考点四 名词(词组)作定语 3%ZOKb"D*
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 xF44M]i
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 (
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例题: [zM-
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(1) :Zz
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Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, Z/;aT -N
A B \} :PLCKT
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. {jX2}
C D & 9
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答案: D A$:U'ZG_
应改为: distribution/ distributing. ~`:L?Jkb6H
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 `^Em&6!!
(2) C-[eaHJ'$
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. ITT@,
A B C D ;VO:ph4Aj
答案: D [mGLcg6Fw
应改为: color )f<z%:I+Z
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 exUu7&*:
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第二章 形容词 (c
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 1F&Trqq
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 =w
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 j yUCH*@
例题: [;),\\u,d
(1) XXn67sF/
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. 54R#W:t
A B C D 65$+{
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答案:C "8jf81V*
应改为:certain. A1>OY^p3%
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些
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(2) G[I"8iS,
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. T{ XS")Vw
A B C D -g Sa_8R
答案:C gANuBWh8T
应改为:visual. ^-Kf']hU
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 vB|
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注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: q{I%Q)t)gU
The man was awake. Ed,~1GanY
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) ju8q?Nyhs
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable j94=hJVKi
例题: a
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(1) g:D>.lKd
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means e~[/i\
A B C 1;r|g)VM
of on-the-spot, alive reports. m^f0V2M_
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答案: D E+R1 !.
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) mD0f<gJ1
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) m}aB?+i
(2) so)[59M7
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also O-~7b(Z
A B C EZy)A$|
gather data from documentary and oral sources. l7259Ro~
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答案: A C] eSizS.
应改为:like X!Mx5fg
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 8#
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注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. #!qm ZN
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, g\(G\ tnu>
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, X_ cV%#
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: WJndoB.f[2
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 5k3n\sqZA
如: two young American students {3p4:
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my three red pencils 1N^[.=
第二节 比较级 :O?MSS;~
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: 5C*Pd
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在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; *{@Nq=fE
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 &)T
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少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), ,I$`-$_'
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考点一 含有标志词than Co_A/
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, OU(8V^.
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. uk]$#TV*q>
She possesses more books than I do. qu6D 5t
He is more intelligent than I expected. {G0T$,'DR
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, `$<.pOm
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, '8.r-`l(
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 #7$
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例题:
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(1) IH&|Tcf\
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. 4qh?,^Dq
(A) coolest (sTpmQx,b
(B) the coolest Apag{Z]^B
(C) cooler ~&_z2|UXp
(D) the cooler @#>rYAb8,
答案:A c(E{6g?
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 Y;Dp3v!
(2) y0.'?6k
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. w"|L:8
A B C D KVaiugQ
答案:A vjCu4+w($Z
应改为:more SrJGTuXg
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 EhvX)s
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: b<ZIWfs
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, TnA-;Ha
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. mh#a#<
(that 指代the population) [;yOBF
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. v^NIx q}U
(those 指代 designs) 2tEkj=fA-
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) eHZws`W
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may ~P,lz!he_
probably contribute more to the success of a play.
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例题: @%uUiP0
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. NB#OCH1/9
(A) than do ,V m
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(B) that are having h"Q8b}$^)
(C) which have 5m 4P\y^a
(D) that do pa3{8x{9m
答案:A i$#;Kpb`^
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 _8J.fT$${
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考点二 (not) so /as…as I6av6
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比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, 0i>5<ej,f
如:It is as good as it looks. ZvX*t)VjTz
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. Y\P8v
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 3(N$nsi
例题: 4e7-0}0
(1)
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The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. T3<4B!UB&
(A) possibly little nourishment .`H5cuF
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(B) nourishment possibly little &
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(C) little as possible nourishment +TL%-On
(D) little nourishment as possible ~G&dqw/.-U
答案:D v ;{#Q&(
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. {S)6;|ua'
(2) a58H9w"u)
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C.
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(A) so early oZgjQM$YP
(B) the earliest %wy.TN
(C) as early as 9.-S(ZO
(D) so early that M|h3Wt~7
答案:C "&u@d~`-n
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as 9TC,!0U{_.
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考点三 the same…as Rhs/3O8k
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, iYoMO["X
如:She looks just the same as before. wwZ ,;\
I got the same feeling as you did. v\ )W?i*l
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 {VRf0c
例题: Wac&b
(1) $UWZDD
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, 2[W&s&
A B C O^
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shorter tails, and longer bills. T8$y[W-c
D CD~.z7,LC
答案:B Y$_B1_
应改为:as. PJH&
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” gM:".Ee
(2) f
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Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of Dp9+HA9t
A B xb8!B
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. Wne@<+mX
C D YaqJ,"GlT
答案:D 4kx
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应改为:as
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解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 G 3ptx!
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考点四 the more…,the more… dy[X3jQB
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, wibNQ`4k
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. |sE'XT4ag
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. %pCTN P
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 &oMh]Z*:
例题: (tW`=]z-<
(1) w7L)'9
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. Eu3E-K@y
(A) the greater the need there is JxU5 fe
(B) greater need Q"#J6@
(C) is there great need C0Z=~Q%
(D) the great need !&E-}}<
答案:A 8&dF
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, J'r^/
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. oXgcc*j
(2) 9>#6*/Oa7
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. M',?u
(A) the stress it is greater />>\I
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(B) greater is the stress *VN6cSq
(C) greater stress is c&Q$L }
(D) the greater the stress
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答案:D OZ;*JR:
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D 0{SL&<&