考点四 名词(词组)作定语 wHbkF#[:i
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 gZ4'
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这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 )]j3-#
例题: !CUl1L1DSi
(1) g8N"-j&@
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, P)`^rJ6
A B >`0U2K
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. K khuPBd2
C D KAClV%jP
答案: D AB'+6QU9k
应改为: distribution/ distributing. FB[b]+t`D{
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 =\< 7+nv
(2) %3a-@!|1<
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. 3[[oAp
A B C D $Aw@xC^!
答案: D ]?
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应改为: color
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解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 Q]K` p(
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第二章 形容词 I1fpX |
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 8 ??-H0P
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 eB5>uKa
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 x]c8?H9,&
例题: UTkPA2x
(1) j?2~6W/[
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. yNns6
A B C D !rUP&DA
答案:C G}pFy0W\S
应改为:certain. @)U.Dbm
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 8zx]/>
(2) RM|J |R
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. IA` voO$
A B C D )=~&l={T
答案:C 7S{qo&j'
应改为:visual. -+WAaJ(b
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 LE8<JMB
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: z(\aJW
The man was awake. B#V""[Y9
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) >G5a
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这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable c<$<n
例题: W[&nQW$E
(1) GeR#B;{
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means ;73S;IPR
A B C ahl|N`
of on-the-spot, alive reports. `yfZ{<
D =0cTct6
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答案: D
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应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) >+%#m'Y&&
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) 1ubu~6
(2) AIHH@z
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also i-CJ{l
A B C E/:U,u{
gather data from documentary and oral sources. if'=W6W
D @8W@I|
答案: A i
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应改为:like !4p{b f
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 >|SIqB<%:
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. H(^Ehv>
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, {vD$od i
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, +-!3ruwSn
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: ?\\wLZ
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 &E`Nu (e
如: two young American students I=L["]
my three red pencils gvc@q`_]
第二节 比较级 #eJfwc1JY
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: I"x'
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; F+*E}QpM
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 0N1t.3U
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), [4yHXZxza
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考点一 含有标志词than 0L>3i8'
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, le5@WG/x
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. ~?NCmU=3
She possesses more books than I do. *A9v8$
He is more intelligent than I expected. />xEpR3_A
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, V_
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空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级,
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空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 =)bOteWM
例题: 7O)ATb#up
(1) Z*Ffdh>*:&
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. Q^{TcL8
(A) coolest _CNXyFw.7
(B) the coolest /,:cbpHsu
(C) cooler (B` NnL$
(D) the cooler (B\Kb4m
答案:A ULew ~j
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 y6am(ugE
(2) _U*R_2aV
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. xpa+R^D5G
A B C D T \34<+n1N
答案:A ~JZLWTEe
应改为:more {X,-T&
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 ^Ip\`2^u
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: p
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情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, 1mgw0QO
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. R]od/u/$
(that 指代the population) v*excl~
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. ~ DLxIe
(those 指代 designs) 34k(:]56|
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) lN.&46
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如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may #5;4O{
probably contribute more to the success of a play. H{P
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例题: [HXd|,~_j-
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. D{]w+
(A) than do K0*er
(B) that are having 2QHu8mFU
(C) which have <O9WCl
(D) that do Pw|/PfG
答案:A On4Vqbks
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 Wi)N/^;n
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考点二 (not) so /as…as A}!D&s&UH
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, Y0'~u+KS`5
如:It is as good as it looks. yOjTiVQ9
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. #$t93EI
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 .@(MNq{"6
例题: z<"\I60Fe
(1) '\7&I