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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 bP(xMw<'j  
一、代词 4Z,MqG >  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 a?_N8|k[  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 h,45-#+  
  主格、宾格、所有格 > T=($:n  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) xx_]e4  
HTA Jn_  
(二) 反身代词 l~.ae,|7  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 )%I2#Q"Nt-  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) ,3=|a|p  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) ci a'h_w  
V4PI~"4q#1  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  Js.2R$o =*  
    A                 B    0Z $=2c?xT  
  a series of indicators that could help yPs4S?<s  
             C      MEf`&<t  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. V(u#8M  
    D +uZ,}J  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 PT4Wox9U  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 <pyLWmO  
1j"_@?H[  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 2O;Lw@W  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 oe$&X&  
B8_ )I.  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies E0?R,+>&4  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the TkHyXOk"Ky  
     A   B      C          D 5yBaxw`  
  Pacific. RI.6.f1dy  
%8C,9q  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 gJ;jh7e@  
YNHQbsZUI,  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 Y%$@ZYW  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: !'m MGxkEb  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 4PdJ  
P}kBqMM  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined ,zXP,(x  
                       A   TgC8EcLr  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and 'OEh'\d+x  
             B JdYmUM|K/c  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. uO]^vP]fT  
   C       D |aWeo.;c  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Dqxtc|vo  
nrFuhW\r  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important I| V yv  
        A     m%$GiNs}  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John XEX ."y  
   B        C      N*mm[F2+F  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  Nd;) V  
      D |$>ZGs#  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 6_rgj{L  
\Ei(HmEU  
k' 6Poz+<  
(四) Who和which的区别 (7zdbJX  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 GS*Mv{JJ  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物  b' 5]o  
H Z)an  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who iHYvH   
              A            B TXH9BlDn  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. l< DpcLX  
   C                  D q@@C|oqEX  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 Fv!KLw@  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 bMCy=5  
12olVTuw  
(五) that和which的区别 +`(,1L1  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 l2.L h<G  
8lJMD %Df:  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it xRiWg/Z~  
              A        B ", Ge:\TR=  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. [BLB xSL  
      C              D FV];od&c  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 n7$2 1*,  
:}n\ r/i  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 ?c7} v  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, OtsW>L@ O(  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when =)O%5<Lwx  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. I<}<!.Bc!  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which M~SbIk<#a<  
uB*Y}"Fn  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly id=:J7!QU  
              A         B   xn BL{ []  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. R{0nk   
         C      D s<hl>vY_'  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 P)9$}9i  
V!XT=Ou?6  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  iQ7S*s+l5O  
  affected the way people in the United States----. a%igc^GS2  
   (A) living and working W_\~CntyZ  
   (B) they live and work ZaKT~f%%z  
   (C) live and work F caO-  
   (D) to live and to work w15Qqh lK  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 ,!i!q[YkL9  
3Gyw^_{J  
二、介词 [i 7^a/e  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。  |tVWmm^m  
W}0cM9 g  
(一) 介词搭配 QswbIP/>:'  
>x0)  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those Zy+EI x  
    A         B   C      T x 6\  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. `= FDNOwp  
                D 5U[ bn=n  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 DM[gjfMXu  
}(-2a*Z;Y  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. &E+2  
A       B     C  D 6f^q >YP  
分析:B错改为be rich in S1&Df%Ra  
 ~d\>f  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the c!20(( 2|I  
    A         B      C n `Ry!  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. zmdu\:_X9  
             D A!n)Fpk  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 UP?]5x>  
Z.x9SEe1t  
?V >{3  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 +w(>UBy-  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 aNxq_pRb  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. tuW Jj^  
          A      B  C     D JrhDqyk*  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 ` fm^#Nw  
HAOl&\)7"_  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 2S#|[wq(  
                 A  B     J3P )oM[  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on gxf{/EjH  
      C C_q@ixF{  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. !GL kAV  
      D `:&jbd4H  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 {T2=bK~  
0'Y'K6hG`  
2、介词by $Lx2!Zy  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ,rZp(moj  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing )~CnDk}^R  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States !`$xN~_  
    A         B       XI"8d.VR  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. q o^PS  
   C     D kl/eJN'S  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 ~[H+,+XLY+  
hI Q 2s  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils )!tqock*v  
   A                      o{n)w6P{R,  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to tITx+i  
     B    C       D C 7e  
   supply moccasins and field rations. ^}>Ie03m50  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 0[SJ7k19  
W7 iml|WV0  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with oI2YJ2?Je8  
        A                gp`H>Sn.|  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements ,-[e{=Cz  
        B          C   ZA> p~Zt  
  that are often represented at symbols. FK~FC:K  
              D =!pfgE  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ;3 |Z}P  
三、谓语动词 H)u<$y!8  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 pD )$O}  
①、主谓分割原则 E/[<} ./  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ]`S35b  
     A     ;uK">L[u'  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. &N^^[ uG  
        B      C      D c/bIt  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 gr%!<2w  
`VB]4i}u  
②、与后者一致原则 &-s/F`  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, 2:>|zmh_  
not only…but also e,0y+~  
l'#P:e W  
pMfP3G7V  
③、与前者一致原则 "N|gU;~W  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, |x[zzx# >-  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 9sR?aW^$,/  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and #UO#kC<2(B  
     A      B  C     -5_[m@Vr  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. HRPNZ!B  
         D ND3(oes+;K  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is Z6Owxqfht  
b<N962 q$q  
④、就近原则 HalkNR-eEm  
or, either…or, neither…nor, e{8j(` (;#  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are h)vRvfcmY  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ^3q o%=i  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 6jGPmOM/  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 o,#[Se*n  
;g0p`wV  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are j#`d%eQ~J  
        A      B        : Y{aa1  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ?-"%%#  
    C              D 6"d^4L?  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 2!Mwui;%  
b0~AN#Es  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 !+E|{Zj  
There are five apples that are red. kg>Ymo.  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 k#4%d1O}  
.Q,IOCHk  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets Dn 6k,nVh  
      A            V7zF5=w  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. yAu-BObD  
   B   C    D H$:Z`CQt<  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 ,1\nd{  
hrwQh2sm  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 6\MJvg\;  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. =: +k  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 _)J;PbK~  
$c-h'o  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 [<)/ c>Y  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: D t~Jx\\  
a. there be 句型 {iP^51fy  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 i$) `U]  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 5!ll #/ {`  
G?LPj*=$?  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. >EFjyhVE  
   A     B      C    D    h1.]Nl C  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is 3K2`1+kBVG  
^|@t2Rp@  
x+zz:^yHYf  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ^l#Z*0@><~  
             A     B    rn l~i  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 y]5O45E0  
     C         R07Kure  
  miles in width. BN&^$1F((  
     D  :E/]Bjq$;  
分析:倒装句,are改为is Vx@JP93|  
i]8HzKuiW  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and TI-8I)  
   A    B       C         {J2*6_  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film XVjs0/5b  
                    D YaJ[39V  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. m72r6Yq2@  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 z=>U>  
^>02,X mk  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 (]0JI1 d  
fifty percent of + 名词 tgy*!B6a~  
one percent of + 名词 k3::5&  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: E7-il;`cKn  
  one percent of my students + are p`lv$ @q'  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 6m_ fEkS[  
9 |v3lGK(  
这里要强调两个结构 pIBL85Xe  
half of =fifty percent H^{ Eh  
most of + 可数名词 + are .}Va~[0j  
most of + 不可数名词+ is "w.gP8`  
a"gZw9m@  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 555j@  
   A       B         C   &5:83#*Oj  
  found in central and eastern Canada. =(]yl_  
           D Rda~Drz  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 $W_sIS0\z  
2 Q bCH}  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized * I)F5M  
                 A   B  #E`wqI\'  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. ;q5.\m:  
              C     D czG]rl\1  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 n^[VN[ VC  
BQo$c~  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 Al}D~6MD  
①、主要考察时间状语 Z@1vJH6IbA  
wf `e3S  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. {e]ktj#+{  
   A        B  C     D woyn6Z1JQ  
$:}sm0;  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was W ])Lc3X  
_Dq, \}  
;${_eab ]  
②、For和since的区别 (8Inf_59  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 N+nv#]{  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 @9AK!I8f  
  I has been a teacher for three years. _C4N6YdU  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. QLLMSa+! \  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 7=`_UqCV  
W*WSjuFr2  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became Qj 3l>O  
   A      B              \R|qXB $  
  the primary responsibility of the president. ?' /#Gt`  
     C    D 'z$!9ufY,  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 Q&`if O  
m#|h22^H  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of n eBcS[  
             A  B  C   5J2tR6u-(  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. DTN)#G CtF  
            D %(ms74R+  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 W{X5~w (  
5c 69M5  
['_W <  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  |0$7{nQ  
   A       B        C     D xz*MFoE  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live  I#U)  
bOdQ+Y6  
(三) 谓语的语态 2 @>#?c7  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 It8s#oq8  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: [;$9s=:[  
①、prove I`uOsZBO/  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 k *|WI$  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; AkA2/7<[  
~mk>9Gp  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 5K {{o''  
                      A   m98w0D@Ee  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be ~!#2s'  
    B                  C _.+2sm   
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. W3y9>]{x^  
                  D XpT+xv1`;  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 Q)93 +1]  
2<TpNGXM_  
^$~&e :{  
②、Locate,Situate 9N;y^ Y\  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 F+285JK  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 :nn(Ndlz9  
这两个词也可以用作被动 sg8j}^VI  
  My school was located near the river. L /V;;  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 oWV^o8& GH  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. fB`7f $[  
   (A)locates #KwK``XC 4  
   (B)locating ;\rKkH"K8n  
   (C)to locate Mo0pN\A}h  
   (D)is located SoNT12>  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 2_ CJV  
IpKpj"eoLy  
③、表示需要概念的动词 # mW#K  
need, want, require等 =O'>H](Q  
);1UbqVPD  
My watch needed repairing 4<q'QU#l<  
My watch needed to be repaired. $uCY\ xqZ  
>;Vy{bL8  
④、表示人的情感的动词 nW!pOTJq21  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 d D;r35h=  
7N}==T89[  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 \4"01:u'  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 SZL('x ,"^  
t{o&$s93  
主动和被动技巧总结: z P=3B%$  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 (sL!nRw  
v8NoD_  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the hp!. P1b  
                 A       Mt   
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 2sOetmWE7  
                 B ,B||8W9  
  power structures, and flood-control works along T;Zv^:]0  
                    C b,o@ m  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. boWaH}?0'  
                D IM*T+iRKqF  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 oV=~ Q#v  
OYayTKxN  
四、非谓语动词 mYw9lM  
:+$/B N:iO  
(一) 分词 D<UX^hU   
现在分词和过去分词的区别 o}VW%G"  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 .C?rToCY  
02 6 |u|R  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then :iVEm9pB)  
   A o%V%@q H  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. Mr u  
     B      C            D CZ.XEMN\  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning EhK5<v}  
EL+P,q/b  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 @l^BW*BCo  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in aH+n]J] =)  
      A               B   pG0Ca](  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. })^%>yLfc|  
               C         D =!Ce#p?h,  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living HA W57N  
cs6I K6wo  
,)](h+zl_6  
一些动词后面必须用doing .L'eVLQe  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 ed6eC8@  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, WEVV2BJ  
 advocate, suggest ! :XMP*g  
 delay, quit (TQhO$,  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, )mvD2]fK  
 avoid, escape(逃避) %}x$YD O  
 spend+名词+doing; DgB]y6~KXl  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Sm(t "#dp  
'v V |un(6  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their m#kJ((~  
   A     B    C              D w=MiJr#3^  
  crops. $yY\[C  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 bQelU  
g (:%E  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, ^KO=8m( )J  
               A        B %A ^q m  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. ="=Aac#n`  
        C          D {u4=*> ?G  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing \gE6KE<?p  
0>KW94  
(二) 不定式 n fU\l<  
A. 动词不定式的省略 vsU1Lzna6@  
①、help后面可以省略to )1!jv!  
  help to do &!E+l<.RF  
  help sb. to do 7Ne`F(c  
[LHx9(,NM  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid yS)73s/MrY  
              A      B   RO?%0-6O&  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. (g8<"< N ?  
         C     D $<[Q8V-  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 hCcAAF*I;5  
j~)GZV  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 Q{~WWv  
  make, 9Un3La8PX  
  let, D nZkZ;E/  
  have sb. do sth N5SePA\ ,?  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. &H`AS6  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians (pl|RmmDz  
        A               B *QIlh" "6  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. (zO)J`z>  
   C     D @Weim7r  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know b AsoIra  
VJeoO)<j  
③、感官动词 #'@pL0dj  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe fnwhkL#8  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 kma)DW  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 @&AUbxoj  
/s'7[bSv  
O)$rC  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 C[Ap&S  
(1)表示第一人 g p2S   
the first woman to do sth. X4c|*U=4  
e#+u8LrN  
(2)表示迫使的动词 _\d[`7#  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do A *$JF>`7  
%z0;77[1I  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis ;77# $ H8)  
     A                 B    6 cF~8  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. zA ; 7Nv$3  
       C           D ]f3[I3;K  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 va>u1S<lO  
4dEfXrMf  
k3HPY}-  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 X6hp}  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 vky@L!&,  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 j5rB+  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 Qb.Ve7c  
  be apt to do +;T `uOF}  
[1LlzCAFBw  
(4)表示目的的名词, kK,Ne%}a2K  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 XY_zF F  
固定的句式: R2e":`0I  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. a_GnN\kX^Z  
the objective 目标 pL& Zcpx  
aim  1?oX"  
goal K&\ q6bU  
reason理由 #[uDVCM  
function功能 1iiQW  
intension意图 @MoBR.  
yMd<<:Ap  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing 1@i|[ dq  
                       A  {\-9^RL  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. xa=Lu?t%<  
           B          C     D vGX}zzto  
分析:the function to provide, A错 _,ki/7{  
wDvG5  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure j@Ta\a-,x  
                  A       "KiTjl`M,  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds R/O>^s!Co  
     B  M SnRx*-  
  that make up various components of a living cell. MmbS ["A  
    C    D moOc G3=9  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 _1hiNh$  
YjR`}rdwo  
(5) 其他同根名词 #$ ^vP/"$  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 hHsN(v  
 attempt to do 企图 T!yI+<  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 Q`B K R]/  
 ambition, z*w.A=r  
 be ambitious to do  # GbfFoE  
 effort _-R &A@  
u(Kof 'p7  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation O!U8"Yr$  
  A                    B   DfsPg':z  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. LZI[5tA"  
          C       D sq45fRAi  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 GD -cP5$  
4c' F.0^  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great TZ+- >CG  
  A                   B   Jmml2?V-c  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. t[4V1:  
       C            D 4Nl3"@<$  
分析:efforts to register, C错 RA$%3L[A!  
@j`gx M_-O  
&~KAZ}xu  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 R^?9 V=Y<T  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 >n"4M~I  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. cfC}"As  
;u*I#)7  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 =1+/`w  
I am glad to see you. 7tP qez#  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. <  UD90}  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. QJF_ "  
MS`XhFPS.  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 d<cqY<y VA  
It is difficult to decide. !B v. @~  
~5>k_\ G8  
Ke^9R-jP  
五、句子的结构 6&;h+;h  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 rtdEIk  
KU^|T2s%  
(一) 主语的重复 ()W`4p  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 :?j]W2+kR  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any g=$nNQ \6=  
          A      B      8[H bg  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the c"diNbm[  
          C          D 3Mq%3jX  
  League of Nations. Py\/p Fvg  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 AO,^v+ $  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson aUi^7;R&<  
q)3QmA~  
(QS 0  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are >avkiT2  
        A        B  \c1>15  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. p_i',5H(  
    C         D Sq x'nXgO  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 uNca@xl'  
( 6ucA  
(二)谓语的重复 y!T8(  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 4 |UtE<<b  
Oq:$GME  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  _zkT x7H  
    A            B    [Wxf,rW i  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. 4n*`%V  
         C   D }}l jVUpC%  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 U,lO{J[T  
g>g*1oS  
(三)谓语的缺少 E)|Bl>  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body R 5\|pC  
          A     B    Lj/  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. 4wWfaL5"  
         C               D 1@9M[_<n5  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 A p 3B'  
CF v]wS  
(四)主句的重复 -C8LM ls  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ?X Rl\V  
{; O j  
ge1U1o  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite P<;Puww/  
      A         B        C   B5+$ VQ  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. ..w$p-1  
     D *?VB/yO=0  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 b`ksTO`}x  
,1]VY/  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow MO|Pv j~[  
        A   B       bR$5G  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. gZ-: 4G|J  
      C    D rbs&A{i  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 eR/X9<  
LR'~:46#u  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided b@sq}8YD|z  
   A                     B  6j!a*u:}"  
  names for towns, only George Washington Cv/3-&5S  
      C C4t~k  
  is remembered in the name of a state. [?(qhp!  
          D  =vDpm,  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 CK_\K,xVT  
六、比较级和最高级 '#~Sb8   
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 u'gsIuRJ  
}.=@^-JBA5  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 ZmI#-[/  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which ej &o,gX  
      A               T(k:\z/  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. fSGaUBiq}  
     B       C           D %WYveY  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 B* ^QTJ  
5 RYrAzQo  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 akwS;|SZ  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. d ;,C[&  
     A      B     C  D 5z" X>!?^  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 [.;8G MW  
NIC.c3  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 1z@ ncqe  
     A       B     C   D 9FF  
  is the grizzly bear. ESe$6)P  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 gpCWX z')i  
!T}R=;)e h  
4=|oOIhgb  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 Tb] h<S  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 msw=x0{n5  
|;YDRI  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with @X_)%Y-^O  
   A           B  I3Ad+]v  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. w}x&wWM  
   C                 D _~!c%_  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 =DI/|^j{ ;  
2JHV*/Q  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 mEV@~){  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as :/;;|lGw  
?6:e%YT  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 t5S!j2E  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 N$cAX^~  
the taller boy DF"*[]^[  
>W'"xK|:  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 Wk]E6yz6  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed E |=]k  
          A            B ' h|d-p\`9  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is ^]$rh.7&  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. szy2"~hm  
    C          D 9 NqZ&S  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they Oi~.z@@  
(}CA?/  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 -M`+hVs?  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, 2Vg+Aly4D  
  A  B         C     |TuFx=~5v  
  the Navajos form largest group.  C0j`H(  
         D 'zYx4&s  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 QeD ;GzG  
HQrx9CXE  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, 2QV|NQSl  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language ngH_p>  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 6 kAXE\T  
-@`!p  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many AM4 :xz  
            A      B         C :-1 i1d  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. <0H^2ekd  
            D  x5W. 3*  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 "A&HNkRz  
R"[U< ^  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 0 I[3%Q{  
例如:my best friends CWM_J9f  
~_"/\; 1  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial Cb;49;q  
            A    B     C 6?KJ"Ai9  
  and banking center. V Y'1 $  
        D k>72W/L^  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 C(5B/W6  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 Dbv KpM H  
Py-}tFr  
R3@$ao  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary bupDnTF  
                 A         :<>=,`vQD  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. uOprA`3  
    B   C     D GJ4R f%  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 84u %_4/  
YVB\9{H?  
七、平行结构 8!u8ZvbFG  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 P|4qbm4%O,  
%,[p[`NRYR  
r__Y{&IO  
(一) 对等连接词 mu}T,+9\  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 .YcI .  
单一式: and, or ,but COk;z.Kn  
相关式: both…and, not … but, [<p7'n3x  
     either …or, neither…nor tW |K\NL  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as KZ;Q71  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, `cBV+00YS  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also bhWH  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, :RE .md  
\$] V#@F  
短语式: as well as kLw07&H  
     rather than (而不是) kt*""&R  
     other than (除…之外) }+1Y>W7q  
     instead of (代替) ZH<:YOQ  
"\9!9U#!  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 D L0i  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  xF4>D!T%8  
       A     B   {:;599l  
  but he is now living in Detroit. "+6:vhP5  
       C   D feH|sz`e  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 `N69xAiy  
?Q ]{P]  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics !5;A.f  
       A         B ^}gQh#  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford eXqS9`zKr  
  remained active in city and regional planning. lbCTc,xT  
          C    D  PsLMV:O9S  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 l<]@5"wN  
(二)平行的内容 LyRU2A  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 pa6.Tp>  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of [=63xPxs.  
             A         B   /=5YHq>  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, !8Rsz:7^-  
         C            D G8y:f%I!b  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. S+d@RMdes  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 {g:I5 A#  
[84f[`!Ui  
Jzg>Y?jN R  
第二、名词单复数的平行 {c'2{`px 5  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 8Rgvb3u  
= h _>OA  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, !ys82  
  A     B          C   x :h0/f  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 'w?*4H  
                 D   5Iv3B|u  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 E|(T (4;  
\ 2$nFr?0  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ~w&P]L\dB  
                   A         B $*035f  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. %_rdO(   
      C          D mVg$z  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have l\PDou@5  
e/pZLj]M  
第三、时态的平行 5J d7<AO_  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated Xknp*(9  
                A     u!=9.3  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops cmpT_51~O  
                   B )20jZm*  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. .AIlv^:|U  
          C    D 6qW/Td|g  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 YVzcV`4w(  
RTPxAp+\5  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- cs'ylGH  
  spread from its home in Central America and sFd"VRAV~E  
  now grows throughout the tropics. av-l_iE  
   (A) to be    (B) it   2~:jg1  
   (C) the     (D) its dQ&S&SW  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? "A_,Ga  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow 8Iz-YG~%3  
]zGgx07d  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- G k'j<a  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. mI55vNyer  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised xM ]IU <  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised ^P5+ _P  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 'b#`)w@/=  
#St=%!  
第四、排列位置的平行 m$T?~o o  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. aq ~g 54  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode QPe+K61U  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes   Vf:w.G A  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes T[mo PD5  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes ^i3~i?\,P  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 n@pm5f  
GA19=gow  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: #UR4I2t*  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 ->DfT*)  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 F s^d-I  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 FhJ8}at+e  
Cm:&n |  
八、词序的颠倒 SK2nxZOH  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 JpVV0x/Q/_  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 f =H,BQ  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage $y !k)"k  
              A    B        RX",Zt$q  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. i2or/(u`  
      C       D    te ?R(&  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 <y${Pkrj  
&*TwEN^h  
(5@9 j  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 - #]?3*NO  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only Wx}+Vq<q  
          A      B     J-g#zs  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. V}732?Jy  
    C         D D$k40Mz  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 O`e0r%SJ  
B 95}_q  
VNx|nP&  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 T:Dp+m!\{  
7*5$=z4,1  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were Qg+0(odd  
          A   B     C   _H|c _  
  in what is now the United States. gkUG*Zw  
    D 0;'kv |  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 U6qv8*~  
jh.W$.Oq  
所有的系动词分为三大类: R}4o{l6  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, KU[eY }   
    is, remain, keep, stay, -}k'a{sj=  
    lie, exit(表示位于) DsY-JBDvoz  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 s}A)sBsaP3  
    become, turn, grow, yG58?5 \9  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) -CW&!oW  
~T<#HSR`  
第三种,感官动词 "/hM&  
    seem(好像是) l(9$s 4R  
    look(看起来好像是) ,-A8;DW]^J  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste i](,s.  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 IGT~@);  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe -'JTVfm.  
    A               B     [6 wI22  
   to cause numerous deaths. 64s+ 0}  
        C   D  l7aGo1TcIh  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 FR0zK=\  
:84ja>`c  
九、词性的混用 '15j$q  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 ixBM>mRK  
m<8j' [+  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 \bQ|O7s  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; ,M7sOp6}  
)oTEB#J  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high H; TmG<S  
          A        B      =d~]*[8  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and  eno*JK  
              C P)1@HDN==  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. }S*6 +4  
          D TzPx4L6?  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) 0 #K@^a  
kjNA~{  
kUP[&/Lc  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 enG6T  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 1"/V?ArfL  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds 6sP;O,UX  
         A       B      GZZLX19s q  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to {)b`fq  
          C        OzO_E8Kb\  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. v[Q)cqj/  
            D tH_# q"@)  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 L+I[yJY:!  
>E]*5jqU  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, ="A[*:h C"  
            A       ` 4k;`a  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of DVB:8"Bu  
      B      C hJ}G5pX  
   urban Black people in the United States.  fx;5j;  
   D 20fCWVw}?}  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 Ev^Xs6 }"  
Zz Kn,+  
R=e`QMq  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 I?fE=2}9  
表示时间有两种可能, wz, \zh  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 8p5'}Lq  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, AGv;8'`  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 #t/Q4X +  
#-@{rgH  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence TWs|lhC7!  
       A     B     %]R#}amW  
  were made while the American Civil War. 8odVdivh  
   C    D ~Fx[YPO,  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 Qb|dp~K.M  
)a}5\V  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the 9:Y:Vx  
   A      B           C    gSGe]  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. ko:I.6-K  
          D 7d<v\=J}  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 kN^)6  
h49Q2`  
4ku/3/ 6  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ]S:@=9JB'  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 7 dzE"m  
UQ8x #(`ak  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social N\fT6#5B  
                   A     jgstx3  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. nx4aGS"F:  
     B   C    D s6D-?G*u%8  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 >ob/@  
K$.zO4  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples n1t(ns|  
   A        B   C      `[KhG)Y7t  
  easily under the stress of compression. lP e$AI  
   D ["F,|e{y$  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 !7 oy%{L  
w b[(_@eZ  
 ~Hs{(7   
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 _p&$X  
KV_Ga8hs  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine G!8pF  
    A         B sQZ8<DpB  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. %?hLo8  
          C            D pCc7T-"og  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 )^H9C"7T  
K]8wW;N4  
r6JkoP Mh  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, "6yiQ\`J  
         A  ~C/KA6H  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. Zk UuniO  
   B      C      D <UJJ],)^1A  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 }G+A_HF ^  
`uVW<z{ l  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 =jc8=h[F<  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; \!Zh="hN  
two hundred diligent students
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