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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 nod&^%O"  
一、代词 C4(xtSJSd!  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 p?L%'  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 2VY7?1Ab(@  
  主格、宾格、所有格 `/[5/%  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ?+.mP]d_  
J>v[5FX+  
(二) 反身代词 /[_aK0U3  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 <<01@Q <  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) EK4%4<"  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) B6dU6"  
^<!R%"o-  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  / ]8e[t>!f  
    A                 B    6#Z] yk+p  
  a series of indicators that could help FQ4R>@ @5  
             C      e$s&B!qJ  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. kqKT>xo4EZ  
    D xF{%@t  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 BX$<5S@  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 ?w(hPUd!2  
1\( N,'h  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 RVA ku  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 ?'~u)O(n  
= vqJ0!  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies d2eXN3"  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the FQ 0&{ulb  
     A   B      C          D KWo Ps%G  
  Pacific. 'l(s)Oa{M:  
D4c'6WGb@  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 ZY8.p  
bz>\n"'  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 >rlUV"8jY;  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: GcN}I=4|  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 4AEw[(t  
e'uC:O.u  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined IT:WiMDQ}  
                       A   - c>Vw&1  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and gpyio1V>  
             B "0%K3d+  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. <xSh13<  
   C       D MJX4;nbl  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 -3yK>\y=|  
,sSo\%  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 'y!qrmMRr  
        A     rD21:1s  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John o]tfvGvU*  
   B        C      MR,I`9Pe  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  P9m  
      D !X: TieyVu  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. ;bG?R0a  
f_PH ?  
>Z*b0j  
(四) Who和which的区别 [xY-=-T*4  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 93D}0kp  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 p#w8$Qjp  
E4o{Z+C  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ,<+:xl   
              A            B p=UW ^95  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. ]r!|@AWrQ\  
   C                  D p:b{>lM  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 8J&9}@y  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 p @q20>^u  
HfH+U&  
(五) that和which的区别 =Bc{0p*  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 N/WtQSl  
`L$Av9X\  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it bA 0H  
              A        B m Qx1co  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. |FT.x9e-  
      C              D c{to9Lk.#  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 < ~CY?  
([a;id  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 n%\\1  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, o$->| k  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when .e5@9G.jb  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. "i&n;8?Y  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which :T PG~`k(  
8hy1yt6t4~  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly &<#1G u_  
              A         B   o6 NmDv5  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. <o P`\m   
         C      D v @2?X4n  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 @o@SU"[?_  
8Rw:SU9H?T  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  9\Rk(dd  
  affected the way people in the United States----. ?vD<_5K; I  
   (A) living and working j&.JAQ*2;  
   (B) they live and work Yx. t+a-  
   (C) live and work cbou1Ei   
   (D) to live and to work v(sS$2J|}  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 70*yx?TV  
?OO !M  
二、介词 &,XPM T  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 3!*` hQ;s  
tx3p, X  
(一) 介词搭配 n#GHa>p.-  
A-\n"}4  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those Y\1&  Uk  
    A         B   C      fB; o3!y  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. tUfze9m  
                D 2qj0iRH#N<  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 /xA`VyHO  
CS"k0V44}  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. %HZ!s `w_  
A       B     C  D ;P|v'NNI  
分析:B错改为be rich in 2)^T[zHe  
99q$>nx,w  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the .W-=VzWX  
    A         B      C sD XJXJZ  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. #0qMYe>Y  
             D t9 id^  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 4~:D7",Jn  
TU8K\;l]  
\l;H !y[  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 8\Z/mU*4  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 !.={p8X-x  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. !3at(+4  
          A      B  C     D }5;3c%  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 kObgoMT<[  
1T7;=<g`  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has b{JxTT}03  
                 A  B     !}uev  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on Riz!HtyR  
      C B7qiC X}pD  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ~{O@tt)F  
      D n1)m(,{  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 d`+cNKf  
s%qK<U4@;Q  
2、介词by W%7m3/d  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by "Q@ZS2;A  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing HPR*:t  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States Q|}Pc>ae  
    A         B       eqE%ofW  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. gobqS+c  
   C     D X[c8P7  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 ]LhNP}c  
G(~"Zt}?  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils wMB<^zZmv  
   A                      *m sW4|=^2  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to AiO29<  
     B    C       D f&ym'S  
   supply moccasins and field rations. +H L]t'UEg  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 7L:$Amb_F  
o5FBqt  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ?qQRA|n*  
        A                ewtoAru  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements b|*A%?m  
        B          C   i.Qy0  
  that are often represented at symbols. f13%[RA9N  
              D z<jWy$Ta;  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ^8nK x<&5  
三、谓语动词 XoaBX2  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 %o +VZEH3  
①、主谓分割原则 <c6C+OWT,  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, \~zTc_  
     A     &k?Mt #J  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. +S:(cz80V  
        B      C      D C/+8lA6NV  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 ht S5<+Y  
$N=A,S  
②、与后者一致原则 3D k W  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, TUiXE~8=  
not only…but also h"')D  
J+LFzl07q  
r 8,6qP[  
③、与前者一致原则 ;#!`c gAh  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, oZ@_o3VG  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 L;'+O u  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 3 $Uv  
     A      B  C     Mx-,:a9}  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. t.>vLzr U  
         D 1DGVAIcD  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is e4ajT  
h]c-x(+  
④、就近原则 OlFls 8#>  
or, either…or, neither…nor, ^[8e|,U  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are +tOBt("5/  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is w-|i8%X  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 zie])_8|h  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 NJ 7N*   
2[Q*?N  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are 4fZ$&)0&  
        A      B        "a6 wd  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 2 ,;+)  
    C              D ((Ec:(:c  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 FcsEv {#U  
Uz\B^"i|  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 @k,u xe-  
There are five apples that are red. z(>{"t<C  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 D_9&=a a'  
9ToM5oQ  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets U{LDtn%@h6  
      A            &m4 \"X@  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. E[t\LTt*n  
   B   C    D bu%@1:l  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 2sy{  
\h :Rw|  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 jY:(Tv3~  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. )dJ M  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 <hdR:k@ #  
A86#7  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 NV*aHci  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: Zx55mSfx:  
a. there be 句型 h^~eTi;c]Q  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 )(\5Wk9(  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 ;#3!ZB:}  
7u!R 'D  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 6H VS0  
   A     B      C    D    T {(6*^g<B  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is qp  
P) ^K&7X  
?_m;~>C  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific nrwb6w j  
             A     B    TxN#3m?G  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 _9#4  
     C         2y ~]Uo  
  miles in width. isDBNXV:  
     D  m {_\@'q  
分析:倒装句,are改为is 3UD_2[aqN(  
c(ZkK  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and exTpy  
   A    B       C         _ 97F  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film ZaH<\`=%  
                    D *@cXBav/<  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. C% }FVO\c  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 ?%;7k'0"  
,U],Wu)  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 '2uQ  
fifty percent of + 名词 Xy_+L_h^  
one percent of + 名词 vs7Hg )F  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: ) (PA:j  
  one percent of my students + are MHI0>QsI  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. c/x ^I{b*  
z1T. \mzfX  
这里要强调两个结构 IObGmc  
half of =fifty percent dL |D  
most of + 可数名词 + are 2e/ JFhA  
most of + 不可数名词+ is *S:^3{.m=  
#If}P $!  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 9p+DA s{i  
   A       B         C   ,wlF n  
  found in central and eastern Canada. A%k@75V@  
           D 2%. A{!  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 h-<('w:A  
] RN&s  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized P"XF|*^U  
                 A   B  '.c [7zL  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. rt_%_f>qd  
              C     D !X` 5  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 (5cc{zKtR  
Y]Vt&*{JV  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 i 'H{cN6  
①、主要考察时间状语 l"W9uS;\T  
b" 1a7   
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. z4HIDb  
   A        B  C     D x{*g^f  
Yev] Lp  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was MT [V1I{LV  
n!2"pRIi  
ZNuz%VO  
②、For和since的区别 n;@PaE^8=  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 b^~ keQ  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 (+`pEDD{X  
  I has been a teacher for three years. E w5(U`]  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. uUB,OmLN  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 IDQ@h`"B  
8UJK]_99I,  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became !8lG"l|,l  
   A      B              AyKvh  
  the primary responsibility of the president. twv|,kM  
     C    D t~H'Ugv^  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 UbNA|`H  
\3JZ =/  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of mk(O..)2  
             A  B  C   D99g}  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. Ydm 0  
            D AFE6@/'  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 m?'H 7cFR  
7r;7'X5  
@ x_.  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  ^0)Mc"&{  
   A       B        C     D QK%N t  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live TRP#b 7nC  
QZ?#ixvJ  
(三) 谓语的语态 yHhx- `  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 hgIqr^N9  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: "yaz!?O>  
①、prove Geyy!sr``  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 7k,pUC-w7c  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ha[c<e]uo[  
-#<6  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 4/KGrY! ck  
                      A   ~o{GQ>  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be 5Ku=Xzv q  
    B                  C bfo..f-0/Y  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. mj{B_ 3b5  
                  D ] V|hDU=t  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 (V&5EO8)  
5k:SD7^b  
k;5$]^x  
②、Locate,Situate *vy^=Yea  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 _{j'` #  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 %MG{KG=&o  
这两个词也可以用作被动 )6+Z99w  
  My school was located near the river. HQp\0NC]  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 EPEWyGw  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 7gWT[  
   (A)locates DWv(|gO  
   (B)locating %x'}aTa  
   (C)to locate m}UcF oaO  
   (D)is located * 'eE[/K  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 gB _/(  
N5PW]  
③、表示需要概念的动词 mkE_ a>  
need, want, require等 R$XHjb)  
"Jahc.I  
My watch needed repairing r 'J="^k{  
My watch needed to be repaired. SFu]*II;{  
L@5sY0 M  
④、表示人的情感的动词 ?rm3Iac0S  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 eOoqH$ i  
i:a*6b.U@N  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 ) $`}~  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 d*YVk{s7V  
3"BSP3/ [l  
主动和被动技巧总结: XF&_**0n  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 M(^_/ 1Z  
#a`D6;  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the nTtE+~u  
                 A      8(Cs<C!  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 216`rQ}z  
                 B `fuQ t4  
  power structures, and flood-control works along _Sg"|g  
                    C $>8O2p7W  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. Dm@h'*  
                D *HsA.W~2W  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 +/[L-&,  
{ 2%'=v  
四、非谓语动词 86p A+c+U  
k:&vW21E  
(一) 分词 v.&c1hKHb  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 #bJp)&LO  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 X }`o9]y  
]v/pMg#-  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then n0LN AhM  
   A EKD#s,(V*X  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. [_KV;qS%/  
     B      C            D EJP]E)  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning ^AShy`o^X  
]H aX .Z<  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Y_}_)nE@m  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in F [Lg,}  
      A               B   )QW hzY  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. YV _ 7 .+A  
               C         D z9:yt5ar  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living H+562 W  
{+ Ibi{  
mr2Mu  
一些动词后面必须用doing ,N _/J4Us  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 c5|sda{  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ) "?eug}D  
 advocate, suggest +0 }_X  
 delay, quit ::+;PRy_E  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, pH2/." zE<  
 avoid, escape(逃避) IRdR3X56  
 spend+名词+doing; IBvn q8\  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing 3A{)C_1a  
BsA'r+ho?H  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their E]8uj8K3]  
   A     B    C              D yf;TIh%)=  
  crops. |V4<eF-0S  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 Mvue>)g~>  
}zS5o [OE  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, o$Ylqb#  
               A        B ;c)( 'k <  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. _si5z  
        C          D gwsIzYV  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing jVLJ qWP'!  
w[\rS` J  
(二) 不定式 (X Oz0.W  
A. 动词不定式的省略 ?pfr^ !@$  
①、help后面可以省略to Ll-QhcC$  
  help to do e8T"d%f?  
  help sb. to do GB^`A  
GA$fueiQNs  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid nT}Wx/ aT  
              A      B   "oNl!<ep  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. K6 >\4'q  
         C     D V2`Ud[  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 |6b~c{bt  
rm9> gKN;#  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 'Etq;^H  
  make, :UP8nq  
  let, V" 8 G-dK  
  have sb. do sth dr} PjwW%  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. #=S^i[K/  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians s[y.gR.(  
        A               B ~gW^9nWYU  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. Jy% ?"wn  
   C     D W[*xr{0V  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know [2Zy~`*y{  
/z4c>)fV  
③、感官动词 0"% dPKi  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe @`C'tfG /4  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 7+hF1eoI  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 t1o 6;r K  
1S!}su,uH  
0V>Ho H   
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 sAqy(oy#M  
(1)表示第一人 8$A0q%n  
the first woman to do sth. ^M6lF5  
ERIMz ,  
(2)表示迫使的动词 iaEQF]*cC  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do <MkvlLu((o  
N;'c4=M ~(  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis gAdqZJR%]  
     A                 B    =dDPQZEin  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. o4WQA"VxM  
       C           D J'|=J   
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 %eg+ .  
mLZ1u\ 7W  
zU ~ Ff "<  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 w=WF$)ZU  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 s__xBY  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 .6C/,rQ?c  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 vJ65F6=G  
  be apt to do `hj,rF+4  
s<F*kLib  
(4)表示目的的名词, MmjZq  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 \(j*K6#  
固定的句式: =eQB-Xe8Y  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. %o%V4K*  
the objective 目标 OLb s~ >VA  
aim }OAU5P!rp  
goal 'l.tV7  
reason理由 JpfA+r  
function功能 5U47 5&  
intension意图 -|m3=#  
r$={_M$  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing AuXUD9 -  
                       A  QLO;D)fC  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. r/!,((Z\  
           B          C     D <x^$Fu  
分析:the function to provide, A错 xO )c23Z)]  
j;-Wf6h{  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure 0#J~@1Gf  
                  A       p<r<Y %  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds -pYmM d,  
     B  Zt3sU_  
  that make up various components of a living cell. cpa" ,8  
    C    D AhF@  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 ]\xt[/?{  
`Ow]@flLI  
(5) 其他同根名词 ZwMVFC-d  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 I3nE]OcW@  
 attempt to do 企图 Pw<?Dw]m  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 k={D!4kKz  
 ambition, }gv'r ";  
 be ambitious to do  SiaNL:  
 effort lm4A%4-db  
|D)CAQn,  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation uQW)pD{_  
  A                    B   }h;Z_XF&  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. ?_gvI  
          C       D ,'(|,f42  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 Dr.eos4 ~  
u* pQVU  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great Eg`~mE+a  
  A                   B   1/ 9*c *w  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. QIkFX.^  
       C            D bW W!,- |R  
分析:efforts to register, C错 E^rBs2;9  
0e8  
%h ;oi/pe  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 oi0O4J%H  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 hFA |(l6  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. |2^m CL.r  
C,W@C  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 _W(xO |,M  
I am glad to see you. z!6_u@^-  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. ^IiA(?8  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. ph6/+[:  
:/(G#ZaV  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 bq7+l4CGTv  
It is difficult to decide. 9mvy+XD  
*m "@*O'  
dwB#k$VIOw  
五、句子的结构 l atm_\  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 { @KLN<  
;fqp!|J  
(一) 主语的重复 Ds] .Ae  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 FiQ&g*=|  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any 1<@lM8&.kO  
          A      B      53uptQ{   
  compromises concerning the establishment of the /TbJCZ  
          C          D Q']'KU.  
  League of Nations. ,eebO~7vB  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 ;,Vdj[W$>  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson 0 F8xS8vK+  
Onqapm0  
KUX6n(u  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are j*8Ze!^  
        A        B  J-=fy^S5  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. @I Y<i5(  
    C         D Q +hOW-  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 oBai9 [+  
miBCq l@x  
(二)谓语的重复 e{2Za   
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 iU0jv7}n  
hDJ+Rk@  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  i{:?Iw 'ay  
    A            B    , -d2wzhW  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. k!qOE\%B  
         C   D d?U ,}tv  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 pkIQ,W{Ke  
]%7m+-h@  
(三)谓语的缺少 U2_;  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body ?~^p:T  
          A     B    HE4S%#bH>  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. <6N3()A)%1  
         C               D 7}=MVp] )S  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 qsN}KgTjg  
>&Ye(3w&  
(四)主句的重复 ('_S1?y  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 qqYQ/4Ajw  
tr 8 Q{  
T2T?)_f /  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite A[88IMZs  
      A         B        C   {=^<yK2q  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. @bFl8-  
     D [di&N!Ao  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 |[bQJ<v6  
\iwUsv>SB  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow d D^?%,a  
        A   B       n<[H!4  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. FZ% WD@=  
      C    D ~r]$(V n  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 # b= *hi`E  
1$c[G}h  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided M w+4atO4[  
   A                     B  TsRbIq[  
  names for towns, only George Washington X0m6<q  
      C QRY7ck:N  
  is remembered in the name of a state. <daBP[  
          D wMiRN2\^  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 Uv3Fe%>  
六、比较级和最高级 qQ<7+z<4KP  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 FwSV \N+#'  
Z@>WUw@ F  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 3n TpL#  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which g>Kh? (  
      A               v/C*?/ ~  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. 9O#?r82  
     B       C           D Yh;A  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 [IuF0$w=dj  
a`QKN rA2  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 ;hU~nj+{  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. T_?,?  
     A      B     C  D xHdv?69,  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 8U&93$  
'4d +!%2t  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere sr,8Qd 0M  
     A       B     C   D )SFy Q  
  is the grizzly bear. 0_-NE4SM/  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 Ej64^*  
naKB2y]l  
W_N!f=HW  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 oT27BK26?h  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 {VrjDj+Xy  
v/lQ5R1  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with eMC0 )B  
   A           B  q!zsGf {  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. %7bZnK`C  
   C                 D J~vK`+Zs  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 Z}'"c9oB  
{n>W8sN<  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 *z A1NH5  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as *6e 5T  
+p:@ ,_  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 U$(AZ|0  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 f}>S"fFI  
the taller boy WSW,}tFp"  
UF00K1dbz  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 _=eeZ4f  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed ( nH3  
          A            B :2fz4n0{/  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is ;tF7 GjEp  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. <v)Ai;l,  
    C          D CL$mK5u  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they V0h  
8HyK;+ZkVd  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 &<P!o_+eb  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, f`j RLo*L  
  A  B         C     ? N|B,F  
  the Navajos form largest group. F*_mHYa;  
         D t3 q0|S  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 ^vmyiF  
Pxj ?W'|  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, WJ+<&6W8  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language "(+ >#  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the l*]L=rC  
uL!{xuN  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many * SG0-_S  
            A      B         C Pv`^#BX'  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. L`ZH.fN  
            D i>S /W!F  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 uE>2 *u\  
7 3k3(rZ  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the ;&|ja]r  
例如:my best friends '(kySf[  
AR?J[e  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial X.,1SYG[  
            A    B     C IN!m  
  and banking center. NwmO[pt+  
        D Y XH9Q@Gn  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 f4zd(J  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 Pb.-Z@  
(i7]N[  
CCX\ "-C  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary Z-b^{uP  
                 A         S >uzW #  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. A1p;Ye>o~  
    B   C     D ~l-Q0wg  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 L&lNpMT  
pHY~_^B4&  
七、平行结构 J;+iW*E:  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 3a_S-&?X  
bzmT.!  
$CO^dFf  
(一) 对等连接词 u9e A"\s  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 J(S.iTD  
单一式: and, or ,but `Y/DttjL  
相关式: both…and, not … but, rZ1${/6  
     either …or, neither…nor w@ 4q D  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as iU{F\>  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, ;]MHU/  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also C2,,+* v  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, 3t(nV4uDF  
4W~pAruwr  
短语式: as well as /_?Ly$>'  
     rather than (而不是) '6fMF#X4F  
     other than (除…之外) |~CN]N  
     instead of (代替) O(h4;'/E  
Sq}hx  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 myFj w@  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  F>)u<f,C  
       A     B   Io{)@H"f  
  but he is now living in Detroit. @X"p"3V  
       C   D g ` 6Xrf  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 NHUx-IqOX  
& p"ks8"  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics 7<oLe3fbM  
       A         B uY,&lX+!  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford 1[a;2x A~  
  remained active in city and regional planning. ~a4htj  
          C    D  v}IkY  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 T#Qn\ 8  
(二)平行的内容 I`}-*% ki(  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 c</d1xT  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of A{Z=[]r1`E  
             A         B   "Git@%80  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, `)& -;CMY  
         C            D ync2X{ 9D  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. `ux U H#  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 ny| ni\6  
Xlpu_H|  
_y#t[|}w  
第二、名词单复数的平行 "~9 !o"  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 +#}I ^N  
suN {)"  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, {v}f/ cu  
  A     B          C   FRQ0tIp  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. }a,j1r_Hl&  
                 D   !krbGpTVH  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 z*.4Y  
E'?yI' ~=  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, CDQ}C=4  
                   A         B y~w2^VN=  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. \C5YVl#  
      C          D +N: K V}K  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have Y j|Oy  
%<CahzYc6  
第三、时态的平行 2--"@@  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated acz8 H 0cS  
                A     w,cfSF;=tC  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops w7cciD|  
                   B ME7jF9d  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms.  iUJqAi1o  
          C    D :^tw!U%y1  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。  AC@WhL  
w$WN` =  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- oMawIND a  
  spread from its home in Central America and 1Y:lFGoe  
  now grows throughout the tropics. ;,![Lar5L  
   (A) to be    (B) it   GoP,_sd\O  
   (C) the     (D) its N=^{FZ  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? j}7as&  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow +b"RZ:tKp  
{ </MC`  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 7pMQ1- (  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. bCr) 3,  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised 86NAa6BW  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised u; \:#721  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。  =+9.X8SP  
4A6D>ChB'E  
第四、排列位置的平行 J0CEZ  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. q"xIW0Pc  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode gDE',)3Q,  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  ivg:`$a[  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes X_GR{z%  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes 4lhoA  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 UQ6UZd37   
k~f3~-"  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: &~VWh}=r  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 "D0:Y(\  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 CBw/a0Uck  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 z K`fX  
t I}@1  
八、词序的颠倒 8:^`rw4a0  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 ,FR FH8p  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 vJ5`:4n"  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage ;AyE(|U+  
              A    B        fDy Fkhc  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. d~+8ui{-U  
      C       D    @8WG  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 fFP>$  
5sJi- ^  
"q@OM f  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 . Rt_j  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only +~, qb1aZ  
          A      B     s/[15  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. <hlH@[7!  
    C         D ,Q|[Yr  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 MgJiJ0y  
tY$ .(2Ua  
9_Tk8L#  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 4T#B7wVoM  
vt{ s "\f  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were c\GJfsVk  
          A   B     C   9L3 #aE]C  
  in what is now the United States. jU')8m[  
    D W[S4s/)mg  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 'G1~\CT  
jxA`RSY  
所有的系动词分为三大类: z 9mmZqhK\  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, x17cMfCH%  
    is, remain, keep, stay, ;{b 1'  
    lie, exit(表示位于) cJ9:XWW  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 (WT0 j  
    become, turn, grow, ', -4o-  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) $Yfm>4  
3md yY\+&  
第三种,感官动词 mo%9UL,#W  
    seem(好像是) #;. tVo I  
    look(看起来好像是) + >o/Ob  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste x7$U  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 dtJaQ`  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe KA:>7-  
    A               B     c_b^t09  
   to cause numerous deaths. (:3rANY|  
        C   D  d!) &@k  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 n y6-_mA]  
I^ W   
九、词性的混用 eK\ O>  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 k>#,1GbNZy  
U+sAEN_e k  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 ,X6 .p  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; rC~hjViG.  
NC::;e  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high ?}^e,.M0?s  
          A        B      jM1|+o*Wr  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and \2i4]V  
              C *%5#\ I  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. R:YX{Tq  
          D #9z\Wblr  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) 'LIJpk3J  
/yn1MW[.  
1vQf=t %lw  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 Fc>W]1  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 Dw    
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds 7QL>f5Q  
         A       B      VkFTIyt  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to lwPK^)|}  
          C        FX)g\=ov  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. _7 .Wz7]b  
            D `Q6@,-(3  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 X4*{ CM  
tUv@4<~,/  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, 9ET2uDZpL  
            A       ON _uu]=  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of %).phn"ij[  
      B      C \tLJ( <8  
   urban Black people in the United States. 2qKo|'gL`  
   D `ysPEwA|  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 N8 }R<3/  
Zu:cF+h l  
bG67TWY)  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 HY9H?T  
表示时间有两种可能, :^lyVQ%@  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 Ps Qq ^/  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, WaF<qhu*  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 U*, 8 ,C  
EnA) Rz  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence )mxY]W+  
       A     B     d /&aC#'B  
  were made while the American Civil War. 1K^blOLXe  
   C    D 8qp!S1Qnv  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 nCh9IF[BL/  
zC!]bWsD  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the I yIh0B~i  
   A      B           C    Fp+^`;j  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. ?(>7v[=iT  
          D 2{!'L'km  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 !V$nU8p|  
Hs~M!eK  
t*zve,?}  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 j#Ly!%d p  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 t #MU2b  
HI#}M|4n  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social ' IFbD["r  
                   A     wd~e3%JM  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. {}N*e"<O  
     B   C    D ,AGK O,w  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 5|NM]8^^0[  
 9~ajEs  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples jIv+=b#oT  
   A        B   C      Df||#u=n  
  easily under the stress of compression. qc|;qPj   
   D - 4'yp  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 y1c Aw   
f?#:@ zcL  
?JzLn,&  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用  7.CzS  
pwT|T;j*  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine -5>K pgXo\  
    A         B jkQv cU  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. (NOAHV0H  
          C            D |iLeOztuE  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 ?qAX *j  
z[0L?~$  
?T7`E q  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, }di)4=U9  
         A  ,@R~y  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. tQ5gmj  
   B      C      D =:P9 $  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ~PHAC @pU  
KNC!T@O|{#  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 j8M}*1  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; E+dr\Xhv  
two hundred diligent students
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