考点四 名词(词组)作定语 78 ]Kv^l^_
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 KN"u PW
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 4jGN:*kZ
例题: a)c;z@r
(1) o!U(=:*b
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, [zXC\)&!
A B g'{?j~g
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. sjb.Ezoq3
C D R
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答案: D %d*0"<v
应改为: distribution/ distributing. kjB'WzZ8
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 KUK.;gG*Z
(2) pLCS\AUTsv
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects.
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A B C D VH<d[Mj
答案: D -iY-rzW
应改为: color GAZRQ
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 .MRN)p
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第二章 形容词 L N.:>,
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 z5@i"%f
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 6R^32VeK($
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 @$ Nti>
例题: 6<>1,wbq
(1) ^#mWV
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. d>W#c8X>
A B C D ],[<^=|
答案:C U`8Er48X
应改为:certain. 7l/lY-zO
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 X%znNx
(2) H!hd0.
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. bZ:+q1
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A B C D cYe2a"
答案:C ,}@4@ >?K
应改为:visual. &+A78I
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 J$5G8<d>
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: `q*p-Ju'
The man was awake. U^
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There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) (ER9.k2
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable "4Q_F3?_`
例题: ^BRqsVw9
(1) q m_m8
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means vqQ)Pu?T
A B C iu*&Jz)D>
of on-the-spot, alive reports. _[rQt
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答案: D Qk>U=]U
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) +
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解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) &fWC-|
(2) _>;MQ)Km~
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also
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A B C \xl$z*zI
gather data from documentary and oral sources. hgW
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答案: A GiM-8y~
应改为:like XMkRYI1~
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 s !2Iui
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注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. y9R
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如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, #-f9>S9_
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, }v|_]
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: Fp@> (M#3
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 PMbZv%.,-
如: two young American students l=l$9H,
my three red pencils ^t7u4w!
第二节 比较级 !
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英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: =fnBE`Uc
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; P;z\vq<h
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 N*&T)a
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), - QY<o|
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考点一 含有标志词than U_PH#e
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, "p;tj74O9
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. &uO-h
She possesses more books than I do. g&F$hm
He is more intelligent than I expected. e<9 ^h)G
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, G93V=Bk=
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, 9XDSL[[
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 H9ES|ZJs
例题: [[<TW
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(1) D>W&#A8&y
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. o jxK8_kl
(A) coolest >%92,hg
(B) the coolest :ZB.I(v
(C) cooler WUz69o be
(D) the cooler }F.k,2
答案:A \rUKP""m
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 :nb|WgEc
(2) fm^`
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. }ixCbuD
A B C D \VOv&s;h
答案:A T>(X`(
应改为:more vO9=CCxvq
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 I
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2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: Gchs$^1`t
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, RiR],Sj
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. J`[jub
(that 指代the population) =kwz3Wv
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. Hk4k
(those 指代 designs) |+HJ>xA4I
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) zJ}abo6rVw
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may EMr|#}]#s
probably contribute more to the success of a play. )mN/e+/Lu
例题: 19O
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. hTEb?1CXU
(A) than do yLCMu | +
(B) that are having ,!^c`_Q\>@
(C) which have Ue;Z)}
(D) that do X8*~Cf73u
答案:A 4*f+np
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 |LLpG37_
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考点二 (not) so /as…as _0^>^he
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, R%2.N!8v
如:It is as good as it looks. Z VdQ$
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. hfbu+w):
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 uUq= L
例题: vc3r [mT
(1) wS,fj gX
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. c}S<<LR
(A) possibly little nourishment I~~":~&
(B) nourishment possibly little -\%5aXr
(C) little as possible nourishment J1gnR
(D) little nourishment as possible J_yXL7d
答案:D ]i,o+xBKH
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. $Q'LDmot
(2) K7{B!kX4k
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. +CSv@ />3
(A) so early /4 Kd
(B) the earliest mb3aUFxA;
(C) as early as S^D@8<6GJ
(D) so early that H*N{4zBB
答案:C qG~6YCqii
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as 47{5{/B-
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考点三 the same…as %}~(%@qB>+
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, f9y+-GhaD
如:She looks just the same as before. sL\ {.ad5
I got the same feeling as you did. S{MB$JA
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 hiV!/}'7
例题:
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(1) #M#$2Vt
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, \=|=
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shorter tails, and longer bills. <
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答案:B ]b1>bv%
应改为:as. sc# EL~
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” <|G!Qn?2-
(2) H
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Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of .qYQ
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A B "s zJ[
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perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. cZoj|=3a
C D 6;!)^b
答案:D b&_Ifx_YF
应改为:as qJonzFp7
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 D Vg$rm`
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考点四 the more…,the more… )xz_}6b]
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, w0H#M)c
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. {
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The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. (LXYx<
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 SG0PQ
例题: 4
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(1) $XkO\6kh
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. bBo>Y7%
(A) the greater the need there is q*a~9.i@
(B) greater need S
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(C) is there great need <|82)hO
(D) the great need iG~&uEAJ
答案:A nr}Ols
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, M ]O4
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. VUHf-bKl
(2) 1:@ScHS
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. {7%HK2='
(A) the stress it is greater ,Sy&?t}`
(B) greater is the stress \"Z\Af<
(C) greater stress is ?q2Yk/P
(D) the greater the stress m9&%A0
答案:D Zp<#( OIu
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D Pv\8 \,B9
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer aX|(%1r
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, @qx$b~%
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. =9^}>u
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 ^~@3X[No
例题: Xrpvq(]
(1) 8$ #z>
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio 5a
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A B KMQPA>w#
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. `s Pk:cNz~
C D ]?oJxW.
答案:A nXI8 `7D
应改为:no longer. Zkqq<
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer