改错题常考要点 \ZN> 7?Vs
一、代词 vmEbk/Vy
代词中主要讲解六个问题 zt&"K0X|
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 vXA+o)*#/
主格、宾格、所有格 u={A4A#
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) =CBY_
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(二) 反身代词 Xy(8}
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 Z`jc*jgy
He killed himself. (他自杀了) ;t6)(d4z?
He killed him. (他杀了他) \%],pZsA ~
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating 'xK ,|U
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a series of indicators that could help ZMp5d4y5
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themselves to predict earthquakes. 76IjM4&a
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ,a6Oi=+>/U
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 9nGS"E l{
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 {OIktG2gZ
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 %[l#S*)~
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies r
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that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the Xi
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Pacific. s[dq-pc"
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 f.e4 C,
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 E9N.b.Q)
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: UL3++bt
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 (~U1X4
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined B[IqLD'6
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the word“normalcy”to express social and cedH#;V!j
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economic conditions they promised the nation. )4O* D92
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 |M$ESj4@
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important N*{>8iFo4
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John -egu5#d>
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Keats, published the year of her death. /9k}Ip
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. Xhk_h2F[
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(四) Who和which的区别 K[Ao_v2g
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 ];7/DM#Np
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 Zt{\<5j
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ^hIKDc!.m
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. f<K7m
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 R3!3TJ
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 Q!(qL[o
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(五) that和which的区别 >^V3Z{;
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 7nOn^f D
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it B_uAa5'
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. Ymr\8CG/
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 g$eZT{{W
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 mzoNXf:x
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 8QaF(?
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when @[] A&)B
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. Ze>Pg.k+
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which M~ ^ {S[o
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Uk0]A
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. sJ(q.FRM'
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 !s:v UY58
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has %M_5C4&6
affected the way people in the United States----. GOeYw[Vh
(A) living and working $={WtR
(B) they live and work t <Z)D0.
(C) live and work $3C$])k
(D) to live and to work F< #!83*%
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 Q(e 3-a
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二、介词 LpJ_HU7@lk
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。
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(一) 介词搭配 yv!,iK9
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those @$( /6]4p
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. .7nr :P
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 .2jG
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. bh8IF,@a
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分析:B错改为be rich in w]{NaNIeq1
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the 1/bu}?a
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. Wh,{|R[
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 ~[i,f0O,
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 PUUBn"U-
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. S!GjCog^J
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 Bu'PDy~W,
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has sBuVm<H
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on FxKb
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. E (M\U5o:
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 Y962rZ
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2、介词by )S$!36Ni[
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by }TRr*]
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另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing `5`Pv'`
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States /|y3M/;F
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. V|{ )P@Q
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 )\uy 0+b
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils >ofS'mp
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to {!B0&x
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supply moccasins and field rations. amGQ!$]
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分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 C9Fc(Y?_
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with "G|
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements /w!b2KwV
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that are often represented at symbols. -z0,IYG }
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 Q=gVxS
三、谓语动词 _Ux>BJmP
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 QE!cf@~n"
①、主谓分割原则 >Q+a'bd w
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, [O [N _z
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. a|5GC pp
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 Y!o@"Ct
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②、与后者一致原则 I|9e4EX{y
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, IQScsqM
not only…but also PpU : 4;en
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③、与前者一致原则 jKI+-s
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, V%ykHo
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 9S6vU7W
例:The athlete, together with his coach and o,Ha-z]f
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 3u{[(W}08
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is _E'M(.B<
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④、就近原则 "t"dz'
or, either…or, neither…nor, 4ItXZ o
单数名词+or+复数名词+are ,=6Eju#P
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is tMyD^jVC
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 =nid #<X
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 #0xvxg%{
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are SfL,_X]*
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. %WC
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 u3k+Xg:
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 L9r 3jz
There are five apples that are red. ix
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apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 HHEFX9u
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets Xd|5{
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 9wWjl}%
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 *VRFs=
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 b<5:7C9z
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ,vN#U&