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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 %D< =6suW  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 0-M.>fwZ=  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 .:A9*,  
例题: :V*c9,>ZO  
(1) m^Qc9s#D  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, S+ gzl#r  
 A                       B FBJw (.Jr  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. :c[iS~ ~Y  
   C         D B*!{LjXV  
答案: D ! eXDN  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. zO)A_s.6K  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 ~3bH2,{L[  
(2) YaU)66=u  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. CzDJbvv ]  
   A  B      C         D 'qel3Fs"  
答案: D _]zm02|  
应改为: color 4UP#~  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 ?=$=c8xw  
Q #!|h:K  
vt8z=O  
第二章 形容词 <uq#smY  
0P)"_x_  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 3>O =d>  
5}-e9U  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 o& -c5X4  
lO)-QE+  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 ";vP77|m7R  
例题: {Ee[rAVGp  
(1) M{)7C,'  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. fT$Fv  
       A  B   C          D >U4hsr05  
答案:C #@qd.,]2  
应改为:certain. JIJ79HB  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 svT1b'=\$I  
(2) ;`CNe$y   
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. ;giW  
  A       B         C   D !/]vt?v#^  
答案:C J|Af` HJ  
应改为:visual. xW hi>  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 '5:P,1tW U  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: vbn'CY]QU  
The man was awake. ,sn/FT^; q  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) Po+tk5}''5  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable CHZjK(a  
例题: T d6G u"  
(1) [p 6#fG *  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means ?n]e5R(cj  
     A                 B        C ;:0gN|+  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. HJV8P2f8`  
       D c[a1 Md&  
答案: D Z T5p  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) T-'B-g  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) KPT@I3P  
(2) ;4g_~fB  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also O8J:Tw}M*  
 A              B               C CYxrKW l:'  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. cuw3}4m%  
                 D 0lvX,78G;  
答案: A N$j I&SI?}  
应改为:like ^edg@fp  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 ,Cj8{s&;  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. ]:Q7Gys  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, ,0~/ Cn  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, tv _Cn w  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: Z~Mq5#3F  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 >Kd(.r[Er  
如: two young American students MI!JZI$z5  
    my three red pencils us.+nnd  
第二节 比较级 Q&rf&8iH  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: OGy/8B2c  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; V zx%N.  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 ]c8$%  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), @UO=)PxN3  
X-Sso9/q.  
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考点一 含有标志词than x*#F|N4~',  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, _ +,2b:D:  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. u1 uu_*  
  She possesses more books than I do. y*M,&,$  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. >#@1 I  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, |Hbe]2"x>  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, Av*R(d=`  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 }9=\#Le~\  
例题: eiZv|?^0  
(1) @ j$tpz  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. I`44}oJ  
(A) coolest +a&-'`7g  
(B) the coolest m_H$fioha,  
(C) cooler D PnK r/  
(D) the cooler #K7i<Bf  
答案:A -[#Mx}%  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 h<*l=`#  
(2) pBt/vSad  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. oll~|J^sg  
           A   B              C     D ^(8 i` `V  
答案:A J p .wg  
应改为:more =~Jv*c  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 jh]wHG  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: ;T6^cS{Gj  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, d@"eWvnlZ  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 8Es]WR5 ^  
   (that 指代the population) >"F~%D<.  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. Ts;W,pgP  
   (those 指代 designs) /,5`#Gte_  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) NV;5T3  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may P58U8MEG  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. )+ Wr- Yay  
例题: j&fr4t3  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. fB"3R-H?O  
(A) than do Sct-,K%i  
(B) that are having GU'5`Yzd9  
(C) which have qB]z"Hfq,  
(D) that do D5T\X-+]O  
答案:A wXZ.D}d  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 uA!T@>vl  
N,'JQch},8  
考点二 (not) so /as…as 8+gx?pb  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, 7!oqn'#>A  
如:It is as good as it looks. ]vQo^nOo  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. j\dkv_L  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 /GM-#q a  
例题: 83i%3[L  
(1) L{^DZ g|E  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. @aCg1Rm  
(A) possibly little nourishment y13=y}dyDH  
(B) nourishment possibly little tx5_e [  
(C) little as possible nourishment :1Fm~'  
(D) little nourishment as possible 1uV_C[:  
答案:D jcq(=7j  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. yH#;k:O=  
(2) & p_;&P_  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. @%\ANM$S  
(A) so early q`$QroZT"  
(B) the earliest bq(*r:`"  
(C) as early as 8!UZ..  
(D) so early that iU%Gvf^?'5  
答案:C VpV w:Rh>  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as -S,dG|  
29qQ3M?  
考点三 the same…as ,s)~Y p?<  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, }7.q[ ^oF  
如:She looks just the same as before. f2yv7t T   
  I got the same feeling as you did. iL,3g[g  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 A+F-r_]}db  
例题: GrQl3 Xi  
(1) %BG5[ XQ7  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, O4E2)N  
         A       B          C \FKIEg+(2  
shorter tails, and longer bills. RDqC$Gu  
            D zcZw}  
答案:B kcOpO<oE  
应改为:as. wlpbfO e/  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” _:K}DU '6  
(2) qt:->yiq+  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of F"F(s!  
  A                 B    +nZG!nP  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. 5-3gsy/Mo  
   C          D mY AFruN  
答案:D % (.PRRI  
应改为:as .^NV e40O  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 /<2_K4(-{4  
.F6 #s  
考点四 the more…,the more… $_ i41f[  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, 1k~jVC2VA  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. TSk6Q'L\v  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. Uy_= #&jg  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 8`~]9ej  
例题: W6iIL:sp  
(1) !I Nr  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. ( BGipX4  
(A) the greater the need there is i,HAXPi  
(B) greater need 5jLDe~  
(C) is there great need CP'-CQ\Q  
(D) the great need ] QEw\4M?=  
答案:A o EN_,cUp  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, |eqDT,4  
# 9t/j`{  
IviWS84  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. %Fv)$ :b  
(2) 4kM<L}J#  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. >xjy P!bca  
(A) the stress it is greater smU+ :~  
(B) greater is the stress }VGiT~2$  
(C) greater stress is ^:j$p,0e*S  
(D) the greater the stress =jN] ckn  
答案:D [ n2udV  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D 7`}z7nk  
1rEP)66N  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer SMyg=B\x?7  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, }0( Na  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. f- <6T  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 z#4g,)ZX  
例题: x _K%  
(1) E@Fen CF  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio Nz;;X\G I  
          A           B      UVK"%kW#(  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 4_<Uk  
    C                           D +mQSlEo  
答案:A U \ued=H  
应改为:no longer. R=PzR;8  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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