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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 m_>~e}2'A  
一、代词 ]7_O#MY1  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 `v$Bib)  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 OL$^7F B  
  主格、宾格、所有格 =J&aN1Hgt  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) Jl^THoEL  
>{kPa|  
(二) 反身代词 p4{3H +y  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 t%>x}b"2T  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) ||sj*K  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) 7_ah1IEK  
lIF*$#`oh*  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  FUU/=)^P$  
    A                 B    _79 ?,U]  
  a series of indicators that could help /2PsC*y  
             C      #pw=HHq*(  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. -}2e+DyAy  
    D i#y3QCNqf^  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ym)`<[T  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 4FgY!k  
r =ds'n"  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 N%&D(_  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 HR83{B21  
s%R'c_cGZ  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies qP0_#l&   
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ,o)U9 <  
     A   B      C          D r'ydjy  
  Pacific. ZXj;ymC'  
VX;tg lu2  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 b(~ gQM  
/M "E5  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 ) {oVVLs  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: {E~ MqrX  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 J12 ZdC'O  
ep<2u x  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 6A& f  
                       A   vK\;CSk  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and K>`7f]?H*e  
             B k+S 6)BQ7U  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. t*)-p:29h  
   C       D Xx0}KJ q~"  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 t'EH_ U  
ZC1U  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important Ir*,fyl  
        A     @:. 6'ji,`  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John <'4DMZ-G  
   B        C      7 '@l?u/6  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  Dc[Qu? ]LM  
      D oWpy ^=D_  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. jBEt!Azur  
{ A(= phN  
V\kf6E  
(四) Who和which的区别 )(&g\  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 Kk~0jP_B9  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 {cv,Tz[Q>  
,F J9C3  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who E<a~ `e  
              A            B <9/oqp{C 4  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. EG0NikT?  
   C                  D ;G~0 VM2|  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 >U9!KB  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 P!m~tu}B  
RH. oo&  
(五) that和which的区别 `2 NL'O:  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 gzP(Lf I5  
RN3w{^Ll  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it U;6~]0^K  
              A        B .dp~%!"Sn,  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. G_[|N>  
      C              D $Kb-mFR  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 GA6Z{U{XS  
NeHR% a2~  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 7esG$sVj(  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, A@_F ;4X  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ?Yg K]IxD  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. n`68<ybl5  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which c1CP1 2  
 X\ \\RCp  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Gr?"okaA  
              A         B   |RAi6;  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. `-s+  zG  
         C      D M5exo   
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 g;v{JB  
))G%C6-  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  \E?1bc{\f  
  affected the way people in the United States----. * 2T &pX  
   (A) living and working lEZ[0oa  
   (B) they live and work U`:#+8h-}  
   (C) live and work 9qwVBu ;  
   (D) to live and to work { j&|Em]  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 w6R=r n  
%~^R Iwm  
二、介词 -hp,O?PM  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 fBD5K3  
|KU>+4 = @  
(一) 介词搭配 3$l'>v+5{  
YZpF*E;6t  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those (sJ{27b_  
    A         B   C      #hR}7K+@  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. :r^i0g|5P  
                D kt X(\Hf!  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 s;8J= \9W  
&ks>.l\  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. dW8'$!@!!  
A       B     C  D YIgzFt[L  
分析:B错改为be rich in ;?zb (2  
W1r-uR  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the RFg$N@g,  
    A         B      C 4d0PW#97.  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. 8EbYk2j  
             D s}`=pk/FM  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 "St,4 b  
.HZYSY:X  
"-v9V7KCM  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 )F4er '  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 K Qub%`n  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. gA~Ih  
          A      B  C     D b LL!iz?  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 NYR^y \u  
uO7Ti]H  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has UvQxtT]  
                 A  B     m]7yc>uDy  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on n2(~r 'r)  
      C ^Y #?@  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. Pb]s+1  
      D ]0m4esK`  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 c/T]=S[  
t&0n"4$d'  
2、介词by 5f}63as  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by 4~G9._  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing J,{sRb%  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States O;qS 3  
    A         B       Q6.},o  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. .f(x9|K^  
   C     D Eg  w?  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 6wnfAli.  
5G\vV]RR&  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils YdE$G>&em  
   A                      !n)2HDYhx,  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to O$#`he/jm  
     B    C       D F5+f?B~?R?  
   supply moccasins and field rations. 47 m:z5;  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 =P0~=UP  
J,+| Fb  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with Bz7T1B&to  
        A                +uv]dD *i  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements RUO,tB|(_;  
        B          C   Du[$6  
  that are often represented at symbols. .D)'ZY  
              D 5&+ qX 2b  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 lm]4zs /A  
三、谓语动词 4HkOg)a  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 nJ'O(Wh,)  
①、主谓分割原则 XQlK}AK  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, bnUd !/;  
     A      R:i7Rb2C  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. '>2xP<ct!&  
        B      C      D 0Ba-VY.H  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 0P%(4t$pd  
"{L%5:H@  
②、与后者一致原则 \gj@O5rGP  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, <P}{0Y~@*W  
not only…but also A*MlK"  
b_\aSEaTT  
K~v"%sG{`  
③、与前者一致原则 #N@sJyI N  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, >JrQS"[u  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 tC-(GDGy5  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and @ZD1HA,h"  
     A      B  C     MCL5a@BX)  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. f:Ju20D  
         D }_gCWz-5?  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is GwW!Q|tVz=  
e! G I<  
④、就近原则 4vp,izNW  
or, either…or, neither…nor, WR gAc%  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are /Q})%j1S0  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is 4N*Fq!k~  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 3DMfR ofg  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 `m@06Q  
~\:+y  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are >vt#,8VAN  
        A      B        @&mv4zz&W  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. :=UeYm @  
    C              D UH.M)br  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 zZ OoPE  
2E ycFjO  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 p\b:uy6#  
There are five apples that are red. q8P| ]  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 F+*: >@3  
<;phc~0+  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ^HX={(ddK  
      A            <P(d%XEl  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. b ]1SuL  
   B   C    D 9\R:J"X  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 k "'q   
MU-ie *+  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 -`&4>\o2Lx  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. xHZx5GJp9  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 \*v}IO>2})  
aq0J }4U  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 AL&}WbUC  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: {~[H"h537t  
a. there be 句型 /vD5C  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 Bwn9ZYu#r  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 1;080| ,s  
q'hMf?_  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 4~ZQsw `  
   A     B      C    D    B`T|M$Ug  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is `jvIcu5c  
MS_&;2  
MDGcK/$')f  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ]J~37 35]  
             A     B    ` {k>I^Pg  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 Y^2`)':  
     C         B.'@~$  
  miles in width. Jr%u[d>  
     D  5R{ {FD`h  
分析:倒装句,are改为is +T"kx\<  
!})/x~~e  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and n-}:D<\7  
   A    B       C         +r2E5s   
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film 4)]g=- 3  
                    D 0u'4kF!P!  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. n AoGG0$5  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 2 3_<u]V  
J= ia  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 5l=B,%s  
fifty percent of + 名词 Z, lUO.  
one percent of + 名词 {,]BqFXv  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: nbMH:UY,J  
  one percent of my students + are P qagep d  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 6mep|![6  
5y(irbk7  
这里要强调两个结构 5caYA&R  
half of =fifty percent +y6|Nq  
most of + 可数名词 + are  >BrxJw#M  
most of + 不可数名词+ is Zv7@  
@E,{p"{  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been d#ya"e>  
   A       B         C   ?Ih24>:D  
  found in central and eastern Canada. [l- zU}u&v  
           D S 82NU2L  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 9`4h" 9dO  
Gxi;h=J2)>  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized :54|Z5h|  
                 A   B  7KRc^ *pZs  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. iJ?8)}  
              C     D 3[SN[faS  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 iV'-j,-i  
(pi7TSJ  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 Mky$#SI11  
①、主要考察时间状语 0a8nBo7A-X  
z6Su`  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 4 3]6J]!)  
   A        B  C     D 6Wc eDY  
4fzq C)  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was 1Y}gki^F  
R^1= :<)C  
GdG%=+  
②、For和since的区别 _j%Rm:m;<  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 (g7nMrE$j  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 Q.z2 (&  
  I has been a teacher for three years. MYN1zYT6j  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. L'aMXN O  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 aj(M{gFq~  
zE<vFP-1v  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became c}QQ8' _  
   A      B              oC4rL\d{  
  the primary responsibility of the president. GExG1n-  
     C    D Z #V[N9L  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 fi bR:8  
h(G&X9*  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of k;LENB2iv  
             A  B  C   /)oxuk&}c  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. g^0  
            D zEO 9TuBO  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 nF=Ig-NX^  
3J(STIxg  
E"L'm0i[[  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  D( h|r^5  
   A       B        C     D >`oO(d}n[0  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live |9_e2OwH  
"UA W  
(三) 谓语的语态 %H}+'.8  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 UI!EIZ*~  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: B"Fg`s+]U  
①、prove G 8NSBaZe  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 `q xg  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; jXW7 1$B  
*S=v1 s/  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming ~?L. n:wu  
                      A   #a .aD+d'  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be g8qN+Gg  
    B                  C H>Fy 2w  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 90ORx\Oeo  
                  D F`3 8sq  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 gqC:r,a  
,$*IJeKx  
L~0B  
②、Locate,Situate JgxOxZS`@  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 Z#Zk)  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 sXfx[)T<  
这两个词也可以用作被动 =XWi+')  
  My school was located near the river. f|< *2Mk  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 =UYc~VUYnT  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. E8V,".!+E  
   (A)locates Y]Xal   
   (B)locating Wm"W@LPx5  
   (C)to locate R_ Z H+@O  
   (D)is located fYH%vr)  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 YxsW Y7J  
D&]SPhX  
③、表示需要概念的动词 9cj:'KG)!  
need, want, require等 HZM&QZHx)`  
.=K@M"5&  
My watch needed repairing Z$+0gm\Cnw  
My watch needed to be repaired. ffSecoX  
3 UBG?%!$f  
④、表示人的情感的动词 Gh@QR`xxc  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 q,+d\-+  
}9@ ,EEhg  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 oU{m\r  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 d7l0;yR&+  
fpzC#  
主动和被动技巧总结: ku?i[Th  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 p5Y"W(5_  
X_"TG;*$  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the ;JDxl-~  
                 A      1'Kn:I  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, ,AWN *OS  
                 B \J:/l|h  
  power structures, and flood-control works along @@_f''f$  
                    C XG*Luc-v  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. `&j5/[>v  
                D P b2exS(  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 YW0UIO  
1_*o(HR  
四、非谓语动词 Oe*emUX7  
BPe5c :z  
(一) 分词 $^}?98m  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 i,Yv  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 \h?C G_|]  
)"wWV{k  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then 8`kK)iCq  
   A XeKIue@_  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. 8?h-H #h  
     B      C            D !z$.Jcr1  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning y2 y W91B,  
b_:]Y<{> f  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 M)#aX|%Mh  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in v:nm#P%P  
      A               B   O4S~JE3o  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 3g`uLA X>u  
               C         D 00[Uk'Q*5  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living y}FTLX $  
LaG./+IP  
NVAt-u0LB  
一些动词后面必须用doing n&jfJgD&g  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 yn)K1f^  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, d dkh*[  
 advocate, suggest ,|<2wn#q  
 delay, quit yO; r]`j0  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, o['HiX  
 avoid, escape(逃避) ~k'KS 7c  
 spend+名词+doing; %O#)=M~  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing oJA%t-&%R  
O KVIl  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their  yl0&|Ub  
   A     B    C              D .DiH)  
  crops. nlOM4fJ(  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 p%pM3<p  
!o1{. V9q  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,  G?AZ%Yx  
               A        B `xMmo8u4  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. U` uP^  
        C          D (n_lu= E70  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing RY3ANEu+  
e33j&:O  
(二) 不定式 0*^ J;QGE  
A. 动词不定式的省略 %xF j;U?  
①、help后面可以省略to rH Et]Xa  
  help to do Y /$`vgqs  
  help sb. to do  AV{3f`  
S<HR6Xw  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid -e0C Bp  
              A      B   *y<Ru:D  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. |W4 \  
         C     D 5mxHOtvtWM  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 BNns#Q8a  
M0VC -\W7f  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 E`s9SE  
  make, {,EOSta  
  let, tgoOzk ^  
  have sb. do sth 7yp7`|,p  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. AKs=2N> 7  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians X{KWBk.1  
        A               B dayp1%d  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. !9|)v7}  
   C     D 9 4C)63V  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know oEPO0O  
7 +A-S9P)  
③、感官动词 Vfew )]I  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe L$zI_ z  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 5"(AqXoq  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 Jg#L8>p1  
L-ans2?  
:(tSL{FO  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 XgY( Vv  
(1)表示第一人 jRIjFn|~{Y  
the first woman to do sth.  /;LteBoY  
JHpoW}7QB  
(2)表示迫使的动词 dLOU L9hf  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do g*$ 0G  
cGSoAK  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis )Y':u_Lo  
     A                 B    d5<@WI:wz  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. cyUNJw  
       C           D FI@2K M  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 EFeGxM  
H8 y c<  
-,j J{Y~  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 6w{^S~rqo  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 PZ69aZ*Gs  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 [;B_ENV  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 M52kau  
  be apt to do .K^'Q|?   
A?Jm59{w  
(4)表示目的的名词, F=    
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 oQ!}@CaN|  
固定的句式: &rj6<b1A  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. { y 0*cC  
the objective 目标 6Nx TW  
aim xD#PM |I  
goal A`u04Lm7  
reason理由 #V-qS/ q"  
function功能 #m 3WZ3t$  
intension意图 yZI4%fen  
FsZM_0>/s  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing z2t;!]"'l  
                       A  h./cs'&  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. ~bT0gIc  
           B          C     D d T/*O8  
分析:the function to provide, A错 ,: w~-   
EH3jzE3N  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure S$%/9^\jF  
                  A       F']Vg31c  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds FVG|5'V^  
     B  #f.@XIt'  
  that make up various components of a living cell. F-k1yZ?^  
    C    D z1!ya#,$  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 <t]c'  
b Xq,iX  
(5) 其他同根名词 < Q\`2{  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 0x# 6L  
 attempt to do 企图 ^1,]?F^  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 /G[y 24 Q  
 ambition, PyYKeo=  
 be ambitious to do  T<zonx1  
 effort R$,`}@VqZ3  
y#AY+ >  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation a0)+=*$  
  A                    B   2l5@gDk5  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 58e{WC  
          C       D BqZLqGO Ku  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 GU&XK7L  
}r^MXv~(  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great ,eUMSg~P.7  
  A                   B   W\~ZmA.  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. R<UjhCvx.  
       C            D L$jyeFB5  
分析:efforts to register, C错 {##A|{$3%  
g1zqh,  
3;:xEPb._6  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 M!X@-t #  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 ;prp6(c  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 5,Q('t#J  
q6_1`E w  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 Q^39Wk@  
I am glad to see you. fs)O7x-B(  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday.  %;W8;  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. wkm SIN:  
> %Y#(_~a  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 i;dr(c/ft  
It is difficult to decide. =~EQ3uX  
&P+cTN9)  
I"  j7  
五、句子的结构 54^hBejQ  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 5cE[s<=  
QiRzA4-zq  
(一) 主语的重复 D 3HB`{  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ljf9L:L  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any Z$hxo )|  
          A      B      rU~"A  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the eBN>|mE4N  
          C          D x NC>m&T  
  League of Nations. >qgBu_  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 }}xR?+4A  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson ~,guw7F  
D@ lJ^ +  
Ud9\;Qse  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are W ][IHy<   
        A        B  7yj2we  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. a&cV@~  
    C         D D"WkD j"M  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 >L(F{c:  
x$p\ocA  
(二)谓语的重复 )- \w  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 D|BN_ai9  
N1$ P6 ZF  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  2U+&F'&Q  
    A            B    t. TQ@c+,J  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. hh{liS% 10  
         C   D :({<"H)!'  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 G@'0vYb#  
tv{.iM|V c  
(三)谓语的缺少 loB/w{r*x  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body 7lpVK]  
          A     B    r ]S9z  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. +!Ltn  
         C               D .s?OKy  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 ^`7t@G$ D  
7 AiCQWf9  
(四)主句的重复 `3KprpE8v  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 CvJm7c  
>KPJ7 4R  
O+$70   
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite ?Sqm`)\>4  
      A         B        C   ""d>f4,S  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. ~}AP@t*  
     D (?!0__NN;  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 ;cr6Xop#?  
>N J$ac  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow >C[1@-]G%7  
        A   B       lo:~~l  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. dWy1=UQfP  
      C    D 3c3Z"JV  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 Y,yaB)&Ih  
De A'D|  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided N -]PK%*  
   A                     B  ;vdgF  
  names for towns, only George Washington oNZ W#<K  
      C J36@Pf]h  
  is remembered in the name of a state. GuWBl$|+b  
          D ]F;]<_  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 AFTed?(  
六、比较级和最高级 }! V<"d,!  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 }dJ ~Iy  
3gy;$}Lq T  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 \STvBI?  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which X&.$/xaT  
      A               -/c1qLdQ  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. lhl 0  
     B       C           D  /kU@S  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 #.+*G`m  
\BaN5+ B6  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 sFCs_u1tNN  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. OW}j4-~wL  
     A      B     C  D #4 &N0IG  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 OCO,-(  
-^Km}9g  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 5z w23!  
     A       B     C   D s*/ G- lY  
  is the grizzly bear. G!LNP&~  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 yn ":!4U1  
}_:#fE  
-sH.yAvC6  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 1qKxg  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 t>GLZzO  
YZ:'8<  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with _& Uo|T  
   A           B  I cA\3j  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. nB Iv{  
   C                 D UH,4b`b  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 k&_u\D"^"%  
_ KhEwd  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 i 2} =/  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 6dR-HhF  
^AjYe<RU}  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 q'AnI$!  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 0CVsDVA  
the taller boy t"bPKFRy9E  
]7R&m)16  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 i&'^9"Z)O  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed ':2*+  
          A            B L1!hF3G  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is %f> |fs  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. IU'!?XVo  
    C          D MHr0CYyb.  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 6[3Ioh  
A]O5+" mc  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 EBDC'^  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, LY88;*:S  
  A  B         C     l F}$`6  
  the Navajos form largest group. l;{N/cS  
         D G0; EbJ/&  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 < ;,S"e  
?Str*XA;  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, 8T.5Mhx0jS  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language Q1ABn acR  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the 5Ckk5b  
9*TS90>a  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many  fBWJ%W  
            A      B         C ?;r8SowZ7  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. [` zbf_RyO  
            D uRB)g  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 8F`BJ6='  
srChY&h?<  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the f?>-yMR|  
例如:my best friends %+7T 9>+  
ZXsY-5$#d-  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial mOz&6T<|  
            A    B     C SP D 207  
  and banking center. =_?pOq  
        D FQ_%)Ty2  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 M]4=(Vv+5  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 !}L~@[v,uL  
Av;q:x?  
8=n9 hLhqo  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary  [`hE^chd  
                 A         XYK1-m}2  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. MR?*GI's  
    B   C     D Ha=_u+@  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 dK J@{d  
wZo.ynXT  
七、平行结构 fd5ZaE#f  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 Bg 7j5  
*%OYAsc  
't0+:o">:  
(一) 对等连接词 kb"_6,[Ms  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 $S6HZG:N  
单一式: and, or ,but Z{,GZT  
相关式: both…and, not … but, MG7 ?N #  
     either …or, neither…nor S' (cqO}=F  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as .pS&0gBo\  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, L25kh}Q#7  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also V-KL%  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, N|!MO{sB  
'%zN  
短语式: as well as K0EY<Ltq  
     rather than (而不是) ,:#,}w_HyO  
     other than (除…之外) HE#,(;1i  
     instead of (代替) /9x{^  
jd%Len&p  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 YSR mt/   
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  kz ZDtI)  
       A     B   h>}ax\h  
  but he is now living in Detroit. ?QCmSK=L  
       C   D A6Ghj{~  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。  9R9__w;  
 f~w>v  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics NH7`5mF$  
       A         B aWyUu/g<A`  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford 8F#osN  
  remained active in city and regional planning. r55qmPhg  
          C    D  ?b||Cr  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 "(s6aqO$  
(二)平行的内容 kOw=c Gt  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 z{ptm7  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of \+- zRR0  
             A         B   JnfqXbE  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, QE|`&~sme  
         C            D aF!Ex  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. l , ..5   
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 {m[s<A(  
Yc^%zxub  
6?N4l ]l  
第二、名词单复数的平行 >R!"P[*  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 |^R*4;Phe  
i[\w%(83Fi  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, ( S`6Q  
  A     B          C   aX;A==>  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. #%:c0=  
                 D   H$!+A  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 MaO"#{i  
#ly@;!M  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, *m9{V8Yi2  
                   A         B 4S|=/f  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 8-m 3e  
      C          D xACdZB(  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have <:& de8bT  
`1Zhq+s  
第三、时态的平行 qz!Ph5 (  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated  B/G-Yh$E  
                A     (luKn&826  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops .6 3=(o  
                   B LH2PTW\b!6  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. /)EY2Y'  
          C    D  %v+=;jw  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 D'b#,a;V  
;#1Iiuh  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- "7,FXTaer  
  spread from its home in Central America and `pL^}_>|GM  
  now grows throughout the tropics. ~=En +J}*  
   (A) to be    (B) it    Ow:1?Z{4  
   (C) the     (D) its ";x+1R.d  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? }^-<k0A4?  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow DWU`\9xA*  
M6rc!K  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 9MY 7a=5E~  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. -F\qnsZ2  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised ; A,#;%j  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised g5Z#xszj+  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 52d^K0STC  
kW@,$_cK  
第四、排列位置的平行 C3'rtY.  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. XL$* _c <)  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode \.uc06  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  i3VW1~.8  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes C&~1M}I  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes (`BSVxJH  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 1f'Hif*r_X  
O#a6+W"U  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: Hr<o!e{Y  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 69K{+|  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 \2 y5_;O  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 v2r&('pV  
fj7|D'c  
八、词序的颠倒 t^]$!H  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 Z/x*Y#0@n  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 D(p\0V  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage ?Xdak|?i  
              A    B        a?|vQ*W  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. }+o:j'jB  
      C       D    0]QRsVz+  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 y@2epY?{  
^ -FX  
)"f N!9,F  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 ~\x:<)  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only /@AEJ][$  
          A      B     PB%-9C0  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. WN(ymcdYB  
    C         D SN4Q))dAU  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 izh<I0  
4Mk-2 Dx  
? JL7=o X  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 %WqNiF0-  
=@TQ>Qw%b  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were >!_Xgw  
          A   B     C   98 8]}{w  
  in what is now the United States. 3=-4%%[M@  
    D l5l>d62  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 n wI!O  
s1|/S\   
所有的系动词分为三大类: 7'NwJ,$6\  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, +[SgO}sF  
    is, remain, keep, stay, eZ"1gYqy  
    lie, exit(表示位于) 0%!rx{f#\  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 - 0?^#G}3}  
    become, turn, grow, :4v3\+T  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) Qt]Q: 9I[  
'!f5?O+E  
第三种,感官动词 (C]o,7cYS  
    seem(好像是) oD}uOC}FS{  
    look(看起来好像是) vkLC-Mzm<  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste Mi~(aah   
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 @ P|LLG'  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe 1Bxmm#  
    A               B     ~ ihI_q"  
   to cause numerous deaths. pLv$\ MiZ  
        C   D  3> /K0N|$  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 (knp#   
`K ,1K  
九、词性的混用 ) }9rwZ  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 u4Em%:Xj  
h$L"8#  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 a#T]*(Yq)  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; MQin"\  
V`@>MOw^d  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high 'U'yC2BI n  
          A        B      %,ngRYxT#  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and [ Bl c^C{f  
              C <]G]W/eB'  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. z2Z^~, i  
          D <id}<H  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ,!U=|c"k)  
qTQBt}  
o6//IOZ  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 Y3O#Q)-j$  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 4 {9B9={  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds ES40?o*]x  
         A       B      \(%Y%?dy  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to jMpD+Mb  
          C        >$2V%};  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. p0pWzwTG3  
            D h>Hb `G<  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 @$T 9Ll  
D1 &A,2wO  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, Y/7 $1k  
            A       !fj(tPq  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of ~9j%Hm0ht  
      B      C 5# K4bA  
   urban Black people in the United States. {GJ@psG*  
   D ?Ae ve n  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 ;amXY@RmH  
&iV,W4  
50={%R  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 8Ac:_Zg  
表示时间有两种可能, v;)..X30  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 h*v8#\b$J_  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, +>PX&F  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 )P+7PhE{J  
pa# IJ  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence Sy 'Dp9!|  
       A     B     rOVVL%@QqJ  
  were made while the American Civil War. Gn&4V}F  
   C    D q|),`.eh\  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 eow'K 821A  
^ (FdXGs[  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the ?5 {>;#0Z  
   A      B           C    &c,kQo+pA  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. {yExQbN  
          D 1 9CK+;b  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 &e!7Z40w@&  
% S os  
sL$:"=  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 s ']Bx=  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 MpR2]k#n<  
K9up:.{QQ  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social ] @u6HH~^  
                   A     w {3<{  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. AnX%[W "  
     B   C    D FFEfI4&SfS  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 m+T;O/lG0{  
D1=((`v '  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples   #^A*  
   A        B   C      XcUwr  
  easily under the stress of compression. lE(a%'36  
   D ", KCCis  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 _dhgAx-H)h  
!'9Feoez  
85Otss/mM  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 Su/6Q$0 t  
 KJaXg;,H  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine 7E79-r&n  
    A         B Zm_UR*"  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. ?q{ ,R"  
          C            D  :7]Sa`  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 .7avpOfz  
IS&ZqE(`e  
U`NjPZe5^  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, .ufTQ?Fe  
         A l:,'j@%  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. 9Hb6nm  
   B      C      D L"1}V  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 p;3O#n- _  
"AsKlKz{B  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 fY51:0{  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; gv- xm  
two hundred diligent students
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