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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 {iq)[ )n  
一、代词 gclw>((5  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 h"ko4b3^'@  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 CO.e.:h  
  主格、宾格、所有格 M;1B}x@  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ; Ak 6*Sr  
cK H By  
(二) 反身代词 'EsdYx5C  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 L Olj8T8Z  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) pQOT\- bD  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) lr&O@ 5"oy  
]6TX)1  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  ^%2S,3*0  
    A                 B    hYv;*]  
  a series of indicators that could help S`Wau/7t  
             C      -MT.qhx  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. "xY]&  
    D y/yg-\/XF  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 + hKH\]  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 #J)83  
 *"K7<S[  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 =9'px3:'WR  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 Zlf) dDn  
9Z;"9$+M  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies Aq"<#:  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the xyc`p[n &  
     A   B      C          D @$%[D`Wa<  
  Pacific. o"./  
XH{P@2~l  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 b<?A  
VN!+r7w'  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 @8qo(7<~Q  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Zfub+A  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 +p#Q|o'  
@-F[3`HeA  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined )+xHv  
                       A   8{ iFxTz  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and 4c/.#?  
             B '}eA2Q>BV  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. ( [m[<  
   C       D Fi!XaO  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Msea kF  
6}9`z8  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important {s/u [T_D2  
        A     &XE eJ  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John a'm\6AW2)  
   B        C      1}"PLq(  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  Kgw_c:/'  
      D ]&l%L4Z  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 4RXF.kJ3=  
tQ > IJ  
Zc Y* TGx  
(四) Who和which的区别 $NG|z 0  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 VP<_~OLc  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 (Z72 3)  
TT0~41&l  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who Ef2#}%>  
              A            B ZTwCFn  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. * ydU3LG7  
   C                  D z&@Vg`w"  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 =H\ig%%E@  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 6*:mc  
c G`R\ $  
(五) that和which的区别 GGY WvGE+  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 o|v_+<zD!  
=n}+p>\s  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it 3]iBX`Ni  
              A        B {J}Zv5  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. y^SDt3Am  
      C              D AxOn~fZ!  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 cTR@ :sm  
-zq_W+)ks  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 Vf'r6Rf  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, Y;L,}/[  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 'WA]DlO  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. (RL5L=,u  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which U#jbii6e  
wjr1?c  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly t&r-;sH^[  
              A         B   L)sCc0fv7k  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. F`3J=AJOJ  
         C      D L b'HM-d  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 nI-^   
<oE(I)r4,  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  l~/g^lN  
  affected the way people in the United States----. FK$?8Jp  
   (A) living and working BtSl%(w  
   (B) they live and work X"KX_)GZD  
   (C) live and work bGl5=`  
   (D) to live and to work @ y (9LSs  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 `[.':"~2N  
H!D?;X  
二、介词 RaS7IL:e  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 )1KlcF  
TZT1nj"n  
(一) 介词搭配 ;t.LLd  
>taC_f06  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those `dH[&=S  
    A         B   C      PKT/U^2X]  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. A.!V*1h{  
                D piRP2Lbm*  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 !,mv 7Yj  
YGBVGpE9  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. tFvc~zz9  
A       B     C  D / M(A kNy  
分析:B错改为be rich in 9Bl c  
.c[v /SB]  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the =R08B)yR  
    A         B      C !$&3h-l[  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. : QK )Ym  
             D GW_@hYIqD  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 6.z8!4fpl  
OPp>z0p%6X  
f^8,Z+n  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 -[cl]H)V  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 'CqWF"  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. (fc /"B-  
          A      B  C     D [ p%@ pV  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 l65-8  
FFH9 $>A  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has i"}%ib*X  
                 A  B     hadGF%> O6  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on CD\k.  
      C BJgg-z{Y  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. eGrC0[SH  
      D KmoPFlw  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 $`:/O A<.  
\Uun2.K  
2、介词by =]h5RC  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by #un#~s 7Q  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing w (kN0HD  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States yM%,*VZ  
    A         B       38IVSK_  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. [gZd$9a  
   C     D }-H<wQ&x  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 h>,yqiY4p  
IxwOzpr  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils } FcWzi  
   A                      4e d+'-"m  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to yBKkx@o#z  
     B    C       D ,5" vzGLJ  
   supply moccasins and field rations. l^x5m]Kt  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 /[YH  W]  
,?;q$Xoi  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with O/M\Q  
        A                a%>p"4WL  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements 0eY$K7 U  
        B          C   ;L.@4b[lP  
  that are often represented at symbols. T_CYSS|fX  
              D SS@F:5),  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 '|n-w\ >Wv  
三、谓语动词 c F_hU"  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 V2kNJwwk  
①、主谓分割原则  gc@,lNmi  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, ?#^(QR|/  
     A     4J*%$Vxv  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. s }q6@I  
        B      C      D T'2(sHk  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 EeWCy5W  
'S<ebwRd=  
②、与后者一致原则 eX$P k:  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, g]O"l?xx1D  
not only…but also )6dvWK  
jJ86Ch  
E7^r3#s  
③、与前者一致原则 }ex2tkz  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, b 8v?@s~  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 B@dA?w.x  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and _O ~DJ"  
     A      B  C     "Q]`~u':  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.  g!5`R`7  
         D \M1-  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is DWZ!B7Ts  
rmutw~nHD  
④、就近原则 EI6K0{'&X  
or, either…or, neither…nor, WP7*Q:5  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are " cx\P,<  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is ^.y}2  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 &^^zm9{  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 K OVGwEj  
n8#iL  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are fQq '_q5  
        A      B        _M= \s>;G  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ax& ,  
    C              D !},_,J~(|  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 Jj}+tQ f  
Zo}wzY~x>I  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 57^ X@ra$  
There are five apples that are red. V9f$zjpw  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 &m_4#  
gtWJR  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ^6`"f  
      A            I5PI;t+  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. >.N?y@  
   B   C    D E c[-@5x  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 #-kG\ }  
rAq2   
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 fF37P8Ir  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ^w'y>uFM  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 \zCT""'i  
/9<zG}:B  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 Hy~kHBIL  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: ]wCg'EUB  
a. there be 句型 ;@ xSJqT  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 Cc7PhoPK  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 _Vr>/f  
X@JrfvKv[d  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 1 i # .h$  
   A     B      C    D    %7WGodlXW  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is q ELy'\  
:^7/+|}9p  
kX!TOlk3  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ,tBb$T)7<  
             A     B    W,'30:#Fr7  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 x-0S-1M  
     C         9D,`9L5-=  
  miles in width. 5lehASBz  
     D  kpFt  
分析:倒装句,are改为is $A"C1)d;  
w+c%Y\:  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and %!Z9: +;B  
   A    B       C         uR#aO''  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film eiE36+'>b  
                    D Te&F2`vo  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. .;#Wf @V  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 >S\D+1PV  
G 92\` Q  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 Se*o{V3s$  
fifty percent of + 名词 ! * Snx  
one percent of + 名词 :5`=9 _|  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: f'501MJu  
  one percent of my students + are Rs *]I\  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. w"?H4  
1nHQ)od  
这里要强调两个结构 @ Gxnrh6  
half of =fifty percent AP1Eiv<Hub  
most of + 可数名词 + are J@$h'YUF  
most of + 不可数名词+ is pGS!Nn;K2  
1>5l(zK!9  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been IY$v%%2WZ  
   A       B         C   zvJQ@i"Z  
  found in central and eastern Canada. 6k569c{7  
           D LBO3){=J  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 T >BlnA  
|a||oyrN  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized b@6hGiqx  
                 A   B  =E E>QM  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. k9]M=eO  
              C     D  3W& f^*  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 ;!RS q'L1  
{0~ Sj%Ze  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 ..Q$q2.  
①、主要考察时间状语 \W%Aeg*c  
"#<P--E9  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. cJp:0'd  
   A        B  C     D & B CA  
*/8b)I}yY  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was PIo8mf/  
|<:Owd=  
Ln&'5D#  
②、For和since的区别 *!mT#Vm^  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 =x_~7 Xc{  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ]H%S GQPn  
  I has been a teacher for three years. aRt`IcZYz  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. Npr<{}ZE  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 /"q wC  
lla?;^,  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became bi01]  
   A      B              vOF"p4 ^3  
  the primary responsibility of the president. a;GuFnfn,  
     C    D  _klT  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 #0:N$'SZ  
" A4 .2  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of `l%)0)T  
             A  B  C   X npn{  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. w$`[C+L  
            D <SPT2NyX  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 6g6BE^o\  
OV.f+_LS  
o@5zf{-  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  #?3oGrS Y  
   A       B        C     D 9ZYT#h  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live g)L?C'BG  
8AGP*"gI  
(三) 谓语的语态 9w"kxAN  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 wf,B/[,d  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: =N~*`5|rk  
①、prove Q7{/ T0  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 ~BbF:DS  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; 810pJ  
|Nf90.dL  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming \'>ZU-V  
                      A   m\DI6O"u'  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be UXd nN;0  
    B                  C rG t/ /6  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 71I: P|.>  
                  D Ia%S=xU{=  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 2zlBrjk;  
1Y6DzWI  
Yp@i{$IUW  
②、Locate,Situate [+2iwfD  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 5<RZ ht$i  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ui!MQk+D9  
这两个词也可以用作被动 gc[BP>tl\  
  My school was located near the river. py':UQS*q  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 (DTXc2)c  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. iAn]hVW  
   (A)locates NN"!kuM  
   (B)locating g?1! /+  
   (C)to locate }M|,Z'@*  
   (D)is located D6NgdE7b  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 hTS?+l  
.% {4B,d$  
③、表示需要概念的动词 )oCb9K:km  
need, want, require等 YCI- p p  
V 3yt{3Or  
My watch needed repairing LR:meCOI  
My watch needed to be repaired. C/{%f,rU  
t` f.HJe  
④、表示人的情感的动词 d'UC Pg<Y  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 E%np-is{1  
d>k"#|  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 t{g7 :A  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 #Ks2a):8  
#57D10j  
主动和被动技巧总结: ? 1 ~C`I;  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 %DIZgPd\  
R A^-Pa.O  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the tZ*z.3 \<  
                 A      ;Q8LA",5d  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, E@N& Y1t  
                 B P8\bi"iiN  
  power structures, and flood-control works along }35HKgqX  
                    C )DwHLaLW  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. I] vCra  
                D FAbl5VW'  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 Bq*aP*jv  
DB>.Uf"  
四、非谓语动词 ]s<}'&  
BE LxaV,  
(一) 分词 ~uRL+<.c  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 \$[; d:9j  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 "79"SSfOc  
f.Feo  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then +u| p<z  
   A wbA<G&h~  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. eR*y<K(d  
     B      C            D ^Z`?mNq9  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning X|wg7>kh*`  
:0'2m@x~  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 29~Bu5  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in 9:1[4o)~  
      A               B   DF`?D +  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. #[ZNiaWT  
               C         D s?pd&_kOv3  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 6&KvT2?tA`  
R[T94U  
Z @d(0 z  
一些动词后面必须用doing 9zs!rlzQ  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 &>$+O>c ,  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, nBo?r}t4  
 advocate, suggest ?D8 +wj  
 delay, quit RwyRPc _  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, ?Ja&LNI9S  
 avoid, escape(逃避) io^ L[  
 spend+名词+doing; 2(5<Wj"  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing &w 7Ev21  
KYN{Dh]-}  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their '7;b+Vbl#  
   A     B    C              D <]e0TU?bk  
  crops. kD.KZV  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 ecIZ +G)k  
!wNj;ST*  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, (eEs0  
               A        B /t"F Z#  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. _ 0g\g~[  
        C          D 9qcA+gz:|  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing ?=#vp /  
r)xkpa5  
(二) 不定式 4SDUTRo a  
A. 动词不定式的省略 D6L5X/#  
①、help后面可以省略to ":!7R<t  
  help to do 7xU6Ll+p  
  help sb. to do 'h.:-1# L  
B3C%**~:e  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid Ef~Ar@4fA  
              A      B   {Uj-x -  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. 0+dc  
         C     D d":GsI?3  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 1=U NA :t<  
p'f8?jt  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 PXrv2q[5?  
  make, ;v uqI5k  
  let, UYw=i4J'  
  have sb. do sth I6-.;)McO  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. :}*   
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians Swr 8  
        A               B ic;M=dsh:  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. fPBJ%SZ  
   C     D P+:DLex  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ,[UK32KWI  
fK{m7?V  
③、感官动词 )eD9H*mq  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe /nWBol,  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 fvBL? x  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 /N9ct4 {^  
E! GH$%:;  
lx\9Y8  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Us2I eR  
(1)表示第一人 Z_;! f}X  
the first woman to do sth. z3Zo64V~7  
zI,z<-  
(2)表示迫使的动词 [nASMKK0  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do l0w<NZ F  
_J"fgxW  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis %E2b{Y;  
     A                 B    p|+TgOYOc  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 8+@j %l j  
       C           D {n\Ai3F-  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 FD al;T  
`0, G' F  
E?- ~*T  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 ShesJj  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 Z`<5SHQd  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 t0_4jV t  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 ^Na3VP  
  be apt to do :cvT/xhO  
A{p_I<  
(4)表示目的的名词, Z4oD6k5oc  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 #>M^BOR8  
固定的句式: [/o B jiBA  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. x[=,$;o+  
the objective 目标 "5204I  
aim {)(Mkm +d  
goal ,_ TE@ ]!$  
reason理由 d uP0US  
function功能 U(gYx@   
intension意图 ;nrkC\SYh:  
*q"1I9zvT  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing K~4bT=   
                       A  Id1de>:;  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. EU Z7?4o  
           B          C     D Q zg?#|  
分析:the function to provide, A错 zm8k,e +5-  
- <L5;  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure _0BQnzC=  
                  A       A'$>~Ev  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds Lr 9E02  
     B  LP !d|X  
  that make up various components of a living cell. Sk:x.oOZ  
    C    D qHgzgS7a  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 [)?9|yY"`  
fda4M  
(5) 其他同根名词 n a*Z0y  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 wwv+s~(0  
 attempt to do 企图 c>3j $D+  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 >6Jz=N,  
 ambition, u@P1`E1Q  
 be ambitious to do  4 L 5$=V  
 effort | #b/EA9  
r&ys?@+G  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation >3*a&_cI=k  
  A                    B   8)2M%R\THn  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. Ms5R7<O.7  
          C       D R\Ckk;<$  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 Gx4{ 9  
Lxv6\3I+  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great F>5b[q6~4  
  A                   B   ^go3F{; 4i  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. tK?XU9o  
       C            D L4ct2|w}ul  
分析:efforts to register, C错 kZ]pV=\Y*  
vR>GE? s6  
u#`51Hr$  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 6!USSipn  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 ^.  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. uRYq.`v,  
j,SZJ{ebXg  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 -1~o~yGE  
I am glad to see you. /1D.Ud^  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. G'';VoW=   
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. f*IvaY  
! qHB?]  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 3xmPY.  
It is difficult to decide. ~=t9-AF-  
Sqyju3Yp  
]0SqLe  
五、句子的结构 0%Y}CDn_  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 Y*O Bky  
d0f(Uk  
(一) 主语的重复 =P_ *.SgR  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ?Iij[CbU  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any B-"F67:  
          A      B      ,U+>Q!$`\^  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the  B@*!>R  
          C          D Iz;^D!  
  League of Nations. uq7/G|  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 GU9p'E  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson q_L. Sy|)  
84i0h$ZZo  
]scr@e  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are Snp(&TD<<  
        A        B  h0$ \JXk  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. ='C;^ Bk  
    C         D IG2z3(j  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 -/*VR$c  
u6IM~kk>5  
(二)谓语的重复 gQ%mVJB{(  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 5Z"N2D)."  
 twK3  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  'YYT1H)  
    A            B    {0AlQ6.@>  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. bk i:u  
         C   D x")Bmw$  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 d-W*`:Q  
n!lE|if  
(三)谓语的缺少 PlgpH'z4$  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body EU'rdG*t/R  
          A     B    :O?3lj)  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. \yLFV9P}EL  
         C               D D5].^*AbZ  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 'P4V_VMK  
:b_hF  
(四)主句的重复 &NbSG+t  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ~3-+~y=o~  
-yu$Mm  
Yfs eX;VX  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite <;jg/  
      A         B        C   [;'$y:L=g  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. RQ#9[6w!v  
     D 9+.3GRt7  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 L}_VT J  
r?pFc3 ~N  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow iuM ,a F  
        A   B       F< dhG>E9  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. nf:wJ-;*  
      C    D rTJ;s  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 ?[DVYP  
P86wRq  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided ygK,t*T20  
   A                     B  1:u~T@;" `  
  names for towns, only George Washington &b-&0 rTqz  
      C \`-xxhb?e  
  is remembered in the name of a state. YhN:t?  
          D ] {0OPU  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 (S6>^:;=~  
六、比较级和最高级 V ~Jt  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 'I>geW?{QK  
li#ep?5h^  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 ?]+! gz1  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 8zjJshE/  
      A               y7'9KQ  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. [EQTrr( D  
     B       C           D lcfs 1].  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 F 9r|EU#;  
!?K#f?x<?  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 X'xnJtk  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. _!?a9  
     A      B     C  D '+*'sQvH[  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 Lg-!,Y   
}1.'2.<Y  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere ^5k~ 7F.  
     A       B     C   D ke2M&TV  
  is the grizzly bear. w ,0OO f  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 UI~hB4V$]  
jFI`CA6P  
CWb*bw0  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 |>wGl  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 hK %FpGYA  
Sh:_YD^(  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with 4 lwoTGVZj  
   A           B  j&q%@%Gm  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. E+$D$a  
   C                 D \ AB)L{  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 NFqGbA|  
oA;ZDO06r  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 tCv}+7)   
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as h&rZR`g  
fGWXUJ  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 4v9d& m!<  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 b&9~F6aM  
the taller boy 1R7tnR@[u  
T`GiM%R;g  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 vdot .  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed *n6L3"cO  
          A            B B#3Q4c$  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is LG??Q+`l  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. s(r4m/  
    C          D -&lD0p>*g  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they Ko|gH]B'  
@gw8r[  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 Y8N +v+V/  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, ` }B,w-,io  
  A  B         C     e$&n)>%  
  the Navajos form largest group. )jh~jU?c@  
         D P(a}OlG  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 yD@1H(yM  
!'B='].  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, o'8nQ Tao  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language p6ryUJc6  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the D0>Pc9  
kdaq_O:s  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many <kWkc|z BY  
            A      B         C `>OKV;~{z  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. %/qwqo`Q  
            D whm| "}x)u  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 }$ Kd-cj+  
{qOqtkj  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the p7HLSB2Rp  
例如:my best friends M27H{} v  
Ty#sY'%   
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial ZT8LMPC  
            A    B     C f>|<5zm#<  
  and banking center. ?Iq{6O>D.  
        D [a ko8  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 mkrVeBp  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 9A/bA|$  
CxSh.$l  
NEvNj  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary i0zrXaKV  
                 A         2e 03m62*  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. XVJH> Zw  
    B   C     D B< HN$/  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 upX@8WxR  
S _ UAz  
七、平行结构 Eggu-i(rD  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 %(W8W Lz}  
0s\ -iub=d  
/+8VW;4|I  
(一) 对等连接词 >5?:iaq z  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 7(a1@ VH  
单一式: and, or ,but f=u +G  
相关式: both…and, not … but, ~(7ct*U~  
     either …or, neither…nor W0Y ,3;0  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as E|+<m!  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, O0s!3hKu  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also 29VX-45  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Wq"-T. i  
8n-Xt7z  
短语式: as well as e-[PuJ  
     rather than (而不是) YbnXAi\y|  
     other than (除…之外) !pkIaCxs  
     instead of (代替) xUCq%r_  
V aG Qre  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 6x=w-32+ y  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  oif|X7H;  
       A     B   ~fb#/%SV  
  but he is now living in Detroit. :FfEjNil  
       C   D ~!Nw]lb!  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 >cg)Nq D  
9V[}#(f$  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics X1o^MMpz(F  
       A         B q=D8 Nz  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford ( Y8 LyY  
  remained active in city and regional planning. hayJgkZ '  
          C    D  QB!_z4UJ_;  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 x[Hx.G}5+  
(二)平行的内容 <\O8D0.d  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 NsSZ?ky  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of  -gS9I^  
             A         B   #ojuSS3  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, N N1}P'6Ha  
         C            D $u'"C|>8  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. L8!yP.3   
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 WFFQxd|Z  
qsbV)c  
OFyy!r@?  
第二、名词单复数的平行 cNxxX!P/  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 ,Xfu?Yan  
cs*E9  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, 9d-'%Q>+  
  A     B          C   strM3j##x  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. ?[m1?  
                 D   k{{3nenAG  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 +6P[TqR  
~%g,Uypi  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, 6SH0 y  
                   A         B +y8Y@e}>  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. jll:Rh(b  
      C          D _cWuRvY  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have ,f>9oOqqA  
 Fpn*]x  
第三、时态的平行 N{Z+  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated ^C p2#d*  
                A     y*{zX=]l<  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops Ys}^ hy  
                   B .Y]0gi8z  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. =<p=?16 x  
          C    D .24z+|j  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 wn!=G~nB  
f7\X3v2W}3  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- 6)*fr'P  
  spread from its home in Central America and 9?O8j1F  
  now grows throughout the tropics. P658 XKE  
   (A) to be    (B) it   rC_1f3A  
   (C) the     (D) its yTg|L9  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? 3 mAizq3  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow F%o!+%&7  
3lZl  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 5G\OINxy  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. B t}90#  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised Q\kWQOB_  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised %E&oe $[B  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 6JZ>&HA  
-_5Dk'R#`  
第四、排列位置的平行 5Ex[}y9L`  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. ]R)wBug  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode i;C` .+  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  pu/5#[MC)^  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes ,NZllnW  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes v A_,TS#Bo  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 U&])ow):  
rrRv 7J&Q  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: DmuQE~DV  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 _h ^.`Tz,  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 tkk8b6%h?p  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 pp(09y`]  
/}E2Rr?{  
八、词序的颠倒 myX&Z F_9  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 KO8{eT9d  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 zW#5 /*@  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage `mteU"{bx  
              A    B        :$u[ 1&6  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. cKkH*0B5  
      C       D    ?:`s E"  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 akr2Os   
kJuG haO  
Q`8-|(ngw  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 e.MyJ:eL  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only V1M|p!  
          A      B     <B|b'XVH2  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. -j<E_!t  
    C         D u VD^X*  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 BV@q@C  
7P3/Ky@6  
?Ybq]J\q  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 o?/H<k\5  
u `xQC /  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were w?u3e+  
          A   B     C   m,kYE9 {  
  in what is now the United States. ;Ngk"5  
    D }X8P5c!\  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 } x r0m+/  
y7h^_D+Ce  
所有的系动词分为三大类: H0OO +MCe  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, w+ ')wyB  
    is, remain, keep, stay, y-H9fWi8Y&  
    lie, exit(表示位于) P-T@'}lW  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态  d<xi/  
    become, turn, grow, 0sw;h.VY  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) h`9 & :zr  
4=^Ha%l  
第三种,感官动词 'C7R* P  
    seem(好像是) <L8FI78[*  
    look(看起来好像是) cX1?4e8  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste M]Vi]s  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 Zp[>[1@+  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe o8:9Y js  
    A               B     tR9iFv_  
   to cause numerous deaths. 0@{bpc rc  
        C   D  Sx~mc_ekY  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 !!ZGNZ_  
QPp31o.!5  
九、词性的混用 JP"#9f  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 $D65&R  
JDa_;bqL  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 E[ -yfP~[  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; (  -q0!]E  
l{3zlXk3z  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high _?felxG[  
          A        B      46 0/eW\  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and a 01s'9Be  
              C nt&% sM-X  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. N@Ap|`Ei  
          D D` cy.},L  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) mPPB"uQ  
daA&!vnbH*  
nzAySMD_  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 e 5(|9*t  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 d7g$9&/q  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds *b{Hj'HaH  
         A       B      1bw$$QXC_  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to TL"+Iv2]/$  
          C        }YC=q  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 5xUZeLj  
            D 07(LLhk@d  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 ia.+<, $`S  
j)Q}5M  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, $*XTX?,'  
            A       L 1k  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of ?a, `{1m0\  
      B      C $i3`cX)g  
   urban Black people in the United States. &'i.W}Ib!  
   D 8c%N+E]  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 w9x5IRWk  
]$UTMuO Ql  
HDE5Mg "  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 R5},E  
表示时间有两种可能, #w^Ot*{!N  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 XTb .cqOC  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, 4eaH.&&  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 `'(@"-L:7  
^h`rA"F\  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence pZc`!f"  
       A     B      cqb6]  
  were made while the American Civil War. }U%E-:  
   C    D  o/RGzPR  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 9(a*0H  
S@,x^/vT  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the Ym-mfWo^#  
   A      B           C    xTZJ5iZ17  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. S ->Sp  
          D NfCo)C-t  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 K_X(j$2Xc  
z`dnS]q9  
BMU#pK;P]  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ZGd7e.u=  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 yzG BGC  
b%j4W)Z  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social (b.Mtd  
                   A     [s-!t E3-  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. Ei@al>.\  
     B   C    D o|VM{5  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 .m%ygoO  
3"6-X_  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples ~?lmkfy  
   A        B   C      `~qVo4V6Z  
  easily under the stress of compression. %BkPkQA  
   D f[$Z<:D-ve  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 pA5X<)~   
pH?"@  
S ciEHI#  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 VZU@G)rd  
_8?r!D#P;s  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine ]. ^e[v6  
    A         B 2{-'`l fM%  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. 0^ $6U  
          C            D }?%5Ae7l,  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 d ?OsVT; U  
-Wl79lE  
(wEaw|Zx  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, q6N6QI8/  
         A ^WIGd"^  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. k*= #XbX  
   B      C      D RD'i(szi?  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 k /lDE  
+S}/ 6dg  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 VH$hQPP5d  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; #vvQ 1ub  
two hundred diligent students
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