考点四 名词(词组)作定语 %D< =6suW
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 0-M.>fwZ=
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 .:A9*,
例题: :V*c9,>ZO
(1) m^Qc9s#D
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, S+
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A B FBJw (.Jr
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. :c[iS~ ~Y
C D B*!{LjXV
答案: D ! eXDN
应改为: distribution/ distributing. zO)A_s.6K
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 ~3bH2,{L[
(2) YaU)66=u
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. CzDJbvv]
A B C D 'qel3Fs"
答案: D _]zm02|
应改为: color 4UP#~
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 ?=$=c8xw
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第二章 形容词 <uq#smY
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 3>O
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 o&-c5X4
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 ";vP77|m7R
例题: {Ee[rAVGp
(1) M{)7C,'
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. fT$Fv
A B C D >U4hsr05
答案:C #@qd.,]2
应改为:certain. JIJ79HB
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 svT1b'=\$I
(2) ;`CNe$y
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. ;giW
A B C D !/]vt?v#^
答案:C J|Af`
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应改为:visual. xW hi>
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 '5:P,1tWU
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: vbn'CY]QU
The man was awake. ,sn/FT^; q
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) Po+tk5}''5
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable CHZjK(a
例题: Td6G u"
(1) [p
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Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means ?n]e5R(cj
A B C ;:0gN|+
of on-the-spot, alive reports. HJV8P2f8`
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答案: D Z
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应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) T -'B-g
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) KPT@I3P
(2) ;4g_~fB
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also O8J:Tw}M*
A B C CYxrKW
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gather data from documentary and oral sources. cuw3}4m%
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答案: A N$jI&SI?}
应改为:like ^edg@fp
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 ,Cj8{s&;
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. ]:Q7Gys
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, ,0~/ Cn
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, tv
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一般来说:这个排序的规则是: Z~Mq5#3F
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 >Kd(.r[Er
如: two young American students MI!JZI$z5
my three red pencils us.+nnd
第二节 比较级 Q&rf&8iH
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: OGy/8B2c
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; V zx%N.
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 ]c8$%
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), @UO=)PxN3
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考点一 含有标志词than x*#F|N4~',
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, _+,2b:D:
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. u1 uu_*
She possesses more books than I do. y*M,&,$
He is more intelligent than I expected. >#@1
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than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, |Hbe]2"x>
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, Av*R(d=`
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 }9=\#Le~\
例题: eiZv|?^0
(1) @
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Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States.
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(A) coolest +a&-'`7g
(B) the coolest m_H$fioha,
(C) cooler D PnK
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(D) the cooler #K7i<Bf
答案:A -[#Mx}%
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 h<*l=`#
(2) pBt/vS ad
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. oll~|J^sg
A B C D ^(8 i``V
答案:A J
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应改为:more =~Jv*c
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 jh]wHG
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: ;T6^cS{ Gj
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, d@"eWvnlZ
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 8Es]WR5
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(that 指代the population) >"F~%D<.
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. Ts;W,pgP
(those 指代 designs) /,5`#Gte_
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) NV;5T3
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may P58U8MEG
probably contribute more to the success of a play. )+ Wr- Yay
例题: j&fr4t3
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. fB"3R-H?O
(A) than do Sct-,K%i
(B) that are having GU'5`Yzd9
(C) which have qB]z"Hfq,
(D) that do D5T\X-+]O
答案:A wXZ.D}d
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 uA!T@>vl
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考点二 (not) so /as…as 8+gx?pb
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, 7!oqn'#>A
如:It is as good as it looks. ]vQo^nOo
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. j\dkv_L
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 /GM-#q
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例题: 83i%3[L
(1) L{^DZ
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The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. @aCg1Rm
(A) possibly little nourishment y13=y}dyDH
(B) nourishment possibly little tx5_e[
(C) little as possible nourishment :1 Fm~'
(D) little nourishment as possible 1uV_C[:
答案:D jcq(=7j
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. yH#;k:O=
(2) & p_;&P_
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. @%\ANM$S
(A) so early q`$QroZT"
(B) the earliest bq(*r:`"
(C) as early as 8!UZ..
(D) so early that iU%Gvf^?'5
答案:C VpVw:Rh>
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as -S,dG|
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考点三 the same…as ,s)~Y
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此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, }7.q[ ^oF
如:She looks just the same as before. f2yv7t
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I got the same feeling as you did. iL,3g[g
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 A+F-r_]}db
例题: GrQl3 Xi
(1) %BG5[XQ7
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, O4E2)N
A B C \FKIEg+(2
shorter tails, and longer bills. RDqC$Gu
D zcZw}
答案:B kcOpO<oE
应改为:as. wlpbfO e/
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” _:K}DU
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(2) qt:->yiq+
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of F"F(s!
A B +nZG!nP
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. 5-3gsy/Mo
C D mY
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答案:D % (.PRRI
应改为:as .^NV e40O
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 /<2_K4(-{4
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考点四 the more…,the more… $_ i41f[
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, 1k~jVC2VA
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. TSk6Q'L\v
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. Uy_=#&jg
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 8`~]9ej
例题:
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(1) !INr
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. (BGipX4
(A) the greater the need there is i,HAXPi
(B) greater need 5jLDe~
(C) is there great need CP'-CQ\Q
(D) the great need ] QEw\4M?=
答案:A oEN_,cUp
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, |eqDT,4
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. %Fv)$ :b
(2) 4kM<L}J#
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. >xjy
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(A) the stress it is greater smU+
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(B) greater is the stress }VGiT~2$
(C) greater stress is ^:j$p,0e*S
(D) the greater the stress =jN]
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答案:D [ n2udV
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D 7`}z7nk
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer SMyg=B\x?7
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, }0(
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如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. f-<6T
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 z#4g,)ZX
例题: x_K%
(1) E@FenCF
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio Nz;;X\G
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A B UVK"%kW#(
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 4_<Uk
C D +mQSlEo
答案:A U
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应改为:no longer. R=PzR;8
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer