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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 G l_\Vy  
一、代词 n>br,bQe  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 9LH=3Qt  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 7Pwg+ |  
  主格、宾格、所有格 ]7v81G5E  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) c6t2Q6zV  
pF|8OB%  
(二) 反身代词 ]/LWrQD  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 vc )9Re$  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) mm_^gQ,`  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) =Na/3\^WP  
:G^"e  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  /X@7ju;   
    A                 B    mPckf  
  a series of indicators that could help MJ1W*'9</W  
             C      ]vRVo6@ k  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. 3aEt>x  
    D KLG6QBkj  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 r4 9UJE  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 ?F)_T  
}PtI0mZ1  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 =*{ K@p_  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 l{nB.m2  
+]A+!8%Z  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies _2]e1_=  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the $eK8GMxZ#  
     A   B      C          D 8o!  
  Pacific. ''$` ;?t>  
'Y hA  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 U#8\#jo  
"B3iX@C  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 u86J.K1Q  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: ;~}- AI-  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 bk/.<Rt  
'}wG"0  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined )fxo )GS  
                       A   j09mI$2y67  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and zi?qK?m  
             B 2A dX)iF@  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. y&n1 Nj]^  
   C       D N b#H@zm  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Gh>"s#+  
0-8ELX[#  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important B ]|5?QP-  
        A     ,\|n=T,  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John ~ @b9  
   B        C      [VfL v.8 w  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  RM?_15m  
      D 27h/6i3  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. U p]VU9z  
sRkz WMl  
"2y7&#l   
(四) Who和which的区别 !nP8ys B  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 TzD:bKE&  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 UD Iac;vT  
zJB+C=]D7H  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who %xH>0  
              A            B Apw-7*/  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. [)b/uR  
   C                  D _js2^ <7v}  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 (HTk;vbZm  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ?kT~)k  
>$k 4@eg!  
(五) that和which的区别 {ra Esb-X  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 `*uuB;  
nvUkbmZG#  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it >.k@!*  
              A        B c'wU O3S  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. +Fkx")  
      C              D $[^ KCNB  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 c_DB^M!h  
>Y*iy  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 P[J qJi/H  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, ggYIq*4  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ={&TeMMA  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 802]M  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which N;Gf,pE  
]cO$E=W  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 2Dwt4V  
              A         B   >f9]Nj  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. 0UAr}H.:  
         C      D ph$&f0A6Xc  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 tIp\MXkTQ&  
\2LA%ZU  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  daokiU+l2  
  affected the way people in the United States----. f"}14V  
   (A) living and working U:\ oGa84A  
   (B) they live and work e715)_HD  
   (C) live and work Yhv`IV-s  
   (D) to live and to work TY{?4  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 5;KT -(q~  
"r `6c 0Z  
二、介词 Z;> aW;Wt  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 w `9GygS  
Q,LWZw~"  
(一) 介词搭配 uC$4TnoQx.  
b*%WAVt 2T  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those C@:N5},]  
    A         B   C      X]qp~:4G  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. kTe<1^,m  
                D <8}9s9Nk  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 Y&:\s8C  
:. o0<  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. N pIlQaMo4  
A       B     C  D IaZAP  
分析:B错改为be rich in 9<#R;eIsv  
FH@e:-*=  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the _rWXcK3cjr  
    A         B      C iO#xIl<  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. z:q'?{` I  
             D $7ME a"a  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 M)It(K8R  
+\@\,{Ujy  
C]@B~X1H^  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 (>% Vj  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 .St h  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. nFOG=>c}  
          A      B  C     D Z\yLzy#8  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 JQv ZTwSI  
#nL0Hx7 ]E  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has yD'h5)yu  
                 A  B     0{@Ovc  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on R1rfp;   
      C B#lj8I^|  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. Fgq*3t  
      D .jU0Hu{F4  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 AZP >\Dq  
zT zG&B-  
2、介词by ~|jy$*m4A  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by '4S@:.D`  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing u8\QhUk'G  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States X'p%$HsMG  
    A         B       6@36 1f[  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. 9%veUvY  
   C     D ~d8o,.n`1  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 LxGh *7K-  
}tq9 /\  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils O  
   A                      rI$10R$+H  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to IKj1{nZvDc  
     B    C       D (S{c*"}2  
   supply moccasins and field rations. .;Yei6H  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ?NeB_<dLa`  
4H '&5  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with jt*@,+e|  
        A                'S>Jps@  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements xrd ^vE  
        B          C   p8bTR!rvz  
  that are often represented at symbols. a2n#T,kq&  
              D X:bgY  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 yx4c+(J^8  
三、谓语动词 j(N9%/4u  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ]C^*C|  
①、主谓分割原则 an@Ue7  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ;bmd<1  
     A     4(](' [M  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ".=EAXVU  
        B      C      D j$Co-b1  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 }Qo8Xps  
Dbd5d]]n3  
②、与后者一致原则 G3n7x?4m  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, C5?M/xj  
not only…but also 6=D;K.!  
 0SYkDI  
pj`-T"Q  
③、与前者一致原则 ,y @3'~  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 4v7RX  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 .Dz /MSl  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and #(G&%I A|;  
     A      B  C     8 B5%IgA  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 9yPB)&"EF  
         D * bK@A2`  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is a;sZNUSn  
H'.d'OE:I  
④、就近原则 ]Ea6Z  
or, either…or, neither…nor, OWzIea@  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are pY@+.V`a  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is  AHb   
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 [%pZM.jFO  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 eAj}/2y"  
iGIaZ!j aW  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are o/xE O=AW  
        A      B        *SZ<ori  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. w~`P\i@  
    C              D l`k3!EZDS  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 hI yfF  
iDA`pemmi&  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 NZ#z{JI =+  
There are five apples that are red. MD,-<X)Qy  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 Nb6HM~  
Z=xrj E  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets qr */}F6  
      A            :MpCj<<[  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 4d #W[  
   B   C    D XxGm,A+>Ty  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 B?]^}r  
O;w';}At  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 `7LdF,OdE  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. b(yY.L=K  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 /1Eg6hf9B  
z)ydQw>  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 f-Sb:O!V  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: uJ[dO}  
a. there be 句型 S&a 44i  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 8WAg{lVs  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 'F@'4[uda  
z:w 7e0  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. NTV0DkX  
   A     B      C    D    $ZA71TzMV  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is @A:Xct  
yJ^}uw  
 8NLk`/  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 'p<(6*,"  
             A     B    kWgxswl7H  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 r!;NH3 *  
     C         J<'4(}^|  
  miles in width. y'(;!5w  
     D  FsD}N k=m~  
分析:倒装句,are改为is Ef#%4ky  
=!Ok079{[  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 8tsW^y;S  
   A    B       C         *dGW=aM#C  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film v,kedKcxv'  
                    D gzeG5p  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. 7dAa~!/(  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 ^!=+$@<  
.Zo8KwkFY  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 Jcm " i ~  
fifty percent of + 名词 gg933TLu(Q  
one percent of + 名词 w!h!%r  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: SFTThM]8M1  
  one percent of my students + are )wmXicURC  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. z[l17+v  
41$7P[M;  
这里要强调两个结构 mim]nRd2v  
half of =fifty percent gwNv ;g  
most of + 可数名词 + are xCGvLvFn  
most of + 不可数名词+ is uS3J^=>@(a  
!RAyUfS  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been P bCXcs  
   A       B         C   H>k=V<  
  found in central and eastern Canada. D}Z].c@ E  
           D n hS=t8H  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 Vc}m_ T]O  
Jv a&"}Cb  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized cW%F%:b  
                 A   B  t\S}eoc  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. c[f   
              C     D XzkC ]e'  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 nz~3o  
U8;k6WT|  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 vQ$FMKz7  
①、主要考察时间状语 z1*8 5?  
N.l+9L0b  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. )L<NW{  
   A        B  C     D YOqGFi~`  
MZv In ZS  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was Y7{IF X  
Lp.,:z7  
GFB(c  
②、For和since的区别 ia?{]!7$  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 !"Jne'f  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 7o-umZ}8  
  I has been a teacher for three years. BRLrD/8Le  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. c_"]AhV~Mg  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 . K s%ar  
GWsvN&nr  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became _Ryt|# y  
   A      B              -~n^?0  
  the primary responsibility of the president. .B_LQ;0:   
     C    D JR] /\(  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 fkbHfBp[(A  
pnl7a$z  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of ^K. d|z  
             A  B  C   j")#"& m  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. ux`)jOQ`Y]  
            D _4Z|O]  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 j} t"M|`  
-}#=L@  
,j E'd'$  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  &\),V1"  
   A       B        C     D gT8Q:8f:  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live %Z_/MNI  
gCfAy=-,V  
(三) 谓语的语态 !8YZ;l  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 F/O5Z?C?  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: t7#lRp&  
①、prove KTLq~Ru  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 '^mCLfo0}  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; <KY \sb9  
[u*-~(  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming @G'&7-(h*  
                      A   <9f;\+zA  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be }SD*@w  
    B                  C hSkI]%  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 80m<OW1  
                  D xD.Uh}:J  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 I kWV|E  
ke\gzP/  
v;6O# ta'  
②、Locate,Situate G.{)#cR  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 ` |uwR5  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ;r8< Ed  
这两个词也可以用作被动 3[{RH*nHD  
  My school was located near the river. s2f6;Yc  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 WMi$ATq  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. L.ML0H-   
   (A)locates Q$bi:EyJXc  
   (B)locating PP*',D3  
   (C)to locate |7# S0Ca@  
   (D)is located xcHuH -}  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 )swu~Wb}U@  
B0+r  
③、表示需要概念的动词 pLiGky  
need, want, require等 5jNDr`pnu  
j+ eto'  
My watch needed repairing  j1~'[  
My watch needed to be repaired. e+~Q58oD  
b[/uSwvi  
④、表示人的情感的动词 eAl;:0=%L  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 |Y tZOQu  
h uIvXl  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 |& Pa`=sp  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 dCn'IM1  
u*6Y>_iA  
主动和被动技巧总结: 8! X K[zL  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 o+0x1Ct3P  
o;"Phc.  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the ;RzbPlkl  
                 A      _&R lR  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 1yd}F`{8UF  
                 B ym*oCfu=  
  power structures, and flood-control works along efrVF5,y?  
                    C t3 rQ5m  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. :vXlni7N[M  
                D G$oi>zt3  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 MO%kUq|pg  
;7*R;/  
四、非谓语动词 nXJG4$G  
=im7RgIBo  
(一) 分词 1+ib(MJ<:#  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 AI,Jy%62/  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 $d\>^Q  
)WH;G:$&"  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then UlQS]f~  
   A ]9PQKC2&  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. &xLCq&j 1  
     B      C            D 2Fc>6]:*  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning f >$V:e([  
jBMGm"NE  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 []l2 `fS#  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in YT~h1<se  
      A               B   HY2*5 #T  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. E+z"m|G  
               C         D kHbH{])  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living *?3c2Jg=E  
$(fhO   
u:w   
一些动词后面必须用doing d;hv_h  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 f!Mx +ky  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ]x5+v0   
 advocate, suggest 9A,ok[J  
 delay, quit b6UpE`\z  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, N;S1s0FN  
 avoid, escape(逃避) O)$Pvll  
 spend+名词+doing; X e2Zf  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing BcxALRWE  
L%HFsuIO-  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their ps_q3Cyp  
   A     B    C              D <Uc?#;% Y}  
  crops. Q!y%N&  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 J%FF@.)k  
ipC <p?PpR  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, (vFO'jtcB-  
               A        B 1ne3CA=  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. xmi@ XL@t  
        C          D Mp?L9  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing fS$;~@p  
hgK 4;R  
(二) 不定式 [\e/xY(4  
A. 动词不定式的省略 SQ DfDrYP  
①、help后面可以省略to g OK   
  help to do ^^B~v<uK  
  help sb. to do G!+Mu2  
&grqRt  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 1:!H`*DU&  
              A      B   F :og:[  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. > f'aW  
         C     D zGNmc7  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 l5#SOo\  
SBI *[  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 *-*SCA`E^=  
  make, ~jzjJ&O&  
  let, }T-'""*  
  have sb. do sth ~dk97Z8  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. GvZ[3GT  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians 2u$rloc$b  
        A               B (  k,?)  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. { [3xi`0-  
   C     D p-r[M5;-^Q  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know p|?FA@ 3  
4fL`.n1^  
③、感官动词 VVDW=G  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe 4xH/a1&p=  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 J;=T"C&  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 Nv^b yWqu  
|Sm/s;&c6  
f> bL }L  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 S F`(`h0e  
(1)表示第一人 d&\3}uH  
the first woman to do sth. h-kmZ<p|^  
~GcWG4  
(2)表示迫使的动词 >ZW|wpO  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do i4]oE&G  
Lx tgf2r  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis lB0`|UEb (  
     A                 B    R8_I ASs  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 8NiR3*1  
       C           D [h 8s0  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 !-.GfI:q  
hf^<lJh~=  
;1s+1G}_z  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 kY @(-  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 loO"[8i.k  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 n_3 R Q6  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 hHGuD2%  
  be apt to do ]8}51y8  
AYgXqmH~+  
(4)表示目的的名词, Dnl<w<}ZU:  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 D}q"^"#T  
固定的句式: OQ7 `n<I<)  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. -^546 7  
the objective 目标 MUAs(M;  
aim fT|A^  
goal xH xTL>,?  
reason理由 'gvR ?[!t  
function功能 %VH,(}i  
intension意图 =o~GLbsER  
p,goYF??  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing Jsysk $R  
                       A  w?8SQI,~X  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. 5$: toL  
           B          C     D xwf-kwF8^  
分析:the function to provide, A错 L%T(H<G  
pA ~} _  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure \&5V';  
                  A       U}RBgPX!  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds y %Q. (  
     B  h 6Z:+  
  that make up various components of a living cell. s*ZE`/SM3  
    C    D Q$c6l[(g  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 rG}e\ziKuj  
z#^fS |  
(5) 其他同根名词 c3^!S0U  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 #wI}93E  
 attempt to do 企图 ^$K&Met  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响  X0VS a{  
 ambition, V4n~Z+k  
 be ambitious to do  DB5J3r81  
 effort R}ki%i5|  
 Y~WdN<g  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ~5f&<,p!  
  A                    B   #ES[),+|mB  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. p~ b4TRvA6  
          C       D ~U0%}Bbh  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 l88=  
a!9'yc  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great (/e&m=~  
  A                   B    ]n!V  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. x]{P.7IO'  
       C            D ~_ \Ra%  
分析:efforts to register, C错 ]pn U"  
'J,UKK\5  
2~kx3` Q  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 )9YDNVo*-  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 * Gg7(cnpw  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. iWs6 !s!  
A{ +/$7vek  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 @t%da^-HS"  
I am glad to see you. \ND]x]5d  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. cNWmaCLN$  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. w2s`9  
aTvyz r1  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 TO6 F  
It is difficult to decide. 1)X|?ZD]F  
b~gq8,Fatb  
TGJz[N y  
五、句子的结构 REh"/d  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 Et0gPX-  
f(Xin3#'  
(一) 主语的重复 !VD$uT  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ygz2bHpD~  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any ;]LQ}^MP(  
          A      B      NS[Z@@  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the gq('8*S  
          C          D MT{1/A;`)  
  League of Nations. #un'?]tZF  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 02]HwsvZ  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson AF:_&gF  
=c6d $  
[Q T ;~5  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are l"J#Pvi  
        A        B  g3ukx$Q{>  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. 3cJ'tRsp<  
    C         D y>C !cYB  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 ub?dfS9$_  
~=yU%5 s@  
(二)谓语的重复 %qV:h#  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 >:.c?{%g*  
@0@WklA JA  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  Csu9u'.V  
    A            B    %0&,_jM/9  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. ,L%]}8EL"  
         C   D ;Q t%>Uo8  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 5Y;&L!T  
SEnr"}  
(三)谓语的缺少 /{j._4c  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body [m! P(o  
          A     B    .8'c c8  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. +6:  
         C               D E g&5tAyM  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 sw9ri}oc  
$J4)z&%dr  
(四)主句的重复 3 K||(  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 _|;d D  
Ca5LLG  
sMLXn]m  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite pcIS}+L  
      A         B        C   JS03B Itt  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. pq_U?_5Z'r  
     D 'Jek< 5  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 s3sD7 @  
60n>FQ<  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow nWc@ufY  
        A   B       yFd.tQs  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. r(>812^\  
      C    D k&L/Jzz I  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 UvU@3[fw  
\)6AzCq  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided h=6D=6c  
   A                     B  3_9CREZCl  
  names for towns, only George Washington Oc,HnyV+  
      C LRaO}-<b  
  is remembered in the name of a state. :,yC\,H^  
          D "*`!.9pt  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 Z0v?3v}9^  
六、比较级和最高级 SXe1Q8;  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 .nNZ dta&=  
#Muh|P]%\  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 J"S(GL  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which Jqgm>\y  
      A               !/a6;:_y  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. k{S8q?Gc  
     B       C           D m<k6oev$  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 &PApO{#Q  
O#):*II`9  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 .v}|Tp&k  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. #*w)rGkU2  
     A      B     C  D 8lDb<i  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 rH,@"( p\  
VpB)5>  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere ;!=i|"P G  
     A       B     C   D ?*xH HI/  
  is the grizzly bear. x@/:{B   
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 ~#P]NWW%.  
XpkOCo02  
1tI=Dw x  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 7TI6EKr  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 ~Mar  
.L;e:cvx  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with X6(s][Wn  
   A           B  k.c.7%|~;  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. Q (q&(/  
   C                 D #pK" ^O*!  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 i'>5vU0?3  
v[8+fd)}S  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 u PYH3<  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as u,d5/`E  
6@8z3JW.A  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 nu~]9~)I  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 aH @-"Wi  
the taller boy jf)l; \u  
&|RTLGwX  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 t#t[cgI  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed SZ$WC8AX  
          A            B m_Q&zp["  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is q-_!&kDK"  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. bJD$!*r\%!  
    C          D ey4.Hj#T  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they w7Y@wa!  
8=joVbs  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 p)?6#~9$  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, S7PWP< 9  
  A  B         C     =EA:fq  
  the Navajos form largest group. w( XZSE  
         D 3z2 OW@zL$  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 4:N*C7 P  
#eJ<fU6Da  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, hEsi AbTyF  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language  fCJjFL:  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 51#OlvD  
'EXx'z;/#  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many }shxEsq  
            A      B         C $Emu*'  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. Q zaD\^OF  
            D !.$L=>:V  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 9iZio3m  
oYStf5  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the HRDpFMA/~  
例如:my best friends wLXJ?iy3  
`**{a/3  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial vb6EO[e% I  
            A    B     C {a:05Y  
  and banking center. 6,3o_"J!  
        D d"#Zp&#  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 7 D#y  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 ls]N&!/hq  
67& hXIp  
UlE%\L0GD&  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary qM(}|fMbN  
                 A         /;Tc ]  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. |0y#} |/  
    B   C     D == 5F[UX  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 +&`W\?.~  
"S %t\  
七、平行结构 E6A"Xo  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 G-Tmk7m  
'kZ,:.v  
~-BF7f 6C  
(一) 对等连接词 neDXzMxF  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 _6ZjF>f  
单一式: and, or ,but ;hX(/T  
相关式: both…and, not … but, 7z{wYCw  
     either …or, neither…nor B )r-,M  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as H$(bSw$  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, /fr>Fd  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also ` R6`"hx$  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, 9Yx(u 2PQ  
&7 aWVKon  
短语式: as well as L[ G O6l  
     rather than (而不是) o%$.8)B9F  
     other than (除…之外)  }vd*eexA  
     instead of (代替) SA x9cjj +  
Sjpx G@k  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 11[lc2  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  gb ga"WO  
       A     B   Ej(J j\  
  but he is now living in Detroit. ff"wg\O4  
       C   D J-F".6i5  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 kmI0V[Y  
Sqo+cZ  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics >qjV{M  
       A         B K}V CFV  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford $B+| &]a  
  remained active in city and regional planning. [ V CC+_  
          C    D  kNEEu ! G  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 -Mt 5< s  
(二)平行的内容 \oQ]=dDCd%  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 * sho/[~_  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of 9(CvGzco <  
             A         B   <AHpk5Sn{  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, L[` l80  
         C            D iTVe8eI  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. Zo9 <96I&  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 j]a$RC#  
)*|/5wW1  
T5BZD +Ta  
第二、名词单复数的平行 E-MPFL  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 kmuksT\)a  
B[vj X"yg  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, BG{f)2F\  
  A     B          C   R ;& >PFmq  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. G4&s_ M$  
                 D   \>L,X_DL  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 <t%gl5}|  
+)Te)^&v%  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, y!e]bvN  
                   A         B ej RK-!  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. ijI/z 5  
      C          D gU9{~-9}  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have fSh5u/F!  
`h}eP[jA  
第三、时态的平行 W<Uu.Y{sG  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated QWmE:F[M~  
                A     ~iw&^p|=K  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops ?M2(8 0  
                   B XLpP*VH3  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. t@RYJmW  
          C    D 2FcL-?  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 \lL[08G  
?}||?2=P  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- -luQbGcT3  
  spread from its home in Central America and ,,3lH-C  
  now grows throughout the tropics. S"A l [{  
   (A) to be    (B) it   5<?Ah+1  
   (C) the     (D) its ?7{U=1gb$  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? N_t,n^i9>*  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow OhF55,[  
# @\3{;{R  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- ~W'DEpq_  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. 5f0M{J,KC  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised +a#&W}K  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised Y#U.9>h  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 ",r v%i2 f  
@uSO~. 7  
第四、排列位置的平行 6#w>6g4V~R  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. + /OSg.  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode Q+CJd>B  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  ! FcGa  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes o<g?*"TRh  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes 2w>%-_]u+  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 5hs_k[q  
#%,X),%-  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: }2 S.  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 UlXm4\@  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 f5}afPk  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 )! [B(  
(6%T~|a  
八、词序的颠倒 ~z^l~Vyg?  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 f/\!=sa:  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 *0U#Z]t  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage 4^(x)r &(?  
              A    B        ] 0i[=  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. &{)<Q(g  
      C       D    1N/4W6  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 QPy h.9:N  
3h bHS~  
v}>g* @  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 ;Q ZG<  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only [gzaOP`f  
          A      B     s'O%@/;J  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. @Y ~gd K  
    C         D J~x]~}V&  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 GTs,?t16/  
GEPWb[Oa  
WO>A55Xya  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 $$AZ)#t[  
1@Ba7>%'  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were e`Yj}i*bx]  
          A   B     C   >A )Sl'  
  in what is now the United States. $`xpn#l z  
    D 4lo7yx  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 df{?E):  
fMwF|;  
所有的系动词分为三大类: FC 8<D  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, Vc\g"1 x  
    is, remain, keep, stay, Iq|h1ie m+  
    lie, exit(表示位于) Cq@7oi]W0  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态  H_g]q  
    become, turn, grow, TT/=0^"  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) "'B DVxp'w  
1uo |a  
第三种,感官动词 iBWzxPv:z  
    seem(好像是) Tw \@]fw  
    look(看起来好像是) 3SM'vV0[  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste )g=mv*9>  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 [,&g46x22  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe +4J'> dr  
    A               B     -0uGzd+m*  
   to cause numerous deaths. @3eMvbI  
        C   D  =ZHN]PP  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 s"7FmJ\7rw  
iMry0z  
九、词性的混用 `B?+1Gv  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 D}%VZA}].  
=}ZY`O*/  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 {\?f|mm q  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; )YC H>Za  
[:,|g;=Y}  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high 'bv(T2d~~  
          A        B      qZQm*q(jM  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and * *A JFc  
              C qHrIs-NR  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. qoan<z7  
          D yl<=_Q  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) .>`7d=KT  
q9(O=7O]-  
_#<l -R`  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 \  }-v  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 DL_M#c`<  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds X7aj/:fXe  
         A       B      Y5>'(A>  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to Mi!ak  
          C        a(U/70j  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. B*Q.EKD8s  
            D i;)r|L `V?  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 WsM/-P1Y  
~fA H6FdZ\  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, lVb;,C%K  
            A       @0:mP  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of ku5g`ho  
      B      C qmpU{f s  
   urban Black people in the United States. 7`X9s~B  
   D '$OLU[(Y  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 5.)/gK2$  
Z Q9's  
X?"Ro`S  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 Sytx9`G 5  
表示时间有两种可能, ]| =#FFz  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 HYk*;mD  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, Fx*IeIs(:~  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 )6zwprH!  
}oTac  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence E~!FEl;  
       A     B     Z.0^:rVp~  
  were made while the American Civil War. )%O V|\5#  
   C    D K31rt-IIt  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 <<![3&p#  
WS0RvBvb  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the xH8nn3U  
   A      B           C    T%F8=kb-9  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. Hv>Hz*s_I  
          D !$5U\"M  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 (5N&b h`E  
{Z|.-~W  
 /m*vY`  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 uEuK1f`  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 [OsW   
2S8/ lsB  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social _hLM\L  
                   A     b_=k"d  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. o0Hh&:6!M  
     B   C    D $y >J=  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 >[Q(!Ai  
aX1|&erI  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples FUm-Fp  
   A        B   C      i@_|18F]`  
  easily under the stress of compression. (85F1"Jp  
   D VxfFk4  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 !=0N38wA  
J2H8r 'T  
$X-,6*  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 ^yu^Du  
.)u,sYZA|  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine T.W/S0#j3  
    A         B %-T]!3"n  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. )WEyB~'o  
          C            D S3j/(BG  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 kAbT&Rm"  
2@ACmh  
WE`Y!  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, 0/(YH  
         A sOLo[5y'  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. #.tF&$ik  
   B      C      D xb_35'$M  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 Pd^ilRB  
";",r^vr\  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 0VsrAV0  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; "W:'cIw  
two hundred diligent students
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