改错题常考要点 @IyH(J],h
一、代词 LN3dp?;_{
代词中主要讲解六个问题 ^p- e
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 M_.,c Vk
主格、宾格、所有格 8.3_Wb(c
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) 2p;}wYt
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(二) 反身代词 [?f.0q
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 QB|fFj58u
He killed himself. (他自杀了) zQj%ds:
He killed him. (他杀了他) ):\{n8~
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating Dx# @D#
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a series of indicators that could help ^FMa8;'o
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themselves to predict earthquakes. ]GRq
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ]j$p _s>
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 I\%Lb
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 ee0>B86tE
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 0#{]!>R
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies KdMA58)
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the S!!\!w>N
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Pacific. [%,=0P}
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 ]JPPL4wAT
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 zp-~'kIJ
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: /~huTKA}
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 *"sDaN0@R
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined |8{iIvi/
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the word“normalcy”to express social and #|h8u`
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economic conditions they promised the nation. GJfNO-
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Nh/ArugP5P
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important r9*H-V$
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John zb,`K*Z{
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Keats, published the year of her death. ^@"f%3
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 4<Y[L'UaA@
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(四) Who和which的区别 X]%4QIeS
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 <QLj6#d7Y
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 scwlW
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who XaSl6CH
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. T8
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 u{G6xuPWf
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 +O6@)?pI
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(五) that和which的区别 N?:S?p9R@
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 /m:}rD
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it =wc[r?7
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. VtFh1FDI\
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 $!lxVZ>
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 yKJp37R
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, C: cu1Y9
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when NeP1 #
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. L3\{{QOA
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which 75u*ZMK
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly `P~RG.HO
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. _{aVm&^kA
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 :H{8j}"
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has g;pymz
affected the way people in the United States----. n3w2&
(A) living and working A`KTm(
(B) they live and work aw`mB,5U
(C) live and work ]pt @
(D) to live and to work 6S(3tvUr
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 1JM~Ls%Z
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二、介词 0|cQx
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介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 0y(d|;':
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(一) 介词搭配 22GtTENd1h
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 0-@waK
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. xKxWtZ0
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 DQ,Q yV
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. %K zURv
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分析:B错改为be rich in I%%$O'S
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the %o5GD
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. U\ 51j
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 nwz}&nR
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 ?L|@{RS{|
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 y1P ?A]v
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. ~fr1O`8
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 5Pn$@3
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has ([s2F%S`@
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on ^lbOv}C*
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. AuSL?kZ4|Y
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 c[ga@Vy
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2、介词by 0!\pS{$zB
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by SkVW8n*s
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing BPtU]Bv-
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States |G!-FmIK
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. l. !5/\
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 D'c,z[
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils yIOoVi\m
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to +)dQd T0Fq
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supply moccasins and field rations. XN'x`%!*3#
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 #0zMPh /U}
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ]KBzuz%
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements ]*'V#;s
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that are often represented at symbols. h%|Jkx!v-t
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 A(S =
三、谓语动词 sG!SSRL@
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 KP(RK4F
①、主谓分割原则 *G"L]Nq#
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Lnc
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. (,z0
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 EdbLAagI6
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②、与后者一致原则 V4@HIM
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, n%yMf!M
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not only…but also 1#9qP~#]'{
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③、与前者一致原则 YaI8hj@}
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, sz}YXR=m
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 )xwWig.
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 7v\K,P8
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. :j2G0vHIl(
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is yv2BbrYyy
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④、就近原则 z@5t7e)!R
or, either…or, neither…nor, g!%C_AI
单数名词+or+复数名词+are QQ*yQ\
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is (
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所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 ,jVj9m
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 s+m,ASj
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are 1~X~"M
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 7kb
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 tTa" JXG
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 ZUE?19GA
There are five apples that are red. 6OeRBD&
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 f#9DU}2m
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 5tyr$P! N
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. [3":7bB 'E
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 Z$h39hm?c
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 enu",wC3
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 5x/q\p-{/
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 J('p'SlI
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 ,O=@I
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: 0-dhGh?.
a. there be 句型 pf.T{
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there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 G7lC'~}
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 Q}!U4!{i|p
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 9.5h
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is tR#uDE\wR
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 6.tppAO+
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 rS9*_-NH
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miles in width. ?7:"D e
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分析:倒装句,are改为is *n?6x!A
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 4BuS?
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film vE?qF9I{$0
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. A'|W0|R9
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 2ok>z$Y
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 OY~5o&Oa
fifty percent of + 名词 x)#k$QU
one percent of + 名词 |#5JI#,vX
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: TaM,9MAu
one percent of my students + are +}4vdi"
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. g;]
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这里要强调两个结构 Kt}dTpVFr
half of =fifty percent #C%<g:F8
most of + 可数名词 + are D>*%zz|
most of + 不可数名词+ is
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been V=(4
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found in central and eastern Canada. , PN?_N
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 4TR:bQZs
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized PrN?;Z.
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. IHagRldG
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 Wdy2;a<\{
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 t9P` nfY
①、主要考察时间状语 XTeU2I
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. \*_a#4a
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was u-k*[!JU
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②、For和since的区别 fk",YtS*
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 S*\`LBl"nX
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ^,`yt^^A
I has been a teacher for three years. thq(tK7
I has been a teacher since 1996. 4lz9z>J.V
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 2j_L
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became aFl(K\
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the primary responsibility of the president. xOEj+
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 >pn?~
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of n.Ekpq\
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 6LUB3;g7
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 \GBv@
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. HjL+Wg
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live F DXAe-|Q
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(三) 谓语的语态 EtKy?]i
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 N9idk}T
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: A"d=,?yE
①、prove `BF +)fs
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 UJ
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尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; MBp%TX!
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming sA#}0>`3S
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be !%?O`+r
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. [+
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 Je5}Z.3m
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②、Locate,Situate {bHUZen
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 n+MWny
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 fG9 ;7KG
这两个词也可以用作被动 /oOZ>B%1s
My school was located near the river. BX\/Am11
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 +`,;tz=?
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. ,2YZB*6h{
(A)locates .V4-
(B)locating JTIt!E}P
(C)to locate 6_,JW{#"
(D)is located L4,b ThSG
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 /sfJ:KP0
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③、表示需要概念的动词 nr2 Q[9~
need, want, require等 1U%
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My watch needed repairing I`zd:o]
My watch needed to be repaired. Aa=:AkrH
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④、表示人的情感的动词 +$|fUn{
move, annoy, surprise, please等 H4s~=
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 !!A0K"h
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 V(_1q
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主动和被动技巧总结: RN[I%^$"
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 I]^>>>p$
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 4);_f
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, )V\@N*L`ik
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power structures, and flood-control works along &^r>Q`u
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. <.Ws; HN}
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 1@DC#2hPr
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四、非谓语动词 y3zP`^
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(一) 分词 t:2v`uk
现在分词和过去分词的区别 Ax;=Zh<DAv
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 9af.t
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then 1u
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. T3X'73M
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning l3>S{
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 kAki9a(=!
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in !+eH8
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 9}(w*>_L
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living @^P^-B
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一些动词后面必须用doing S<tw5!tJ
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 1(
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mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, gcJ!_KZK
advocate, suggest @(3F4Z.i%.
delay, quit k }=<51c
forgive(原谅),tolerate, XKoY!Y\
avoid, escape(逃避) YX\vk/[|
spend+名词+doing; #b/qR^2qW
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing h051Ol\v*
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