改错题常考要点 5A+@xhRf
一、代词 |g'ceG-
代词中主要讲解六个问题 b!r%4Ah
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 4s@Tn>%SP
主格、宾格、所有格 W
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名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ]Ljb&*IEj
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(二) 反身代词 R{ udV
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 }I1j #d0.
He killed himself. (他自杀了) hM[3l1o{|
He killed him. (他杀了他) =
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating aKE`nA0\B
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a series of indicators that could help } =Xlac_U
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themselves to predict earthquakes. mX!*|$bs
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 sVGQ
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Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 Y]5spqG
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 6kMkFZ}+
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 luyu7`
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies y
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that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ^b}Wl0Fn
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Pacific. n>7aZ1Qa
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 W/b)OlG"2
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 1e7I2g
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: (9kR'kr
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 m(d|TwG{
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Y/"t!
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the word“normalcy”to express social and u`.)O
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economic conditions they promised the nation. eV/oY1B]<
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 =6O*AJ
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important D6l.x]K
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John bk;uKV+<
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Keats, published the year of her death. CaO-aL
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. )wCNLi>4
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(四) Who和which的区别 .-/IV^lGv
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 !U>WAD9
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 GGr82)E
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 4oueLT(zc
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. .(.
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 uf9&o#
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 dXQ C}JA
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(五) that和which的区别 i!e8-gVMP&
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 xk%
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it )"6-7ii7(f
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. @v2ko5
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 o!KDeY
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 PC<_1!M]
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, `HkNO@N[
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when
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I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. aE9Y
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way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which !p/?
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly n*=#jL
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. &tAYF_}
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 pLtw|S'4
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has %NxQb'
affected the way people in the United States----. r.\L@Y<
(A) living and working A!B.+p[G
(B) they live and work lnyfAq}w
(C) live and work <SI|)M,, 3
(D) to live and to work R/ZScOW[
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 &btI#
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二、介词 kygw}|, N
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 }Ze*/p-
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(一) 介词搭配 #Or;"}P>fB
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those - |g"q|
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. $ItjVc@U
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 QS&B"7;g
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. YOD.y!.zq7
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分析:B错改为be rich in j )6
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the t~->&Ja
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. %M@K(Qu
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 N7+L@CC6T
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 (j&:
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 4N,mcV
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. aixX/se
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 vwU1}H
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has J?QS7#!%
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on BNu >/zGpB
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. {{?g%mQ6
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 i}) s4%a
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2、介词by 4ba*Nc*Yc
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by 8h=t%zMSb
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing b(Nv`'O
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States I\~[GsDY
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. 95l)s],
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 7n8nJTU{4j
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils sdFHr4
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to RY , <*
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supply moccasins and field rations. e97G]XLR
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 U"PcNQy
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with -'! J?~
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements @(t3<g
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that are often represented at symbols. 4Yj1Etq.E
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 LOh2eZ"n
三、谓语动词 SyWZOE%p
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 hFrMOc&
①、主谓分割原则 DB'v7
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例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, YvR bM
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. FK%b@/7s~
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 u47<J?!Q
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②、与后者一致原则 jK|n^5\
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ,}oAc
not only…but also vy<W4
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③、与前者一致原则 kDmm
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, n]%-2`}(
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 Kk3+ ]W<
例:The athlete, together with his coach and <,i4Ua
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. *2AD#yIKC
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is #{i*9'
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④、就近原则 5pQpzn=
or, either…or, neither…nor, #M-!/E
单数名词+or+复数名词+are >eJ<-3L;
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is \!u<)kkyT
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 =LW!$p
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 lY%I("2=
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are H& |/|\8F
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. !~#zd]0x;
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 : |'(T[~L
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 <PLAAh8
There are five apples that are red. atL<mhRz
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 R)NSJ-A!2
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets p-4$)w~6i
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 3H2~?CaJ
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 [LoQYDku
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 ! M^O\C)
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 5m8u :6kQu
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 (&}[2pb!
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 wQ33Gc
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: QjTSbHtH
a. there be 句型 )vW'g3u _
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 7FC!^)x1
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 /VYT](
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. b-u@?G|<
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is LG[N\%<!H
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific q T6y&
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 A8-[EBkK
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miles in width. HE&)N
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分析:倒装句,are改为is Fb{N>*l.
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and o GuAF q
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film u@Hz7Q}
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. 5]&sXs
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 {o~TbnC
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 hO"!q;<eS
fifty percent of + 名词 [FBS|v#T
one percent of + 名词 J _rrc;F
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: ;"M6}5dQ4
one percent of my students + are 8dR `T}
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. iq' PeVo
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这里要强调两个结构 g+B7~Z5,
half of =fifty percent [H*JFK
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most of + 可数名词 + are .Y6v#VI
most of + 不可数名词+ is $b`nV4p
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been S%- kN;
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found in central and eastern Canada. DQGrXMpV0
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ;`oK5
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized K 4GuOl
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. b? o
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 Ba[,9l[
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 x*H#?.E
①、主要考察时间状语 8?iI;(
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. pq`uB
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was P<IDb%W
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②、For和since的区别 '^TeV=
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 b*Y Wd3
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 &jqylX
I has been a teacher for three years. Dnd; N/9
I has been a teacher since 1996. T3fQ #p
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 &IN%2c
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became Imv#7{ndq
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the primary responsibility of the president. kQmkS^R
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 GqHW.s5
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of -8^qtB
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 3q'AgiW
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 1<G+KC[F
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. 74M 9z
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live 5(H%Ia
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(三) 谓语的语态 r+ bGZ
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 ;Xt<\^e
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: i"G'#
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①、prove Oin9lg-jR
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 Zkd{EMW
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; elR'e6Q
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming tkctwjD
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be g.&B8e
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. `
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 {\(G^B*\
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②、Locate,Situate zufphS|
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 .u)KP*_
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 2V@5:tf
这两个词也可以用作被动 /f[Ek5/-0
My school was located near the river. rL-R-;Ca
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 NAD^10
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. %<>:$4U@]
(A)locates :Tpf8
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(C)to locate |>
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(D)is located .8QhJHwd
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 1T#-1n%[k(
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③、表示需要概念的动词 ;cVK2'
need, want, require等 Gs~eRcIB
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My watch needed repairing |$/#,Dv7
My watch needed to be repaired. !!L'{beF
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④、表示人的情感的动词 HBp??.r
move, annoy, surprise, please等 Vl$RMW@Ds
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 =EVB?k
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He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 =A5i84y.2u
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主动和被动技巧总结: jy~hLEt7
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 Srw`vql{(
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the ;Lg
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, F$i50s
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power structures, and flood-control works along !]R>D{""
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. [|$C2Dhw=
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 -ik$<>{X
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四、非谓语动词 yuq o ^i
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(一) 分词 <b
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现在分词和过去分词的区别 w?_'sP{pd
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then w[vccARQ
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. ;<o?JM
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning P7X3>5<;q
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 |U'` Sc
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in %Ze7d&
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. $? Z}hU
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living $Ups9p Q
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一些动词后面必须用doing @5??`
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对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 !u:;Ew
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, C%%gCPI^y
advocate, suggest =pj3G?F#
delay, quit ;S&anC#E
forgive(原谅),tolerate, ,l,q;]C%
avoid, escape(逃避) *6}'bdQbNP
spend+名词+doing; W8-vF++R
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing q&:%/?)x
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their "2tKh!?Q
A B C D zDxJK
crops. 5]kv1nQ
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 }:s.m8LC5n
3<1x>e2nT
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, ts,V+cEA
A B m,5?|J=
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. (b1e!gJpy
C D c:B` <
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing _Db&f}.`
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(二) 不定式 ^ME'D
A. 动词不定式的省略 Vhe$vH
①、help后面可以省略to vr6YE;Rs
help to do @W, <8
help sb. to do >$a;+v
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid g`2Oh5dA
A B i{Du6j^j
the habits that might shorten the lives. N&$ ,uhmO
C D >4+KEK
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 j0{Qy;wP )
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 R.
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make, e3[Q6d&|
let, _lm^v%J$
have sb. do sth $++O@C5
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. .2ZFJ.Z"
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians *=T(ncR['
A B M[Nv>
to know when to play various parts of a composition. K7nyQGS
C D @:>gRD
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know 8f65;lyN
{:Kr't<XzF
③、感官动词 jCIY(/
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe 1Lp; LY"_
see sb do sth. 强调过程 6)20%*[
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 nI1(2a1
2.
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 !aL=R)G&e
(1)表示第一人 n.C5w8f
the first woman to do sth. AD@ {7
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(2)表示迫使的动词 JZ&_1~Z=
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do #l3)3k*;
Ki&a"Fu3
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis HIC!:|
A B 9jM7z/Ff
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. [9#zEURS
C D &
d$X:
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 *v?kp>O
Wcm8,?*
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 xtLP4VL
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 <^_crJONom
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 IOY7w"|LW
be lieable to do 易于…的 2% OAQ(
be apt to do
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(4)表示目的的名词, D!.1R!(Z
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 $$"G1<EZ
固定的句式: =9,^Tu|
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. sf->8
the objective 目标 ffBd
aim bovAFdHW
goal Jmi,;Af'/
reason理由 HEIg_6sb
function功能 XoL DqN!
intension意图 F"O\uo:3
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing 0y?;o*&U\
A ( }Bb=
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. rjO{B`sV*
B C D ]dI^
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分析:the function to provide, A错 Jww#zEK
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure |%mZ|,[
A 2zW IB[
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds D&
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B PPIO<K 3`
that make up various components of a living cell. g= Vu'p 3u
C D $T^q>v2u
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 kP ,8[r
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(5) 其他同根名词 o5NmNOXm
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 G[yzi
attempt to do 企图 Y%;X7VxU*
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 k4{|Xn
ambition, tm^joK[{|J
be ambitious to do Q47R`"
effort RO,TNS~
C8>
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation =2Yt[8';
A B #]tDxZ]
6
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions.
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C D 3WGE T[3
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 _G/R;N71
m{ !$_z8:
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great vf{$2rC
A B o&Xp%}TI
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. R P<M
C D RBn/7
分析:efforts to register, C错 L,y
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ocZ}RI#Q
ofQs
/
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 s)r!3HS
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 x-CjxU3
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. yj4"eDg]
D!,5j_,j%
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 ?96r7C|
I am glad to see you. Su6kpC!EW
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. JP<j4/
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. E0+L?(;
7CH&n
4v
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 z:f&k}(
It is difficult to decide. l%"DeRp,/
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五、句子的结构 5tbCx!tL
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 |JIlp"[
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(一) 主语的重复 Az:~|P
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 w gS'/
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any uE')<fVX(
A B TF:'6#p
compromises concerning the establishment of the #U`AK9rP_g
C D kiM:( =5
League of Nations. I~n4}}9M
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 2.%)OC!q&5
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson
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yk?bz
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are =|E
"
A B {UP[iw$~
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. vEg%ivj3
C D u:p
OP
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 HfSx*@\s
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(二)谓语的重复 Uyb0iQ-,s
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 x>EL|Q=?
{OPEW`F
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of ulsU~WW7r
A B % vUU
Fub
one or more sentences related to the same idea. o:QL%J{[
C D h}SZ+G/L
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 \09A"fs{
O +o)z6(
(三)谓语的缺少 2@tnOs(*
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body sn:VM HrOT
A B ,VVA^'+
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. 6{.U7="
C D 9 o,`peH
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 LnE/62){N
X,w X)9]J
(四)主句的重复 D{JjSky
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 rgIWM"
&YY`XEG59O
:L@;.s
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 'l5
A B C
)$S=iL8(
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. k'O.1
D 5vLXMdN
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 \#%GVru!
fhN\AjB6Td
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow :^kAFLU
A B :8@)W<>%
sweeps across the face of the Earth. Sa<(F[p`
C D H[.)&7M\
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 -*mbalU,J
*>W<n1r@]
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided }iKjef#J
A B X:s~w#>R
names for towns, only George Washington i
FZGfar?
C P+f}r^4}
is remembered in the name of a state. [j/|)cj
D [;ZCq!)>
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 DRm`y>.
六、比较级和最高级 f@;pN=PS
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 uEb:uENk'(
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 me2vR#
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 4)e1K/PJ)
A nmiJ2edx
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. b/[X8w'VP
B C D J
#C4A]A
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 ?n{m2.H
r1
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 Z]uc *Ed
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. R5e[cC8o
.
A B C D YZfi-35@g
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 =b*GV6b
AQ$)JPs
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere \LJ!X3TZ
A B C D %' WC7s
is the grizzly bear. }^$#vJ(a7K
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 B ZU@W%E
=_=%1rI~
B~}BDnu 6
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 O-7)"
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 JZ`u?ZaJ/s
0#Gm# =F
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with CC^]Y.9
A B 'eBD/w5U
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. '2Zs15)V
C D #xx.yn(7
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 +fY@q,`
-flcB|I`
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 . 0yBI=QI
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as xKBi".wA
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 fcp_<2KH
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 6wpu[
the taller boy D"$ 97
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 /Bgqf,N |
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed Chl^LEN:
A B @VHstjos^V
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is z2Wblh"_
abundant, and humidity is moderate. 7)}_'
p
C D SN")u
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they bZUw^{~)D
&b,A-1`w_
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 kLF3s#k
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, d^54mfgI
A B C |Wck-+}U
the Navajos form largest group. /ho7~C+H*e
D ;2`t0#J$]
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 lxZ9y
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, qp*~|
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language F@ |(
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 3&E@#I^],
+>eX1WoTy
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many ?HOnDw.v1
A B C +-TE
B
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans.
8z|]{XW{
D )#4(4
@R h
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 Omn$O>
;[Xf@xf
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the Q A~F
例如:my best friends
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xrY >Or
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial j5n"LC+oz
A B C J?t(TW6E
and banking center. bx6=LK
D h<'tQGC
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ;*nzb!u\\
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 XmVst*2=
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l.;^w
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary 6r
%i=z
A #U3q
+d+^
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. y fuH
B C D X$t!g`
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 tK+JmbB\
m>w{vqPwJ
七、平行结构 NYxL7 :9
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 !w!k0z]
|XQ\c.A
e !w{ap8u
(一) 对等连接词 u,=?|M\
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 PF)s>
单一式: and, or ,but ?<
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相关式: both…and, not … but, d[H`Fe6h
either …or, neither…nor X*Q<REDB
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as YoQQ ,
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, g>b{h
kIXg
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also i_!$bk<yo
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, xA*6Z)Y
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短语式: as well as 5lwMc0{/3
rather than (而不是) iK5[P
other than (除…之外) [ 'B u
instead of (代替) VhnIr#L+
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 G ,`]2'(@
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, rNke&z:%X_
A B ;<F^&/a|yQ
but he is now living in Detroit. Iy4REP|
C D i8*(J-M
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 M,r8 No
SapVS*yx@
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics G 40
A B OSh'b$Z
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford &!+1GI9z
remained active in city and regional planning. j97K\]tQ
C D 6OtNWbB
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 p~-)6)We?
(二)平行的内容 +mO/9m
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 4jVd
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of J'wJe,
A B *oh,Va
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, A(+V{1L'
C D i\K88B&24
or yearly periods of light and darkness. Q[T)jo,j%
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 =,s5>2
vcP_gJz
9S5C{~P4
第二、名词单复数的平行 _~y-?(46K
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 {JfL7%
GIS,EwA
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, zgxMDLH
A B C Ud#xgs'
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. =<P$mFP2*
D ^>y|{;`
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 9G[t
& r
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i
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, 0.U-
tg0
A B iW[%|ddk
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. b>& 3XDz
C D @8cn<+"b
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have @Fb
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t
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第三、时态的平行 xr^fP~V|)0
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated NU3s^ 8\(
A 87R$Y> V
with the imagist movement , but later develops {t('`z
B 5^N`~
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. NV\{$*j(|J
C D C]krJse@
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 YG#{/;^nm)
}x"8v&3CM_
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- #\6k_toZ
spread from its home in Central America and GP=bp_L
now grows throughout the tropics. Tqx
(A) to be (B) it ~AcjB(
(C) the (D) its YcM0A~<
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? R1Q~UX]d=
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow HQc^ybX5
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ----
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commercially for their meat and eggs. q =26($
(A) raised (B) and are raised I:] Pd
(C) raised as (D) are raised Ka8Bed3
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 fczH^+mI
e @|uG %
第四、排列位置的平行 xsx0ZovhY
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. T{lK$j
(A) Not only does rust corrode 0G8zFe*p
(B) Not only rust corrodes <1kK@m -E
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes E&\ 0+-Dw
(D) Rust not only corrodes f}Uf*Bp
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 'CvV Kt
k
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: 8/W2;>?wKc
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 ;_A
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2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 :Gf
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 'H'R6<z5
5:SS2>~g
八、词序的颠倒 #9q
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词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 1m<8M[6u
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 ]=(PtzVa
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage `'b2 z=j
A B )Vpt.4IBd
that can be given to any individual in the United States. 1raq;^e9
C D X 3(*bj>P
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 Mo[
yRRS#
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Ev0=m;@_
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 dg@'5.ApPu
例:Certain types of computers work properly only fmv,)UP
A B uS5AD
h
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. r|Q/:UV?w
C D |L(h+/>aWX
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 HD>UTX`&mc
uevhW
#? 7g_
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 lF3wTf/j
wfQImCZ>l
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were KDLrt
A B C #F'8vf'r
in what is now the United States. f;obK~b[
D ? w@)3Z=u
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 QNGp+xUHJ9
Y
{|is2M9'
所有的系动词分为三大类:
!x
EGN@
第一种:表示保持某种状态, ?{wD%58^oG
is, remain, keep, stay, ;e6-*
lie, exit(表示位于) Pdk#"H-j
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 `pfRY!
become, turn, grow, ^CP>|JWD^
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) R
_Z9
aQ
I8{
mk h
第三种,感官动词 aq- |
seem(好像是) q$'[&&