改错题常考要点 H5Bh?mw2
一、代词 QjOY1Xze
代词中主要讲解六个问题 &}r-C97
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 ?7uK:'8
主格、宾格、所有格 \+j:d
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名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) xX.kKEo"d
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(二) 反身代词 pi5DDK
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ipyc(u6Z5
He killed himself. (他自杀了) YI>9C 76L
He killed him. (他杀了他) upnX7as
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating HCT+.n6
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a series of indicators that could help OwPXQ 3S
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themselves to predict earthquakes. :7~DiH:Q
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 wLz
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Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 !v8](UI8-
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别
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在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 tUt_Q;%yC
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies nok-![
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the "T*1C=
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Pacific. V"B/4v>
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 KcUR
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 WrS>^\:
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: F]fXS-@ c
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 [.}Uzx
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 2x<!>B
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the word“normalcy”to express social and [jksOC)@4
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economic conditions they promised the nation. O8cZl1C3
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 0X4)=sJP
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important JPHM+3v
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John D/JSIDd
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Keats, published the year of her death. vCNq2l^CW
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. !dUdz7
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(四) Who和which的区别 ~Uey'Xz
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 _/
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who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 CBF<53TshR
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who tC(Ma I
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. O9E:QN<U`*
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 ^y qRa&
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 8aIqc
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(五) that和which的区别 lM}-'8tt?
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 o ABrhK
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it k52IvB@2
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. #z
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 T/2k2r4PD
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 Yj*T'<e
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, [Eccj`\e g
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 6i~|<vcSP
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. [@5cYeW3.
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 2G$px
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Y0krFhL'x0
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. ib#rT{e
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 :$k1I-^R
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has R!QR@*N
affected the way people in the United States----. =}Zl
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(A) living and working /<n7iIK)
(B) they live and work |h6!b t!=
(C) live and work hnB`
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(D) to live and to work >6jal?4u-
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 q[W6I9
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二、介词 dm[cl~[
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介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 iKV|~7nwO
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(一) 介词搭配 VgIk '.
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those TP {\V>*Yz
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. 8..|-<w
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 No6-i{HZ
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. &8l?$7S"_/
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分析:B错改为be rich in
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the wU!-sf;]y
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. vJGH8$%;,
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 G4:\6fu
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 +@!\3a4!
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 )'f=!'X
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. y[.lfW?)
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 [zN*P$
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has %La7);SeY
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on R[l`# I
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. WgR%mm^
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 :3R3>o6m
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2、介词by QOUyD;0IW
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by wT- -i@@
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing "@^<~bw
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States Kgi
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. ;%
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 H'udxPF
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils *2-b&PQR{
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to G7`mK}J7
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supply moccasins and field rations. r*mSnPz\q
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 +RM!j9Rq
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with X=f %!
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements /mp!%j~
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that are often represented at symbols. p ]jLs|tat
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。
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三、谓语动词 *v(Q-FW
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 qhTVsZ:{C
①、主谓分割原则 N$t<&5+
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, *'H\`@L
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. guf&V}&
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 C .B=E"e
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②、与后者一致原则 K
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not…but, 强调but后面的名词, JJg;X :p
not only…but also b?,%M^9\`
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③、与前者一致原则 T4}Wg=UKg
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, EBL-+%J8
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ^[bFG KE
例:The athlete, together with his coach and P4{
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. +G"YQq'b
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is q=`n3+N_H~
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④、就近原则 XHJ`C\xR
or, either…or, neither…nor, -nHkO&&R
单数名词+or+复数名词+are KkpbZ7\@
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is o6~JAvw
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 ;P;c!}:\b
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 R6;#+ 1D
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are N`?/kubD
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. K*,,j\Q.
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 H-u
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 6`7bk35B
There are five apples that are red. IDos4nM27]
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 !=*8*?@
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ^=5y;
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. A! HJ
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 0MxK+8\y
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 ,1Z([R*
The rich are not always happier than the poor. vp!F6ZwO
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 )YAU|sCAi$
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 RU6c 8>"
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: !V/\_P!I
a. there be 句型 oZ tCx
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 f>ktv76
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 PO6yEr
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. i+~BVb
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is m}RZ)c
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific g%[:wjV;
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 .7b%7dQ<\
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miles in width. .f-=gZ* *
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分析:倒装句,are改为is +ls`;f
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and e_KfnPY
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film L;j++^p
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. Z/?{{}H+
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 b$#b+G{y
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 <anKw|
fifty percent of + 名词 !Pnjr T
one percent of + 名词 -XV+F@`Md
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: sr&W+4T
one percent of my students + are (,QWK08
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. A7+ZY,
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这里要强调两个结构 !f52JQyh
half of =fifty percent .|R4E
most of + 可数名词 + are =%IyR
most of + 不可数名词+ is =VuSi(d;e{
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been ?%Nh4+3N>
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found in central and eastern Canada. !.mR]El{K
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 h^tCF=S
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized `<se&IZE
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. 4{zy)GE|W
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 HBE[q#
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 /v5A)A$7
①、主要考察时间状语 qD>^aEd@4
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. ?cRF;!o"
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was fIQ,}>
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②、For和since的区别 |@JTSz*Or
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点
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区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 nahq O|~
I has been a teacher for three years. }bS1M
I has been a teacher since 1996.
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I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 nA,=g'7S
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 0@zJa;z'
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the primary responsibility of the president. "{D/a7]lC
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 o[!o+M
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of X.4WVI
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. Pt5 wm\
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 5 [~HL_u;,
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. fKY-@B[|
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live I(~([F2
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(三) 谓语的语态 BGibBF^
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 7/<~s]D[%
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ?fy37m(M}
①、prove OoA!N-Q
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 G>vK$W$f N
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; 8X`DFeJ
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming jq
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be y60aJ)rAX
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 3#,6(k4>
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 K]$PRg1|3
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②、Locate,Situate *RS/`a;,
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 {ax]t-ZwJ5
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 +&u/R')?6r
这两个词也可以用作被动 xT&~
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My school was located near the river. hev;M)t
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 hGD@v{/
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. )e0k
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(A)locates >U*p[ FGW
(B)locating -51LF=(!L
(C)to locate $#f_p-N
(D)is located ktfm
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 FLG"c690
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③、表示需要概念的动词 \}h
need, want, require等 E'4Psx9: =
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My watch needed repairing TsT5BC63
My watch needed to be repaired. f$^wu~
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④、表示人的情感的动词 }.045 Wuu
move, annoy, surprise, please等 O0jOI3/P%
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 P`@Rt
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 U%bm{oVn
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主动和被动技巧总结: M>5OC)E
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 gk| %
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the Ojz'p5d`>
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, N9|J\;fzT
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power structures, and flood-control works along pW.WJ`Rk
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. g]Y%c73
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 ^G`6Zg;
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四、非谓语动词 >3D1:0Sg
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(一) 分词 0,~s0]h0V
现在分词和过去分词的区别 &'i_A%V
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 r
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then >}F$6KM
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. U[3w9
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning Epp>L.?r
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 XdThl
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ~Yc
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. USEmD5 q
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living &TRKd)
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一些动词后面必须用doing XM!oN^
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 ?;](;n#lU
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, yB7si(,1>
advocate, suggest 7Fpa%N/WL
delay, quit ?MSZO]Q4+
forgive(原谅),tolerate, >CKa?N;
avoid, escape(逃避) -SD:G]un
spend+名词+doing; >.P*lT
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing _:Q^mV=;j
Z
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their @>U9CL"
A B C D Z\C"/j<y
crops. Bi fI.2|
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 m8L %!6o
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, o/
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A B B YB9M
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 5[zr(FuE
C D n}Thc6f3D
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing #|769=1
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(二) 不定式 o>]w76A^(
A. 动词不定式的省略 "e\73?P
①、help后面可以省略to HWoMzp5="3
help to do ~O./A-l
help sb. to do 1: cq\Y
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid .O~rAu*K
A B 0=`aXb-
the habits that might shorten the lives. ZKI` ;
C D $a\X(okx
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 (
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 $3#oA.
~R/
make,
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let, AsZyPybq
have sb. do sth 3_VWtGQ
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. n!b*GXb\
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians "J
>,
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A B Z.>?Dt
to know when to play various parts of a composition. jTQN(a9Y
C D a~tBg y+9
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know
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③、感官动词 m}
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hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe v#sx9$K T
see sb do sth. 强调过程 /_bM~g
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 HoM8V"8B
v:j4#pEWD
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 \@n/L{}(@
(1)表示第一人 :(x 90;DW
the first woman to do sth. wA)R7%&
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(2)表示迫使的动词 .~8IW,[
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do Nb{oH +$b
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis |b7>kM}"
A B AB#hhi#
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. e S
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C D I3aEg
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 bmddh2
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 en~(XE1
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 Ip1QmP
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 %I=J8$B]f
be lieable to do 易于…的 -s!PO;qm
be apt to do Ul@'z|
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(4)表示目的的名词, S I(8.$1
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 Rx<pV_|H,
固定的句式: -
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the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. jKQP0 t-
the objective 目标 5Q'R5]?h
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goal ! O>mu6:Rf
reason理由 e
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function功能 Bms?`7}N
intension意图 #sHP\|rA
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing dk ?0r
A s`2o\]
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. xMh&C{q
B C D \dMsv1\
分析:the function to provide, A错 pL-$Np] V
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure mnia>;
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds wDG4rN9x
B 'huLv(U
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that make up various components of a living cell. 6bn-NY:i
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分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 xVPGlU
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(5) 其他同根名词 1,J.
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 Sm,$~~iq}
attempt to do 企图 {m?x},
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 |+bG~~~%j
ambition, %Z?
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be ambitious to do 8FITcK^
effort BSY#xe V
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ;z>YwRV
A B >R<fm
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. DPOPRi~
C D 4@I]PG
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 p3o?_ !Z
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great :S12=sFl$
A B >e ;f{
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. Q:\hh=^
C D [)A#9L~s=
分析:efforts to register, C错 cw.7YiU
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 v3Yj2LSqx
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 9_3M}|V$^e
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. )|x5#b-lz
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 3)a29uc:U
I am glad to see you. N}G
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I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. G65N:
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. (xed(uFEK
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 ~*Qpv&y)
It is difficult to decide. 1.uQ(>n
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五、句子的结构 `F 8
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句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。
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(一) 主语的重复 o q)"1
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 |"w<CKlQ
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any @0,dyg<$>
A B 0f/!|c
compromises concerning the establishment of the P'9io!Z-s
C D m?$G(E5
League of Nations. , vyx`wDd
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 a&Du5(r;!
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson )%w8>1}c
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are h\\2r>
A B WV"QY/e3
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. xGv,%'u\
C D j
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分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 q<[ke
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(二)谓语的重复 M`pTT5r
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 Prz+kPP
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of ]G~N+\8]U
A B lv_%
one or more sentences related to the same idea. >@"3Q`
C D Y_>-p(IH
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 U{uWk3I_b
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(三)谓语的缺少 s1 ^mk]
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body !2U7gVt"*
A B zn;Hs]G
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. A+1]Ql)$
C D $0S#d@v}
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 ) wo2GF
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(四)主句的重复 V& j.>Y
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 eTRx 6Fri(
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2T(,
H.O
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite ^r$iN %&~
A B C vWi.[]
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. W*rU,F|9
D . (*kgv@3x
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 CBnouKc:
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow _QMHP
RELk
A B h;ol"
sweeps across the face of the Earth. +`s&i%{1>
C D 1S[5#ewB;j
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 'f?&EsIV?
m!#)JFe67
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided |N=@E,33
A B /@:up+$
names for towns, only George Washington q~Q)'*m
C m]=oa
j@9
is remembered in the name of a state. )_c=mT
D dp[w?AMhM9
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 4`UL1)A]
六、比较级和最高级 MCi` TXr
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 wSJ]3gJM`
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 Vh#Mp!
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which ;la#Vf:]
A y3KcM#[
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. `z?KL(rI
B C D iO9nvM<
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 ?9(o*lp
/Oggt^S
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 uK;K{
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. &'huS?gA9
A B C D CCW%G,$U9
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。
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例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere yNrinYw
A B C D @ kJ0K
is the grizzly bear. GJIWG&C03
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 j!lAxlOX
yV J dZ I
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 d1~_?V'r]
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 =mHkXHE~:
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ocIt@#20K
A B $5TepH0D
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. G}!7tU
C D J$#h(D%
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 >H0) ph
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 ~Na=+}.q_
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 5
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 ^Yj"RM$;N
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 NXzU0
the taller boy \8;Qv
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 pOqGAD{D$
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed *0%4l_i
A B T)WZ_bR
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is hc-lzYS
abundant, and humidity is moderate. 6
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C D %ZujCZn
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they <jbj/Q )"
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 a
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例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, cyW;,uT)D
A B C '5'3_vM
the Navajos form largest group. >|
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D y L*LJ
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 rm
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, B;VH `*+X
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language A#<vG1
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 5^\m`gS
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many Yt -W1vl
A B C L>SZgmV+
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. }04Dg'
D Ig<}dM.Z[
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 Hw Z^D=A
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the NdZ)[f:2
例如:my best friends DB#$~(o
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial pjACFVMFX
A B C b7bSTFZxC
and banking center. rsWQHH
kO
D B22b&0
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 H"_v+N5=
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 ~x'zX-@rC
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_
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HI
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary QP:9%f>=
A Rs2-94$!5
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. v; Es^
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B C D g92dw<$>
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 (-\]A|
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七、平行结构 e8{^f]5
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 (etUEb^}T
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(一) 对等连接词 zka?cOmYF[
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 -KiR
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单一式: and, or ,but N!L'W\H,
相关式: both…and, not … but, !R74J=#(
either …or, neither…nor NI8~QeGah
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as E67XPvo1+@
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, ,Aj }]h\L
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also cz#_<8'N
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, P>wZ~Hjk
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短语式: as well as RM,'o[%
rather than (而不是) ~KRnr0
other than (除…之外) vLDi ;
instead of (代替) N@()F&e
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 fa{@$ppx
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, 3gc"_C\$
A B v9rVpYc"
but he is now living in Detroit. ~<,Sh~Ana.
C D 6m[9b*s7
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 dB3N%pB^
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics <hv7s,i
A B ug#<LO-.Rd
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford E[?kGR[
remained active in city and regional planning. !SF^a6jT
C D A1-qtAO]
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 Y<Q\d[3^F
(二)平行的内容 z+/LS5$
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 1[DS'S
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of "={L+di:M
A B -H\,2FO
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, }V]eg,.BJ
C D J+Bdz6lt
or yearly periods of light and darkness. GMm'of#
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 V;93).-$
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第二、名词单复数的平行 O,mip
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 &N\[V-GP2G
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, U9#WN.noG
A B C 0M8.U
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. `^##b6jH
D C4NRDwU|.
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 6[?}6gQ
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, Gzm$OHbn
A B G$5m$\K
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. \+Y!ILOI
C D NHiq^ojk
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have g:gB`8w?
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第三、时态的平行 .Z%G@X*
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated I]uhi{\C
A
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with the imagist movement , but later develops N[k<@Q?*a
B {4rQ7J4Ux
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. o4)hxs
C D G|9B)`S
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 0*7*RX
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例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- k
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spread from its home in Central America and V(
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now grows throughout the tropics. dr})-R
(A) to be (B) it TzM=LvA
(C) the (D) its 'b[0ci
:
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? [Ox(.
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow p|VcMxT
9-
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- )=H{5&e#u
commercially for their meat and eggs. nGa1a
(A) raised (B) and are raised <qY5SV,
(C) raised as (D) are raised h<3p8eB
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 '29WscU
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第四、排列位置的平行 xm^95}80yh
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. h>3H7n.
(A) Not only does rust corrode ^:DyT@hQB5
(B) Not only rust corrodes SrZ50Se
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes e@jfIF0=}
(D) Rust not only corrodes D4Sh9:\
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 E`)Qs[?Gk
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: IZ~.{UQ
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 S< x:t(
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 fNoR\5}!
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 ~@fR[sg<
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八、词序的颠倒 Q!$IQJ]|Y
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 #&siHHs \
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 4}-#mBV]/
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage kaFnw(xa
A B C EqZ:c
that can be given to any individual in the United States. afm_ Rrg[
C D d8:C3R
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 SDc"
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 <SQ(~xYi
例:Certain types of computers work properly only :6u~aT/
A B :`J>bHE
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. s.y}U5Ty?P
C D NI\H
\#bJ
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 &@; RI~
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 4oJ$dN
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were .Cr1,Po
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in what is now the United States. ,n5a] )Dg
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 ][t6VA
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所有的系动词分为三大类: o7arxo\
第一种:表示保持某种状态, V}:'Xgp*N
is, remain, keep, stay, 1;`Fe":;vC
lie, exit(表示位于) !a[$)c
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 8uA<G
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become, turn, grow, Ilef+V^qr
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) A'~#9@l<
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第三种,感官动词 ^4UcTjh
seem(好像是) D1ZC&B_}-
look(看起来好像是) >)y$mc6
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste Y Z\@)D;
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 nNs .,J)
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe
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to cause numerous deaths. d<v~=
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 tj
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九、词性的混用 N"~ qoJO
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 {\Ys@FF
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 "5(W[$f*]v
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; <
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high Pv[ykrm/
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and ]Y =S
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. vgN@~Xa
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) aC}p^Nkr"k
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 $i -zMa
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 G4O3h Y.`
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds ^} tuP
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. h*l
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 1j+eD:d'
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, :|Upx4]Ec
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urban Black people in the United States. y]w )`}Ax
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 F~%|3a$Y
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(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 =?^-P{:\?
表示时间有两种可能, )Gmb?!/^
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 4_WH
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另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, _@7(g(pY 3
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 r.?qEe8VV
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence 5VuCU
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were made while the American Civil War. BF>T*Z-Ki
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 L(W%~UGN
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the /F
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history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. SlR7h$r'
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 K3j_C`Se
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 !."Izz/
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 u}Lc|_ea`
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social &19lk
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. vx({N?
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 Xw&QrTDS`
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples }IxY(`:qs
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easily under the stress of compression. v!WU |=u
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 Zm"!E6`69
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 =NVZ$K OZ
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine ,mAB)at
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article that gives personal comments on current events. 8:3oH!n
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 T! &[
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, /xX,
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. eR#gG^o8
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分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 e)ZyTuj
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 z[0LU]b<
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; Skr
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two hundred diligent students