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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 3%ZOKb"D*  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 xF44M]i  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 ( J!+(H 8  
例题: [zM- ^  
(1) :Z z '1C  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, Z/;aT -N  
 A                       B \} :PLCKT  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. {jX2}  
   C         D & 9 ?\b7  
答案: D A$:U'ZG_  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. ~`:L?Jkb6H  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 `^Em&6!!  
(2) C-[eaHJ'$  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. ITT@,  
   A  B      C         D ;VO:ph4Aj  
答案: D [mGLcg6Fw  
应改为: color )f<z% :I+Z  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 exUu7& *:  
_t #k,;  
lv+TD!b   
第二章 形容词 (c &mCJN  
VZmLS 4E  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 1F&Trqq  
hp-<2i^"!  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 =w 2**$  
y ~!Zg}o  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 j yUCH*@  
例题: [;) ,\\u,d  
(1) XXn67sF/  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. 54R#W:t  
       A  B   C          D 65$+{ s  
答案:C "8jf81V*  
应改为:certain. A1>OY^p3%  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 >rKIG~P_  
(2) G[I"8iS,  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. T{ XS")Vw  
  A       B         C   D -g Sa_8R  
答案:C gANuBWh8T  
应改为:visual. ^-Kf']hU  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 vB| hZTW  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: q{I%Q)t)gU  
The man was awake. Ed,~1GanY  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) ju8q?Nyhs  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable j9 4=hJVKi  
例题: a /l)qB#  
(1) g:D>.lKd  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means e~[/i\  
     A                 B        C 1;r|g)VM  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. m^f0V2M_  
       D T?soJ]A  
答案: D E+R1 !.  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) mD0f<gJ1  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) m}aB?+i  
(2) so)[59M7  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also O-~ 7b(Z  
 A              B               C EZy)A$|  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. l7259Ro~  
                 D ?U5{Wa85D  
答案: A C]eSizS.  
应改为:like X!Mx5fg  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 8# >op6^  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. #!qm ZN  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, g\(G\ tnu>  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, X_ cV%#  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: WJndoB.f[2  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 5k3n\sqZA  
如: two young American students {3p4: *}  
    my three red pencils 1N^[.=  
第二节 比较级 :O?MSS;~  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: 5C*Pd Wpl  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; *{@Nq=fE  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等  &)T dc  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), ,I$`-$_'  
ooL!TS GD  
C'@i/+  
考点一 含有标志词than Co_A/  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, OU(8V^.  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. uk]$#TV*q>  
  She possesses more books than I do. qu6D 5t  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. {G0T$,'DR  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, `$<.pOm  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, '8. r-`l(  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 #7 $ H  
例题: 4*#18<u5  
(1) IH&|Tcf\  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. 4qh?,^Dq  
(A) coolest (sTpmQx,b  
(B) the coolest Apag{Z]^B  
(C) cooler ~&_z2|UXp  
(D) the cooler @#>rYAb8,  
答案:A  c(E{6g?  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 Y;Dp3v !  
(2) y0.'?6k  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. w"|L:8  
           A   B              C     D KVaiugQ   
答案:A vjCu4+w($Z  
应改为:more SrJGTuXg  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 EhvX)s  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: b<ZIWfs  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, TnA-;Ha  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. mh #a#<  
   (that 指代the population) [;yOBF  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. v^NIx q}U  
   (those 指代 designs) 2tEkj=fA-  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) eHZws`W  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may ~P,lz!he_  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. T!kN)# S  
例题: @%uUiP0  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. NB#OCH1/9  
(A) than do ,Vm < rK  
(B) that are having h"Q8b}$^)  
(C) which have 5m 4P\y^a  
(D) that do pa3{8x{9m  
答案:A i$#;Kpb`^  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 _8J.fT$${  
"m8^zg hL  
考点二 (not) so /as…as I6av6 t}  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, 0i>5<ej,f  
如:It is as good as it looks. ZvX*t)VjTz  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. Y\P8 v  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 3(N$nsi  
例题:  4e7-0}0  
(1) ltSU fI  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. T3<4B!UB&  
(A) possibly little nourishment .`H5cuF `  
(B) nourishment possibly little & J'idYD  
(C) little as possible nourishment +TL%-On  
(D) little nourishment as possible ~G&dqw/.-U  
答案:D v;{#Q&(  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. {S)6;|ua'  
(2) a58H9w"u)  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C.  8dA~\a  
(A) so early oZgjQM$YP  
(B) the earliest %wy.TN  
(C) as early as 9.-S(ZO  
(D) so early that M|h3Wt~7  
答案:C "&u@d~`-n  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as 9TC,!0U{_.  
KV *#T20T  
考点三 the same…as Rhs/3O8k  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, iYoMO["X  
如:She looks just the same as before. wwZ,;\  
  I got the same feeling as you did. v\ )W?i*l  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 {VRf0c  
例题: W ac&b  
(1) $U WZDD  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, 2[W&s&  
         A       B          C O^ yG?b  
shorter tails, and longer bills. T8$y[W-c  
            D CD~.z7,LC  
答案:B Y$_B1_  
应改为:as. PJH&  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” gM:".Ee  
(2) f ;n3&e0eC  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of Dp9+HA9t  
  A                 B    xb8!B  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. Wne@<+mX  
   C          D YaqJ,"GlT  
答案:D 4kx N<]  
应改为:as  b>ySv  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 G 3ptx! D  
gPPkT"  
考点四 the more…,the more… dy[X3jQB  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, wibNQ`4k  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. |sE'XT4ag  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. % pCTN P  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 &oMh]Z*:  
例题: (tW`=]z-<  
(1) w7L) '9  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. Eu3E-K@y  
(A) the greater the need there is JxU5 fe  
(B) greater need Q"#J6@  
(C) is there great need C0Z=~Q%  
(D) the great need !&E-}}<  
答案:A 8&dF  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, J'r^/  
YS_; OFsd  
R4d=S4 i  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. oXgcc*j  
(2) 9>#6*/Oa7  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. M',?u  
(A) the stress it is greater />>\I R  
(B) greater is the stress *VN6cSq  
(C) greater stress is c&Q$L }  
(D) the greater the stress  !}$$:  
答案:D OZ;*JR:  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D 0{SL&<&  
i@J ;G`  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer wz8yD8M  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, Oow2>F%_#  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. 6W Ur QFK  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 |Q>IrT  
例题: ? =+WRjF  
(1) I2Yz#V<%ru  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio yV(\R  
          A           B      LOJAWR9$^U  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. +nGAz{&@r%  
    C                           D fikkY=  
答案:A n'w.; q  
应改为:no longer. g=o4Q< #^y  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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