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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 5A+@xhRf  
一、代词 |g'ceG-  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 b! r%4Ah  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 4s@Tn>%SP  
  主格、宾格、所有格 W F:4p]0~)  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ]Ljb&*IEj  
FY`t7_Y?GV  
(二) 反身代词 R{ udV  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 }I1j#d0.  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) hM[3l1o{|  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) = 5[%%Lf  
UyFC\vQ  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  aKE`nA0\B  
    A                 B    3D^cPkX  
  a series of indicators that could help }=Xlac_U  
             C      E M`'=<)V  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. mX!*|$bs  
    D ([^#.x)hz  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 sVGQ SJJ5  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 Y]5spqG  
i+pQ 7wx  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 6kMkFZ}+  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 luyu7`  
k"C'8<T)'  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies y ?P`vHf  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ^b}Wl0Fn  
     A   B      C          D Dyc XJ3eQ  
  Pacific. n>7aZ1Qa  
0igB pHS  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 W/b)OlG"2  
:Ocw+X3  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 1e7I2g  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: (9kR'kr  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 m(d|TwG{  
L &hw- .Q  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Y/"t!   
                       A   %4Qs|CM)m  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and u`.)O 2)xU  
             B <P'FqQ]  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. eV/oY1B]<  
   C       D Ir5|H|b<  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 =6O*AJ  
7S&$M-k  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important D6l. x]K  
        A     FpU8$o~r{  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John bk;uKV+<  
   B        C      J=gFiBw  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  CaO-aL  
      D AO]cnh C  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. )wCNLi>4  
9=3DYCk/  
(_<,Oj#*S  
(四) Who和which的区别 .-/IV^lGv  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 !U>WAD9  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 GGr82)E  
8.8t$  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 4oueLT(zc  
              A            B EY<"B2_%  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. .(. <  
   C                  D z\A ),;  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 uf9&o#  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 dXQC}JA  
X~c?C-fV  
(五) that和which的区别 i!e8-gVMP&  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 xk% 62W  
gCC7L(1  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it )"6-7ii7(f  
              A        B |g)>6+?]W  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. @v2ko5  
      C              D z]+L=+,,  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 o!K DeY  
OQB7C0+ &  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 PC<_1!M]  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, `HkNO@N[  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when  qrw  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. aE 9Y |6  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which !p/? IW+  
">z3i`#C'  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly n*=#jL  
              A         B   xi(\=LbhY  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. &t AYF_}  
         C      D @|DQ Zt  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 pLtw|S'4  
m)Kg6/MV.  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  %NxQb'  
  affected the way people in the United States----. r.\L@Y<  
   (A) living and working A!B.+p[ G  
   (B) they live and work lnyfAq}w  
   (C) live and work <SI|)M,, 3  
   (D) to live and to work R/ZScOW[  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 &b tI#  
j/*1zu8Y  
二、介词 kygw}|, N  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 }Ze*/ p-  
\MOwp@|y  
(一) 介词搭配 #Or;"}P>fB  
$z jdCg<  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those - |g"q|  
    A         B   C      fx{8ERo  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. $ItjVc@U  
                D @a?7D;+<  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 Q S&B"7;g  
Z,.Hz\y1D  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. YOD.y!.zq7  
A       B     C  D 4 V')FGB$  
分析:B错改为be rich in j ) 6  
tTLg;YjN  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the t~->&Ja   
    A         B      C S%i^`_=Q  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. %M@K(Qu  
             D 9 Ux(  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 N7+L@CC6T  
`OBzOM  
JNfL jfE)<  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 (j&:   
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 4N,mcV  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. aixX/se  
          A      B  C     D br[iRda@  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 vwU1}H  
hxO}'`:  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has J?QS7#!%  
                 A  B     ]%' AZ`8  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on BNu >/zGpB  
      C ?l0eU@rwQ  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. {{?g%mQ6  
      D 2?JV "O=  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 i})s4%a  
;)(g$r^_i  
2、介词by 4ba*Nc*Yc  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by 8h=t%zMSb  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing b(Nv`'O  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States I\~[GsDY  
    A         B       C0wtMD:G  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. 95l)s],  
   C     D ! _S#8"  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 7n8nJTU{4j  
<^5!]8*O  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils sdFHr4  
   A                      p}1i[//S  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to RY , <*  
     B    C       D )9]a  
   supply moccasins and field rations. e97G]XLR  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 U"PcNQy  
z 6:Wh  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with -'! J?~  
        A                @!sK@&ow@%  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements @(t3<g  
        B          C   ?:(y  
  that are often represented at symbols. 4Yj1Etq.E  
              D  YKyno?m  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 LOh2eZ"n  
三、谓语动词 SyWZOE%p  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 hFrMOc&  
①、主谓分割原则 DB'v7 Ij0  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, YvR bM  
     A     zF1!a  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. FK%b@/7s~  
        B      C      D Jj4 HJ9  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 u47<J?!Q  
-+R,="nRQ  
②、与后者一致原则 jK|n^5\  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ,}oAc  
not only…but also  vy<W4  
Rh>B# \  
!/FRL<mp  
③、与前者一致原则 kDmm  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, n]%- 2`}(  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 Kk3+ ]W<  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and <,i4Ua  
     A      B  C     s9 - qR_  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. *2AD#yIKC  
         D  wJp<ZL  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is #{i*9'  
}7 N6n Zj`  
④、就近原则 5pQpzn =  
or, either…or, neither…nor, #M-!/E  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are >eJ <-3L;  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is \!u<)kkyT  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 =L W!$p  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 lY%I("2=  
\}Q=q$)  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are H& |/|\8F  
        A      B        v~$ V  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. !~#zd]0x;  
    C              D lF}[ YL  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 : |'(T[~L  
zv]ZEWVzc  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 <PLAAh8  
There are five apples that are red. atL<mhRz  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 R)NSJ-A!2  
-FZC|[is  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets p-4$)w~6i  
      A            <4}m:  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 3H2~?CaJ  
   B   C    D ;V,L_"/X  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 [LoQYDku  
WZQ2Mi<&1'  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 !M^O\C)  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 5m8u:6kQu  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 (&}[2pb!  
C;W@OS-;  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 wQ33Gc  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: QjTSbHtH  
a. there be 句型 )vW'g3u_  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 7FC!^)x1  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 / VYT](  
^/C\:hw  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. b-u@?G|<  
   A     B      C    D    eHr0],  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is LG[N\%<!H  
A@V$~&JCL5  
{irc0gI  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific q T6y&  
             A     B     2%@tnk|@  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 A8-[EBkK  
     C         e,%|sAs[  
  miles in width. HE&)N clY  
     D  \F|)w|v  
分析:倒装句,are改为is Fb{N>*l.  
OAXA<  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and o GuAF q  
   A    B       C         ~4 fE`-O  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film u@Hz7Q} P  
                    D ?lC>E[  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. 5]&sXs  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 {o~TbnC  
G_+/ e]P  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 hO"!q;<eS  
fifty percent of + 名词 [FBS|v#T  
one percent of + 名词 J _rrc;F  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: ;"M6}5dQ4  
  one percent of my students + are 8dR `T}  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. iq' PeVo  
jSjC43lh  
这里要强调两个结构 g+B7~Z5,  
half of =fifty percent [H*JFK px  
most of + 可数名词 + are .Y6v#VI  
most of + 不可数名词+ is $b`nV4p  
+zh\W9  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been S%- kN;  
   A       B         C   BL&AZv/T  
  found in central and eastern Canada. DQGrXMpV0  
           D '8]p]#l  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ;`oK5  
1 ^|#QMT  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized K 4GuOl  
                 A   B  >@7$=Y>D  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. b? o  
              C     D =mXC,<]  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 Ba[,9l[  
Rq|6d M6H  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 x*H#?.E  
①、主要考察时间状语 8?iI;(  
~B|m"qY{i  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. p q`uB  
   A        B  C     D > -OOU  
^2- <XD )  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was P<IDb%W  
-gvfz&Lz  
&% rM|  
②、For和since的区别 '^TeV=  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 b*Y Wd3  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 & jqylX  
  I has been a teacher for three years. Dnd; N/9  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. T3fQ #p  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 &IN%2c  
5TJd9:\Af  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became Imv#7{ndq  
   A      B              y. lWyH9  
  the primary responsibility of the president. kQmkS^R  
     C    D J$51z  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 GqHW.s5  
vS\2zwb}  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of -8^qtB  
             A  B  C   9 " q-Bb  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 3q'AgiW  
            D ^Oi L&p;r  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 1<G+KC[F  
Wa|V~PL+T  
G{!er:Vwdh  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  74M9z  
   A       B        C     D :C>7HEh-2_  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live 5(H%Ia  
dLp1l2h!0  
(三) 谓语的语态 r+bGZ  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 ;Xt <\^e  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: i"G'# n~e  
①、prove Oin9lg-jR  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 Zkd{EMW  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; elR'e6Q  
I uxf`sd  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming tkctwjD  
                      A    ?CAU+/  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be g.&B8e  
    B                  C #zl1#TC{(  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. ` 2 <:$]  
                  D zhw* Bed<  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 {\(G^B*\  
fi HE`]0  
W p)! G  
②、Locate,Situate zufphS|  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 .u)KP*_  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 2V@5:tf  
这两个词也可以用作被动 /f[Ek5/-0  
  My school was located near the river. rL-R-;Ca  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语  NAD^10  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. %<>:$4U@]  
   (A)locates :Tpf8  
   (B)locating y tY\&m  
   (C)to locate |> (Vo@  
   (D)is located .8QhJHwd  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 1T#-1n%[k(  
OFr"RGW"  
③、表示需要概念的动词 ;cVK2'  
need, want, require等 Gs~eRcIB  
1?QVt fwY  
My watch needed repairing |$/#,Dv7  
My watch needed to be repaired. !!L'{beF  
}m<+tn 3m  
④、表示人的情感的动词 HB p??.r  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 Vl$RMW@Ds  
|\Gkhi>;  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 =EVB?k ,  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 =A5i84y.2u  
(A2ga):Pk  
主动和被动技巧总结: jy~hLEt7  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 Srw`vql{(  
z@UH[>^gj  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the ;Lg Mi5dN  
                 A      n=b!c@f4  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, F$i50s  
                 B }{:Jj/d p  
  power structures, and flood-control works along !]R>D{""  
                    C 5n>zJ ~  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. [|$C2Dhw=  
                D r!w4Br0  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 -ik$<>{X  
!gyW15z'  
四、非谓语动词 yuq o ^i  
}`Wo(E}O  
(一) 分词 <b ~~X`Z  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 w?_'sP{pd  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 *pO`sC>  
zBca$Vp  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then w[vccARQ  
   A j<WsFVS  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. ;<o?JM  
     B      C            D - ]/=WAOK  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning P7X3>5<;q  
 ^[I> #U  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 |U'`Sc  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in %Ze7d&  
      A               B   4QC_zyTE  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. $? Z}hU  
               C         D a&kt!%p:  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living $Ups9pQ  
%"#ydOy  
=~ ,2E;#X  
一些动词后面必须用doing @5 ??` n  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 !u:;Ew  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, C%%gCPI^y  
 advocate, suggest =pj3G?F#  
 delay, quit ;S&anC#E  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, ,l,q;]C%  
 avoid, escape(逃避) *6}'bdQbNP  
 spend+名词+doing; W8-vF++R  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing q&:%/?)x  
GUJ?6;  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their "2tKh!?Q  
   A     B    C              D  zDxJK  
  crops. 5]kv1nQ  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 }:s.m8LC5n  
3<1x>e2nT  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, ts,V+cEA  
               A        B m,5?|J=  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. (b1e!gJpy  
        C          D c:B` <  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing _Db&f}.`  
4)XB3$<  
(二) 不定式 ^ME'D  
A. 动词不定式的省略 V he$vH  
①、help后面可以省略to vr6YE;Rs  
  help to do @ W,<8  
  help sb. to do >$a;+v  
?1LRR ;-x  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid g`2O h5dA  
              A      B   i{Du6j^j  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. N&$ ,uhmO  
         C     D >4+KEK  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 j0{Qy;wP )  
cT;Zz5  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 R. vVl+  
  make, e3[Q6d&|  
  let, _lm^v%J$  
  have sb. do sth $++O@C5  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. .2ZFJ.Z"  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians *=T(ncR['  
        A               B M[Nv>  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. K7nyQGS  
   C     D @:>gRD  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know 8f65;lyN  
{:Kr't<XzF  
③、感官动词 jCIY(/  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe 1Lp; LY"_  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 6)20%*[  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 nI1(2a1  
2. {/ls  
|y+_BZ5  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 !aL=R)G&e  
(1)表示第一人 n.C5w8f  
the first woman to do sth. AD@ {7  
(=EDqAZg  
(2)表示迫使的动词 JZ&_1~Z=  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do #l3)3k* ;  
Ki&a"Fu3  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis HIC!:|  
     A                 B    9jM7z/Ff  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. [9#zE URS  
       C           D & d$X:  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 *v?kp>O  
Wcm8,?*  
*-{|m1P  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 xtLP 4VL  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 <^_crJONom  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 IOY7w"|LW  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 2% OAQ(  
  be apt to do r9L--#=z  
vUOl@UQ5  
(4)表示目的的名词, D!.1R!(Z  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 $$"G1<EZ  
固定的句式: =9,^Tu|  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. s f->8  
the objective 目标 f fBd  
aim bovAFdHW  
goal Jmi,;Af'/  
reason理由 HEIg_6sb  
function功能 XoL DqN!  
intension意图 F"O\uo:3  
VuH ->  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing 0y?;o*&U\  
                       A  ( }Bb= ~  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. rjO{B`sV*  
           B          C     D ]dI^ S  
分析:the function to provide, A错 Jww#zEK  
x&0kIF'lq  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure |%mZ|,[  
                  A       2zW IB[  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds D& D6!jz  
     B  PPIO<K 3`  
  that make up various components of a living cell. g=Vu'p 3u  
    C    D $T^q>v2u  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 kP ,8[r  
}$'_%,  
(5) 其他同根名词 o5NmNOXm  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 G[yzi  
 attempt to do 企图 Y%;X7VxU*  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 k4{|Xn  
 ambition, tm^joK[{|J  
 be ambitious to do  Q47R`"  
 effort RO,TNS~  
C8> i{XOO,  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation =2Yt[8';  
  A                    B   #]tDxZ] 6  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. Y6VJr+Ap(  
          C       D 3WGET[3  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 _G/ R;N71  
m{ !$_z8:  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great vf{$2 rC  
  A                   B   o&Xp%}TI  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. R P<M  
       C            D RBn/7  
分析:efforts to register, C错 L,y q=%h|  
ocZ}RI#Q  
ofQs /  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 s)r !3HS  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 x-CjxU3  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. yj4"eDg]  
D!,5j_,j%  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 ?96r7C|  
I am glad to see you. S u6kpC!EW  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. JP<j4/  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. E0+L?(;  
7CH&n 4v  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 z:f&k}(  
It is difficult to decide. l%"DeRp,/  
k4LrUd  
5S!#^>_  
五、句子的结构 5tbCx!tL  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 |JIlp"[  
F8-GnT xa  
(一) 主语的重复 Az:~|P  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 w gS'/  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any uE')<fVX(  
          A      B      TF :'6#p  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the #U`AK9rP_g  
          C          D kiM:( =5  
  League of Nations. I~n4}}9M  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 2.%)OC!q&5  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson zni9  
]Wkgpfd56  
yk?bz  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are =|E "  
        A        B  {UP[iw$~  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. vEg%ivj3  
    C         D u:p OP  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 HfSx*@\s  
59)w+AW  
(二)谓语的重复 Uyb0iQ-,s  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 x>EL|Q=?  
{OPEW`F  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  ulsU~WW7r  
    A            B    % vUU Fub  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. o:QL%J{[  
         C   D h}SZ+G/L  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 \09A"fs{  
O+o)z6(  
(三)谓语的缺少 2@tnOs(*  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body sn:VMHrOT  
          A     B    ,VVA^'+  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. 6{.U7="  
         C               D 9 o,` peH  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 LnE/62){N  
X,w X)9]J  
(四)主句的重复 D{JjSky  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 r gIWM"  
&YY`XEG59O  
:L@ ;.s  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite  'l5  
      A         B        C   )$S=iL8(  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. k'O.1  
     D 5vLXMdN  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 \#%GVru!  
fhN\AjB6Td  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow :^kAFLU  
        A   B       :8@)W<>%  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. Sa<(F[p`  
      C    D H[.)&7M\  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 -*mbalU,J  
*>W<n1r@]  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided } iKjef#J  
   A                     B  X:s~w#>R  
  names for towns, only George Washington i FZGfar?  
      C P+f}r^4}  
  is remembered in the name of a state. [j/|)cj  
          D [;ZCq!)>  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 DRm`y>.  
六、比较级和最高级 f@;pN=PS  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 uEb:uENk'(  
YT8q0BR]  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 me2vR#  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 4)e1K/PJ)  
      A               nmiJ2edx  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. b/[X8w'VP  
     B       C           D J #C4A]A  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 ?n{m2.H  
r1 :TM|5L  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 Z]uc *Ed  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. R5e[cC8o .  
     A      B     C  D YZfi-35@g  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 =b*GV6b  
AQ$)JPs  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere \LJ!X3TZ  
     A       B     C   D %'WC7s  
  is the grizzly bear. }^$#vJ(a7K  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 B ZU@W%E  
=_=%1rI~  
B~}BDnu6  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 O-7)"   
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 JZ`u?ZaJ/s  
0#Gm# =F  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with CC^]Y.9  
   A           B  'eBD/w5U  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. '2Zs15)V  
   C                 D #xx.yn(7  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 +fY@q ,`  
-flcB|I`  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 .0yBI=QI  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as xKBi".wA  
VXZYRr3F  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 fcp_<2KH  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 6wpu[  
the taller boy D"$ 97  
tkm@&e=e%  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 /Bgqf,N |  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed Chl^LEN:  
          A            B @VHstjos^V  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is z2Wblh"_  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. 7)}_' p  
    C          D SN")u  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they bZUw^{~)D  
&b,A-1`w_  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 kLF3s#k  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, d^54mfgI  
  A  B         C     |Wck-+}U  
  the Navajos form largest group. /ho7~C+H*e  
         D ;2`t0#J$]  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 lxZ9y  
0iC5,  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, qp*~  |  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language F@ |(  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 3&E@#I^] ,  
+>eX1WoTy  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many ?HOnDw.v1  
            A      B         C +-TE B  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 8z|]{XW{  
            D )#4(4 @R h  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 Omn $O>  
;[Xf@xf  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the QA~F  
例如:my best friends !jEV75  
xrY >Or  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial j5n"LC+oz  
            A    B     C J?t(TW6E   
  and banking center. bx6=LK  
        D h<'tQGC  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ;*nzb!u\\  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 XmVst*2=  
N5#j}tT  
l.;^w  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary 6r %i=z  
                 A         #U3q +d+^  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. y fuH  
    B   C     D X$t!g`  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 tK+JmbB\  
m>w{vqPwJ  
七、平行结构 NYxL7:9  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 !w!k0z]  
|XQ\c.A  
e!w{ap8u  
(一) 对等连接词 u,=?|M\  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 PF)s>  
单一式: and, or ,but ?< Ma4yl</  
相关式: both…and, not … but, d[H`Fe6h  
     either …or, neither…nor X*Q<REDB  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as YoQQ ,  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, g>b{h kIXg  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also i_!$bk< yo  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, x A*6Z)Y  
)T slI  
短语式: as well as 5lwMc0{/3  
     rather than (而不是) iK5[P  
     other than (除…之外) [ 'B u  
     instead of (代替) Vhn Ir#L+  
mgq4g  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 G ,`]2'(@  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  rNke&z:%X_  
       A     B   ;<F^&/a|yQ  
  but he is now living in Detroit. Iy4 RE P|  
       C   D i8*(J-M  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 M,r8 No  
SapVS*yx@  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics G 40  
       A         B OSh'b$Z  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford &!+1GI9z  
  remained active in city and regional planning. j97K\]tQ  
          C    D  6OtNWbB  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 p~-)6)We?  
(二)平行的内容 +mO/9m  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 4jVd  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of J'wJe,  
             A         B   *oh,Va  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, A(+V{1 L'  
         C            D i\K88B&24  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. Q[T)jo,j%  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 =,s5>2  
vcP_gJz  
9S5C{~P4  
第二、名词单复数的平行 _~y-?(46K  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 {JfL7%  
GIS,EwA  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, z gxMDLH  
  A     B          C   Ud#xgs'  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. =< P$mFP2*  
                 D   ^>y|{;`  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 9G[t &r  
@[TSJ i  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, 0.U- tg0  
                   A         B iW[%|ddk  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. b>& 3 XDz  
      C          D @8cn<+"b  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have @Fb 2c0?Y  
t YhNr  
第三、时态的平行 xr^fP~V|)0  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated NU 3s^ 8\(  
                A     87R$Y> V  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops {t('`z  
                   B 5^N` ~  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. NV\{$*j(|J  
          C    D C]krJse@  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 YG#{/;^nm)  
}x"8v&3CM_  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- #\6k_toZ  
  spread from its home in Central America and GP=bp_L  
  now grows throughout the tropics. Tqx  
   (A) to be    (B) it   ~AcjB(  
   (C) the     (D) its YcM 0A~<  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? R1Q~UX]d=  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow HQc^ybX5  
%eJE@$  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 1HeE$  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. q=26($  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised I:] Pd  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised Ka8Bed3  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 fczH^+mI  
e @|uG%  
第四、排列位置的平行 xsx0ZovhY  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. T{lK$j  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode 0G8zFe*p  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  <1kK@m -E  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes E&\ 0+-Dw  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes f}Uf* Bp  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 'CvV Kt k  
;2547b[ ]  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: 8/W2;>?wKc  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 ;_A ?Zl}  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 :Gf  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 'H'R6<z5  
5:SS2>~g  
八、词序的颠倒 #9q ]jjH E  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 1m<8M[6u  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 ]=(PtzVa  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage `'b2 z=j  
              A    B        )Vpt.4IBd  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. 1raq;^e9  
      C       D    X 3(*bj>P  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 Mo[ yRRS#  
]Tn""3#1g  
Ev0=m;@_  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 dg@'5.ApPu  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only fmv,)UP  
          A      B     uS5AD h  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. r|Q/:UV?w  
    C         D |L(h+/>aWX  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 HD>UTX`&mc  
uevhW  
#?7g_  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 lF3wTf/j  
wfQImCZ>l  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were KDLrt  
          A   B     C   #F'8vf'r  
  in what is now the United States. f;obK~b[  
    D ? w@)3Z=u  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 QNGp+xUHJ9  
Y {|is2M9'  
所有的系动词分为三大类:  !x EGN@  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, ?{wD%58^oG  
    is, remain, keep, stay, ;e6- *  
    lie, exit(表示位于) Pdk#"H-j  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 ` pfRY!  
    become, turn, grow, ^CP>|JWD^  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) R _Z 9 aQ  
I8{ mkh  
第三种,感官动词 aq - |  
    seem(好像是) q$'[&&_  
    look(看起来好像是) ;3+_aoY  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste ]E#W[6'VtB  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 _,3%)sn-)  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe _=HNcpDA;0  
    A               B     b fI= =  
   to cause numerous deaths. %+ytX]E  
        C   D  \6%`)p  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 \f@obp  
D7g B%  
九、词性的混用 `bF4/iBW  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 ywA7hm  
hP$5>G(3  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 \s7/`  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; (W?t'J^#  
NKl`IiGv  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high v1=N?8Hz1  
          A        B      \=Od1i  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and \cK#/;a#  
              C AOe f1^S=  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. S }qGf%  
          D k+~2 vmS  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) 3 6t^iV*3  
<,Mf[R2N>  
 #"fn;  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 3Pvz57z{  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 . Ctd$  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds P_)=sj!>-  
         A       B      \{v-Xe&d^  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to uZ'(fnZ$  
          C        5..YC=_20  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. G!lF5;Ad`  
            D ]}n|5  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 [}l#cG6 k  
KY?ujeF  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, )a9C3-8Y'  
            A       t#w,G  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of a'r1or4  
      B      C ).-#  
   urban Black people in the United States. gw^W6v  
   D X"7x_ yOZ  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 VCwC$ts  
*$Z y|&[Z  
m#4h5_N  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 ,C|{_4  
表示时间有两种可能, /IF?|71,m  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 >pe!T aBN  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, EAy@kzY?  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 ]c bXI  
:jC$$oC].  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence mF UsTb]f  
       A     B     ?bg /%o  
  were made while the American Civil War. ^%tn$4@@Z.  
   C    D h B_p  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 H)CoByaj  
hT`&Xb  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the 6ND*L0  
   A      B           C    y]+[o1]-c  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. G~ LQM  
          D &N]e pV>  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 oOaLD{g>  
4wGBB{X  
t=|}?lN<  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ,X;$-.  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 '-Oh$hqCx|  
p"- %~%J=  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social yu&muCA  
                   A     V?mk*CU  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. fEiNHVx  
     B   C    D Q7{{r&|t&  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 atw*t1)g  
qk>SM| {  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples ma!C:C9#J  
   A        B   C      !ZvVj\{  
  easily under the stress of compression. />pAZa  
   D }2:q#}"  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 _HjB'XNr(  
/m,i,NX07  
;b. m X  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 MgN;[4|[h  
*5?Qam3  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine p$= 3$I  
    A         B p GF;,h>  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. 9j5|o([J  
          C            D .Cs'@[Ciy  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 #$L/pRC  
-3wid1SOm  
UH;bg}=8  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, .j"heYF)  
         A +JY8"a97>  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. YC<FKWc  
   B      C      D ^,?>6O  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 $sZ4r>-  
Eza^Tbq%j?  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 0;,Y_61  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; RBg2iG$ 8|  
two hundred diligent students
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