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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 H5Bh?mw2  
一、代词 QjOY1Xze  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 &} r-C97  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 ?7uK:'8  
  主格、宾格、所有格 \+j:d 9?  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) xX.kKEo"d  
|j=Pj)5J  
(二) 反身代词 pi5DDK  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ipyc(u6Z5  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) YI>9C 76L  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) upnX7as  
+GncQs y  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  HCT+.n6  
    A                 B    .uSVZqJ7  
  a series of indicators that could help OwPXQ 3S  
             C      @r=,: 'Mt  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. :7~DiH:Q  
    D i.{.koH<  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 wLz V#8>  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 !v8](UI8-  
.FN 6/N\  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 k"|Fu   
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 tUt_Q;%yC  
iBwM]Eyv.  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies nok-![  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the "T*1C=  
     A   B      C          D Shv$"x:W  
  Pacific. V"B/4v>  
#lO ^PK  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 KcUR /o5K  
a?x ZsR  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 WrS>^\:  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: F]fXS-@ c  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 [ . }Uzx  
U1(cBY  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 2x<!>B  
                       A   :5BCW68l e  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and [jksOC)@4  
             B ; +.cD  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. O8cZl1C3  
   C       D PT }J.Dwx  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 0X4)=sJP  
IMBjI#\  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important JPHM+3v  
        A     &H P g>  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John D/JSIDd  
   B        C      S^;;\0#NK  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  vCNq2l^CW  
      D ; O(Ml}z  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. !dUdz7  
B:Ft(,  
_aBy>=2c$  
(四) Who和which的区别 ~Uey'Xz  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 _/ 'VD!(MV  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 CBF<53TshR  
G.^)5!By  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who tC(MaI  
              A            B 0kNKt(_  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. O9E:QN<U`*  
   C                  D EpQy;#=;  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 ^yqRa&  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 8 aIqc  
97$Q?a8S@  
(五) that和which的区别 lM}-'8tt?  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 o ABrhK  
K *{RGE  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it k52IvB@2  
              A        B +3o0GJ   
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. #z _<{' P"  
      C              D  <7SE|  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 T/2k2r4PD  
 }( CYok  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 Yj*T'<e  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, [Eccj`\e g  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 6i~|<vcSP  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. [@5cYeW3.  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 2G$p x  
4w=v /WDo  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Y0krFhL'x0  
              A         B   D!! B4zt  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. ib#rT{e  
         C      D 3<"j/9;K'  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 :$k1I-^R  
T#i;=NP"  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  R!QR@*N  
  affected the way people in the United States----. =}Zl E  
   (A) living and working /<n7 iIK)  
   (B) they live and work |h 6!bt!=  
   (C) live and work hnB` +!  
   (D) to live and to work >6jal?4u-  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 q[W6I9  
6E K<9M  
二、介词 dm[cl~[ Q  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 iKV|~7nwO  
w(aj'i  
(一) 介词搭配 VgIk'.  
} % Ie  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those TP {\V>*Yz  
    A         B   C      & [@)Er=  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. 8.. |-<w  
                D BKtb@o~(  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 No6-i{HZ  
#<"od'{U  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. &8l?$7S"_/  
A       B     C  D 2^ ]^Yc  
分析:B错改为be rich in l$\B>u,>  
Vn kh Y  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the wU!-sf;]y  
    A         B      C u9KT_` )  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. v JGH8$%;,  
             D g$#A'Du  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 G4 :\6fu  
,)*[Xa_n  
I50Ly sM  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 +@!\3a4!  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 )'f=!'X  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. y[.lfW?)  
          A      B  C     D z-kv{y*Hu  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 [zN*P$ U]  
!Whx^B:  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has %La7);SeY  
                 A  B     6M7GPHah  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on R[l`# I  
      C oY0b8=[  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. WgR%mm^  
      D 3bezYk  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 :3R3 >o6m  
(nmsw6 X  
2、介词by QOUyD;0IW  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by wT- -i@@  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing "@ ^<~bw  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States Kgi `@`  
    A         B       iR9duP+  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. ; % KS?;%[  
   C     D F7jkl4  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 H'udxPF  
m?yztm~u  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils *2-b&PQR{  
   A                      '[8w8,v(  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to G7`mK}J7  
     B    C       D 6p&2 A  
   supply moccasins and field rations. r*mSnPz\q  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 +RM!j9Rq  
4@\$k+v  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with X=f%!  
        A                QR(;a:  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements /mp!%j~  
        B          C   Z-4/xi7  
  that are often represented at symbols. p ]jLs|tat  
              D LU8[$.P  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 Oh10X.)i  
三、谓语动词 *v(Q-FW  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 qhTVsZ:{C  
①、主谓分割原则 N$t<&5 +  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, *'H\`@L  
     A     ^+d]'$  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. guf&V}&  
        B      C      D ]gnEo.R  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 C .B=E"e  
=a+  } 6  
②、与后者一致原则 K rG,T5  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, JJg;X :p  
not only…but also b?,%M^9\`  
qgfP6W$  
@^ &p$:  
③、与前者一致原则 T4}Wg=UKg  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, EBL-+%J8  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ^[bFGKE  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and P4{ ~fh(  
     A      B  C     ]o=ON95ja  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. +G"YQq'b  
         D 1k)pJzsc  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is q=`n3+N_H~  
q o^mp  
④、就近原则 XHJ` C\xR  
or, either…or, neither…nor, -nHkO&&R  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are KkpbZ7\@  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is o6~JAvw  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 ;P;c!}:\b  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 R6;#+ 1D  
7hPwa3D^  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are N`?/kubD  
        A      B        0&Ftx%6%  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. K*,,j\Q.  
    C              D (=c,b9cb  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 H-u SdT  
&&LB0vH!J  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 6`7bk35B  
There are five apples that are red. IDos4nM27]  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。  !=*8*?@  
gdqBT]j  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ^=5y;  
      A            1t^9.!$@y  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. A! HJ  
   B   C    D Ac|d mu  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 0MxK+8\y  
]' Ho)Q  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 ,1Z([R*  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. vp!F6ZwO  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 )YAU|sCAi$  
7D:rq 8$\  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 RU6c 8>"  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: !V/\_P!I  
a. there be 句型 oZ tCx  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 f>ktv76  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 PO6yE r  
?(K=du  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. i+~BVb  
   A     B      C    D    .S/zxf~h  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is m}RZ )c  
q6nRk~  
} -;)G~h/"  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific g%[:wjV;  
             A     B    5n}<V-yJ*m  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 .7b%7dQ<\  
     C         !-3;Qj}V  
  miles in width. .f-=gZ* *  
     D  \ ya@9OA  
分析:倒装句,are改为is +ls`;f  
lA/-fUA  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and e_KfnPY   
   A    B       C         Q{950$ )L  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film L;j++^p  
                    D "uIa Kb  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. Z/?{{}H+  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 b$#b+G{y  
5BXku=M  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 <anKw|  
fifty percent of + 名词 !Pnjr T  
one percent of + 名词 -XV+F@`Md  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: sr&W+4T  
  one percent of my students + are (,QWK08  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. A7+ZY,  
^w~B]*A :"  
这里要强调两个结构 !f52JQyh  
half of =fifty percent .|R4E  
most of + 可数名词 + are =%IyR  
most of + 不可数名词+ is =VuSi(d;e{  
YuknZ&Q  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been ?%Nh4+3N>  
   A       B         C   Q9O_>mZy  
  found in central and eastern Canada. !.mR]El{K  
           D ~Y CH5,  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 h^tCF=S  
xLoQ0rt 6  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized `<se&IZE  
                 A   B  Ri"hU/H{  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. 4{zy)GE|W  
              C     D .4 WJk>g  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 HBE[q#  
.UL 2(0  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 /v5A)A$7  
①、主要考察时间状语 qD>^aEd@4  
;i6~iLY  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. ?c RF;!o"  
   A        B  C     D %w65)BFQ  
kpn|C 9r  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was fIQ, }>  
K}@rte  
U; oXX  
②、For和since的区别 |@JTSz*Or  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 FJ~d&L\l  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 nahq O|~  
  I has been a teacher for three years. }bS1M  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. p)/e;q^  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 nA,=g'7S  
t(*n[7e  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 0@zJa;z'  
   A      B              [6mK<A,/  
  the primary responsibility of the president. "{D/a7]lC  
     C    D 3O$l;|SX  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 o[!o+M  
kb2C 9<  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of X.4WVI  
             A  B  C   "H(3pl.  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. Pt5wm\  
            D K _VIk'RB  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 5 [~HL_u;,  
yg}O9! MJ  
1i z =i^}  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  fKY-@B[|  
   A       B        C     D j.Uy>ol  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live I(~([F2  
@QmN= X5  
(三) 谓语的语态 BGibBF^  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 7/<~s]D[%  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ?fy37m(M}  
①、prove O oA!N-Q  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 G>vK$W$f N  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; 8X`DFeJ  
zS;ruK% 2  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming jq )Bj#'7  
                      A   $;Fx Zkp  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be y60aJ)rAX  
    B                  C O/#3QK  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 3#,6(k4>  
                  D Cty{   
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 K]$PRg1| 3  
j$Ndq(<tG  
>|%3j,<U  
②、Locate,Situate *RS/`a;,  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 {ax]t-ZwJ5  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 +&u/R')?6r  
这两个词也可以用作被动 xT&~ {,9  
  My school was located near the river. hev;M)t  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 hGD@v {/  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. )e0k r46  
   (A)locates >U* p[FGW  
   (B)locating -51LF=(!L  
   (C)to locate $#f_p-N  
   (D)is located ktfm  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 FLG"c690  
$`Gl XiV  
③、表示需要概念的动词 \}h   
need, want, require等 E'4Psx9: =  
2R,} j@  
My watch needed repairing TsT5BC63  
My watch needed to be repaired. f$^wu~  
9 l~D}5e7  
④、表示人的情感的动词 } .045 Wuu  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 O0jOI3/P%  
*_I`{9~'  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 P `@Rt  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 U%bm{oVn  
0fX` >-X  
主动和被动技巧总结: M>5OC)E  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 gk| % 4.  
pnSKIn  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the Ojz'p5d`>  
                 A      Nzgi)xX0HX  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, N9|J\;fzT  
                 B J:W+'x`@  
  power structures, and flood-control works along pW.WJ`Rk  
                    C qvu1u GCc  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. g]Y%c73  
                D M`K]g&57hL  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 ^G`6Zg;  
ppn  8  
四、非谓语动词 >3D1:0Sg  
R.WB.FP  
(一) 分词 0,~s0]h0V  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 & 'i_A%V  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 r e zp7  
bP-(N14x+  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then >}F$6KM  
   A @&m]:GR  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. U[3w9  
     B      C            D ,nL~?h-Zh  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning Epp>L.?r  
cO{NiRIb  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 XdThl  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ~Yc ~_)hD  
      A               B   3<<wHK;)  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. USEmD5q  
               C         D <%3fJt-Ie  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living &TRKd) wd  
p/_W*0/i  
IW i0? V  
一些动词后面必须用doing XM!oN^  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 ?;](;n#lU  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, yB7si(,1>  
 advocate, suggest 7Fpa%N/WL  
 delay, quit ?MSZO]Q4+  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, >CKa?N;  
 avoid, escape(逃避) -SD:G]un  
 spend+名词+doing; >.P* lT  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing _:Q^mV=;j  
Z (RsB_u5  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their @>U9CL"  
   A     B    C              D Z\C"/j<y  
  crops. Bi fI.2|  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 m8L %!6o  
M6cybEk`  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, o/ \o -kC}  
               A        B B YB9M  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 5[zr(FuE  
        C          D n}Thc6f3D  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing #|769=1  
GPAC0K^p  
(二) 不定式 o>]w76A^(  
A. 动词不定式的省略 "e\73?P  
①、help后面可以省略to HWoMzp5="3  
  help to do ~O./A-l  
  help sb. to do 1:cq\Y  
S WsD]rn  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid .O~rAu*K  
              A      B   0=`aXb-  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. ZKI` ;  
         C     D $a\X(okx  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 ( #je0ES  
]6=opvm  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 $3#oA. ~R/  
  make, >>J!|  
  let, AsZyPybq  
  have sb. do sth 3_VWtGQ  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. n!b*GXb\  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians "J >, Hr9  
        A               B Z.>?Dt  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. jT QN(a9Y  
   C     D a~tBgy+9  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know gAi}"} ;  
p|*b] 36  
③、感官动词 m} =<@b:l  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe v#sx9$K T  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 /_bM~g  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 HoM8V"8B  
v:j4#pEWD  
0Zl1(;hx@  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 \@n/L{}(@  
(1)表示第一人 :(x 90;DW  
the first woman to do sth. wA)R7%&  
]gj@r[  
(2)表示迫使的动词 .~8IW,[  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do Nb{oH+$b  
%n c+VL4  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis |b7>kM}"  
     A                 B    AB#hh i#  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. eS Fmx  
       C           D I3aEg  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 bmddh2  
o_$r*Z|HG  
gA) F  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 en~(XE1  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 Ip 1QmP  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 %I=J8$B]f  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 -s!PO;qm  
  be apt to do Ul@' z|  
Hm^p^,}_x  
(4)表示目的的名词, SI(8.$1  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 Rx<pV_|H,  
固定的句式: - jw=Iyv  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. jKQP0 t-  
the objective 目标 5Q'R5]?h  
aim BZ T%+s;u9  
goal ! O>mu6:Rf  
reason理由 e O}mZN  
function功能 Bms?`7}N  
intension意图 #sHP\|rA  
t2$:*PvE  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing dk ?0r  
                       A  s`2o\]  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. xMh&C{q  
           B          C     D \dMsv1\  
分析:the function to provide, A错 pL-$Np] V  
]_,~q@r$  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure mnia>; 0H  
                  A       0.5_,a n3  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds wDG4rN9x  
     B  'huLv(U u  
  that make up various components of a living cell. 6bn-NY:i  
    C    D {Q"<q`c  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 xVP GlU  
aU!UY(  
(5) 其他同根名词 1,J.  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 Sm,$~~iq}  
 attempt to do 企图 {m?x},  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 |+bG~~~%j  
 ambition, %Z? o]  
 be ambitious to do  8FITcK^  
 effort BSY#xe V  
>A/=eW/q  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ;z>YwRV  
  A                    B   >R<fm  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. DPOPRi~  
          C       D 4@I]PG  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 p3o?_ !Z  
luT8>9X^:a  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great :S12=sFl$  
  A                   B   >e;f{  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. Q:\hh=^  
       C            D [)A#9L~s=  
分析:efforts to register, C错 cw.7YiU  
 Biwdb  
 P+0xi  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 v3Yj2LSqx  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 9_3M}|V$^e  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. )|x5#b-lz  
.)w 0C%]  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 3)a29uc:U  
I am glad to see you. N}G (pq}  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. G6 5N:  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. (xed(uFEK  
~0|hobk  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 ~*Qpv&y)  
It is difficult to decide. 1.uQ(>n  
a7G2C oM8  
Y;Gm,  
五、句子的结构 `F8 ;{`a  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 TP::y  
9G+rxyWMW  
(一) 主语的重复 o q)"1  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 |"w<CK lQ  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any @0,dyg<$>  
          A      B      0f/!|c  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the P'9io!Z-s  
          C          D m?$G(E5  
  League of Nations. , vyx`wDd  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 a&Du5(r;!  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson )%w8>1 }c  
$i~`vu*  
.WyX/E$I^!  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are h\\2r>  
        A        B  WV"QY/e3  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. xGv,%'u\  
    C         D j YID44$  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 q<[ke   
f ?zK "  
(二)谓语的重复 M`pTT5r  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 Prz +kPP  
Z; SG<  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  ]G~N+\8]U  
    A            B    lv_%  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. >@"3Q`  
         C   D Y_>-p(IH  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 U{uWk3I_b  
NG!cEo:2aa  
(三)谓语的缺少 s1 ^mk]  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body !2U7gVt"*  
          A     B     zn;Hs]G  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. A+1]Ql)$  
         C               D $0 S#d@v}  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 ) wo2GF  
xgqv2s>L  
(四)主句的重复 V&j.>Y  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 eTRx6Fri(  
fy=C!N&/  
2T(, H.O  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite ^r$iN %&~  
      A         B        C   vWi. []  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. W*rU,F|9  
     D . (*kgv@3x  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 CBnouKc:  
rE{ Xo:Cf  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow _QMHP RELk  
        A   B       h;ol"  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. +`s&i%{1>  
      C    D 1S[5#ewB;j  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 'f?&EsIV?  
m!#)JFe67  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided |N=@E,33  
   A                     B  /@:up+$  
  names for towns, only George Washington q ~Q)'*m  
      C m]=oa j@9  
  is remembered in the name of a state. )_c=mT  
          D dp[w?AMhM9  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 4`UL1)A]  
六、比较级和最高级 MCi`TXr  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 wSJ]3gJM`  
>NH4A_  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 Vh#Mp!  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which ;la#Vf:]  
      A               y3KcM#[  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. `z?KL(rI  
     B       C           D iO9nvM<  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 ?9(o*lp  
/Oggt^S  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 uK;K{  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. &'huS?g A9  
     A      B     C  D CCW%G,$U9  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 pyg!rf-  
OBI+<2`Oc  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere y NrinYw  
     A       B     C   D @ kJ0K  
  is the grizzly bear. GJIWG&C03  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 j!lAxlOX  
yV J dZI  
S(>@:`=  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 d1~_?V'r]  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 =mHkXHE~:  
B]^>GH  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ocIt@#20 K  
   A           B  $5TepH0D  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. G}!7tU  
   C                 D J$#h( D%  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 >H0) ph  
w~kHQ%A  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 ~Na=+}.q_  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 5 l41Q  
)p$\gwr=2  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 ^Yj"RM$;N  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 NXzU0  
the taller boy \8;Qv  
UGhW0X3k  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 pOqGAD{D$  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed *0%4l_i  
          A            B T)WZ_bR  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is hc-lzYS  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. 6 m4Te|  
    C          D %ZujCZn  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they <jbj/Q )"  
[RAj3Fr0  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 a @6^8B?w;  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, cyW;,uT)D  
  A  B         C     '5'3_vM  
  the Navajos form largest group. >| wKXz  
         D y L*LJ  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 rm OQ{2}  
yZq?B  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, B;VH`*+X  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language A#<vG1  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 5^\m`gS  
S[v Rw]*  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many Yt -W1vl  
            A      B         C L >SZgmV+  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. }04Dg '  
            D Ig<}dM.Z[  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 Hw Z^D= A  
IWQ&6SDW$z  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the NdZ)[f:2  
例如:my best friends DB#$~(o  
L^lS^P  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial pjACFVMFX  
            A    B     C b7bSTFZxC  
  and banking center. rsWQHH kO  
        D B22b&0  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 H"_v+N5=  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 ~x'zX-@rC  
N r<9u$d9=  
_ \l HI  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary QP:9%f>=  
                 A         Rs2-94$!5  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. v;Es^ YI  
    B   C     D g92dw<$>  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 (-\]A|  
usy,V"{  
七、平行结构 e8{^f]5  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 (etUEb^}T  
PK+ x6]x  
X'@'/[?  
(一) 对等连接词 zka?cOmYF[  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 -KiR j!v |  
单一式: and, or ,but N!L'W\H,  
相关式: both…and, not … but, !R74J=#(  
     either …or, neither…nor NI8~QeGah  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as E67XPvo1+@  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, ,Aj }]h\L  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also cz#_<8'N  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, P>wZ~Hjk  
:G 5C ]'t  
短语式: as well as RM,'o[%  
     rather than (而不是) ~KRnr0  
     other than (除…之外) vLDi ;  
     instead of (代替) N@()F&e  
Lm|al.Z  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 fa{@$ppx  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  3gc"_C\$  
       A     B   v9rVpYc"  
  but he is now living in Detroit. ~<,Sh~Ana.  
       C   D 6m[9b*s7  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 dB3N%pB^  
S+ebO/$>  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics <hv7s,i  
       A         B ug#<LO-.Rd  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford E[?kGR[  
  remained active in city and regional planning. !SF^a6jT  
          C    D  A1-qtAO]  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 Y<Q\d[3^F  
(二)平行的内容 z+/LS5$  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 1[DS'S  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of "={L+di:M  
             A         B   -H\,2FO  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, }V]eg,.BJ  
         C            D J+Bdz6lt  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. GMm'of#  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 V;93).-$  
3eKQ<$w  
JJ5C}`(  
第二、名词单复数的平行 O,mip   
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 &N\[V-GP2G  
'qy#)F  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, U9#WN.noG  
  A     B          C   0M8.U  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. `^##b6jH  
                 D   C4NRDwU|.  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 6[?}6gQ  
h\y-L~2E  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, Gzm$OHbn  
                   A         B G$5m$\K  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. \+Y!ILOI  
      C          D NHiq^ojk  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have g:gB`8w?  
R8<eN9bJ9  
第三、时态的平行 .Z%G@X*  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated I]uhi{\C  
                A     nY^Nbh0  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops N[k<@Q?*a  
                   B {4rQ7J4Ux  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. o4)hxs  
          C    D G|9B )`S  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 0*7*RX  
QnKC#   
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- k dU! kj  
  spread from its home in Central America and V( mn yI  
  now grows throughout the tropics. dr })-R  
   (A) to be    (B) it   TzM=LvA  
   (C) the     (D) its 'b[0ci :  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? [Ox(.  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow p|VcMxT 9-  
"mZ.V  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- )=H{5&e#u  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. n Ga1a  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised <qY5SV,  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised h<3p8eB  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 '29WscU  
DO^y;y>  
第四、排列位置的平行 xm^95}80yh  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. h>3H7n.  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode ^:DyT@hQB5  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  SrZ50Se  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes e@jfIF0=}  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes D4Sh9:\  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 E`)Qs[?Gk  
!_^g8^>2(  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: IZ~.{UQ  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 S< x:t(  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 fNoR\5}!  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 ~@fR[sg<  
r/AHJU3&eY  
八、词序的颠倒 Q!$IQJ]|Y  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 #&siHHs \  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 4}-#mBV]/  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage kaFnw(xa  
              A    B        CEqZ:c  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. afm_Rrg[  
      C       D    d8:C3R  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 SDc" 4g`  
X47Ol  
o!Fl]3F  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 <SQ(~xYi  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only :6u~aT/  
          A      B     :`J>bHE  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. s.y}U5Ty?P  
    C         D NI\H \#bJ  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 &@; RI~  
wLMvC{5  
J @B4 R&V  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 4oJ$dN  
#!d]PH746  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were .Cr1,Po  
          A   B     C   o+^Eu}[.  
  in what is now the United States. ,n5a])Dg  
    D ^zeL+(@r/  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 ][t 6VA  
& rQD`E/  
所有的系动词分为三大类: o7 arxo\  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, V}:'Xgp*N  
    is, remain, keep, stay, 1;`Fe":;vC  
    lie, exit(表示位于) !a[$)c  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 8uA<G /Q;  
    become, turn, grow, Ilef+V^qr  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) A'~#9@l<  
yoW> BX  
第三种,感官动词 ^4UcTjh  
    seem(好像是) D1ZC&B_}-  
    look(看起来好像是) >)y$mc6  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste YZ\@)D;  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 nNs .,J)  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe  *;X-\6  
    A               B     Nm"<!a<F  
   to cause numerous deaths. d<v~=   
        C   D  w&C1=v -h  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 tj 0Qr-/  
4y>(RrVG  
九、词性的混用 N"~ qoJO  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 {\Ys@FF  
D&f!( n  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 "5(W[$f*]v  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词;  < GU  
KcnjF^k  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high Pv[ykrm/  
          A        B      |G=FqAX H  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and ]Y=S  
              C ~.H~XK w  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. vgN@~Xa  
          D |C4o zl=O?  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) aC}p^Nkr"k  
@Rf^P(  
S<9gyW   
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 $i -zMa  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 G4O3h Y.`  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds ^} tuP  
         A       B      RB *P0  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to &AJUY()8  
          C        [)0 R'xL6  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. h*l cEzG?A  
            D ;)P5#S!n-  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 1j+eD:d'  
sc9]sIb  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, :|Upx4]Ec  
            A       j+ I*Xw  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of g(1"GKg 3K  
      B      C K(' 9l& A  
   urban Black people in the United States. y]w )`}Ax  
   D aw]8V:)$J  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 F~%|3a$Y  
oH=4m~'V  
f^~2^p 1te  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 =?^-P{:\?  
表示时间有两种可能, )G mb? !/^  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 4_WH 6Z  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, _@7(g(pY 3  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 r.?qEe8VV  
a$A2IkD  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 5VuC U  
       A     B     C"k2<IE  
  were made while the American Civil War. BF>T*Z-Ki  
   C    D kja4!_d  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 L(W%~UGN V  
YcPKM@xo  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the /F oUo   
   A      B           C    :vw0r`  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. SlR7h$r'  
          D bN]\K/  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 K3j_C` Se  
8moUK3w  
HI}pX{.\  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 !."Izz/  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 u}Lc|_ea`  
?T tQZ  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social &19l k   
                   A     xhw8#  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. vx({N?  
     B   C    D 3WQRN_  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 Xw&QrTDS`  
Np|:dP9#}  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples }IxY(`:qs  
   A        B   C      8<w tf]x  
  easily under the stress of compression. v!WU |=u  
   D }S'I DHla  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 Zm"!E6`69  
`I]1l MJ)o  
*+_fP|cv  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 =NVZ$KOZ  
[lDt0l5^  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine , mAB)at  
    A         B _ Yb Eo+  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. 8:3oH!n  
          C            D .y/NudD  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 T! &[  
P#vv+]/  
UUdu;3E=5  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, /xX,   
         A ')1}#V /I  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. eR#gG^o8  
   B      C      D a< a&6 3  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 e)ZyTuj  
ims=-1,  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 z[0LU]b<  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; Skr \a\ J  
two hundred diligent students
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