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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 \ZN>7?Vs  
一、代词 vmEbk/Vy  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 zt&"K0X|  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 vXA+o)*#/  
  主格、宾格、所有格 u={A4A#  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) =CBY_  
v_U+wga  
(二) 反身代词 Xy(8}  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 Z`jc*jgy  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) ;t6)(d4z?  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) \%],pZsA~  
^@91BY  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  'xK ,|U  
    A                 B    IOL5p*:gz  
  a series of indicators that could help ZMp5d4y5  
             C      py-5 :g}d  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. 76IjM4&a  
    D )By #({O  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ,a6Oi=+>/U  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 9nGS"E l{  
Hl|EySno  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 {OIktG2gZ  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 %[l#S*)~  
E]MyP=g$  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies r &.gOC  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the Xi  8rD"v  
     A   B      C          D Jxo#sV-  
  Pacific. s[dq-pc "  
a_V.mu6h6p  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 f.e4 C,  
+$CO  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 E9N.b.Q)  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: U L3++bt  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 (~U1 X4  
'Dx_n7&=  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined B[IqLD'6  
                       A   h*lU&8)m\  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and cedH#;V!j  
             B p E56CM  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. )4O* D92  
   C       D IEj=pI   
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 |M$ESj4@  
{8im{]8_  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important N*{>8iFo4  
        A     (i)Ed9~F"  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John -egu5#d>  
   B        C      l(A>Rw|  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  /9k}Ip  
      D 69C>oX  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. Xhk_h2F[  
_usi~m  
r$/.x6g//  
(四) Who和which的区别 K[Ao_v2g  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 ];7/DM#Np  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 Zt{\<5j  
!<AY0fpY  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ^hIKDc!.m  
              A            B t=6Wk4  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. f<K7m  
   C                  D 1v"r8=Wt  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 R3!3TJ  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 Q!(qL[o  
(Gp|K6  
(五) that和which的区别 >^V3Z{;  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 7nOn^f D  
]>'yt #]  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it B_uAa5'  
              A        B U.0bbr  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. Ymr\8CG/  
      C              D K" U!SWv  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 g$eZT{{W  
=S|^pN  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 mzoNXf:x  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 8QaF(?  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when @[] A&)B  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. Ze>Pg.k+  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which M~ ^ {S[o  
#&jr9RB  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Uk0]A  
              A         B   kn1+lF@  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. sJ(q.FRM'  
         C      D A1u|L^  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 !s:v UY58  
<(<19t5.  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  %M_5C4&6  
  affected the way people in the United States----. GOeYw[Vh  
   (A) living and working $={WtR  
   (B) they live and work t<Z)D0.  
   (C) live and work $3C$])k  
   (D) to live and to work F< #!83*%  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 Q(e3-a  
al3[Ph5G  
二、介词 LpJ_HU7@lk  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。  ,B<Tt|'  
P!JRIw  
(一) 介词搭配 yv!,iK9  
bC mhlSNi  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those @$(/6]4p  
    A         B   C      8'kA",P  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. .7nr:P  
                D " w\Iz]  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 .2jG ~_W[  
)n[ oP%  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. bh8IF,@a  
A       B     C  D Odo"S;)  
分析:B错改为be rich in w]{NaNIeq1  
I2!0,1Q  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the 1/bu}?a  
    A         B      C k_=~ObA$g  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. Wh,{|R[  
             D rX%qWhiEJ  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 V^t5 Y+7  
.bm#|X)RO  
KJwkkCE/=  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 ~[i,f0O,  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 PUUBn"U-  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. S!GjCog^J  
          A      B  C     D #pxc6W /  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 Bu'PDy~W,  
EX[X|"r   
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has sBuVm<H  
                 A  B     d0b--v/  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on FxKb  
      C 6qK0G$>  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. E( M\U5o:  
      D xa#:oKF3  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 Y962rZ  
o_gpBaWD  
2、介词by )S$!36Ni[  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by }TRr*] P<%  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing `5`Pv'`  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States /|y3M/;F  
    A         B       Y9m'RFZr  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. V|{ )P@Q  
   C     D joifIp_  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 )\uy 0+b  
?T5^hQT   
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils >ofS'mp  
   A                      1+o>#8D  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to {!B0&x  
     B    C       D C["^%0lj  
   supply moccasins and field rations. amGQ!$] %#  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 C9Fc(Y?_  
x#| P-^  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with "G| Gyc  
        A                oC U8;z  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements /w!b2KwV  
        B          C   p7! q#o  
  that are often represented at symbols. -z0,IYG }  
              D ~SZ0Yu:X  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 Q=gVxS  
三、谓语动词 _Ux>BJmP  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 QE!cf@~n"  
①、主谓分割原则 >Q+a'bd w  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, [O [ N_z  
     A     lyZof_/*  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. a|5GC pp  
        B      C      D +zs;>'Sf  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 Y!o@"Ct  
5jy>)WqK  
②、与后者一致原则 I|9e4EX{y  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, IQScsqM  
not only…but also PpU : 4;en  
?ArQ{9c  
H7#RL1qM&  
③、与前者一致原则 jK I+-s  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, V%y kHo  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 9S6vU7W  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and o,Ha-z]f  
     A      B  C     2HQ'iEu$  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 3u{[(W}08  
         D FAE>N-brQ  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is _E'M(.B<  
Q1&: + 7 %  
④、就近原则 "t"dz'  
or, either…or, neither…nor, 4ItXZo  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are ,=6Eju#P  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is tMyD^jVC  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 =nid #<X  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 #0xvxg%{  
WJz   
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are SfL,_X]*  
        A      B        >%[(C*Cks  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. %WC pn<)  
    C              D 8zVXQ! '  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 u3k+Xg:  
T5-4Q  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 L9r 3jz  
There are five apples that are red. ix !u#7  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 HHEFX9u  
`+zr PpX  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets Xd|5{  
      A            mDV 2vg  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 9wWjl}%  
   B   C    D |{oKhC^yG  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 *VRFs=  
4El{2cfA  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 b<5:7C9z  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ,vN#U&RS  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 ;H\,w /E9  
1^Caz-  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 o9 eK7*D  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: KqtI^qC8  
a. there be 句型 r`7`f xe  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 `>#X,Lw$g  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 CWDo_g $  
>eRbasshEI  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. sPZa|AKHb  
   A     B      C    D    ;G\rhk  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is A6UtpyS*'  
|x kixf4zz  
H"&N<"hw  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ~O^_J)  
             A     B    Bo~wD|E2  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 [R Ch7FE23  
     C         I}8F3_b,#  
  miles in width. U 9 k}y  
     D  6"=e+V@  
分析:倒装句,are改为is Y5npz^i  
-u9{R\S  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and YWdlE7 y  
   A    B       C         U>I#f  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film  ipyO&v  
                    D 5GRN1Aov<  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. Ugs<WVp$  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 TZ*i b~  
f~U|flL^  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 gT+/CVj R  
fifty percent of + 名词 U  *I52$  
one percent of + 名词 AzQ}}A;TSx  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: J$P]>By5:  
  one percent of my students + are r%a$u%)oD  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. >AfJxdd1  
p1D-Q7F  
这里要强调两个结构 Wx-{F  
half of =fifty percent h*KhH>\  
most of + 可数名词 + are Gs9jX/ #  
most of + 不可数名词+ is +HcH]D;  
$i2gOz  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been . =+7H`A  
   A       B         C   C[s*Na-  
  found in central and eastern Canada. -^Lj~O  
           D VEn%_9(]  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 tJn2:}-s  
#z~oc^J^T  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized j IW:O  
                 A   B  ]#qdA(Kl  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. kP6r=HH@  
              C     D <)&ykcB  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 Jv?e ?U  
[_~U<   
(二) 谓语动词的时态 5N6%N1  
①、主要考察时间状语 n}+ DO6J  
IW46-;l7  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. MaEh8*  
   A        B  C     D WGO=@jkf  
vxm`[s|QC  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was N;w1f"V}  
-g>27EI5  
AD5tuY  
②、For和since的区别 IS!+J.2  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 x|Ei_hI-  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ;aF / <r  
  I has been a teacher for three years. S*]IR"YL  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. pUPb+:^R  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 x88$#N>Q5  
L.GpQJ8u  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became YF"D;.  
   A      B              0#q_LB  
  the primary responsibility of the president. "&r1&StO  
     C    D m$o|s1t  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 _ 9k^Hd[L$  
?T^$,1 -  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of LJiMtqg  
             A  B  C   Gzs x0%`)  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. e88JT_zrO  
            D '*T7tl  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 E u@TCw8@  
hVlL"w*1  
qBpY3]/  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  bH = 5[  
   A       B        C     D (YR] X_  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live %xg"e O2x  
7' 6m;b~F  
(三) 谓语的语态 Y, 0O&'>  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 L7KHs'c*  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: qH-dT,`"{  
①、prove jf})"fz-*  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 "ex? #qD&  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; pa+ y(!G  
C!.6:Aj  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming !g}9xIL  
                      A   KN%Xp/lkX  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be <}UqtD F 0  
    B                  C  b'ew Od=  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. C ]#R7G  
                  D E7*]t_p"  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 `*~:n vU  
]];7ozS)X  
C 4n5U^  
②、Locate,Situate 3)T5}_  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 |d Soq~Vz  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 LN7;Yr  
这两个词也可以用作被动 SQliF[ -  
  My school was located near the river. CUYp(GU  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 ."H5.'  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. ;/YSQt)rc>  
   (A)locates Ya>cGaLq  
   (B)locating $ D45X<  
   (C)to locate `yxk Sb  
   (D)is located kp0>8rkF  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 ~=c#Ff =Z  
iPs()IN.O  
③、表示需要概念的动词 d$>1 2>>  
need, want, require等 D9Q%*DLd$_  
{^ N = hI  
My watch needed repairing lk+)-J-lj'  
My watch needed to be repaired. cW3;5  
b^%4_[uRu  
④、表示人的情感的动词 ebQYk$@  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 mT~:k}u~W  
:qnRiK]  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 |"ck;.)  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 %5uuB4P&|$  
8IVKS>  
主动和被动技巧总结: H p1cVs  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 |_2O:7qe  
lv{Qn~\y&  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the ^%C.S :  
                 A      ^D6JckW  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, :k JSu{p  
                 B AU)Qk$c  
  power structures, and flood-control works along Z|3l2ucl  
                    C *X,vu2(I-=  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. n /rQ*hr  
                D w8>p[F5`O  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 J SO>rpO  
N=|w]t0*yc  
四、非谓语动词 `o q 3G }  
-B@jQg@ >  
(一) 分词 Y5(`/  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 "IB)=Hc  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 }!B<MGBd  
iT I W;Cv  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then II),m8G  
   A "j~=YW+l  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. cITQ,ah  
     B      C            D K\o!  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning oz@yF)/Sm  
dpTap<Noby  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 9;q@;)'5  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in w Gw}a[a  
      A               B   O4( Z%YBe  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. g_.BJ>Uv  
               C         D {Uu7@1@n  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living |9 }G  
DUY#RJf  
3+Xz5>"a  
一些动词后面必须用doing l6a,:*_  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 S1zV.]  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, MNkysB(  
 advocate, suggest %z1WdiC  
 delay, quit RM QlciG  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, >|H=25N>;  
 avoid, escape(逃避) jG8 ihi  
 spend+名词+doing; C{+~x@  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing AVHn7olG  
8h-6;x^^  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their u'LA%l-  
   A     B    C              D Jg |/*Or  
  crops. 6-<,1Q'D  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 eH79,!=2  
P4ot, Q4  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 0Tg/R4dI  
               A        B ejD;lvf  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. W<k) '|  
        C          D j {S\X'?  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing ,8EeSnI  
ka*VQXk*  
(二) 不定式 n%@xnB $ZX  
A. 动词不定式的省略 d v"  
①、help后面可以省略to \S1WF ?<,  
  help to do OZ$u&>916  
  help sb. to do A0o6-M]'0  
S\s1}`pNm  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid B1J+`R3OX  
              A      B   fHR1ku y  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. h`?0=:Tru  
         C     D LKftNSkg"  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 {_KuztJGA  
]:Ocu--  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 {Km|SG[-q  
  make, J4xt!RW!  
  let, "kVN|Do  
  have sb. do sth jpT!di  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. A&)P_B1|  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians o7&Z4(V  
        A               B Su6ZO'[)  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. ke'p8Gz  
   C     D R~[ u|EC}  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ^L<1S/~)  
YtxBkKiJ2V  
③、感官动词 o!wz:|\S  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe ^ D?;K8a-l  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 , N5Rdgzk  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 M'R^?Jjb  
Vy&F{T;$  
2m/1:5  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 _QkU ,[E  
(1)表示第一人 c|hKo[r)  
the first woman to do sth. #^%Rk'W  
daY^{u3  
(2)表示迫使的动词 RkP7}ZA;  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do z2wR]G5!  
h&; \   
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis ~|R"GloUw  
     A                 B    ?Ju=L|  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. dD@T}^j *|  
       C           D UOT~L4 G  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 'hg, W]  
 }m\  
JY_+p9KfyQ  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 ].7)^  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 +.b~2K1  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 PHT;%;m=  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 [ wr0TbtV  
  be apt to do rq T@i(i  
_lu.@IX-  
(4)表示目的的名词, CIYTs,u#  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 +8mfq\ Y1  
固定的句式: HVh+Z k  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. zA\DI]:+  
the objective 目标 m:ITyQ+  
aim 6*tI~  
goal OI::0KOv  
reason理由 $NT{ssh  
function功能 ){5  $8  
intension意图 k%VV(P]sT  
vb\UP&Ip  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing j]M $>2;  
                       A  7z5AI!s_  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. V`G)8?%Vy  
           B          C     D *^}(LoPZ  
分析:the function to provide, A错 m7~kRY514  
k 32 Jz.\B  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure J XbG|L  
                  A       Jd7+~isu~  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds M,3sK!`>  
     B  cRI&cN"o  
  that make up various components of a living cell. Ro$l/lXl8t  
    C    D #zZQ@+5zw  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 ?2aglj*"v,  
<t.yn\G-w  
(5) 其他同根名词 Go= MG:`  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 <;=?~QK%-  
 attempt to do 企图 =M*31>"I0  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 3.xsCcmP  
 ambition, rMdOE&5G  
 be ambitious to do   mXAX%M U  
 effort OLXG0@  
18zv]v %  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation u?&P6|J&  
  A                    B   ;mjk`6p  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. p>Qzz`@e  
          C       D 4`7N}$j#,  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 p? >(y  
bd5\Rt  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great ~*79rDs{  
  A                   B   AU OL?st  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. RplLU7  
       C            D I~-W4{  
分析:efforts to register, C错 YNRpIhb  
6c$ so  
*:{s|18Pj  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 anxg D?<+B  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 FAX|.!US*p  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. M ~z A  
07P/A^Mkx  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时  LP-~;  
I am glad to see you. .!e):&(8  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. a\pOgIp  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. ($pNOG H  
K!T e*?b  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 SR!EQ<  
It is difficult to decide. v[{g "C  
*:gx1w d  
rofj&{w  
五、句子的结构 H=RzY-\a%  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 3`.* ~qW  
hjf!FY*F  
(一) 主语的重复 (VV5SvdE  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 M15Ce)oB1(  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any Heh.CD)Q  
          A      B      @+Y ql  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the VzD LGLH  
          C          D '2Q[g0VR  
  League of Nations. Z*/{^ zsE  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 -w'  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson mv] .  
IU f&*'_  
-[/tS<U  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are >x?x3#SX  
        A        B  I\e/ Bv^  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. idsBw!DB  
    C         D B|d-3\sn  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 {=K);z  
b'q ru~i  
(二)谓语的重复 I+2#k\y  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 $40G$w  
w'[JfMuP  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  (A(j.[4a  
    A            B    C)UL{n  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. =hRo#]{(K  
         C   D Ec/&?|$  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 A 1Ru&fd!  
r=6N ZoZ  
(三)谓语的缺少 H!'Ek[s+  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body n(uzqd  
          A     B    |j}D2q=  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. k3(q!~a:.}  
         C               D lA{JpH_Y8s  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 [KQ#b  
^ >wlj  
(四)主句的重复 _D 9/,n$  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 *@I/TX'\rY  
d`gKF  
^(kmFUV,Z  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite }j$tFFVi~  
      A         B        C   < ]"Uy p  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. 3AcS$.G  
     D bvW3[ V  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 q2 b>Z6!5  
>,x&L[3  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow $^e(?P q  
        A   B       lY&Sx{-  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. Spu> ac  
      C    D D\^mh{q(  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 0"}=A,o(w  
J#IVu?B  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided ^ Paf-/  
   A                     B  6&+}Hhe  
  names for towns, only George Washington x) jc  
      C K=! C\T"I%  
  is remembered in the name of a state. "!Qi$ ]  
          D 7{tU'`P>  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 99\lZ{f(  
六、比较级和最高级 V%(T#_E/6  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 KVevvy)W  
63(XCO  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 Kv)Kn8df  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which AJ >$`=  
      A               #<y/m*Ota  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. [!C!R$AMa  
     B       C           D _?]W%R|  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 DUSQh+C  
v^J'] p  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 ^6gEL~m|]  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. n%;4Fm?  
     A      B     C  D ykR d+H-t  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 %ikPz~(  
![!,i\x  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere Ng1bjq}E2  
     A       B     C   D c'XSs  
  is the grizzly bear. .+mP#<mAg  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 8>G5VhCm~o  
<`WD Ni$Y  
V$w bmz  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 ^I9U<iNIL  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 \PD%=~  
$> ;|  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ]heVR&bQ  
   A           B  vT MCZ+^g  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. S(Z \h_m(  
   C                 D :`K2?;DC8  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 Xq_h C"s  
GDs/U1[*  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 @NiLKcL#  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as {3SK|J`  
+vH#xc\'  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 #V)l>  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 =jA.INin4  
the taller boy Zx`/88!x[  
_+)n}Se  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 oKr= ]p  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed @My RcC  
          A            B \),zDO+  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is \ KsKb0sM  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. l: kW|  
    C          D w11L@t[5W8  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they ks69Z|D  
1FG"Ak}D  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 \rT>&o .i  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, m&#D~  
  A  B         C     Q/J<$W*,  
  the Navajos form largest group. &4%78K\  
         D &_s^C?x  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 ;mr*$Iu7|  
N/b$S@  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, a2]>R<M  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language >) Bv>HM  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the <[T{q |*  
/Z~$`!J  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many >]A#_p  
            A      B         C 7Bd=K=3u  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. HX,i{aWWy  
            D IFZw54  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 pV!WZ Ufg  
7VdxQ T  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the D{q r N6g#  
例如:my best friends A;6ew4  
X eslOsHh  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial l>hvWK[ ?I  
            A    B     C ^ 4p$@5zH  
  and banking center. H(O|y2   
        D ($8!r|g5#  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 )T&r770  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 ;!7M<T$&  
(^_I Ny*  
r gi4>  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary Uc ; S@  
                 A         g5x>}@ONq7  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. S!^I<#d K  
    B   C     D Fiw^twz5  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 FBOgaI83G  
/^gu&xnS  
七、平行结构 "`4M4`'  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 H|MAbx 7  
8%a ^j\L  
?iamo.0zN  
(一) 对等连接词 9%0 ^fhrJ  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 |@f\[v9`  
单一式: and, or ,but ~EvGNnTL  
相关式: both…and, not … but, *D`$oK,U  
     either …or, neither…nor 7&w[h4Lw  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as =rkW325O  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, ^i8(/iwdJE  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also ZXIz.GFy+  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Sogt?]HB$  
jz>b>;  
短语式: as well as 'e$8 IZm  
     rather than (而不是) Q~rE+?n9 F  
     other than (除…之外) pTncx%!W5  
     instead of (代替) ;hEeFJ=/G  
)@=fGNDt  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 ''q#zEf6  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  k%aJ%(  
       A     B   Q]$pg5O  
  but he is now living in Detroit. I\Cg-&e  
       C   D 58eO|c(  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 H!l 9a  
IABF_GwF  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics XK)0Mt\  
       A         B NK:! U  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford Y n0iu$;n  
  remained active in city and regional planning. %c8@  
          C    D  PSyUC#;  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 9w=[}<E  
(二)平行的内容 MN:LL <  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 'q@vTM'-  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of |.- Muv  
             A         B   upZf&4 I8  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, iqN?'8  
         C            D ksUF(lYk  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. .>LJ(Sx9b  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 dfZ`M^NU  
v I,T1%llu  
~@T`0W-Py  
第二、名词单复数的平行 Wv ~&Qh}  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 k~, k@mR  
O%px >rdkY  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, =1<v1s|)q  
  A     B          C   QV4F A&f&  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. ,zxv>8Nt  
                 D   Dv&K3^~Rfb  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 t6lwKK  
r\)bN4-g  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, K_!:oe7%  
                   A         B $ +$l?2  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. (%"9LYv  
      C          D c@J@*.q]   
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have +d(|Jid  
e^$JGh2  
第三、时态的平行 yT~x7,  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated \NKQ:F1  
                A     %.onO0})  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops ''3I0X*!  
                   B ?-)v{4{s  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. qB&Je$_uh  
          C    D sRqecG(n  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 7!\zo mx  
vo%"(!  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- ml /S|`Drk  
  spread from its home in Central America and HxcL3Bh$~}  
  now grows throughout the tropics. Qkhor-f0  
   (A) to be    (B) it   D3%2O`9  
   (C) the     (D) its &HtTh {  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? r4<aEj;l  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow ncUS8z  
ZY@ntV?  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- j#Tl\S!m.I  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. o{^`Y   
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised DUh\x>^  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised w~ON 861  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 lW|v_oP9  
j4+Px %sW  
第四、排列位置的平行 e<[ ] W4"A  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. QR_h#N2h  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode VCJOWU EO1  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  .{} 8mFi 1  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes v^vi *c  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes egURRC!  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 `E?0jQ  
-a&<Un/  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: w6WPfy(/2  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 j@ D,2B;  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 0bT[05.  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 Wpi35JrC  
U+@U/s%8  
八、词序的颠倒 PMV,*`"9"A  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 PP>6  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 n|LpM.  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage r[H8;&EL  
              A    B        BP0:<vK{  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. "Y=`w,~~  
      C       D    >m. .  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 13`Mt1R  
Zd-6_,r  
y& 1@d+Lf  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 ne/JC(  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only %0N HU`j  
          A      B     i >s  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. 2R.L LE  
    C         D <.B+&3')  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 T?t/[iuHrj  
Zrr)<'!i  
MA6 Vy  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 !NkCki"W  
d#H9jg15e  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were b' y*\9Ru  
          A   B     C   .'gm2  
  in what is now the United States. 4^F%bXJ)  
    D '#Au~5  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 r(46jV.sD:  
_y_}/   
所有的系动词分为三大类: f 7lj,GAZ  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, DfD >hf/  
    is, remain, keep, stay, E,}{iqAb  
    lie, exit(表示位于) v{VF>qE P  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 )hXTg UZa  
    become, turn, grow, *;Mi/^pzK  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) < $0is:]  
b-sN#'TDg  
第三种,感官动词 '|[V}K5m/f  
    seem(好像是) A iM ukd,  
    look(看起来好像是) G`Nw]_ Z _  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste }kqh [`:  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 >8e)V ;  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe `$B?TNuch7  
    A               B     -WlYHW  
   to cause numerous deaths. :o>=^N  
        C   D  Y 3BJ@sqz  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 \yr9j$  
)S g6B;CJ  
九、词性的混用 -e/}DGL  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 p Cs3-&rI3  
^l!SIu  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 4>*=q*<V5E  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 4v\HaOk  
gyw=1q+  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high bC `<A  
          A        B      j=l2\W#}  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and (,U|H`  
              C :y-;V  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. z1J) ./BO  
          D q]? qeF[  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ^wIB;!W  
6e-ME3!<l  
qVC+q8  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 5whW>T  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 lL)f-8DX  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds r mX*s} B  
         A       B      /mkT7,]  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to wpK1nA+7N  
          C        yYP_TuNa  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. qLEYBv-3  
            D ^ Ps!  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 FRQ.ix2  
c MY}Y [2c  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, 1 /M^7Vb.  
            A       (47?lw &  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of g *Js4  
      B      C oco,sxT  
   urban Black people in the United States. mw"FQ?bJ  
   D ]? y~;-^  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 I$;  `^z  
IC cr  
KQf WpHwfj  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 n41#  
表示时间有两种可能, syX?O'xJ  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 &|Gg46P7  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, spa :5]B  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 ED` 1)1<  
P]Fb0X  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence ~5P9^`KNH  
       A     B     v2;E Wp  
  were made while the American Civil War. |m's)  
   C    D Y<T0yl?  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 ^% f8JoB  
}g+kU1y  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the 9k6s  
   A      B           C    HyzSHI  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. 7i" b\{5  
          D _# {*I(l  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 Tt: (l/1  
a>v *  
d|R-K7 ~~  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 # xO PF9  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 i f&bp ,  
F3bTFFt  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social ^Laqq%PI  
                   A     QT c{7&  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. h7Uj "qH  
     B   C    D T<*)Cdid  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 i:YX_+n  
}#7l-@{<  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 3jZGO9ttnS  
   A        B   C      $NR[U+  
  easily under the stress of compression. 3wfcGQn|sD  
   D I(M/ X/  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 T`e`nQ0nn  
v? ."`,e  
C+' -TLeu  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 "6d0j)YO  
3(oMASf  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine J$6WUz:?  
    A         B P^OmJ;""D  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. BWxfY^,'&6  
          C            D l 73% y  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 ?pZ"7kkD  
E 3 % ~!ZC  
\a+Q5g  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, YC1Bgz  
         A +q pW"0[  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings.  v]M:HzP  
   B      C      D yP7b))AW9  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 GTLS0l)  
1 3 ]e< '  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 |? V7E\S  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; LM eI[Ji  
two hundred diligent students
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