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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 @IyH(J],h  
一、代词 LN3dp?;_{  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 ^p-e  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 M_.,c Vk  
  主格、宾格、所有格 8.3_Wb(c  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) 2p;}wYt  
1PTu3o&3  
(二) 反身代词 [?f.0q  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 QB|fFj58u  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) zQj%ds:  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) ):\{n8~  
%WT:RT_  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  Dx# @D#  
    A                 B    I7z]%Z  
  a series of indicators that could help ^FMa8;'o  
             C      V?J,ab$X#  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. ]GR q  
    D %iS]+Sa.K  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ]j$p_s>  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 I \%Lb z  
MMr7,?,$  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 ee0>B86tE  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 0#{]!>R  
m;+1;B  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies KdMA58)  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the S!!\!w>N  
     A   B      C          D -xgmc-LGo  
  Pacific. [%,=0P}  
DSZhl-uGM  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 ]JPPL4wAT  
iwjl--)@K  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 zp-~'kIJ  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: /~huTKA}  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 *"sDaN0@R  
+9rbQ? '  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined |8{iIvi/  
                       A   uOqDJM'RM  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and #|h8u`  
             B G6mM6(Sr  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. GJfNO-  
   C       D y/VmjsN}  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Nh/ArugP5P  
TEZqAR]G  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important r9*H-V$  
        A     H 1i4_T  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John zb,`K*Z{  
   B        C      8>;o MM  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  ^@"f%3  
      D o;I86dI6C  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 4<Y[L'UaA@  
lfd{O7L0b  
:u93yH6~8  
(四) Who和which的区别 X]%4QIeS  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 <QLj6#d7Y  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 scwlW b<N  
P"<ad kr  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who XaSl6CH  
              A            B KO$8l Mm$  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. T8 /'`s  
   C                  D l%/, Ef*3  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 u{G6xuPWf  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 +O6@)?pI  
Vdyx74xX  
(五) that和which的区别 N?:S?p9R@  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 /m:}rD  
 $nWmoe)  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it =wc[ r?7  
              A        B H8U*oLlc  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. VtFh1FDI\  
      C              D E ..[F<5  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 $!lxVZ>  
h#9)M  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 yKJp37R  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, C:cu1Y9  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when NeP1 #  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. L3\{{QOA  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 7 5u*ZMK  
`{":*V   
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly `P~RG.HO  
              A         B   49 D*U5o  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. _{aVm&^kA  
         C      D Qt$Q/<8U  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 :H{8j}"  
s*@.qN  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  g;pymz  
  affected the way people in the United States----. n3w2&  
   (A) living and working A`KTm(  
   (B) they live and work aw`mB,5U  
   (C) live and work ]pt @  
   (D) to live and to work 6S(3tvUr  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 1JM~Ls%Z  
-4;u|0_  
二、介词 0|cQx VJb  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 0y(d|;':  
5ZPl`[He  
(一) 介词搭配 22GtTENd1h  
NXV%j},>  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 0-@waK  
    A         B   C      IL<5Suz:  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. xKxWtZ0  
                D ), n?"  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 DQ,QyV  
C'{Z?M>  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. %K zURv  
A       B     C  D zdY`c  
分析:B错改为be rich in I%%$O' S  
( \]_/ W  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the %o5GD  
    A         B      C a+MC[aFr  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. U\51j  
             D t]Vw` z%G  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 nwz}&nR  
E;%{hAD{  
Nz2}Ma 2  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 ?L|@{RS{|  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 y1P?A]v  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. ~fr1O`8  
          A      B  C     D B~z& "`  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 5Pn$@3  
d!,V"*S  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has ([s2F%S`@  
                 A  B     +i{&"o4}  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on ^lbOv}C*  
      C 'j>Q7M7q{  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. AuSL?kZ4|Y  
      D 2g|+*.*`  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 c[ga@Vy  
pl'n 0L<l  
2、介词by 0!\pS{$zB  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by SkVW8n*s  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing BPtU]Bv-  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States |G!-FmIK  
    A         B       r>A, 7{  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. l. !5/\  
   C     D dKi+~m'w  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 D'c, z[  
4ijoAW3A^  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils yIOoVi\m  
   A                      S3A OT  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to +)dQd T0Fq  
     B    C       D rq:R6e  
   supply moccasins and field rations. XN'x`%!*3#  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 #0zMPh /U}  
E}00y%@*J  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ]KBzuz%  
        A                i*_T\_=  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements ]*'V#;s  
        B          C   MR}GxI  
  that are often represented at symbols. h%|Jkx!v-t  
              D gf$5pp-  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 A (S=  
三、谓语动词 s G!SSRL@  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 KP(RK4F  
①、主谓分割原则 *G"L]Nq#  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Lnc _)RF  
     A     8q58H[/c  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. (,z0 V+ !  
        B      C      D $k5mI1~  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 EdbL AagI6  
zkHwoAD;t8  
②、与后者一致原则 V4@ HIM  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, n%yMf!M .:  
not only…but also 1#9qP~#]'{  
x=7hOI5u  
mMo<C_~w&  
③、与前者一致原则 YaI8hj@}  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, sz}YX R=m  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 )xwWig.  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 7v\K,P8  
     A      B  C     unn2MP'  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. :j2G0vHIl(  
         D 7[aSP5e>T  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is yv2BbrYyy  
5[NF  
④、就近原则 z@5t7e)!R  
or, either…or, neither…nor, g!%C_AI   
单数名词+or+复数名词+are QQ*yQ\  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ( 5AgI7I,  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 ,jVj9m  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 s+m,ASj  
+o&&5&H R  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are 1~X~"M  
        A      B        W '54g$T  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 7k b eAJ+{  
    C              D F^Q[P4>m\  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 tTa" JXG  
hN% h.;s  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 ZUE?19GA  
There are five apples that are red. 6OeRBD&  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 f#9DU}2m  
K&{*sa r  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 5tyr$P! N  
      A            G4Y]fzC  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. [3":7bB 'E  
   B   C    D y~jKytq^@  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 Z$h39hm?c  
q*Xp"yBTo  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 enu",wC3  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 5x/q\p-{/  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 J('p'SlI  
L|DSEth  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 , O=@I  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: 0-dhGh?.  
a. there be 句型 pf.T{ /%  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 G7lC'~}  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 Q}!U4!{i|p  
mea]m)P  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 9.5h QZ  
   A     B      C    D    ?5m[Qc (<  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is tR#uDE\wR  
Z iDmx-X  
}#@P+T:b  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 6.tppAO+  
             A     B    ~AuvB4xe~  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 rS9*_-NH  
     C         )|/t}|DIx  
  miles in width. ?7:"D e  
     D  C78d29  
分析:倒装句,are改为is *n?6x!A  
T$%u=$E%F  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 4BuS? #_  
   A    B       C         vzaxi;S<  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film vE?qF9I{$0  
                    D 5n.4>yOY  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. A'|W0|R9  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 2ok>z$Y  
~"Ek X  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 OY~5o&Oa  
fifty percent of + 名词 x)#k$ QU  
one percent of + 名词 |#5JI #,vX  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: TaM,9MAu  
  one percent of my students + are +}4vdi"  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. g;] 2'Rj  
m !;mEBL{  
这里要强调两个结构 Kt}dTpVFr  
half of =fifty percent #C%<g:F8  
most of + 可数名词 + are D>*%zz|  
most of + 不可数名词+ is "c\T  
C UBcU  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been V=(4 c  
   A       B         C   w V56LW  
  found in central and eastern Canada. ,  PN?_N  
           D vgE5(fJh  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 4TR:bQZs  
v/yk T9@;  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized PrN?;Z.  
                 A   B  ;yk@`<  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. IHagRldG  
              C     D ~=c^ Oo:  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 Wdy2;a<\{  
kV<VhBql!  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 t9P` nfY  
①、主要考察时间状语 XTeU 2I  
(4c<0<"$  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. \*_a#4a  
   A        B  C     D *4(.=k  
6(ja5)sn*  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was u-k*[!JU  
sk],_l<  
3d,|26I7f  
②、For和since的区别 fk",YtS*  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 S*\`LBl"nX  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ^,`yt^^A  
  I has been a teacher for three years. thq(tK7  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. 4l z9z>J.V  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 2j_L jY'7  
\9 ^w M>U  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became a Fl(K\  
   A      B              b)`<J @&{  
  the primary responsibility of the president. xOEj+ %M  
     C    D X}S<MA`  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 >pn?~  
xe_c`%_  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of n.Ekpq\  
             A  B  C   V}Oxz 04  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 6LUB3;g7  
            D 'S&5zwrH  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 \GBv@  
{:!*1L  
"-\I?k  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  HjL+Wg  
   A       B        C     D @_0XK)pW  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live F DXAe-|Q  
[&"`2n  
(三) 谓语的语态 EtKy?]i  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 N9idk}T  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: A"d=,?yE  
①、prove `BF+)fs  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 UJ n3sZ<}  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; MBp%TX!  
l*":WzRGvF  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming sA#}0>`3S  
                      A   ^ e1@o\]  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be !%?O`+r  
    B                  C ?^n),mR  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. [+ K jun_  
                  D [0qe ?aI  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 Je5}Z.3m  
O`K2mt\%  
E2K{9@i  
②、Locate,Situate {bHUZen  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 n+MWny  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 fG9 ;7KG  
这两个词也可以用作被动 /o OZ>B%1s  
  My school was located near the river. B X\/Am11  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 +`,;tz=?  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. ,2YZB*6h{  
   (A)locates .V4-  
   (B)locating JTIt!E}P  
   (C)to locate 6_,JW{#"  
   (D)is located L4,b ThSG  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 /sfJ:KP0  
sSd/\Ap  
③、表示需要概念的动词 nr2 Q[9~  
need, want, require等 1U% /~  
JIhEkY  
My watch needed repairing I`zd:o]  
My watch needed to be repaired. Aa=:AkrH  
Y{D%v  
④、表示人的情感的动词 +$|fUn{  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 H4s~= iB  
')U~a  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 ! !A0K"h  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 V(_1q  
y(o)} m*0  
主动和被动技巧总结: RN[I%^$"  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 I]^>>>p$  
=hkYQq`Q  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 4);_f  
                 A      ZUHRATT-  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, )V\@N*L`ik  
                 B 1h&`mqY)L.  
  power structures, and flood-control works along &^r>Q`u  
                    C DMM<,1  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. <.Ws; HN}  
                D xSm;~')g  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 1@DC#2hPr  
X` zWw_i  
四、非谓语动词 y3zP`^  
93>4n\  
(一) 分词 t:2v`uk  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 Ax;=Zh<DAv  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 9af.t  
7;s#QqG`I  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then 1u 9hA~rj  
   A ;V xRaj?  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. T3X'73M  
     B      C            D Z!)~?<gcq:  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning l3>S{  
v1 .3gzR  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 kAki 9a(=!  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in  !+eH8  
      A               B   c$O8Rhx  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 9} (w*>_L  
               C         D #Wk=y?sn  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living @^P^- B  
"& ,ov#  
]~({;;3o-  
一些动词后面必须用doing S<tw5!tJ  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 1( pHC  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, gcJ!_KZK  
 advocate, suggest @(3F4Z.i%.  
 delay, quit k }=<51c  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, XKoY!Y\  
 avoid, escape(逃避) YX\vk/[|  
 spend+名词+doing; #b/qR^2qW  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing h051Ol\v*  
XLN bV?  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their $></%S2g  
   A     B    C              D |>.Q U3  
  crops. x:Y9z_)O  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 XYE wn_Y  
"y1Iu   
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, <W4F`6`x  
               A        B OQVrg2A%(  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. GG} %  
        C          D nhV"V`|d  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing ]v+<K63@T  
PRKZg]?  
(二) 不定式 |Splbs k  
A. 动词不定式的省略 q7R]!zk  
①、help后面可以省略to ]%Q!%uTh  
  help to do I \ :WD"  
  help sb. to do QV;o9j  
+#O+%!  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid WK ~H]w  
              A      B   %uW  =kr  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. &#r+a'  
         C     D baxZ>KNi  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 Q$jEmmm%V[  
pLMt 2 G  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 \}jMC  
  make, DaQ"Df_X  
  let, #c"eff  
  have sb. do sth @"@a70WHk  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. IqOg{# sm  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians D3pz69W  
        A               B h Yu6PWK  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. 0;Z|:\P\=  
   C     D .@1+}0  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know .*O*@)}Ud  
\pmS*Dt  
③、感官动词 m[DQ;`Y  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe +WX/4_STV  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 N0`9/lr|  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 2q f|+[X  
j3-YZKpg  
BN/ 4O?jD9  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 :]3X Ez  
(1)表示第一人 spK8^sh  
the first woman to do sth. hlVye&;b8  
%nA})nA7=  
(2)表示迫使的动词 D9rQ%|}S  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do (d9~z  
}{0}$#z u  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis jNZ .Fb  
     A                 B    }\ _.Mg^y  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. b?wrOS  
       C           D kHM Jh~  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 I8#2+$Be+@  
CEfqFn3^  
IsXNAYj  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 ct+F\:e  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 1(' wg!  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 )Q 2Ap&  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 U1 `5P!ov  
  be apt to do DYX{v`>f^  
m\teE]8x  
(4)表示目的的名词, ,GOIg|51  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 *tjaac;z<J  
固定的句式: =<\22d5L  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. 0nc(2Bi  
the objective 目标 Lg4|6.Ez|P  
aim i0M6;W1T  
goal A}fm).Wp@  
reason理由 py6<QoGV  
function功能 .zb  
intension意图 .Ys e/oEo  
!~ o%KQt  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing iXWzIb}CJ-  
                       A  $S>'0 mL  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. eKLvBa-{@  
           B          C     D qrMED_(D  
分析:the function to provide, A错 m .++nF  
!7t&d  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure t?hfP2&6  
                  A       Jm!,=} oP'  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds d&3"?2 IQ  
     B  @ x `X|>&  
  that make up various components of a living cell. cvcZ\y  
    C    D Y:CX RU6eD  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 lI yMNw  
Cm;cmPPl  
(5) 其他同根名词 2l?^\9&  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 HMVP71  
 attempt to do 企图 DN:| s+Lz  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响  hh4R  
 ambition, L9jT :2F  
 be ambitious to do  NL]_;\ h  
 effort b |:Y3_>  
Hn >VPz+I  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation [~Ky{:@)[  
  A                    B   ;6@sC[  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 'goKYl#1Q  
          C       D z5gVP8*z5  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 4T3Z9KD!8  
~!ooIwNNz  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great \k5"&]I3  
  A                   B   R'sNMWM  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. =?$~=1SL+  
       C            D %|JiFDjp  
分析:efforts to register, C错 &|Wqzdo?#  
"gy&eR>  
6 D Xja_lp  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 WzstO}?P(  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 46]BRL2 G  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. /[dMw *SRz  
W8S sv  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 0U~$u  
I am glad to see you. N ;=z o-8  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. PwW$=M{\.  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. 8Azh&c  
sJx_X8  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 |` ~ioF  
It is difficult to decide. CPZ,sWg5  
3" m]A/6C}  
kr+p&|.  
五、句子的结构 )1!<<;@0  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ~(v5p"]dj  
w^Y/J4 I0  
(一) 主语的重复 ('J@GTe@xj  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 VIdKe&,  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any C<C$df  
          A      B      <c[\\ :Hh*  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the Y f!Oo  
          C          D d eT<)'"  
  League of Nations. i*/i"W<  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 s>o#Ob@4'  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson {)"[_<  
=tD*,2]  
60^j<O  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are : wS&3:h  
        A        B  "W"^0To  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. 9{OO'at?  
    C         D  :W,S  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 Cg]|x+  
TiI/I`A  
(二)谓语的重复 iY/2 `R  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 Cd)g8<  
eZOR{|z  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  f;^ +q-Q  
    A            B    ]0* aE  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. w\GJ,e  
         C   D (|<S%?}J  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 Oq~{HJ{  
)&_bY~P  
(三)谓语的缺少 B-N//ef}  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body K+vD&Z^  
          A     B    P}8hK   
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. jdG2u p  
         C               D ^slIR!L  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 Y^Buz<OiG  
HjA~3l7  
(四)主句的重复 Ld*Ds!*'/  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ivgX o'=  
|iUF3s|?  
ks. p)F>]  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite L?nhm=D  
      A         B        C   \m|5Aqs  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. (Z>?\iNJ  
     D u_WUJ_  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。  dHx4yFS  
uq]= L  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow ltNI+G  
        A   B       h$`m0-'  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. !q$VnqFk  
      C    D vh.8m $,  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ^E/6 vG  
S N"Y@y)=  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided p,z>: 3M  
   A                     B  4PD5i  
  names for towns, only George Washington 0B 1nk!F  
      C "\Dqtr w  
  is remembered in the name of a state. =k d-rIBc  
          D vxf09v{-  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 K+ /wJ9^B  
六、比较级和最高级 *?Wz/OJ0  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 sE]z.Po=  
5hEA/G  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 B7qi|Fw  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which rgXX,+cO  
      A               ])qnPoQ<n  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. HrLws95'  
     B       C           D g'km*EV  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 ~)pZ5%C  
%! Sjbh  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 ci? \W 6  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. rUV'DC?eE  
     A      B     C  D Tl"r#  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 .+8#&Uy  
oP 7)  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere FN26f*/  
     A       B     C   D YJz06E1 -9  
  is the grizzly bear. xG4 C 6 s  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 T|$tQgY^  
T{3-H(-gA  
d@ZXCiA},  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 6ypHH 2X  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 n[a%*i6x  
?: vB_@  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ?*q-u9s9  
   A           B  K.?S,qg  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. 5@bm m]  
   C                 D C?g*c  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 |M?VmG/6  
CF_2ez1u0y  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 /T&+vzCF  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as @, z4 {B  
uF*tlaV6  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 D0gz ((  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 dlV HyCW  
the taller boy Zq/=uB7Z  
}f] ~{^  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 ARB^]  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed h4>q~&Pd  
          A            B a&n}pnEn)  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is s(Fxi|v;  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. n]_<6{: U  
    C          D }~NWOJ3;  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they G8hDR^ra  
4 g/Ly8  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 E K^["_*A  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, p( [FZ  
  A  B         C     F!6;< !&h  
  the Navajos form largest group. nc>Ae`"(  
         D _dw6 C2]P  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 vM /D7YS:  
\kksZ4,  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, 'uV;)~  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 0%hOB :  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the )XL}u4X  
S"joXmJ/-C  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many 3%SwCYd  
            A      B         C E6y ?DXW H  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. p7Q %)5o  
            D SAw. 6<Wy-  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 :f58JLX  
ZU-vZD>  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 75t5:>"[  
例如:my best friends ZQPv@6+oY  
bMpCQ  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial `(7HFq<N  
            A    B     C P~" `Og+  
  and banking center. /iekww^54  
        D C 9:5c@G  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 w- .=u3  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 c fEi]  
E _DSf  
qhiO( !jK  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary D.\s mk  
                 A         3bp'UEF^k  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. N6BFs (  
    B   C     D ]M;aVw<!  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 6mi: %)"  
>=_Z\ wA  
七、平行结构 `/mcjKQ&9y  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 62X;gb  
=A,6KY=E  
Z+< zKn}  
(一) 对等连接词 A:3:Cr  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 ~fE6g3  
单一式: and, or ,but ]~SOGAFW  
相关式: both…and, not … but, %y/8i%@6  
     either …or, neither…nor fr1/9E;  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as 8yH*  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, luyU!  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also 52$7vYMto  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, 8jE6zS }m  
rH9wRY(  
短语式: as well as ]Y'oxh  
     rather than (而不是) do2~LmeW  
     other than (除…之外) 2[W1EQI  
     instead of (代替) h]rF2 B  
idLysxN  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 K; 7o+Xr  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  o5(p&:1M  
       A     B   J Cu3,O!q  
  but he is now living in Detroit. s bZ$h <  
       C   D *^XfEO  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 KLI(Rve24  
sE4= 2p`x  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics AnV\{A^  
       A         B lF]cUp#<  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford PQ`p:=~>:i  
  remained active in city and regional planning. 289@O-  
          C    D  &u62@ug#}  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 m>C}T  
(二)平行的内容 olNgtSX  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 7 tOOruiC  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of `C~RA, M  
             A         B   {*V CR  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, ~$1Zw&X  
         C            D 4\)"Ih  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. MT ZbRi6z  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 K1rF;7Y6  
-aCtk$3  
B3V:?#  
第二、名词单复数的平行 ~]HeoQK  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 6Q<^,`/T  
|oq27*ix~m  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, N zY}-:{  
  A     B          C   X {,OP/  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. Kq}/`P  
                 D   S<"M5e  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 vn"2"hPF|  
=M"H~;f]  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, 7cx~?xk <m  
                   A         B 1JIL6w _  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. lWS @<j  
      C          D =[8EQdR  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have ;SAurG$  
J&4QI( b.  
第三、时态的平行 wD|,G!8E2  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated rQ|^H Nj  
                A     c|<*w[%C  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops " , c1z\  
                   B 1{N73]-M:  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. g z!q  
          C    D o JC-?  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 lqFDX d  
(Fq|hgOA>M  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- nU]n]gd  
  spread from its home in Central America and `>CHE'_  
  now grows throughout the tropics. } ).rD  
   (A) to be    (B) it   n< UuVu  
   (C) the     (D) its _DPWp,k<~  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? Y<('G5A  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow W- Q:G=S-  
R<$_ <z  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- gL%%2 }$  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. ~(E.$y7P  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised nn>1OO  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised ^LfN6{  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 u6o:~=WwM  
\]Nlka  
第四、排列位置的平行 SMHQo/c r  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. L ]HtmI  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode i}cqV B?r  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  N$1ZA)M  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes RTN?[`  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes 5,/rh,?  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 tHF -OarUO  
L?~>eT  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: 8<BYAHY^  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 WXJEAje  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 0$RZ~  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 cd_\?7  
P#^-{;Bu  
八、词序的颠倒 XO[S(q  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 ?HD(EGdx  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 s98Jh(~  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage JQ5E;8J>  
              A    B        2~`lvx  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. I,[njlO:  
      C       D    PE!/n6  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ;Fo%R$y  
n $Nw/Vm  
]~a;tF>Fw  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 o!6~tO=%  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only Iax-~{B3AY  
          A      B     HgGwV;W  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. fL xGaOT  
    C         D 9Wu c1#  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 t`M4@1S"'  
1iA0+Ex(j  
>m$jJlAv8  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 $ol]G`+  
rt rPRR\:"  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were RGu`Jk  
          A   B     C   J# >)+  
  in what is now the United States. o*k.je1  
    D uI9eUO  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 tG7F!um(  
3 as~yF 0  
所有的系动词分为三大类: )_&P:;N  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, E"O6N.}.  
    is, remain, keep, stay, aZ,j1j0p  
    lie, exit(表示位于) 2jVvK"C  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 QO/nUl0E  
    become, turn, grow, I!?)}d  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) <(!~s><.  
s/l>P~3=  
第三种,感官动词 ]+k]Gbty6  
    seem(好像是) j].=,M<dxE  
    look(看起来好像是) !X5LgMw^;  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste ,bxGd!&{Q  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 x MFo  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe }Ip1|Gj  
    A               B     Rb_%vOM  
   to cause numerous deaths. kz"QS.${  
        C   D  B/_~j_n$m  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 S-[S?&c`  
P @~)9W  
九、词性的混用 2v<O}   
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 Dqc2;>  
-' =?Hs.  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 G0he'BR  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; Nj.;mr<  
')TS'p,n  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high hlfdmh? /  
          A        B      MvTp%d.  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and {mB!mbr  
              C VHG}'r9KC%  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. 30O7u3Zrb  
          D <b?$-Rx  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) =imJ0V~RW  
* ).Y U[i  
m%b# B>J,n  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 F<^f6z8  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 /I:&P Pff  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds -@XOe&q  
         A       B      O=jzz&E+  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to j^/=.cD|  
          C        . I."q  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. tns4e\  
            D P-DW@drxF  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 xUTTRJ(\  
=mSu^q(l  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, [ P,gEYk  
            A       F,V| In  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of nX\mCO4 T  
      B      C bn7g!2  
   urban Black people in the United States. rs,'vV-2\  
   D <+<Nsza  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 -!V{wD3,B  
V9Dq<y-y  
 M% g2UP  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 'rq@9$h1W  
表示时间有两种可能, <AK9HPxP  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 cc8Q}   
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, J/3$I  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 4dm0:, G  
,L C(Ax'.F  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence VGc.yM)& j  
       A     B     ; rNX  
  were made while the American Civil War. 7#SfuZ0@  
   C    D wEN[o18{  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 G_zK .N   
> 6=3y4tP  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the 1f'msy/  
   A      B           C    _xy[\X;9  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. H/Rzs$pnv  
          D +zXcTT[V  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 i r'C(zD=  
n&a\mGF  
6{0MprY  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ;lS sy  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 U3{4GmrT  
3}fhU{-c  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social 1Dhu 5ht  
                   A     9XhH*tBn7(  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. V DZOJM)(  
     B   C    D wQ~]VV RN  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 >3~)2)Q  
0c8_&  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples FvO,* r9  
   A        B   C      g \ ou+M#  
  easily under the stress of compression. c-!3wvt)  
   D ^FVmP d*1  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 g#Ta03\  
k@h0 }%  
& JJ*?Dl  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 D;jbZ9  
2;J\Z=7  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine Azp!;+  
    A         B r*  l c#  
  article that gives personal comments on current events.  WK@<#  
          C            D k g Rys  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 Cud!JpL  
45$aq~%as  
' I!/I  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, 4 12E7   
         A |JP'j1 Ka  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. zr_L V_e  
   B      C      D R,=8)OI2  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 o~q.j_Sa  
bD|"c  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 8lS RK%  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; 1oQbV`P  
two hundred diligent students
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