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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 pCacm@(hG  
一、代词 c{"=p8F _  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 -BV8,1  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 #BLx +mLq  
  主格、宾格、所有格 +aY]?]  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) e]9Z]a2  
}}?,({T|n  
(二) 反身代词 M6nQ17\{  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 }Qu kn  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) mJU1n  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) )44c[Z  
4UxxmREx;  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  !"d"3coQ?  
    A                 B    z=FOymv C  
  a series of indicators that could help #ET y#jKL  
             C      0 s$;3qE  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. oKMr Pr[`  
    D zJ*(G _H  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 WGwIc 7  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 f1$'av  
f2LiCe.?  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 #3knKBH  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 +\R__tx;  
$P h#pM(  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ;F;Vm$  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the elGwS\sw  
     A   B      C          D kNd(KQ<.17  
  Pacific. Zmc"  
k>)Uyw$!  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 r"|UgCc  
XiM d|D  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 o - v#Zl  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: G]n_RP$G  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 -#Ys67,4N  
TE9Iyl|=  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined ` 7P%muY.  
                       A   5AK@e|G$w  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and YuUJgt .1  
             B Ye|(5f  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. M%Yxhu T0  
   C       D gHtflS  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 %i) 0sE T  
USg,=YM  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important .L~ NX/V  
        A     bA1O]:`  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John m al?3*x/  
   B        C      S6<#] 6 Z  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  wBJ|%mc3TA  
      D !>#gm7  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. \S_A e;  
%o l\ sO|  
9PUobV_^Wo  
(四) Who和which的区别 Ob/i_  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 6:q,JB@i  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 q|}O-A*wa  
EbeSl+iMx_  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 3+\Zom4  
              A            B 'jXJ!GFw  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. :Q,~Nw>  
   C                  D } qJ`nN8  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 F1S0C>N?5  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 rp4{lHw>C/  
dlA0&;}z  
(五) that和which的区别 ,vo]WIQ\:  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 yFn~rv|&G  
4M!wm]n/%5  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it njaKU?6%d2  
              A        B * H~=dPC  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. If]rg+|U  
      C              D oVr: ZwkG3  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 0|]d^bo  
3<l}gB'S[  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 iJeo d fC  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, N{}8Zh4op  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when i8KoJY"  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. yVQW|D0,j  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which *Z\AO'h=Z  
HRJ\H- V  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly N ]14~r=  
              A         B   f~,Ml*Zp  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. fq4uiFi<  
         C      D H!6+x*P0  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 itE/QB   
XH(-anU"!P  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  *FC| v0D  
  affected the way people in the United States----. H}lz_#Z  
   (A) living and working GIT"J}b}  
   (B) they live and work =c$x xEDD  
   (C) live and work B'mUDW8\D  
   (D) to live and to work _mk@1ft  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 = y(*?TZH  
I;1)a4Xc4R  
二、介词 }D?qj3?bj  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 #qUGc`  
x%O6/rl  
(一) 介词搭配 19-V;F@;  
I-1NZgv  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those OSLZ7B^  
    A         B   C      fYzP4  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Ryygq,>VD.  
                D +V9xKhR;x  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 hg:$H9\%  
e ky1}  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ]zCD1 *)  
A       B     C  D _<DOA:'v  
分析:B错改为be rich in Qca3{|r`  
~R~.D  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ~'0ZW<X.  
    A         B      C `u R`O9)e  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. C^5 V  
             D >T\@j\X4  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 Jw&Fox7p  
'*&dP"  
~ iQBgd@D^  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 >}Bcv%zZ  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 [~RO9=;L  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. LH=^3Gw  
          A      B  C     D WHOX<YJs  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 rly%+B `/  
6Z' K1  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has @V:Y%#%  
                 A  B     @iXBy:@  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on 8O(L;&h  
      C U <q`f-  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. nf<I  
      D (=fLWK{8  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ^k$Bx_{  
<|?)^;R5!  
2、介词by E i>GhvRM  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by sQ^t8Y 9  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing V9qA'k  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States U{bv|vF  
    A         B       <?}pCX/O  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace.  ;Ss!OFK  
   C     D  bKK'U4  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 r\F2X J^  
>3B {sn}  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils :@"o.8p   
   A                      8 l)K3;q_  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to c}|.U  
     B    C       D "aI)LlyCY  
   supply moccasins and field rations. 5 }Ge  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 (Fuu V{x|  
$'_Q@ZBq  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with zTfjuI|R  
        A                '0 )`.  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements #a~BigZ[G  
        B          C   ~*y7%L4B  
  that are often represented at symbols. +;,J0,Yn  
              D t?)]xS)  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 );}M"W8  
三、谓语动词 "=C~I W  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ("j;VqYUL  
①、主谓分割原则 <T)0I1S  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ^c(r4#}$"  
     A     D]aQt%TL  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. `8O Bw  
        B      C      D mLkp*?sfC  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 Xf# ;`*5  
)B&`<1Oie  
②、与后者一致原则 V#.pi zb  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ~,KrL(jC  
not only…but also &Z!y>k%6  
2Og 5e  
Opg_-Bf  
③、与前者一致原则 e&:%Rr]x  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, v?6*n >R  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 \>wQyz  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and R2{]R&wtn0  
     A      B  C     6'e^np  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. z^T;d^OJc  
         D 1BW9,Xr  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 'q~<ZO  
[bX ^_ Y  
④、就近原则 oH v.EO  
or, either…or, neither…nor, Hf1b&8&:K  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are :BV$3]y  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 1'(";  0I  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 F @Wi[K  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 eAI|zk6  
{: _*P TVk  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are `W_&^>yl  
        A      B        T|h!06   
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. F !OD*]  
    C              D # c1LOz  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 iR{@~JN=)  
xW9R -J \W  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 vRW;{,d  
There are five apples that are red. _99 +Vjy  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 e]; IQ |  
 lFcHE c  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets Gl3g.`X{$@  
      A            $RF.LVc  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. =HIKn6C<  
   B   C    D ;*FY+jM  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 hv>Xr=RE  
2sG1Hox  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 jgXr2JQ<  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. edpRx"_  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 [h' 22 W  
0;=]MEk?  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 Mg8ciV}\xY  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: ]{{%d4  
a. there be 句型 n[y^S3}%;  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 UL&> ]aQ  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 O5+Ah%  
9h-S,q!  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. r]QeP{  
   A     B      C    D    u| "YS-dH  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is 'zMmJl}\vd  
%'=TYvB 2  
aWLA6A+C&  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific l$l6,OzS@  
             A     B    w kPomTO  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 I3x+pa^]2  
     C         ErsJWp  
  miles in width. 7hMh%d0d(_  
     D  oHSDi  
分析:倒装句,are改为is gr.G']9lNq  
ff fWvf  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and ^n4a oj  
   A    B       C         ga;t`5+d  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film KlBT9"6"  
                    D -(%Xq{  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. 0s}gg[lj  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 Dp} $q`F[  
!@ AnwV]  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 ^y|`\oyqwN  
fifty percent of + 名词 L!ms{0rJ  
one percent of + 名词 | ObA=[j  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: wn<k "6x  
  one percent of my students + are += gU`<\  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 7eZwpg?K  
NcSi%]  
这里要强调两个结构 vsI|HxpyC,  
half of =fifty percent ;'<SsI  
most of + 可数名词 + are "oR%0pU*  
most of + 不可数名词+ is su8()]|0x  
ukD :4s v  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been "88<{xL  
   A       B         C   HXqG;Fds(  
  found in central and eastern Canada. 6gq`V,  
           D "!Hm.^1  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 zj1_#=]  
<2I<Z'B,e  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized _]+ \ B  
                 A   B  \ERHnh  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. `DP4u\6_  
              C     D 5 ^tetDz}  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 ~llw_ w  
?SoRi</1  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 ;@[ax{ J  
①、主要考察时间状语 R&L^+?  
+C=^,B!,  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. *;<oM]W_  
   A        B  C     D }/%^;@q;  
lhFv2.qR  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ?)/&tk9.n  
<\\,L@  
T`Qg+Q$  
②、For和since的区别 gG,gL 9o  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 m<:g\_<  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 9,A HC2kn%  
  I has been a teacher for three years. ,N2|P:x  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. V#d8fRm  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 /m*+N9)  
aK'%E3!~=x  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became koOp:7r  
   A      B              VrZ6m  
  the primary responsibility of the president. <0^L L  
     C    D UP e@>  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 xw83dQ]}^  
Zd[6-/-:  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of /Es&~Fn  
             A  B  C   ^CQVqa${]  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. =%G<S'2'  
            D <S`N9a  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 OLgW .j:Ag  
RS1c+]rr  
V|zatMHs  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  @G>Q(a*,  
   A       B        C     D *mj3  T  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live t"L-9kCM  
J+20]jI  
(三) 谓语的语态 I^yInrRh5  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 k_%"#  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ]W>kbH Imz  
①、prove 9Fv VM9  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 &KZr`"cT#  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ~xaPq=AH  
Y )]x1I  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming f-/zR%s{  
                      A   g4 G?hv`R  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be f)/5%W7n}  
    B                  C A ^wIsAxT  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. E[N3`"  
                  D y7)$~R):-  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 XAf,k&f3  
op]H F4  
AqHH^adzA:  
②、Locate,Situate :CJ]^v   
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 pAd 8-a  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 5bKm)|4z6  
这两个词也可以用作被动 :yTpjC-S]  
  My school was located near the river. Pa-p9]gq  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 p Y[dJxB  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 3Bk_4n  
   (A)locates #nOS7Q#uW  
   (B)locating W%bzA11l  
   (C)to locate B5iVT<:a  
   (D)is located -U"h3Ye^  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 ' *6S0zt  
4.}{B_) LK  
③、表示需要概念的动词 ]a} K%D)H  
need, want, require等 !l eLOi2T  
YA vOV-L  
My watch needed repairing '4""Gz  
My watch needed to be repaired. np#RBy  
cU^Z=B  
④、表示人的情感的动词 >)sB# <e  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 XDWR ]  
A D ,  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 ?7Y6: zo$^  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 ;MH<T6b  
l".LtUf-  
主动和被动技巧总结: wInJ!1  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 4*K~6Vh  
(")IU{>c6  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the f` dQ $Kh  
                 A      f""+jc1  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, k{?Pgf27  
                 B EO<{Bj=2  
  power structures, and flood-control works along B`Q~p 92  
                    C _|!FhZ  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. ;U02VguC  
                D yMQZulCWE  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 Oc|`<^m  
b xU13ESv  
四、非谓语动词 Xlw8> .\  
/n 9yv  
(一) 分词 m kR1iY  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 w _*|u  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 O[tOpf@s.  
3kl<~O|Fs  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ww_gG5Fc$  
   A Hq[vh7Lux  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. qM."W=XVN  
     B      C            D {iyO96YI[^  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning `YZK$ -,  
9{{|P=  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ^^ Q'AE  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in :f~[tox  
      A               B   !zhg3B# p  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. -R~!N#y  
               C         D YPjjSi:#  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living Zd~l_V f  
Tn$/9<Q  
ux[h\Tp  
一些动词后面必须用doing BD)5br].  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 peA}/Jc  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, Po%+:0oX  
 advocate, suggest [r_YQ*+ej  
 delay, quit e~Oge  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, X&B2&e;  
 avoid, escape(逃避) ,[64$=R8  
 spend+名词+doing; MH"{N "|  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing z,6X{=  
;*3OkNxa3  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their X3z$f(lF%)  
   A     B    C              D %n^jho5  
  crops. J 8/]&Ow  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 =~)J:x\F  
QY]^^f  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, Orb('Z,-3  
               A        B J>I.|@W4  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. SR,id B&i  
        C          D 8Z=d+}Gg<  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing x@-bY  
g]'Rw I  
(二) 不定式 EcBJ-j 6d  
A. 动词不定式的省略 O!0YlIvWv  
①、help后面可以省略to s Zan.Kc#  
  help to do q*^Y8s~3I  
  help sb. to do 4LO U[D  
- P;_j,~U  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid  2 EG`  
              A      B   n:hHm ,  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. 6$1dd#  
         C     D 7Z-'@m  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 ?\GILB,  
9y BENvq  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 B8+J0jdg6%  
  make, I~LN)hqdo  
  let, 1 11s%  
  have sb. do sth UL81x72O  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. ?(9/V7HQ.5  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians ]7 qn&(]  
        A               B sV8} Gv a  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. TU6e,G|t  
   C     D s}MD;V& 0  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know Ls8@@b,t2  
Fai_v{&?  
③、感官动词 #;9I3,@/Y  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe Kjw4,z%\94  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 8@Zg@>,  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 :n'$Txf  
#fq%903=  
U(lcQC`$  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Dj Z;LE>  
(1)表示第一人 Tr}z&efY  
the first woman to do sth. cE{hy 7cH  
W[pOLc-  
(2)表示迫使的动词 qJjXN+/D  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ]Gk;n/! B  
 8nt3S m  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis )e#KL$B)v  
     A                 B    fkLI$Cl  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. c$Vu/dgx  
       C           D {FYWQ!L  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 |u r/6{Oj1  
j7(sYo@x7  
pbfIO47ZC  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 #Tc]L<."  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 4LG[i}u.N  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 ]!7 %)  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 9CBKU4JQ  
  be apt to do &cZQ,o  
QO1pwrX<  
(4)表示目的的名词, |PGF g0li  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 u|;?FQ$M  
固定的句式: xwuGJ   
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. o,-p [1b  
the objective 目标 s$%t*T2J>  
aim ~]sj.>P  
goal X8}m %  
reason理由 mu#I F'|b  
function功能 =`MxgK +  
intension意图 ]=gNA  
Vy.gr4Cm  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ^sF/-/ {?U  
                       A  7 KuUV!\h`  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. X!aC6gujOH  
           B          C     D AvmI<U  
分析:the function to provide, A错 DpRGPs  
w3 n6md  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure 8"'Z0 Ey  
                  A       Vn=K5nm  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds Cs!z3QU  
     B  Y>J$OA:  
  that make up various components of a living cell. n 3eLIA{  
    C    D &GfDo4$  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 +6~y1s/B[  
'?Jz8iu-  
(5) 其他同根名词 vE~>9  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ^)nIf)9}7  
 attempt to do 企图 67tB 8X  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 QmKEl|/{u  
 ambition, kEYkd@ {  
 be ambitious to do  v:IpZ;^  
 effort p!o?2Lbiw  
UfkQG`G9H  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation CcJ%; .V,T  
  A                    B   r}\m%(i  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. TpGnSD  
          C       D 8C=8Wjm  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 =h>jo&=Wad  
t" $# KP<  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great B9: i.rQ  
  A                   B   LOEiV  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. N|2PW ~,  
       C            D |W\U9n  
分析:efforts to register, C错 iu iVr$E  
ROr|n]aJj  
h:=W`(n5u  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 .)c+gyaQ  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 Ew )1O9f  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 3rj7]:Vr  
SUb:0GUa  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 !y&<IT(\4  
I am glad to see you. PVi0|  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. `sLD>@m  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. XD%GNZ  
pG^>y0  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 > ofWHl[-  
It is difficult to decide. w\1K.j=>|N  
WCP2x.gb5  
4 C }#lW9  
五、句子的结构 !8I80 :e_~  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 f&I5bPS7}  
Z_4|L+i<{  
(一) 主语的重复 .wPI%5D  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 CsJ&,(s(  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any : j`4nXm  
          A      B      "..I$R  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the =J`M}BBx  
          C          D *{(tg~2'(  
  League of Nations. y=2nV  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 pHKc9VC  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson 7.tIf <^$P  
9vBW CCf  
bb}Fu/S  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are GO3KKuQ=  
        A        B  # kgLdd"  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. s)#TT9BbV  
    C         D CQs,G8 \/  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 ]4B&8n!  
A&{eC C  
(二)谓语的重复 Lb~' I=9D  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 a>&dAo}  
XHm6K1mGZ  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of   Q!(qb  
    A            B    I7+yu>  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. :464~tHI[`  
         C   D 4MoxP  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 ,U>G$G^  
Pu(kCH{  
(三)谓语的缺少 %>1C ($^  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body *t`=1Ioj  
          A     B    rxOv Y F  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. &X,6v  
         C               D 6%MM)Vj+u  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 NYeL1h)l  
]?_V+F  
(四)主句的重复 cHJ4[x=  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 |Ew&.fgz  
<1<0odB  
=<Ss&p>  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite ~JB4s%&  
      A         B        C   w} U'>fj  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. HBZtg  
     D h5lngw  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 Wqe0m_7  
5:T}C@  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow 1_> w|6;e  
        A   B       _+<AxE9\  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. Mr@{3do$  
      C    D gyob q'o-  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 [pSQ8zdF"  
yJ!,>OQ%'  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided 8O0]hz  
   A                     B  =_[Ich,}  
  names for towns, only George Washington pz]KUQ  
      C ~/!jKH7`j  
  is remembered in the name of a state. |%j7Es  
          D lN7YU-ygz  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 9w-;d=(Q  
六、比较级和最高级 3*e )D/lm  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 >viLvDng  
JR|P]}  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 p e$WSS J  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which G$jw#a[L  
      A               *-@@t+3  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. :-j/Y'H_  
     B       C           D L]=LY  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 XW*d\vDun  
}LX.gm  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 Gk)6ljL  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. z[0t%]7l  
     A      B     C  D i7`/"5I  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 XpdjWLO]C<  
xfA@GYCfT  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 8CRwHDB  
     A       B     C   D dEfP272M  
  is the grizzly bear. =l%|W[OO  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 Ar`U / %Cu  
sl*&.F,v=  
A~8-{F 31  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 V.w!]{xm  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 /+f3jy:d  
nc:K!7:  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with /z4n?&tM  
   A           B  c B7'>L  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. =]0AZ  
   C                 D NJ(H$tB@  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 3NrWt2?  
*YWk .  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 0y=lf+xA*  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as m"~),QwF9  
I>@Qfc bG  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 bYy7Ul6]  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 3Oe\l[?$;  
the taller boy TL([hR _  
&=l aZxe  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 vtXZ`[D,l)  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed _Zbgmasb  
          A            B TuzH'F  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is oY7 eVuz  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. +JY]J89  
    C          D d7v_>  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they IHj9n>c)[  
P6;Cohfh  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 tCr? !Y~  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, m/NXifi8l  
  A  B         C     xu* dPG)v  
  the Navajos form largest group. CL"q "  
         D iFaC[(1@a  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 BY??X=  
Z;J{&OJ3qM  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, 4AuJ1Z  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language W> rx:O+  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the ^|=3sJ4[U  
*\F,?yU  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many /SQ1i}%  
            A      B         C s@5r}6?M  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. I07_o"3>qr  
            D lcEin* Oc  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。  7VA et  
pn4~?Aua0/  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the v(z2,?/4  
例如:my best friends ~[4zm$R^  
ob"yz}  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial P};GcV-  
            A    B     C ?FwjbG<  
  and banking center. ]eIV'lP,j/  
        D QLe<).S1B2  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 UJ6zgsD1b?  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 rty&\u@}  
!x1ivP  
oY0`igH  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary ;B@-RfP  
                 A         d3K-|  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. ?tFsSU  
    B   C     D eFdN"8EW  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 (w{C*iB  
Gmp`3  
七、平行结构 zV"oB9\9O  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 DB;Nr3x  
dt|f4 XWF  
hz~jyH.h_  
(一) 对等连接词 3&z.m/  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 I`8 jJpG A  
单一式: and, or ,but H{nYZOf/  
相关式: both…and, not … but, yCG<qQz  
     either …or, neither…nor dw]wQ\4B  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as Yl$Cj>FG  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, R x.]m0  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also aj)?P  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, &b7i> ()  
U?d4 ^  
短语式: as well as Yab=p 9V;;  
     rather than (而不是) lTn~VsoRZ  
     other than (除…之外) DTR/.Nr'K  
     instead of (代替) `[zd  
)mbRG9P  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 =YRN"  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  oK3aW6  
       A     B   @ dF]X  
  but he is now living in Detroit. M?fRiOj  
       C   D +\O[)\  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 tuiQk=[ c  
_p`@/[(|  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics )QvuoaJQ  
       A         B 8xEOR!\!`k  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford +#d}3^_]  
  remained active in city and regional planning. ttK`*Ng  
          C    D  FTg4i\Wp  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 Y/1,%8n  
(二)平行的内容 Iu -CXc  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 &MlBp I  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of i;Y@>-[e<  
             A         B   F}lgy;=h  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, M5Twulz/w  
         C            D (BA2   
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. T"GuE[?a  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 %ycCNS  
ab=s+[r1  
yT>t[t60/S  
第二、名词单复数的平行 BU="BB/[  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行  jbHk  
<}E^r_NvD  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, ] _/d  
  A     B          C   ikGH:{  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. FBGHVV w!  
                 D   a* pZcv<  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 >t"]gQHtx  
I@=h|GM  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, :8_`T$8i4  
                   A         B {}3kla{  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. a.5s5g)8  
      C          D K;f'&9-+i,  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have FGOa! G  
v`hv5wQ  
第三、时态的平行 J{mP5<8>b  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated v.1= TBh  
                A     rI}E2J  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops We]X+>BlO  
                   B cLl fncI  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. JXeqVKF  
          C    D 2t { Cpw  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 HHZ!mYr  
$U jSP  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- B>?Y(" E  
  spread from its home in Central America and nRQIrUNq  
  now grows throughout the tropics. +&\TdvNI4  
   (A) to be    (B) it   Jb-wvNJu  
   (C) the     (D) its ke>\.|HT}  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? 5?kA)!|UB  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow l7{hq}@;cC  
^qbX9.\  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- H>XbqIkL@  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. 29ft!R>[  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised \ b9,>  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised qd|*vE  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 >q &ouVE  
3R#<9 O  
第四、排列位置的平行 ,f?#i%EF&  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. SbnV U[  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode e3>Re![_.  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  uW nS<O  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes }2c}y7B,_  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes eBAB7r/7  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 vWkKNB  
b"FsT  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: <Z8] W1)  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 8]?1gDS|9O  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 [S4\fy0  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 tiE+x|Ju"  
aq5<Ks`r  
八、词序的颠倒 ~v54$#CB  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 NUnP'X=J,  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 CQ( @7  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage _5 m }g!  
              A    B        \~)573'  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. kN$70N7I;  
      C       D    Fp]8f&l8  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 tJu<#h X  
&"kx (B  
O(~Vvoq  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 Y>#c2@^i<  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only .-|O"H$  
          A      B     @iP6 N  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. ZkIQ-;wx  
    C         D I B6]Wj  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 $($SQZK&  
$"FdS,*qKl  
72,iRH  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 <M7* N .  
0@Ijk(|  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were %pp+V1FH  
          A   B     C   31* 6 ;(  
  in what is now the United States. 3-R3Qlr  
    D Xdq, =;  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 'MUrszOO.e  
O$H150,Q  
所有的系动词分为三大类: VL{#.;QQa  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, ZYsFd_  
    is, remain, keep, stay, @(cS8%wK  
    lie, exit(表示位于) 8[C6LG  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 eC$v0Gtq  
    become, turn, grow, zFtGc  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) Ng"vBycy  
HUC2RM?FN  
第三种,感官动词 L)}V [j#  
    seem(好像是) =b7&(x  
    look(看起来好像是) Y*k<NeDyn  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste AuTplO0_rE  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 X^Y9T`mQ}  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe A E&n^vdQW  
    A               B     RC(D=6+[C  
   to cause numerous deaths. 1[l>D1F?  
        C   D  Hz V+g/8>A  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 ?Q)Z..7  
k_n{Mss'9  
九、词性的混用 z4641q5'm  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 ~5uNw*H  
:WIf$P?X  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 #L.}CzAz  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; |u"R(7N*  
{H; |G0tR  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high yl<$yd0Zdu  
          A        B      tgtoK|.  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and +g6j =%  
              C \a2oM$PX  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. Z 034wn\N  
          D &NjZD4m`=  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ~|{)h^]@  
= )l:^+q  
e'Us(]ZO  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 0nz@O^*g(  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 T{4fa^c2J  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds DgT.Lku?  
         A       B      3ZL7N$N}7  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to liw 9:@+V  
          C        *<1x:PR  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. `J#xyDL6?  
            D R^M (fC  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 0S:!Gv +  
Qv0>Pf  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, iC|6roO!jk  
            A       mGpkM?Y"  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of Rc:cVK  
      B      C z?uQlm*We  
   urban Black people in the United States. }:9|*m<$t  
   D &PBWJ?@O)r  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 />^`*e_  
.H (}[eG_  
OwiWnS<  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 O { %A&Ui  
表示时间有两种可能, {uwk[f{z  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 Q0q)n=i }]  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, IJ_ 'w[k  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 *Nf4bH%MN  
z)W#&JFF  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 0(U3~ k6  
       A     B     ~Miin   
  were made while the American Civil War. i_9Cc$Qh<  
   C    D PD}SPOA`U3  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 {b-0 _  
<^*+8{*  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the iUxDEt[t*  
   A      B           C    6Y>,e;R  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. zy5s$f1IA  
          D C6D=>%uY  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 D,GPn%Wqi  
zqvRkMWcM  
RP`GG+K  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 a_ 9|xI  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 `b^ #quz  
s.p1L  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social <i:*p1#Bm  
                   A     yd0=h7s  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. z,}c?BP  
     B   C    D ~ C/Yv&58  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 \'s$ZN$k  
_gPVmGG  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 7,W]zKH  
   A        B   C      [Hv*\rb  
  easily under the stress of compression.  fW5" 4,  
   D ( E"&UC[  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 zqekkR]  
r6F{  
3r~>~ueZ  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 b!4N)t>gl  
TZ&4  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine ^MWEfPt  
    A         B gZ`32fB%  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. )XmCy"xx  
          C            D w|!YoMk+o  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 P3wU#qU  
(xk.NZn F  
u"`5  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, blRY7  
         A Tm%$J  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. eW\?eq+ `A  
   B      C      D ]Y_{P~ZX  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ntrY =Y  
M(n<Iu4 ^_  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 ]^iFqQe  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; /#-,R,Q  
two hundred diligent students
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