改错题常考要点 pCacm@(hG
一、代词 c{"=p8F
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代词中主要讲解六个问题 -BV8,1
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 #BLx +mLq
主格、宾格、所有格 +aY]?]
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) e]9Z]a2
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(二) 反身代词 M6nQ17\{
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 }Quk n
He killed himself. (他自杀了) mJU1n
He killed him. (他杀了他) )44c[Z
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating !"d"3coQ?
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a series of indicators that could help #ETy#jKL
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themselves to predict earthquakes. oKMr Pr[`
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 WGwIc
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Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 f1$'av
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 #3knKBH
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 +\R__tx;
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ;F;Vm$
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the elGwS\sw
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Pacific. Z mc"
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 r"|UgCc
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 o
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Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: G]n_RP$G
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 -#Ys67,4N
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined ` 7P%muY.
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the word“normalcy”to express social and YuUJgt .1
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economic conditions they promised the nation. M%Yxhu
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 %i) 0sET
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important .L~
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John m
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Keats, published the year of her death. wBJ|%mc3TA
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. \S_Ae;
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(四) Who和which的区别 Ob/i_
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 6:q,JB@i
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 q|}O-A*wa
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 3+\Zom4
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. :Q,~Nw>
C D }
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 F1S0C>N?5
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 rp4{lHw>C/
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(五) that和which的区别 ,vo]WIQ\:
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 yFn~rv|&G
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it njaKU?6%d2
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. If]rg+|U
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 0|]d^bo
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 iJeodfC
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, N{}8Zh4op
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when i8KoJY"
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. yVQW|D0,j
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which *Z\AO'h=Z
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly N]14~r=
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. fq4uiFi<
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 itE/QB
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has *FC|
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affected the way people in the United States----. H}lz_#Z
(A) living and working GIT"J}b}
(B) they live and work =c$x xEDD
(C) live and work B'mUDW8\D
(D) to live and to work _mk@1ft
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 =y(*?TZH
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二、介词 }D?qj3?bj
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 #qUGc`
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(一) 介词搭配 19-V;F@;
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those OSLZ7B^
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Ryygq,>VD.
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 hg:$H9\%
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ]zCD1*)
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分析:B错改为be rich in Qca3{|r`
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ~'0ZW<X.
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. C^5 V
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 Jw&Fox7p
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 >}Bcv%zZ
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 [~RO9=;L
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. LH=^3Gw
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 rly%+B `/
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has @V:Y%#%
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on 8O(L;&h
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. n f<I
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ^k$Bx_{
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2、介词by E
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一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by sQ^t8Y9
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing V9qA'k
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States U{bv|vF
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. ;Ss!OFK
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 r\F2X J^
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils :@"o.8p
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to c}|.U
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supply moccasins and field rations. 5 }Ge
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 (Fuu V{x|
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with zTfjuI|R
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements #a~BigZ[G
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that are often represented at symbols. +;,J0,Yn
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 );}M"W8
三、谓语动词 "=C~IW
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ("j;VqYUL
①、主谓分割原则 <T)0I1S
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ^c(r4#}$"
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. `8O Bw
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 Xf#
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②、与后者一致原则 V#.pi zb
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ~,KrL(jC
not only…but also &Z!y>k%6
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③、与前者一致原则 e&:%Rr]x
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, v?6*n>R
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 \ >wQyz
例:The athlete, together with his coach and R2{]R&wtn0
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. z^T;d^OJc
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 'q~<ZO
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④、就近原则 oHv.EO
or, either…or, neither…nor, Hf1b&8&:K
单数名词+or+复数名词+are :BV $3]y
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 1'(";
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所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 F@Wi[K
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 eAI|zk6
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are `W_&^>yl
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. F !OD*]
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 iR{@~JN=)
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 vRW;{,d
There are five apples that are red. _99 +Vjy
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 e];IQ
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets Gl3g.`X{$@
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. =HIKn6C<
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 hv>Xr=RE
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 jgXr2JQ<
The rich are not always happier than the poor. edpR x"_
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 [h' 22W
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 Mg8ciV}\xY
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: ]{{%d4
a. there be 句型 n[y^S3}%;
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 UL&>
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b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. r]QeP{
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is 'zMmJl}\vd
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific l$l6,OzS@
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 I3x+pa^]2
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miles in width. 7hMh%d0d(_
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分析:倒装句,are改为is gr.G']9lNq
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and ^n4a
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film KlBT9"6"
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. 0s}gg[lj
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 Dp} $q`F[
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 ^y|`\oyqwN
fifty percent of + 名词 L!ms{0rJ
one percent of + 名词 |
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谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: wn<k"6x
one percent of my students + are += gU`<\
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 7eZwpg?K
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这里要强调两个结构 vsI|HxpyC,
half of =fifty percent ;'<SsI
most of + 可数名词 + are "oR%0pU*
most of + 不可数名词+ is su8()]|0x
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been "88<{x L
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found in central and eastern Canada. 6gq`V,
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 zj1_#=]
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized _]+
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. `DP4u\6_
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 ~llw_w
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 ;@[ax{ J
①、主要考察时间状语 R&L^+?
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. *;<oM ]W_
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ?)/&tk9.n
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②、For和since的区别 gG,gL9o
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点
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区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 9,AHC2kn%
I has been a teacher for three years. ,N2|P:x
I has been a teacher since 1996. V#d8fRm
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 /m*+N9)
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became koOp:7r
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the primary responsibility of the president. <0^L L
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 xw83dQ]}^
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of /Es&~Fn
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. =%G<S'2'
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 OLgW.j:Ag
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. @G>Q(a*,
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live t"L-9kCM
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(三) 谓语的语态 I^yInrRh5
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 k_%"#
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ]W>kbHImz
①、prove 9Fv VM9
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 &KZr`"cT#
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ~xaPq=AH
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming f-/zR %s{
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be f)/5%W7n}
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. E[N3`"
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 XAf,k&f3
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②、Locate,Situate :CJ]^v
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 pAd 8-a
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 5bKm)|4z6
这两个词也可以用作被动 :yTpjC-S]
My school was located near the river. Pa-p9]gq
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 p Y[dJxB
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 3Bk_4n
(A)locates #nOS7Q#uW
(B)locating W%bzA11l
(C)to locate B5iVT<:a
(D)is located
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分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 '*6S0zt
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③、表示需要概念的动词 ]a}
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need, want, require等 !l
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My watch needed repairing '4""Gz
My watch needed to be repaired. np#RBy
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④、表示人的情感的动词 >)sB#<e
move, annoy, surprise, please等 XDWR]
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 ?7Y6: zo$^
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 ;MH<T6b
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主动和被动技巧总结: wInJ!1
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 4*K~6Vh
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the f`
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, k{?Pgf27
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power structures, and flood-control works along B`Q~p92
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. ;U02VguC
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 Oc|`<^m
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四、非谓语动词 Xlw8>.\
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(一) 分词 m
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现在分词和过去分词的区别 w _*|u
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 O[tOpf@s.
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ww_gG5Fc$
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. qM."W=XVN
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning `YZK$
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ^^ Q'AE
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in :f~[tox
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. -R~!N#y
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living Zd~l_V f
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一些动词后面必须用doing BD)5br].
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 peA}/Jc
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, Po%+:0oX
advocate, suggest [r_YQ*+ej
delay, quit e~Oge
forgive(原谅),tolerate, X&B2&e;
avoid, escape(逃避) ,[64$=R8
spend+名词+doing; MH"{N
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have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their X3z$f(lF%)
A B C D %n^jho5
crops. J 8/]&Ow
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 =~)J:x\F
QY]^^f
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, Orb('Z,-3
A B J>I.|@W4
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. SR,id B&i
C D 8Z=d+}Gg<
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing x@-bY
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I
(二) 不定式 EcBJ-j6d
A. 动词不定式的省略 O!0YlIvWv
①、help后面可以省略to s Zan.Kc#
help to do q*^Y8s~3I
help sb. to do 4LO U[D
-P;_j,~U
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid
2EG`
A B n:hHm
,
the habits that might shorten the lives. 6$1dd#
C D 7Z-'@m
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 ?\GILB,
9y BENvq
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 B8+J0jdg6%
make, I~LN)hqd o
let, 111s%
have sb. do sth UL81x72O
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. ?(9/V7HQ.5
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians ]7qn&(]
A B sV8}
Gv
a
to know when to play various parts of a composition. TU6e,G|t
C D s}MD;V&
0
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know Ls8@@b,t2
Fai_v{&?
③、感官动词 #;9I3,@/Y
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe Kjw4,z%\94
see sb do sth. 强调过程 8@Zg@>,
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 :n'$Txf
#fq%903=
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Dj
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(1)表示第一人 Tr}z&efY
the first woman to do sth. cE{hy7cH
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(2)表示迫使的动词 qJjXN+/D
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ]Gk;n/!
B
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis )e#KL$B)v
A B fkLI$Cl
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. c$Vu/dgx
C D {FYWQ!L
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 |u r/6{Oj1
j7(sYo@x7
pbfIO47ZC
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 #Tc]L<."
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 4LG[i}u.N
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 ] !7%)
be lieable to do 易于…的 9CBKU4JQ
be apt to do &cZQ,o
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(4)表示目的的名词, |PGF g0li
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 u|;?FQ$M
固定的句式: xwuGJ
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. o,-p
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the objective 目标 s$%t*T2J>
aim ~]sj.>P
goal X8}m
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reason理由 mu#IF'|b
function功能 =`MxgK +
intension意图 ]=gNA
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ^sF/-/ {?U
A 7
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. X!aC6gujOH
B C D AvmI<U
分析:the function to provide, A错 DpRGPs
w3n6md
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure 8"'Z0
Ey
A Vn=K5nm
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds Cs!z3QU
B Y>J$OA:
that make up various components of a living cell. n 3eLIA{
C D &GfDo4$
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 +6~y1s/B[
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(5) 其他同根名词
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ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ^)nIf)9}7
attempt to do 企图 67tB
8X
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 QmKEl|/{u
ambition, kEYkd@{
be ambitious to do v:IpZ;^
effort p!o?2Lbiw
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation CcJ%;.V,T
A B
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catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. TpGnSD
C D 8C=8Wjm
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 =h>jo&=Wad
t"$#
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great B9:
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A B LOEiV
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. N|2PW ~,
C D
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分析:efforts to register, C错 iu iVr$E
ROr|n]aJj
h:=W`(n5u
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 .)c+gyaQ
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 Ew )1O9f
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 3rj7]:Vr
SUb:0GUa
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 !y&<IT(\4
I am glad to see you. PVi0|
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. `sLD>@m
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. XD%GNZ
pG^>y0
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 > ofWHl[-
It is difficult to decide. w\1K.j=>|N
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4
C }#lW9
五、句子的结构 !8I80:e_~
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 f&I5bPS7}
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(一) 主语的重复 .wPI%5D
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 CsJ&,(s(
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any :j`4nXm
A B "..I$R
compromises concerning the establishment of the =J`M}BBx
C D *{(tg~2'(
League of Nations. y=2nV
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 pHKc9VC
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson 7.tIf
<^$P
9vBW CCf
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are GO3KKuQ=
A B #
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lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. s)#TT9BbV
C D CQs,G8\/
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 ]4B&8n!
A&{eC
C
(二)谓语的重复 Lb~'
I=9D
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 a>&dAo}
XHm6K1mGZ
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of Q!(qb
A B I7+yu>
one or more sentences related to the same idea. :464~tHI[`
C D 4MoxP
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 ,U>G$G^
Pu(kCH{
(三)谓语的缺少 %>1C($^
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body *t`=1Ioj
A B rxOvY
F
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. &X,6v
C D 6%MM)Vj+u
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 NYeL1h)l
]?_V+F
(四)主句的重复 cHJ4[x=
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 |Ew&. fgz
<1<0 odB
=<Ss&p>
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite ~JB4s%&
A B C w}
U'>fj
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. HBZtg
D h5lngw
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 Wqe0m_7
5:T}C@
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow 1_>w|6;e
A B _+<AxE9\
sweeps across the face of the Earth. Mr@{3do$
C D gyobq'o-
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 [pSQ8zdF"
yJ!,>OQ%'
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided 8O0]hz
A B =_[Ich,}
names for towns, only George Washington pz]KUQ
C ~/!jKH7`j
is remembered in the name of a state. |%j7Es
D lN7YU-ygz
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 9w-;d=(Q
六、比较级和最高级 3*e )D/lm
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 >viLvDng
JR|P]}
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 p e$WSS J
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which G$jw#a[L
A *-@@t+3
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. :-j/Y'H_
B C D L]=LY
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 XW*d\vDun
}LX.gm
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 Gk)6ljL
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. z[0t%]7l
A B C D i7`/"5I
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 XpdjWLO]C<
xfA@GYCfT
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 8CRwHDB
A B C D dEfP272M
is the grizzly bear. =l%|W[OO
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 Ar`U/ %Cu
sl*&.F,v=
A~8-{F 31
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 V.w!]{xm
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 /+f3jy:d
nc:K!7:
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with /z4n?&tM
A B c
B7'>L
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. =]0AZ
C D NJ(H$tB@
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 3NrWt2?
*YWk
.
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 0y=lf+xA*
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as m"~),QwF9
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bG
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 bYy7Ul6]
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 3Oe\l[?$;
the taller boy TL([hR _
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 vtXZ`[D,l)
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed _Zbgmasb
A B TuzH'F
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is oY7 eVu z
abundant, and humidity is moderate. +JY]J89
C D d7v_>
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they IHj9n>c)[
P6;Cohfh
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 tCr?!Y~
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, m/NXifi8l
A B C xu*dPG)v
the Navajos form largest group. CL"q"
D iFaC[(1@a
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 BY??X=
Z;J{&OJ3qM
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, 4AuJ1Z
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language W>rx:O+
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the ^|=3sJ4[U
*\F,?yU
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many /SQ1i}%
A B C s@5r}6?M
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. I07_o"3>qr
D lcEin*
Oc
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。
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et
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the v(z2,?/4
例如:my best friends ~[4zm$R^
ob"yz }
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial P};GcV-
A B C ?FwjbG<
and banking center. ]eIV'lP,j/
D QLe<).S1B2
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 UJ6zgsD1b?
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 rty&\u@}
!x1ivP
oY0`igH
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary ;B@-RfP
A d3K-|
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. ?tFsSU
B C D eFdN"8EW
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语
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七、平行结构
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改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 DB;Nr3x
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(一) 对等连接词 3&z.m/
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 I`8
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A
单一式: and, or ,but H{nYZOf/
相关式: both…and, not … but, yCG<qQz
either …or, neither…nor dw]wQ\4B
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as Yl$Cj>FG
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, R x.]m0
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also aj)?P
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, &b7i> ()
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短语式: as well as Yab=p
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rather than (而不是) lTn~VsoRZ
other than (除…之外) DTR/.Nr'K
instead of (代替) `[zd
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 =YRN"
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, oK3aW6
A B @ dF]X
but he is now living in Detroit. M?fRiOj
C D +\ O[)\
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 tuiQk=[c
_p`@/[(|
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics )QvuoaJQ
A B 8xEOR!\!`k
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford +#d}3^_]
remained active in city and regional planning. ttK`*Ng
C D FTg4i\Wp
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 Y/1,%8n
(二)平行的内容 Iu -CXc
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 &MlBpI
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of i;Y@>-[e<
A B F}lgy;=h
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, M5Twulz/w
C D
(BA2
or yearly periods of light and darkness. T"GuE[?a
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 %ycCNS
ab=s+[r1
yT>t[t60/S
第二、名词单复数的平行 BU="BB/[
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行
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<}E^r_NvD
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, ] _/d
A B C ikGH:{
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. FBGHVV
w!
D a*pZcv<
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 >t"]gQHtx
I@=h|GM
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, :8_`T$8i4
A B {}3kla{
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. a .5s5g)8
C D K;f'&9-+i,
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have F GOa!G
v`hv5wQ
第三、时态的平行 J{mP5<8>b
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated v.1= TBh
A rI}E2J
with the imagist movement , but later develops We]X+>BlO
B cLlfncI
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. JXeqVKF
C D 2t { Cpw
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 HHZ!mYr
$UjSP
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- B>?Y("
E
spread from its home in Central America and nRQIrUNq
now grows throughout the tropics. +&\TdvNI4
(A) to be (B) it Jb-wvNJu
(C) the (D) its ke>\.|HT}
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? 5?kA)!|UB
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow l7{hq}@;cC
^qbX9.\
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- H>XbqIkL@
commercially for their meat and eggs. 29ft!R>[
(A) raised (B) and are raised \ b9,>
(C) raised as (D) are raised qd|*vE
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 >q &ouVE
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第四、排列位置的平行 ,f?#i%EF&
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. SbnVU[
(A) Not only does rust corrode e3>Re![_.
(B) Not only rust corrodes uW
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(C) Rust, which not only corrodes }2c}y7B,_
(D) Rust not only corrodes eBAB7r/7
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 vWkKNB
b"FsT
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: <Z8] W1)
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 8]?1gDS|9O
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 [S4\fy0
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 tiE+x|Ju"
aq5<Ks `r
八、词序的颠倒 ~v54$#CB
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 NUnP'X=J,
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 CQ( @7
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage _5
m }g!
A B \~)573'
that can be given to any individual in the United States. kN$70N7I;
C D Fp]8f&l8
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 tJu<#hX
&"kx(B
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 Y>#c2@^i<
例:Certain types of computers work properly only .-|O "H$
A B @iP6N
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. ZkIQ-;wx
C D I
B6]Wj
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 $($SQZK&
$"FdS,*qKl
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 <M7*N.
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were %pp+V1FH
A B C 31*6 ;(
in what is now the United States. 3-R3Qlr
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 'MUrszOO.e
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所有的系动词分为三大类: VL{#.;QQa
第一种:表示保持某种状态, ZYsFd_
is, remain, keep, stay, @(cS8%wK
lie, exit(表示位于) 8[C6LG
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 eC$v0Gtq
become, turn, grow, zFtGc
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) Ng"vBycy
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第三种,感官动词 L)}V[j#
seem(好像是) =b7&(x
look(看起来好像是) Y*k<NeDyn
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste AuTplO0_rE
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 X^Y9T`mQ}
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe AE&n^vdQW
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to cause numerous deaths. 1[l>D1F?
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 ?Q)Z..7
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九、词性的混用 z4641q5'm
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 ~5uNw*H
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 #L.}CzAz
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; |u"R(7N*
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high yl<$yd0Zdu
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and +g6j=%
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. Z034wn\N
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ~|{)h^]@
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 0nz@O^*g(
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 T{4fa^c2J
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds DgT.Lku?
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to liw 9:@+V
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. `J#xyDL6?
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 0S:!Gv+
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, iC|6roO!jk
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of R c:cVK
B C z?uQlm*We
urban Black people in the United States. }:9|*m<$t
D &PBWJ?@O)r
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 />^`*e_
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(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 O
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表示时间有两种可能, {uwk[f{z
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 Q0q)n=i}]
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, IJ_'w[k
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 *Nf4bH%MN
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 0(U3~k6
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were made while the American Civil War. i_9Cc$Qh<
C D PD}SPOA`U3
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 {b-0
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the iUxDEt[t*
A B C 6Y>,e;R
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. zy5s$f1IA
D C6D=>%uY
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 D,GPn%Wqi
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 a_ 9 |xI
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 `b^
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social <i:*p1#Bm
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. z,}c?BP
B C D ~C/Yv&58
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 \'s$ZN$k
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 7,W]zKH
A B C [Hv*\rb
easily under the stress of compression. fW5"4,
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 zqekkR]
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 b!4N)t>gl
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine
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article that gives personal comments on current events. )XmCy"xx
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 P3wU#qU
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, b lRY7
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. eW\?eq+ `A
B C D ]Y_{P~ZX
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ntrY =Y
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 ]^iFqQe
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; /#-,R,Q
two hundred diligent students