改错题常考要点 WyOav6/*K^
一、代词 AS]8rH
代词中主要讲解六个问题 6am6'_{
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 <.Zh{"$qo
主格、宾格、所有格 p>eYi \'
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) tm/>H
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(二) 反身代词 OLIMgc(W
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 q]yw",muT
He killed himself. (他自杀了) c
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He killed him. (他杀了他) %0 {_b68x
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating fZpi+I
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a series of indicators that could help Csy$1;"A
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themselves to predict earthquakes. %\-E
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 iS)-25M'
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 qE2VUEv5Y
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 g_{N^wS
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 V*PL_|Q5
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies T8Mqu`$r
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the #<==7X#
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Pacific. pTi7Xy!Cw
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 5PZ!ZO&
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 vE^tdzAG
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: &~+QPnI>Pm
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 VQqBo~
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined U!-Nx9
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the word“normalcy”to express social and hsY?og_H
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economic conditions they promised the nation. R+NiIoa
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Wgh@X B
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important PlH~um[
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John I[k"I(
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Keats, published the year of her death. y(QFf*J
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. -ymDRoi
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(四) Who和which的区别 L>~Tc
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 T#-;>@a}
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 =XR6rR8
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who )
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. To>,8E+GAb
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 o0 C&ol_
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 q_.fVn:!
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(五) that和which的区别 :/|"db&`
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 swF{}S"
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it nf
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. ]Orx%8QS!
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 /J#(8p
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 }'x;J
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 3^y(@XFt
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when l\s!A&L
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. |EE1S{!24m
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which &|>~7(
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly sE"s!s/
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. -x//@8"
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 {.:$F3T
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has OH\^j1x9I
affected the way people in the United States----. xR1G
(A) living and working =5+*TL`
(B) they live and work "bo0O7InOV
(C) live and work Urr%SIakvM
(D) to live and to work Tz]R}DKB&
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 H-kX-7C
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二、介词 ntW@Fm:bw>
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 mOE *[S)
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(一) 介词搭配 g":[rXvId
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those ;m(iKwDt
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. S0,\{j
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 ?
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. xVm-4gB
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分析:B错改为be rich in qA)OkR'm
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the }s}g}t8v-
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. QZ a.c
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 mayJwBfU
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 /(N/DMl[
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 7{;it uqX
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. :KLXrr
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 )g0
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has BrV{X&>[i
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on jwZ
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. c`;\sW-_W
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 x]~TGzS
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2、介词by +X}i%F'
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by
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另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing !rvEo =^
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States bx@l6bpQ
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. qe~x?FO_>
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 sDY~jP[Oa
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils EY
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to
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supply moccasins and field rations. d[
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分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 *{o7G a
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with Yo-}uTkw
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements nQ%HtXt;
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that are often represented at symbols. bp1AN9~
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 7ubz7
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三、谓语动词 ~6vz2DuB=
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 1+o]+Jz|
①、主谓分割原则 !<bwg
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, %|Ps|iV
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. 1^iBS
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。
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②、与后者一致原则 gk ]QR.
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, "gM^o
not only…but also ^0VL](bD>
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③、与前者一致原则 JAbUK[:K
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is,
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中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 M5xJ_yjG
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ^aFm6HS1
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. UD I{4+z
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is |rm elQ-
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④、就近原则 3f;=#|l
or, either…or, neither…nor, .Po"qoGy
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 9hp&HL)BOa
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is U'jt'(
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 TS<d?:
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 )0{`}7X
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are =u~nLL
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 3G})$y3m
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 &|>@K#V8-;
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 CK* *RZ
There are five apples that are red. ^BsT>VSH6
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 7*:zN
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ^W |YE72Y
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. Met?G0[
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 U S^% $Z:
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 a`O'ZY
The rich are not always happier than the poor. GT{4L]C
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 h*w9{[L
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 \"P{8<h.3
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: *^>"
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a. there be 句型 R'B
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there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 T"wg/mT
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 yC'
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. g*k)ws
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is 87
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific fit{n]g
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 *l5?_tF
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miles in width. o78u>O y
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分析:倒装句,are改为is (p]FI# y
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and :7e*- '
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film -K|1w'E
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. kn3w6]
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 \'|n.1Fr
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 Av x`
fifty percent of + 名词 St5;X&Q
one percent of + 名词 ERPg TZT
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 0
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one percent of my students + are
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fifty percent of my time is spent on working. ?G `m;S
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这里要强调两个结构 2u.0AG
half of =fifty percent fcq8aW/z_
most of + 可数名词 + are bi8_5I[
most of + 不可数名词+ is FJn-cR.n
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been r<!hEWO>v
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found in central and eastern Canada. tW/k
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 q,Gymh;
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized ^N7H~CT"
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. ZLjAhd)
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 Wt/;iq"
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 G*z\
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①、主要考察时间状语 6R45
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. i"&FW&W
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ^/BGOBK
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②、For和since的区别 6]v}
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 c)#P}Ai
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 $Ivjcs:
I has been a teacher for three years. gGMfy]]R
I has been a teacher since 1996. [v~,|N>w
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 Uxjc&o
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 9JFN8Gf*)
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the primary responsibility of the president. D|q~n)TW5
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 6\8d6x>
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of &Ym):pc
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. g, d_
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 Ic(qA{SM
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. |2do8z
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live egu{}5
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(三) 谓语的语态 W'4/cO
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 5t:Zp\$+`
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: 4o#]hB';ni
①、prove $5pCfW8>
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 qcs)
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尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ndD>Oc}"3
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming =RWTjTZ
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be Pk;w.
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 5[;[ Te9=S
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 UC+Qn
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②、Locate,Situate !l*A3qA
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 c';~bYZ
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 &6\&McmkX
这两个词也可以用作被动 yepRJ%mp
My school was located near the river. TFkG"ev
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 uL)MbM]
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 3X(^`lAf)
(A)locates |va@&;#wf
(B)locating wwl,F=| Y
(C)to locate /K!)}f(6
(D)is located <l1/lm<#
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 9SeGkwec?$
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③、表示需要概念的动词 S+06pj4Ie
need, want, require等 HJr/N)d
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My watch needed repairing U>t:*SNC*
My watch needed to be repaired. VQ!4(
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④、表示人的情感的动词 Y<;C>Rs
move, annoy, surprise, please等 ?4SYroXUX|
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 DQhHU1
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 I&|8
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主动和被动技巧总结: ^Whc<>|
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 [vtDtwL
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the R@WW@ Of
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, HV`u#hZ7C
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power structures, and flood-control works along fx 0 8>r
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. )FB<gCh7X
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 9F,XjPK=
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四、非谓语动词 f`8fNt
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(一) 分词 0wBr_b!
现在分词和过去分词的区别 ,[m4+6G5
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 |q o3
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ,^xsdqpe
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. bVRxGn @l
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning :?%_JM5U
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 y(#F&^|
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in `.6Jgf
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. J! eVw\6
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 8&f"")m
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一些动词后面必须用doing Z@i MG
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 {&(bKQ
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, Ip0@Q}^
advocate, suggest eEe8T=mD
delay, quit a( {`<F
forgive(原谅),tolerate, U7fE6&g
avoid, escape(逃避) W%Zyt:H`
spend+名词+doing; R}+/jh2O|
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing M!6bf
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their lB\j>.c
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crops. .r*b+rc;]
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 s*#|EdD6@
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, |)JoxqR
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to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. fR[!=-6^f
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分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing d<b,LD^
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(二) 不定式 Y@\5gZ&T
A. 动词不定式的省略 S+>]8ZY
①、help后面可以省略to
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help to do eB@i)w?@o
help sb. to do ^{K8uN7
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid #f~a\}$I
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the habits that might shorten the lives. qtH&]Suu,
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分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 4vQHr!$Ep
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 jgo@~,5R
make, bv4cw#5z$9
let, uWInx6p
have sb. do sth >oNk(.
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注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. _dBU6U:V
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians .>'Z9.Xnk
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to know when to play various parts of a composition. LG|,g3&
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分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ,h._iO)I^
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③、感官动词 ,s76]$%4
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe DS2$ w9!
see sb do sth. 强调过程 k-e@G'
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 G]1pGA;
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 swFOh5z
(1)表示第一人 B^?XE(.
the first woman to do sth. kwR@oVR^
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(2)表示迫使的动词 LeyDs>!0
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do rtx]dc1m
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis @EZONKT
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allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. "%t`I)
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分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 ji
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 <SZO-
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be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 !gHWYWu)!
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 b_Jq=Gk`
be lieable to do 易于…的 S)@vl^3ec
be apt to do 'a^tL[rLP1
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(4)表示目的的名词, zN)\2
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固定的句式: 8Vhck-wF
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. /&as)
the objective 目标 E0^%|Mh]b
aim gam#6
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goal 2RUR=%C
reason理由 #x@lZ! Y
function功能 >04>rn#},,
intension意图 DE\bYxJ
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing F*JvpI[7n
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large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. Vy^yV|`v
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分析:the function to provide, A错 9_WPWFO
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure .n&
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds ' q<EZ{
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that make up various components of a living cell. f./m7TZ
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分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 K+@eH#Cv,(
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(5) 其他同根名词 (ND5CKCR^
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 >PJtG]D
attempt to do 企图 2'<=H76
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 Bq~hV;9nf
ambition, ?l,
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be ambitious to do @bW[J
effort \%Ah^U)gS
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation uqa4&2(I=j
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catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. ,zN3? /7
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分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 oF;%^XFp
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great nrTv=*tDj
A B {}g %"mi#
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. \7,MZt
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分析:efforts to register, C错 >,>;)B@J
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 6.U"_%
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 &r'{(O8$N
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. <AI>8j6#B
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 6_R\l@a
I am glad to see you. v)@,:u)
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. N
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yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. i1qS ns
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 8pYyG
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It is difficult to decide. n}< ir!ZTO
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五、句子的结构 -|m$YrzG
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 Mn]}s:v
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(一) 主语的重复 YF}9k
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 sS,
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例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any
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A B R{*_1cyW
compromises concerning the establishment of the ^DBD63N"
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League of Nations. W|;nJs:e
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 jEUx
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A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson VR"u*
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are Js/N()X
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lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. {3_Gjb5\\4
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