考点四 名词(词组)作定语 z;?j+ZsdH
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 Rry]6(
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 Jf0i$
例题: @$t\yBSK
(1) H'7s`^-
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Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, 9:GP~oI j
A B 4e;$+!dlV
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. 4eG\>#5
C D {IvA 5^
答案: D M#-E
应改为: distribution/ distributing.
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解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 .Pte}pM"v
(2) kM1N4N7
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. `W" ;4A
A B C D u??ti
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答案: D nT+ZSr
应改为: color om9'A=ZU
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 _Gaem"k|
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第二章 形容词 4zt:3bWU
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 [^bq?w
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 -*~
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 q#Q %p+
例题: qO8:|q1%;\
(1) rIYO(}Fl
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. /':64#'
A B C D TXXG0 G
答案:C B:0oT
应改为:certain. ]];pWlo!
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 .taP2^2Z
(2) ce
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Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. ={
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A B C D =3A4.nW
答案:C XzX2V">(%
应改为:visual. gPc1oc(
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 L(u@%.S
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: o@_i&4[MW
The man was awake. TQNdBq5I6
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) `w`N5 !
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable MN5}}@
例题: )\VuN-d
(1) UBM#~~sM
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means pc@mQI
A B C %e0X-tXcmX
of on-the-spot, alive reports. p{W
Am
ly
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答案: D tjB)-=j[
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) SqRM*Cf=
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) LVm']_K(f
(2) {jQLr7'
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also *{k{
A B C ,Nhv#U<$
gather data from documentary and oral sources. R@NFpiw
D ~MC5rOA
答案: A Bhx.q,X
应改为:like @4Bl&(3S
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 J%xUO1
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 7t#Q8u?
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, LEtGrA/%@b
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, a?GXVQ
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: yih|6sd$F
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 60nP'xfR
如: two young American students 7A'E+>1d
my three red pencils _K{-1ZYsi
第二节 比较级 e1JHN
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: [\<#iRcP
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; 4I2:"CK06
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 nsXG@C S:
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), {{_v.d~1
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考点一 含有标志词than [bX^_ Y
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, hWFOed4C
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. 4
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She possesses more books than I do. LY)Wwl*wc
He is more intelligent than I expected. TJW8 l[M
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, ;vPFRiFK
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, xh
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空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 c V@^<
例题: hS &H*
(1) jr.{M
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. Eul3 {+]
(A) coolest kCz2uG)l
(B) the coolest 83_mR*tGNp
(C) cooler <Z_\2
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(D) the cooler -$=RQH$9
答案:A XVfUr\=,T
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 BdU .;_K
(2) ;g+fY6
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. y,1U]1TP
A B C D
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答案:A >0 o[@gJl
应改为:more c w)J+Lyh
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 + `'wY?
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: B%tj-h(a
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分,
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如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. %yKcp5_
(that 指代the population) 0;=]MEk?
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. Mg8ciV}\xY
(those 指代 designs) b%@9j;
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) Q;=4']hYU
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may UL&>
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probably contribute more to the success of a play.
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例题: 9h-S,q!
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. r]QeP{
(A) than do qQo*:3/];
(B) that are having .),9a
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(C) which have 'aD"v>
(D) that do U Lq`!1{
答案:A O)&ME
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 tx+P@9M_Aq
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考点二 (not) so /as…as /L!
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比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, 0lYP!\J3]%
如:It is as good as it looks. Tb:'M:dM"
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. ix?Z:pIS0
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 tN.BI1
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例题: g}9heR
(1) km
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The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. /Q#eP m
(A) possibly little nourishment 4{6,Sx
(B) nourishment possibly little hA&m G33
(C) little as possible nourishment ?G&J_L=@Y
(D) little nourishment as possible ~:_1
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答案:D D`B*
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解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. Ln\Gv/)
(2) LT,zk)5
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. ^tjM1uaZ5(
(A) so early S|yDGT1
(B) the earliest mwz!7Q
(C) as early as EW]8k@&g
(D) so early that ;\/RgN
答案:C 0\"]XYOH
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as +tYskx/
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考点三 the same…as ~"R;p}5"
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, #.OCoc
如:She looks just the same as before. _XI,z0(
I got the same feeling as you did. }Q,BI*}*
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 nK]L0 *s
例题: j(_6.zf
(1) np7!y
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Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, 0
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A B C nC9xN
shorter tails, and longer bills. UX?S#:h
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答案:B 5@i(pVWZ
应改为:as. >T29kgF2
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” {8~xFYc:
(2) sbFA{l3
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of R&L^+?
A B G\r>3Ys
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. *;<oM ]W_
C D }/%^;@q ;
答案:D =l}XKl->
应改为:as )TkXdA?.
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 <\\,L@
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考点四 the more…,the more… _^] :tL6
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, |%Ssb;
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如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. Z%Yq{tAt
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. 9%bqY
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填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 77zDHq=
例题: .RWKZB
(1) qM
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The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. (>gHfC>(lq
(A) the greater the need there is DE14dU
(B) greater need rY(h }z
(C) is there great need f\M;m9{(
(D) the great need
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答案:A pU5t,
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, WB>M7MI%
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. <S` N9a
(2) ]$
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The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. [n9X5qG~
(A) the stress it is greater ~;B@ {kFY)
(B) greater is the stress N'e3<
(C) greater stress is
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(D) the greater the stress `q(eB=6;[
答案:D Ok6c E
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D j?cE0
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer DAt Zp%
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, vB9v8@[I&
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. (}NKW
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 1me16 5y<B
例题: 3Zeh$DZ
(1) 2n8spLZYGY
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio CHX- 4-84{
A B a jyuk@
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 57 eA(
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C D WTP~MJ#C
答案:A
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应改为:no longer. y7)$~R):-
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer