改错题常考要点 G l_\Vy
一、代词 n>br,bQe
代词中主要讲解六个问题 9LH=3Qt
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 7Pwg+
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主格、宾格、所有格 ]7v81G5E
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) c6t2Q6zV
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(二) 反身代词 ]/LWrQD
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 vc )9Re$
He killed himself. (他自杀了) mm_^gQ,`
He killed him. (他杀了他) =Na/3\^WP
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating /X@7ju;
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a series of indicators that could help MJ1W*'9</W
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themselves to predict earthquakes. 3aEt>x
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 r4 9UJE
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 ?F)_T
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 =*{K@p_
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 l{nB.m2
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies _2]e1_=
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the $eK8GMxZ#
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Pacific. ''$`
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 U#8\#jo
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 u86J.K1Q
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: ;~}-AI-
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 bk/.<Rt
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined )fxo
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the word“normalcy”to express social and zi?qK?m
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economic conditions they promised the nation. y&n1 Nj]^
C D
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Gh>"s #+
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important B ]|5?QP-
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John ~
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Keats, published the year of her death. RM?_15m
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. Up]VU9z
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(四) Who和which的区别 !nP8ys
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which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 TzD:bKE&
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 UDIac;vT
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who % xH>0
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. [)b/uR
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 (HTk;vbZm
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ?kT~)k
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(五) that和which的区别 {ra Esb-X
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 `*uuB;
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it >.k@!*
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. +Fkx")
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 c_DB^M!h
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 P[J qJi/H
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, ggYIq*4
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ={&TeMMA
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 802]M
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which N;Gf,pE
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 2Dwt4V
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. 0UAr}H.:
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 tIp\MXkTQ&
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has daokiU+l2
affected the way people in the United States----. f"}14V
(A) living and working U:\
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(B) they live and work e715)_HD
(C) live and work Yhv`IV-s
(D) to live and to work TY{?4
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 5;KT -(q~
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二、介词 Z;> aW;Wt
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 w `9GygS
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(一) 介词搭配 uC$4TnoQx.
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those C@:N5},]
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. kTe<1^,m
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 Y&:\s8C
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. N
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分析:B错改为be rich in 9<#R;eIsv
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the _rWXcK3cjr
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. z:q'?{`I
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 M)It(K8R
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 (>% Vj
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏
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例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. nFOG=>c}
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 JQv
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has yD'h5)yu
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on R1rfp;
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. Fgq*3t
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 AZP
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2、介词by ~|jy$*m4A
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by '4S@:.D`
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing u8\QhUk'G
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States X'p%$HsMG
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. 9%veUvY
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 LxGh *7K-
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils O
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to IKj1{nZvDc
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supply moccasins and field rations. .;Yei6H
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ?NeB_<dLa`
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with jt*@,+e|
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements xrd^vE
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that are often represented at symbols. a2n#T,kq&
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 yx4c+(J^8
三、谓语动词 j(N9%/4u
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ]C^*C|
①、主谓分割原则 an@Ue7
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ;bmd<1
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ".=EAXVU
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 }Qo8Xps
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②、与后者一致原则 G3n7x?4m
not…but, 强调but后面的名词,
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not only…but also 6= D;K.!
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③、与前者一致原则 ,y @3'~
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 4v7RX
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 .Dz /MSl
例:The athlete, together with his coach and #(G&%I A|;
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 9yPB)&"EF
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is a;sZNUSn
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④、就近原则 ]Ea6Z
or, either…or, neither…nor, OWzIea@
单数名词+or+复数名词+are pY@+.V`a
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is
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所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 [%pZM.jFO
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 eAj}/2y"
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are o/xE
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. w~`P\i@
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 hI
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 NZ#z{JI=+
There are five apples that are red. MD,-<X)Qy
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 Nb6HM~
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets qr
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 4d
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 B?]^}r
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 `7LdF,OdE
The rich are not always happier than the poor. b(yY.L=K
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 /1Eg6hf9B
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 f-Sb:O!V
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: uJ[dO}
a. there be 句型 S&a44i
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 8WAg{lVs
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 'F@'4[uda
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. NTV0DkX
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is @A:Xct
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 'p<(6*,"
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 r!;NH3 *
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miles in width. y'(;!5w
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分析:倒装句,are改为is Ef#%4ky
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 8tsW^y;S
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film v,kedKcxv'
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. 7dAa~!/(
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 ^!=+$@<
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 Jcm
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fifty percent of + 名词 gg933TLu(Q
one percent of + 名词 w!h!%r
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: SFTThM]8M1
one percent of my students + are )wmXicURC
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. z[l17+v
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这里要强调两个结构 mim]nRd2v
half of =fifty percent gwNv;g
most of + 可数名词 + are xCGvLvFn
most of + 不可数名词+ is uS3J^=>@(a
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been P
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found in central and eastern Canada. D}Z].c@E
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 Vc}m_T]O
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized cW%F%:b
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. c[f
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 vQ$ FMKz7
①、主要考察时间状语 z1*8 5?
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. )L<NW{
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was Y7{IF X
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②、For和since的区别 ia?{]!7$
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 !"Jne'f
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 7o-umZ}8
I has been a teacher for three years. BRLrD/8Le
I has been a teacher since 1996. c_"]AhV~Mg
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 .Ks%ar
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became _Ryt|# y
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the primary responsibility of the president. .B_LQ;0:
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 fkbHfBp[(A
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of ^K.
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. ux`)jOQ`Y]
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 j}t"M|`
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. &\),V 1"
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live %Z_/MNI
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(三) 谓语的语态 !8YZ;l
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 F/O5Z?C?
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: t7#lRp&
①、prove KTLq~Ru
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 '^mCLfo0}
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; <KY \sb9
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be }SD*@w
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 80m<OW1
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 I
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②、Locate,Situate G.{)#cR
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 `|uwR5
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ;r8<
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这两个词也可以用作被动 3[{RH*nHD
My school was located near the river. s2f6;Yc
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 WMi$ATq
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. L.ML0H-
(A)locates Q$bi:EyJXc
(B)locating PP*',D3
(C)to locate |7#S0Ca@
(D)is located xcHuH-}
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 )swu~Wb}U@
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③、表示需要概念的动词 pLiGky
need, want, require等 5jNDr`pnu
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My watch needed repairing j1~'[
My watch needed to be repaired. e+~Q58oD
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④、表示人的情感的动词 eAl;:0=%L
move, annoy, surprise, please等 |Y tZOQu
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 |& Pa`=sp
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 dCn'IM1
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主动和被动技巧总结: 8!XK[zL
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 o+0x1Ct3P
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the ;RzbPlkl
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 1yd}F`{8UF
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power structures, and flood-control works along efrVF5,y?
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. :vXlni7N[M
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 MO%kUq|pg
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四、非谓语动词 nXJG4$G
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(一) 分词 1+ib(MJ<:#
现在分词和过去分词的区别 AI,Jy%62/
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then UlQS]f~
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. &xLCq&j1
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning f >$V:e([
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 []l2
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例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in YT~h1<se
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. E+z"m|G
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living *?3c2Jg=E
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一些动词后面必须用doing d;hv_h
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 f!Mx +ky
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ]x5+v0
advocate, suggest 9A,ok[J
delay, quit b6UpE`\z
forgive(原谅),tolerate, N;S1s0FN
avoid, escape(逃避) O)$Pvll
spend+名词+doing; X
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have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing BcxALRWE
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their ps_q3Cyp
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crops. Q!y%N&
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 J%FF@.)k
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, (vFO'jtcB-
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to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. xmi@
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分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing fS$;~@p
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(二) 不定式 [\e/xY(4
A. 动词不定式的省略 SQDfDrYP
①、help后面可以省略to g OK
help to do ^^B~v<uK
help sb. to do G!+Mu2
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 1:!H`*DU&
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the habits that might shorten the lives. >f'aW
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分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 l5#SOo\
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 *-*SCA`E^=
make, ~jzjJ&O&
let, }T-'""*
have sb. do sth ~ dk9 7Z8
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. GvZ[3GT
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians 2u$rloc$b
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to know when to play various parts of a composition. {[3xi`0-
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分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know p| ?FA@ 3
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③、感官动词 VVDW=G
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe 4xH/a1&p=
see sb do sth. 强调过程 J;=T"C&
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 Nv^byWqu
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 S
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(1)表示第一人 d&\3}uH
the first woman to do sth. h-kmZ<p|^
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(2)表示迫使的动词 >ZW|wpO
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do i4]oE&G
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis lB0`|UEb (
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allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 8NiR3*1
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分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 !-.GfI:q
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 kY
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be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 loO"[8i.k
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 n_3R Q6
be lieable to do 易于…的 hHGuD2%
be apt to do ]8}51y8
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(4)表示目的的名词, Dnl<w<}ZU:
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 D}q"^"#T
固定的句式: OQ7 `n<I<)
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. -^5467
the objective 目标 MUAs(M;
aim
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goal xH xTL>,?
reason理由 'gvR
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function功能 %VH, (}i
intension意图 =o~GLbsER
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing Jsysk $R
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. 5$:
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分析:the function to provide, A错 L%T(H<