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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 wHbkF#[:i  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 gZ4' w`4r  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 )]j3-#  
例题: !CUl1L1DSi  
(1) g8N"-j&@  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, P)`^rJ6  
 A                       B >`0U2K  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. K khuPBd2  
   C         D KAClV%jP  
答案: D AB'+6QU9k  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. FB[b]+t`D{  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 =\< 7+nv  
(2) %3a-@!|1<  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. 3[ [oAp  
   A  B      C         D $Aw@xC^!  
答案: D ]? 4;Lw  
应改为: color 2'?'dfj  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 Q]K` p(  
~A=zjkm  
" #iJ/vy  
第二章 形容词 I1fpX |  
/Sj~lHh  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 8 ??-H0P  
2%pED xui  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 eB5>uKa  
+X/a+y-  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 x]c8?H9,&  
例题: UTkPA2x  
(1) j?2~6W/[  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. yNns6  
       A  B   C          D !rUP&DA  
答案:C G}pFy0W\S  
应改为:certain. @)U.Dbm  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 8zx]/ >  
(2) RM|J |R  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. IA`voO$  
  A       B         C   D )=~&l={T  
答案:C 7S{qo&j'  
应改为:visual. -+WAaJ(b  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 LE8<JMB  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: z(\a JW  
The man was awake. B#V""[Y9  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) >G5a Fk  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable c< $<n  
例题: W[&nQW$E  
(1) GeR#B;{  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means ;73S;IPR  
     A                 B        C ahl|N`  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. `yfZ{<  
       D =0cTct6 \  
答案: D p'h'Cz  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) >+%#m'Y&&  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) 1ubu~6  
(2) AIHH@z   
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also i-CJ{l  
 A              B               C E/:U,u{  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. if'=W6W  
                 D @8W@I|  
答案: A i V{_?f1jo  
应改为:like !4p{ b f  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 >|SIqB<%:  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. H(^Eh v>  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, {vD$odi  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, +-!3ruwSn  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: ?\\wLZ  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 &E`Nu (e  
如: two young American students I=L[ "]  
    my three red pencils gvc@q`_]  
第二节 比较级 #eJfwc1JY  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: I "x'  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; F+*E}QpM  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 0N1t.3U  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), [4yHXZxza  
RC7F/|w.z  
I!/EQO|  
考点一 含有标志词than 0L>3 i8'  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, le5@WG/x  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. ~?NCmU=3  
  She possesses more books than I do. *A9v8$  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. />xEpR3_A  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, V_ 6K?~j  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, 7T[L5-g  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 =)bOteWM  
例题: 7O)ATb#up  
(1) Z*Ffdh>*:&  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. Q^{TcL8  
(A) coolest _CNXyFw.7  
(B) the coolest /,:cbpHsu  
(C) cooler (B` NnL$  
(D) the cooler (B\Kb4m  
答案:A UL ew ~j  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 y6am(ugE  
(2) _U*R_2aV  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. xpa+R^D5G  
           A   B              C     D T \34<+n1N  
答案:A ~JZLWTEe  
应改为:more {X, -T&  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 ^Ip\`2^u  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: p !DdX  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, 1mgw0QO  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. R]od/u/$  
   (that 指代the population) v*excl~  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. ~DLxIe  
   (those 指代 designs) 34k(:]56|  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) lN.&46 e  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may #5;4O{  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. H{P *d=9v  
例题: [HXd|,~_j-  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. D{]w +  
(A) than do  K0*er  
(B) that are having 2QHu8mFU  
(C) which have <O9WCl  
(D) that do Pw|/PfG  
答案:A On4Vqbks  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 Wi)N/^;n  
MMRO@MdfV  
考点二 (not) so /as…as A}!D&s&UH  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, Y0'~u+KS`5  
如:It is as good as it looks. yOjTiVQ9  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. #$t93EI  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 .@(MNq{"6  
例题: z<"\I60Fe  
(1) '\7&Iz:%  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. Th])jQ*  
(A) possibly little nourishment t;%MSedn  
(B) nourishment possibly little Lp||C@h~  
(C) little as possible nourishment vP<8 ,XG  
(D) little nourishment as possible j|% C?N  
答案:D n@e|PWu  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. Xo4K!U>TzZ  
(2) bU(fH ^  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. vn5]+-I  
(A) so early z2V_nkI  
(B) the earliest DOo34l6#  
(C) as early as rUF= uO(  
(D) so early that _Ai\XS Am  
答案:C 8J7<7Sx  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as oY%NDTVN  
ab5z&7Re6  
考点三 the same…as zw X 1&rN  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, OGO4~Up  
如:She looks just the same as before. T%:W6fH7  
  I got the same feeling as you did. j.rJfbE|X  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 q:v&wb%  
例题: aV8]?E5G  
(1) cz9T,  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, *9Nq^ +  
         A       B          C S-6 %mYf  
shorter tails, and longer bills. |P]>[}mD  
            D ] Vbv64M3  
答案:B ',p`B-dw  
应改为:as. DrB PC@^  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” t|aBe7t7  
(2) !8O*)=RA  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of y\&`A:^[ A  
  A                 B    7,2bR  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. hIPU%  
   C          D bgjo_!J+Pp  
答案:D F\Gi;6a  
应改为:as +idj,J|  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 (W| Eg  
RS~jHwIh  
考点四 the more…,the more… d[5?P?h')  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, [s4lSGh  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. 7N / v  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. &AI/;zru  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 Dxu2rz!li-  
例题: .R` {.~_{!  
(1) hSq3LoHV  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. :Uf\r `a9  
(A) the greater the need there is #$QC2;/)F  
(B) greater need }^;Tt-*k  
(C) is there great need ^|?/ y=  
(D) the great need i*' 6"  
答案:A V6Y:l9  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, ,25Qhz]  
N*N@wJy:5  
`g&<7~\=A  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. Rw\ LVRdA  
(2) :[oFe/1K!4  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. ^<#08L;  
(A) the stress it is greater w%&lCu@v  
(B) greater is the stress y|1,h}H^n  
(C) greater stress is \e64Us>"x  
(D) the greater the stress sG`:mc~0   
答案:D ^b=9{. 5  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D P)Vm4u 1  
R87-L*9B^0  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer p9ligs7V'  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, ^fT|Wm<  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. fJ_d ,4  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 y<bA Y_-[  
例题: (5y+g?9d;  
(1) Sdl1k+u  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio 4hb<EH'_&  
          A           B      7jIye8Zi8  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. _zq"<Q c  
    C                           D ?Yz OA${  
答案:A C 7)w8y  
应改为:no longer. j3`# v3  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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