改错题常考要点 {iq)[
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一、代词 gclw>((5
代词中主要讲解六个问题 h"ko4b3^'@
(一) 掌握代词的几种格
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主格、宾格、所有格 M;1B}x@
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ;
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(二) 反身代词 'EsdYx5C
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 LOlj8T8Z
He killed himself. (他自杀了) pQOT\- bD
He killed him. (他杀了他) lr&O@
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating ^%2S,3*0
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a series of indicators that could help S`Wau/7t
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themselves to predict earthquakes.
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 +hKH\]
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 #J)83
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 =9'px3:'WR
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 Zlf)
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies Aq"<#:
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the xyc`p[n&
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Pacific. o" ./
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 b<?A
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 @8qo(7<~Q
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Zfub+A
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 +p#Q|o'
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined )+xHv
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the word“normalcy”to express social and 4c/.#?
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economic conditions they promised the nation. ( [m[<
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Msea kF
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important {s/u[T_D2
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John a'm\6AW2)
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Keats, published the year of her death. Kgw_c:/'
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 4RXF.kJ3=
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(四) Who和which的区别 $NG|z
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which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 VP<_~OLc
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 (Z72 3)
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who Ef2#}%>
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. *ydU3LG7
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 =H\ig%%E@
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 6*:mc
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(五) that和which的区别 GGY WvGE+
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 o|v_+<zD!
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 3]iBX`Ni
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. y^SDt3Am
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 cTR@
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 Vf'r6Rf
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, Y;L,}/[
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 'WA]DlO
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. (RL5L=,u
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which U# jbii6e
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly t&r-;sH^[
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. F`3J=AJOJ
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 nI-^
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has l~/g^lN
affected the way people in the United States----. FK$?8Jp
(A) living and working BtSl%(w
(B) they live and work X"KX_)GZD
(C) live and work bGl5=`
(D) to live and to work @y (9LSs
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 `[.':"~2N
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二、介词 RaS7IL:e
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 )1KlcF
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(一) 介词搭配 ;t.LLd
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those `dH[&=S
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. A.!V*1h{
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 !,mv 7Yj
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. tFvc~zz9
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分析:B错改为be rich in 9B lc
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the =R08B)yR
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. : QK )Ym
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 6.z8!4fpl
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 -[cl]H)V
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏
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例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. (fc
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 l65-8
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has i"}%ib*X
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on CD\k.
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. eGrC0[SH
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 $`:/OA<.
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2、介词by =]h 5RC
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by #un#~s
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另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing w
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例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States yM%,*VZ
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. [gZd$9a
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 h>,yqiY4p
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils }
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to yBKkx@o#z
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supply moccasins and field rations. l^x5m]Kt
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 /[YH
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with O/M\Q
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements 0eY$K7
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that are often represented at symbols. T_CYSS|fX
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 '|n-w\
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三、谓语动词 c
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(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致
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①、主谓分割原则 gc@,lNmi
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ?#^(QR|/
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. s
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 EeWCy5W
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②、与后者一致原则 eX$P k:
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, g]O"l?xx1D
not only…but also )6dvWK
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③、与前者一致原则 }ex2tkz
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, b8v?@s~
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 B@dA?w.x
例:The athlete, together with his coach and _O~DJ"
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. g!5`R`7
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is DWZ!B7Ts
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④、就近原则 EI6K0{'&X
or, either…or, neither…nor, WP7*Q:5
单数名词+or+复数名词+are "
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如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ^.y}2
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 &^^zm9{
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 K
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are fQq
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ax&
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 Jj}+tQf
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 57^X@ra$
There are five apples that are red. V9f$zjpw
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 &m_4#
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ^6`"f
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. >.N?y@
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 #-kG\
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 fF37P8Ir
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ^w'y>uFM
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 \zCT""'i
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 Hy~kHBIL
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: ]wCg'EUB
a. there be 句型 ;@xSJqT
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 Cc7PhoPK
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 _Vr>/f
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 1 i #
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is q
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ,tBb$T)7<
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 x-0S-1M
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miles in width. 5lehASBz
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分析:倒装句,are改为is $A"C1)d;
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and %!Z9: +;B
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film eiE36+'>b
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. .;#Wf@V
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 >S\D+1PV
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 Se*o{V3s$
fifty percent of + 名词 !
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one percent of + 名词 :5`=9_|
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: f'501MJu
one percent of my students + are Rs
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fifty percent of my time is spent on working. w"?H4
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这里要强调两个结构 @ Gxnrh6
half of =fifty percent AP1Eiv<Hub
most of + 可数名词 + are J@$h'YUF
most of + 不可数名词+ is pGS!Nn;K2
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been IY$v%%2WZ
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found in central and eastern Canada. 6k569c{7
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 T
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized b@6hGiqx
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. k9]M=eO
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 ;!RS q'L1
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 ..Q$q2.
①、主要考察时间状语 \W%Aeg*c
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. cJp:0'd
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was PIo8m f/
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②、For和since的区别 *!mT#Vm^
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 =x_~7 Xc{
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ]H%SGQPn
I has been a teacher for three years. aRt`IcZYz
I has been a teacher since 1996. Npr<{}ZE
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 /"q
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became bi01]
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the primary responsibility of the president. a;GuFnfn,
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 #0:N$'SZ
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of `l%)0)T
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. w$`[C+L
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 6g6BE^o\
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. #?3oGrS Y
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live g)L?C'BG
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(三) 谓语的语态 9w"kxAN
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 wf,B/[,d
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: =N~*`5|rk
①、prove Q7{/ T0
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 ~BbF:DS
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动;
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming \'>ZU-V
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be UXd
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 71I: P|.>
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 2zlBrjk;
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②、Locate,Situate [+2iwfD
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 5<RZht$i
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ui!MQk+D9
这两个词也可以用作被动 gc[BP>tl\
My school was located near the river. py':UQS*q
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 (DTXc2)c
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. iAn]hVW
(A)locates NN"!kuM
(B)locating g?1! /+
(C)to locate }M|,Z'@*
(D)is located D6NgdE7b
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 hTS?+l
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③、表示需要概念的动词 )oCb9K:km
need, want, require等 YCI-p p
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My watch needed repairing LR:meCOI
My watch needed to be repaired. C/{%f,rU
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④、表示人的情感的动词 d'UC
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move, annoy, surprise, please等 E%np-is{1
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 t{g7 :A
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。
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主动和被动技巧总结: ? 1
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如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 %DIZgPd\
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the tZ*z.3
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, E@N& Y1t
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power structures, and flood-control works along }35HKgqX
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. I]vCra
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 Bq*aP*jv
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四、非谓语动词 ]s<}'&
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(一) 分词
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现在分词和过去分词的区别 \$[;
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①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 "79"SSfOc
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then +u|
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning X|wg7>kh*`
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 29~Bu5
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in 9:1[4o)~
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. #[ZNiaWT
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 6&KvT2?tA`
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一些动词后面必须用doing 9zs!rlzQ
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 &>$+O>c ,
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, nBo?r}t4
advocate, suggest ?D8
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delay, quit RwyRPc_
forgive(原谅),tolerate, ?Ja&LNI9S
avoid, escape(逃避) io^L[
spend+名词+doing; 2(5<Wj"
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing &w
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their '7;b+Vbl#
A B C D <]e 0TU?bk
crops. kD.KZV
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 ecIZ+G)k
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,
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A B /t"FZ#
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War.
_ 0g\g~[
C D 9qcA+gz:|
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing ?=#vp /
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(二) 不定式 4SDUTRoa
A. 动词不定式的省略 D6L5X/#
①、help后面可以省略to ":!7R<t
help to do 7xU6Ll+p
help sb. to do 'h.:-1# L
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid Ef~Ar@4fA
A B {Uj-x
-
the habits that might shorten the lives. 0+dc
C D d":GsI?3
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 1=U NA :t<
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 PXrv2q[5?
make, ;v
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let, UYw=i4J'
have sb. do sth I 6-.;)McO
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. :}*
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians
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8
A B ic;M=dsh:
to know when to play various parts of a composition. fPBJ%SZ
C D P+:DLex
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ,[UK32KWI
fK{m7?V
③、感官动词 )eD9H*mq
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe /nWBo l,
see sb do sth. 强调过程 fvBL? x
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 /N9ct4 {^
E! GH$%:;
lx\9 Y 8
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Us2I
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(1)表示第一人 Z_;!f}X
the first woman to do sth. z3Zo64V~7
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(2)表示迫使的动词 [nASMKK0
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do l0w<NZF
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis %E2b{Y;
A B p|+TgOYOc
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 8+@j %l j
C D {n\Ai3F-
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 FDal;T
`0, G'F
E?-
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 ShesJj
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 Z`<5SHQd
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 t0_4jVt
be lieable to do 易于…的 ^Na3VP
be apt to do :cvT/xhO
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(4)表示目的的名词, Z4oD6k5oc
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 #>M^BOR8
固定的句式: [/o BjiBA
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. x[=,$;o+
the objective 目标 "5204I
aim {)(Mkm+d
goal ,_TE@]!$
reason理由 d uP0US
function功能 U(gYx@
intension意图 ;nrkC\SYh:
*q"1I9zvT
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing K~4bT=
A Id1de>:;
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. EU
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B C D Q zg?#|
分析:the function to provide, A错 zm8k,e +5-
-
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure _0BQnzC=
A A'$>~Ev
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds Lr9E02
B LP !d|X
that make up various components of a living cell. Sk:x.oOZ
C D qHgzgS7a
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 [)?9|yY"`
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(5) 其他同根名词 na*Z0y
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 wwv+s ~(0
attempt to do 企图 c>3j$D+
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 >6Jz=N,
ambition, u@P1`E1Q
be ambitious to do 4 L
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effort | #b/EA9
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation >3*a&_cI=k
A B 8)2M%R\THn
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. Ms5R7<O.7
C D R\Ckk;<$
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 Gx4{ 9
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great F>5b[q6~4
A B ^go3F{;4i
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. tK?XU9o
C D L4ct2|w}ul
分析:efforts to register, C错 kZ]pV=\Y*
vR>GE?s6
u#`51Hr$
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 6!USSipn
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴
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She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. uRYq.`v,
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 -1~o~yGE
I am glad to see you. /1D.Ud^
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. G'';VoW=
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. f*IvaY
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 3xmPY.
It is difficult to decide. ~=t9-AF-
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五、句子的结构 0%Y}CDn_
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 Y*O
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(一) 主语的重复 =P_*.SgR
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ?Iij[CbU
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any B-"F67 :
A B ,U+>Q!$`\^
compromises concerning the establishment of the B@*!>R
C D Iz;^D!
League of Nations.
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分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 GU 9p'E
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson q_L. Sy|)
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are Snp(&TD<<
A B h0$ \JXk
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. ='C;^
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C D IG2z3(j
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 -/*VR$c
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(二)谓语的重复 gQ%mVJB{(
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 5Z"N2D)."
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of 'YYT1H)
A B {0AlQ6.@>
one or more sentences related to the same idea.
bk
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C D x") Bmw$
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 d-W*`:Q
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(三)谓语的缺少 PlgpH'z4$
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body EU'rdG*t/R
A B :O?3lj)
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. \yLFV9P}EL
C D D5].^*AbZ
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 'P4V_VMK
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(四)主句的重复 &NbSG+t
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ~3-+~y=o~
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite <;jg/
A B C [;'$y:L=g
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. RQ#9[6w!v
D 9+.3GRt7
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 L}_VT
J
r?pFc3~N
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow
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A B F<dhG>E9
sweeps across the face of the Earth. nf:wJ-;*
C D rTJ;s
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ?[DVYP
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided ygK,t*T20
A B 1:u~T@;" `
names for towns, only George Washington &b-&0rTqz
C \`-xxhb?e
is remembered in the name of a state. YhN:t?
D ]{0OPU
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 (S6>^:;=~
六、比较级和最高级 V
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比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 'I>geW?{QK
li#ep?5h^
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 ?]+!gz1
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 8zjJshE/
A y7'9KQ
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. [EQTrr(
D
B C D lcfs
1].
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 F
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 X'xnJtk
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. _! ?a9
A B C D '+*'sQvH[
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 Lg-!,Y
}1.'2.<Y
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere ^5k~7F.
A B C D ke2M&TV
is the grizzly bear. w,0OO
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分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 UI~ hB4V$]
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 |>wGl
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 hK %FpGYA
Sh:_YD^(
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 4lwoTGVZj
A B j&q%@%Gm
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. E+$D$a
C D \AB)L{
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 NFqGbA|
oA;ZDO06r
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 tCv}+7)
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as h&rZR`g
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 4v9d&
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①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 b&9~F6aM
the taller boy 1R7tnR@[u
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 vdot .
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed *n6L3"cO
A B B#3Q4c$
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is LG??Q+`l
abundant, and humidity is moderate. s(r4m/
C D -&lD0p>*g
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they Ko|gH]B'
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 Y8N
+v+V/
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, ` }B,w-,io
A B C e$&n)>%
the Navajos form largest group. )jh~jU? c@
D P(a}OlG
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 yD@1H(yM
!'B='].
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, o'8nQ
Tao
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language p6ryUJc6
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the D0>Pc9
kdaq_O:s
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many <kWkc|zBY
A B C `>OKV;~{z
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. %/qwqo`Q
D whm|"}x)u
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 }$
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the p7HLSB2Rp
例如:my best friends M27H{}v
Ty#sY'%
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial ZT8LMPC
A B C f>|<5zm#<
and banking center. ?Iq{6O>D.
D
[a
ko8
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 mkrVeBp
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 9A/bA|$
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary i0zrXaKV
A 2e
03m62*
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. XVJH>
Zw
B C D B<HN$/
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 upX@8WxR
S_ UAz
七、平行结构 Eggu-i(rD
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 %(W8WLz}
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(一) 对等连接词 >5?:iaq
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一共有三类连接平行结构的词 7(a1@
V H
单一式: and, or ,but f=u +G
相关式: both…and, not … but, ~(7ct*U~
either …or, neither…nor W0Y
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the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as E|+<m!
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, O0s!3hKu
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also 29VX-45
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Wq"-T.
i
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短语式: as well as e-[PuJ
rather than (而不是) YbnXAi\y|
other than (除…之外) !pkIaCxs
instead of (代替) xUCq%r_
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 6x=w-32+ y
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, oif|X7H;
A B ~fb#/%SV
but he is now living in Detroit. :FfEjNil
C D ~!Nw]lb!
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 >cg)NqD
9V[}#(f$
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics X1o^MMpz(F
A B q=D8 Nz
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford (
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remained active in city and regional planning. hayJgkZ'
C D QB!_z4UJ_;
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 x[Hx.G}5+
(二)平行的内容 <\O8D0.d
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 NsSZ?ky
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of -gS9I^
A B #ojuSS3
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, NN1}P'6Ha
C D $u'"C|>8
or yearly periods of light and darkness. L8!yP.3
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 WFFQxd|Z
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第二、名词单复数的平行 cNxxX!P/
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 ,Xfu?Yan
c s*E9
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, 9d-'%Q>+
A B C strM3j##x
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. ?[m1?
D k{{3nenAG
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 +6P[TqR
~%g,Uypi
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, 6SH0
y
A B +y8Y@e}>
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. jll:Rh(b
C D _cWuRvY
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have ,f>9oOqqA
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第三、时态的平行 N{Z+
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated ^C
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A y*{zX=]l<
with the imagist movement , but later develops Ys}^hy
B .Y]0gi8z
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. =<p=?16
x
C D .24z+|j
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 wn! =G~nB
f7\X3v2W}3
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- 6)*fr'P
spread from its home in Central America and 9?O8j1F
now grows throughout the tropics. P658
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(A) to be (B) it rC_1f3A
(C) the (D) its
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分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? 3mAiz q3
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow F%o!+%&7
3lZl
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 5G\OINxy
commercially for their meat and eggs. Bt}90#
(A) raised (B) and are raised Q\kWQOB_
(C) raised as (D) are raised %E&oe $[B
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 6JZ>&HA
-_5Dk'R#`
第四、排列位置的平行 5Ex[}y9L`
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. ]R)wBug
(A) Not only does rust corrode i;C` .+
(B) Not only rust corrodes pu/5#[MC)^
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes ,NZllnW
(D) Rust not only corrodes v
A_,TS#Bo
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 U&])ow):
rrRv 7J&Q
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: DmuQE~DV
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 _h^.`Tz,
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 tkk8b6%h?p
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 pp(09y`]
/}E2Rr?{
八、词序的颠倒 myX&Z F_9
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 KO8{eT9d
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 zW#5 /*@
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage `mteU"{bx
A B :$u[
1&6
that can be given to any individual in the United States. cKkH*0B5
C D ?:`s
E"
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 akr2Os
kJuG haO
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 e.MyJ:eL
例:Certain types of computers work properly only V1M|p!
A B <B|b'XVH2
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. -j<E_!t
C D u
VD^X*
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 BV@q@C
7P3/Ky@6
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 o?/H<k\5
u
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were w?u3e+
A B C m,kYE9{
in what is now the United States. ;Ngk"5
D }X8P5c!\
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 }xr0m+/
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所有的系动词分为三大类: H0OO+MCe
第一种:表示保持某种状态, w+')wyB
is, remain, keep, stay, y-H9fWi8Y&
lie, exit(表示位于) P-T@'}lW
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态
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become, turn, grow, 0sw;h.VY
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) h`9 & :zr
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第三种,感官动词 'C7R*
P
seem(好像是) <L8FI78[*
look(看起来好像是) cX1?4e8
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste M]Vi]s
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 Zp[>[1@+
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe o8:9Yjs
A B tR9iFv_
to cause numerous deaths. 0@{bpc rc
C D Sx~mc_ekY
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 !!ZGNZ_
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九、词性的混用 JP"#9f
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 $D65&R
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 E[ -yfP~[
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; ( -q0!]E
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high _?felxG[
A B 46
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and a 01s'9Be
C nt&%
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. N@Ap|`Ei
D D` cy.},L
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的)
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 e 5(|9*t
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 d7g$9&/q
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds *b{Hj'H aH
A B 1bw$$QXC_
and keeping the soil in the best condition to TL"+Iv2]/$
C }YC=q
help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 5xUZeLj
D 07(LLhk@d
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 ia.+<,
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, $*XTX?,'
A L
1 k
was concerned with the depicting the experience of ?a,`{1m0\
B C $i3`cX)g
urban Black people in the United States. &'i.W}Ib!
D 8c%N+E]
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 w9x5 IRW k
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(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 R5},E
表示时间有两种可能, #w^Ot*{!N
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 XTb.cqOC
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, 4eaH.&&
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 `'(@"-L:7
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence pZc`!f"
A B
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were made while the American Civil War. }U%E-:
C D
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 9(a*0H
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the Ym-mfWo^#
A B C xTZJ5iZ17
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. S
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D NfCo)C-t
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 K_X(j$2Xc
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ZGd7e.u=
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 yzGBGC
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social (b.Mtd
A [s-!tE3-
work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. Ei@al>.\
B C D o|VM{5
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 .m%ygoO
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples ~?lmkfy
A B C `~qVo4V6Z
easily under the stress of compression. %BkPkQA
D f[$Z<:D-ve
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 pA5X<)~
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 VZU@G)rd
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine ].
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A B 2{-'`lfM%
article that gives personal comments on current events. 0 ^ $6U
C D }?%5Ae7l,
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 d?OsVT;U
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, q6N6QI8/
A ^WIGd"^
which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. k*= #XbX
B C D RD'i(szi?
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 k/lDE
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 VH$hQPP5d
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; #vvQ1ub
two hundred diligent students