the need there is )Yy`$`  
(B) greater need O$<kWSC  
(C) is there great need b1R%JY7/S  
(D) the great need YOd 0dKe  
答案:A _}8O15B|  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, [g`P(?  
9m/v^  
S)T~vK(n  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. /z.Y<xOc  
(2) g/)mbL>=  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. \GO^2&g(  
(A) the stress it is greater 7LbBS:@3z_  
(B) greater is the stress F2saGpGH  
(C) greater stress is /PafIq  
(D) the greater the stress n<+g{QHi  
答案:D Tu"bbc  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D Kc$j<MRtv  
J ^m#984  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer N =FX3Z  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, 9~/k25P  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. 7o_1PwKS6  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 aAhXHsZ|26  
例题: c6.S jV  
(1) S~X&^JvT  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio <=[,_P6|  
          A           B      !W4A 9Th  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 3M\~#>  
    C                           D 33IJbg  
答案:A 6Lj=%&  
应改为:no longer. JcV'O)&  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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