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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 -SF 5 0.[  
一、代词 $?y\3GX  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 0}- MWbG  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 B6U4>ZN  
  主格、宾格、所有格 IYe,VL  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) u(~(+1W  
mV|Z5= f  
(二) 反身代词 sPRs;to-  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 3-_`x9u*  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) v(l:N@L  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) Bs\& '=l  
\i As  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  35Fs/Gf-n  
    A                 B    i*e'eZ;)  
  a series of indicators that could help {  P@mAw  
             C      -|GX]jx(Y  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. ,R=)^Gh{  
    D Ki\J)l  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 nQd~i0`vB  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 vpoJ{TPO  
!gj_9"<  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 t^7}j4lk  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 vO8C T-)  
URMxCL^"  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies x n}HB  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the -o YJ&r  
     A   B      C          D C0;:")6~  
  Pacific. 6IKi*}  
<Gz*2i  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 3j w4#GW  
#z9@x}p5g  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 7QHrb'c  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: %R?#Y1Tq;  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 D>K=D"  
@<B$LJ|jdG  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined "\"sM{x  
                       A   !Z%pdqo`.  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and ,zh4oX`>  
             B 2UEjn>2  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. n4 J*04K  
   C       D pt~b=+bBm  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 I->4Q&3  
^qV6 khg  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important |:5[`  
        A     <xr\1VjA  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John "i; "  
   B        C      AR7]~+ X  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  "[\),7&03  
      D oPR?Ar  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. p=] z`t  
ZG Qz@H5  
$;B 0x  
(四) Who和which的区别 Y%@a~|  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 nx@ h  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 o/mGd~  
,")/R/d  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who K1 m'20U  
              A            B Rge\8H/z  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 8d8GYTl b)  
   C                  D ,nz3S5~  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 zOA2chy4  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 Qs;MEt1  
T/ TMi&:?.  
(五) that和which的区别 n$y@a? al  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 +l(lpp>,  
y rmi:=N(  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it > 0.a#-u^  
              A        B %)! b254  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. x`VA 3nE9  
      C              D :V^|}C#  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 I hPX/P  
6>j0geFyE2  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 DE" Y(;S  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, j=n <s</V  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when o 6A1;e  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. QV9 z81[  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which eD?f|bif  
) |j?aVqZ  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly )T!3du:M  
              A         B   J3,m{%EtNM  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. 5;q{9wvqO  
         C      D i4H,Ggb  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 l{4rKqtX  
wi@Qf6(mn  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  xDEjeM G  
  affected the way people in the United States----. ;T*o RS  
   (A) living and working W+u-M>Cj6  
   (B) they live and work +S ],){  
   (C) live and work `e^sQ>rDI  
   (D) to live and to work j-TRa,4bN  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 #9CLIYJAd  
(fcJp)D  
二、介词 y87oW_"h  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 = ow=3Ku  
MkX=34oc^  
(一) 介词搭配 2VaKt4+`  
ndS8p]P&o(  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those +a0` ,Jc  
    A         B   C      lGpci  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. OU'm0Jlk  
                D 5]~4 51  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 S<eB&qT$  
52t6_!y+V  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ]-cSTtO  
A       B     C  D -rlCE-S  
分析:B错改为be rich in ' wni.E&  
tr|)+~x3  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the v p(ow]Q  
    A         B      C v-DZW,  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. il% u)NN  
             D CN:z *g  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 B}0!b7!  
+ f,Kt9Cy  
lRR A2Kql  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 ym_p49  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 u(i=-PN_<  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. ZlP+t>  
          A      B  C     D <.&84c]/&  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 45rG\$%#  
=Y Y 7V!  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has &%m%b5  
                 A  B     b8E7/~<z3  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on J";4+wA7  
      C /xj`'8  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. ["[v  
      D 3S" /l  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 9{ #5~WP  
N(V_P[]"*,  
2、介词by )D ~ 5  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by *wx95?H0Z  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing f-p$4%(  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States  1D_&n@  
    A         B       t&Q(8Hz  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. zwz_K!229  
   C     D LI].*n/v  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 n'0r (  
@JGFG+J}  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 05g %5vHF  
   A                      $JUkw sc  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to NfnPXsad  
     B    C       D Tdm|=xI  
   supply moccasins and field rations. ==Xy'n9'  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 zXD/hM  
n}t 9Nf_  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with *@p"  
        A                 JJmW%%]i  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements #:By/9}-  
        B          C   (Gw*x sn1  
  that are often represented at symbols. ul#y'iY]  
              D 7e\Jg/FU  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 DP0@x+`k  
三、谓语动词 1Iy 1xiP  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 ZuybjV1/f6  
①、主谓分割原则 ^b$_I31D  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Hqs!L`oW)  
     A     2Z%n "z68  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. -fXQ62:S  
        B      C      D y*ZA{  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 G%FZ TA6a  
v/9DD%An  
②、与后者一致原则 LRts W(A/  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, rhcax%Cd  
not only…but also <g%A2 lI  
.|^Gde  
?&;_>0P  
③、与前者一致原则 "~0`4lo:Xo  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, )v_v 7 ~H&  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 M:GpyE%  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and "3\y~<8%'  
     A      B  C     >5#}/G&  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.  $8rnf  
         D ^)?Wm,{"w  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is S4`X^a}pY  
tiE|%jOzt  
④、就近原则 KD ,3U/ 3  
or, either…or, neither…nor, vhbHt_!u&  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are N-?5[T"  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is %K4M`R |2]  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 #55 :qc>m  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 V%s7*`U  
& H%/.4la  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are <+g77NL  
        A      B        / Qd` ?  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ;7qIm83  
    C              D 0(wu  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 _ \X ,a5Un  
k\ .9iI'6  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 `6)Qi*Z  
There are five apples that are red. NOQ^HEi  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 0>Snps3*Z  
(cOe*>L;  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets H5x7)1 Ir|  
      A            T,/rC{  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. cl4z%qv*  
   B   C    D kZz'&xdv'.  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 h'-4nu;*  
NplyvjQN;  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 XqmB%g(  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ~^' ,4<K-}  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 "jum*<QZz  
-i:WA^yKgw  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 FSA%,b; U  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: Sc[#]2 }  
a. there be 句型 > ;I8w(  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 HKrENk  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 ~r.R|f]IQ  
X>[i<ei  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. -_ I)5*N  
   A     B      C    D    pz /[ ${X  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is )*]A$\Oc[  
:>fT=$i@  
sr6 BC.  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific :Ph>\aG  
             A     B    [j0[c9.p [  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 e%JI qKS  
     C         "sN%S's  
  miles in width. 1X2j%q I&  
     D  (&e!u{I  
分析:倒装句,are改为is [nO3%7t@  
7{F\b  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and >)ekb7  
   A    B       C         _&/`-"3y  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film blgA`)GI  
                    D Zt!#KSF7%  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. s=n4'`y1  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 "#O9ij  
 `M I;.t  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 !XtG6ON=  
fifty percent of + 名词  :RnUNz  
one percent of + 名词 cz9J&Le>  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: o`S``?`^)^  
  one percent of my students + are {^dq7!  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. S oeoUI]m  
RTc@`m3 M  
这里要强调两个结构 F\D iT|?}  
half of =fifty percent X hq ss),  
most of + 可数名词 + are |E1U$,s~u  
most of + 不可数名词+ is `"=>lu2H   
~!Nj DDk  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been =VD],R)  
   A       B         C   s:tX3X  
  found in central and eastern Canada. zTa5 N  
           D XjN4EDi+E  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 QR&e~rks  
N\PdX$  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized y u'-'{%  
                 A   B  F LWVI4*  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. ;?/5 Mr  
              C     D >aA M&4  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 h+W$\T)  
^bv^&V&IB  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 60~;UBm5O  
①、主要考察时间状语 `q36`Wn  
~X3g_<b_8  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. VM%g QOo<  
   A        B  C     D )h}IZSm  
kO\ O$J^S  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was VL*KBJ  
v@=qVwX  
fmixWL7.Zg  
②、For和since的区别 %+l95Dv1  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 p3A9 <g  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 3Z?ornS  
  I has been a teacher for three years. osXEzr(  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. 8'*x88+  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 (p5q MP] L  
gML8lu0)  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ^4fvV\ne_~  
   A      B              #NFB=o JI  
  the primary responsibility of the president. Z^>4qf,k  
     C    D $eFMn$o  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 !i t orSl  
-zFJ)!/?  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of 46g0 e  
             A  B  C   W_}j~[&  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. v":q_w<k  
            D _z#" BN  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 N~, Ipf  
Q` &#u#  
uP* kvi:e  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  Po)U!5Tm  
   A       B        C     D +E</A:|}S  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live @/:4beh  
q5_zsUR=  
(三) 谓语的语态 PRU&y/zZmG  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 WJD2(el  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: K[icVT2v~  
①、prove _p6 r5Y  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 !An?<Sv$  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; FygNWI'  
tM]Gu?6  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming {rcN_N%  
                      A   $sY'=S  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be ``CM7|)>`  
    B                  C 08xo_Oysq  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. KdkL_GSLT  
                  D  :f[ w  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 ];k! *lR)  
pL,XHR@Iv  
1Of(O!  
②、Locate,Situate  ijOp{  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 !Wr<T!T  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 +A?P4}  
这两个词也可以用作被动 q7lC}'2fu  
  My school was located near the river. ]B )nN':  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 Ypzmc$Xfu  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. Q$ew.h  
   (A)locates `+n0a@BVB  
   (B)locating .L^*9Y0)  
   (C)to locate ,mz;$z6i  
   (D)is located B}TY+@  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 ~qqxHymc  
3*I\#Z4p1  
③、表示需要概念的动词 2vpQ"e- A  
need, want, require等 h)Fc<,vwBE  
_6fy'%J=U  
My watch needed repairing KD A8x W  
My watch needed to be repaired. bIGcszWr  
8$~oiK%fw  
④、表示人的情感的动词  nT> v  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 >0@w"aKn  
6qDt 6uB  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 JE}VRMNr  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 ?Ojv<L-f.:  
}kt%dDU  
主动和被动技巧总结: JL4E`  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 Evj%$7H1L1  
q>(?Z#sB  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 9^DAlY,x.  
                 A      oo;<I_#07  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, $B?8\>_?  
                 B c<Cf|W  
  power structures, and flood-control works along lwfS$7^P  
                    C B Evt{q4  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. mTsyVji8  
                D &iWTf K7  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。  d;>G  
Ag2~q  
四、非谓语动词 gpyio1V>  
3PvxU|*F  
(一) 分词 6IRRRtO(  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 8nBYP+t,e  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ;76+J)  
7*{l\^ism;  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then :%9R&p:'ar  
   A q}p$S2`  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. Z":m(}u O  
     B      C            D hN K wQ  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning _R(ZvsOZ  
:vIJ>6lIR  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 .n+ ;&5  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ,j>FC j>  
      A               B   9=$ pV==  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. G~C-tAB  
               C         D 7]Qxt%7/>  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living jA{B G_  
( PH7nW7  
7L/LlO/  
一些动词后面必须用doing %S"z9@  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 ,&3+w ~Ua  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, 2hNl_P~z1u  
 advocate, suggest k@%5P-e}  
 delay, quit o=9 4H7@  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, CLZ j=J2  
 avoid, escape(逃避) y`$qcEw  
 spend+名词+doing; kuBtPZ  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing -*[)CR-{  
v -)<nox  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their ?r(vXq\  
   A     B    C              D X} V]3  
  crops. xe6V7Wi/Tt  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 xcl;~"c *  
D1deh =  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, `Ivt)T+n;  
               A        B gO*Gf2AG  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. ! 1?u0  
        C          D `0W"[BY  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing J R~s`>2  
jQz^)8)B  
(二) 不定式 Ie Chz d  
A. 动词不定式的省略 qooTRqc#,  
①、help后面可以省略to M7Z&t'=  
  help to do gjK: a@{  
  help sb. to do d72( g$F  
dUn]aS  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid *3RD\.jPX  
              A      B   M{u7Ef  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. Yx. t+a-  
         C     D cbou1Ei   
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 v(sS$2J|}  
70*yx?TV  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ?OO !M  
  make, vcy+p]6KE-  
  let, } -hH2  
  have sb. do sth |`wJ {-  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. - jTK3&5  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians Um/ g&k  
        A               B D 5Z7?Y  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. |SJ%Myy  
   C     D }?GeU Xhy  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know aQ 6T2bQ  
aC'#H8e|j  
③、感官动词 =o" sBVj  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe OnW,R3eg  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 oFGgr2Re  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 # zd}xla0]  
^&c|z35F  
]=0D~3o3  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 /8(t:  
(1)表示第一人 vs.}Bou]  
the first woman to do sth. fV/  
O RV'dr  
(2)表示迫使的动词 }W]k1Bsx  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do K)8 m?sf/  
I1Gk^wO  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis f9E.X\"  
     A                 B    Cd'SPaR  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. j\@| oW0  
       C           D 0 .t1p(x;  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 pK2n'4 C  
G|]39/OO3{  
! XNTk]!  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 t3$+;K(  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 !g-19at  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 ~rU{Q>c  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 6JL:p{RLi  
  be apt to do al\ R(\p|  
AJH-V 6  
(4)表示目的的名词, vo DTU]pf  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 r*l:F{  
固定的句式: PizPsJ|&  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. Me*]Bh  
the objective 目标 S}*%l)vfR  
aim H0B"?81  
goal !Q5ip'L  
reason理由 M e  
function功能 f)+fdc  
intension意图 0zAj. iG  
L~jKx)S%  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing =r:-CRq(  
                       A  ;-d :!*  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. obE_`u l#  
           B          C     D Y<S,Xr;J:  
分析:the function to provide, A错 Gx GZxf*(  
|3MqAvPJ  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure a{6rQ  
                  A       oY{r83h{  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds q<b;xx  
     B  /*lSpsBn  
  that make up various components of a living cell. 'N0/;k0ax  
    C    D Bk 1Q.Un  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 .;n<k  
'7{0k{  
(5) 其他同根名词 '@iS5Fni  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 7b,u|F  
 attempt to do 企图 $IQ  !g  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 &Fl^&&1C  
 ambition, v F;%#P  
 be ambitious to do  cV5Lp4wY?  
 effort HQ+:0" B  
Tp`by 1s  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 928szUo:  
  A                    B   e GblQGRS  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. quU%9m \S`  
          C       D 3M(:}c  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 gRKmfJ*u  
.Lp0_R@  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great HT5G HkT  
  A                   B   Ne.W-,X^cL  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. ^Yn{Vi2.  
       C            D "S^;X @#v  
分析:efforts to register, C错 Vl?R?K=`~J  
kN;l@>  
^owEB%  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 s%J|r{F6  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 aIZ@5w"7  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. '\ dFhYs{*  
^gh/$my;  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 H4 & d,8:m  
I am glad to see you. _pKW($\  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. 2anx]QV4  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. W==HV0n  
L;5j hVy  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 T8ZBQ;o  
It is difficult to decide. B.K"1o  
Z.:5< oEKg  
Yq#I# 2RD  
五、句子的结构 ~7b '4\  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 -Z<e`iFQS  
]<4Yor}t{;  
(一) 主语的重复 djPr 4Nog  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 & .+[~2  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any zV4%F"-  
          A      B      Cr4shdN34  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the *WfOB2rU  
          C          D q uv`~qn  
  League of Nations. 7l7eUy/z  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 5 cxA,T  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson 5gGYG ]*l  
1 xiq]~H  
Otn,(j;u  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are gJ c5Y  
        A        B  Q2^}NQO=  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. e1}h|HL j  
    C         D v=i[s  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 |j^>6nE  
B HoZ}1_  
(二)谓语的重复 =NF},j"  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 VV?+q)  
@a>+r1  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  ^%#v AS  
    A            B    ;r^8In@6  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. \ zhT1#O  
         C   D n|SsV  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 Cg}cD.  
bX|Z||img  
(三)谓语的缺少 1-r1hZ-  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body S<88>|&n]  
          A     B    YmB z$  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. t \DS}3pv  
         C               D ztgSd8GGE  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 Rc0OEs%7P  
u{ JAC!  
(四)主句的重复 R\A5f\L9  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 B6MMn.  
3)atqM)i  
QI=",vma u  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite g>/,},jv[x  
      A         B        C   P3on4c  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. f g*IHha  
     D \uQ(-ji  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 Y71io^td~j  
L UHj3H  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow vbmi_[,U  
        A   B       ~>k<I:BtrT  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. ou6yi; l%  
      C    D DNLqipUw  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 %g kR G66  
52C>f6w  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided crz )F"  
   A                     B  r[q-O&2&  
  names for towns, only George Washington yS@c2I602  
      C =n cu# T]  
  is remembered in the name of a state. [_G_Wl'#8  
          D Z Mt9'w;  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 ]- ")r  
六、比较级和最高级 5qt]~v%y  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 Cf91#% :cN  
Ew*_@hVC  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 "4<RMYQ  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which t:eZ`6o$T\  
      A               g"EvMv&  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. -= H* (M  
     B       C           D 4c_TrNwP  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 |F=!0Id<  
8`v+yHjG  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 ^HgQ"dD <  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. :1^ R$0d  
     A      B     C  D (#k>cA(}  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 jVC`38|  
]P;uQ!  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere k |k  
     A       B     C   D # ` Q3Z}C  
  is the grizzly bear. Cc/h|4  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 t~U:Ea[gd  
/2N'SOX  
HY0q!.qog  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 9 js!gJC  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 o=}}hE\H  
AFE6@/'  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with }{T9`^V:h  
   A           B  7r;7'X5  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. @ x_.  
   C                 D Q&+Jeji  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 QK%N t  
TRP#b 7nC  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 _&V%idz!0  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as yHhx- `  
Ne<={u%  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 Z/-9G  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 b3R1L|@  
the taller boy  lS@0 $  
L 7i2is  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 8(-V pU  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed g)0>J  
          A            B F.{{gpI  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is kw)( "SQ  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. #b~B 0:U  
    C          D mJ+M|#Ox  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they xgDd5`W  
o>|&k]W/  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 CD^C}MB  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, grD[7;1~:)  
  A  B         C     {!RDb'Zp  
  the Navajos form largest group. U  ?iw  
         D s;brs}  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 f^JiaU4 [  
u<L<o 2  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, JJ:pA_uX  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language bG0 |+k3O  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the M)x6m|.=  
FOPfo b[  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many }K .Rv(m  
            A      B         C 9Lus,l\  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. BiY-u/bH9a  
            D m+UWvUB)  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 YD3jP}Ym  
^C=dq(i=[  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 3_bE12  
例如:my best friends awXK9}.  
RWg'W,v=!  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial reQr=OAez  
            A    B     C tJG+k)EE  
  and banking center. -Oi8]Xw^@y  
        D a(J@]X>'  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 T,a71"c  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 Ypx5:gm|J  
>D jJ*vM  
kYhV1I  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary )/t&a$[  
                 A         ~6 "=d  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. l4gF.-.GYF  
    B   C     D T@Bu Fr`]<  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 {/FdrS  
" Xg~1)%  
七、平行结构 {wDq*va  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 4tEAi4H|`@  
{Rdh4ZKh  
%a I,K0\  
(一) 对等连接词 }S$OE))u  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 V'tqsKQ!  
单一式: and, or ,but c1q;  
相关式: both…and, not … but, B^!-%_q  
     either …or, neither…nor {!j)j6(NY  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as v}J0j  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, 1 0zw}1x  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also [7Q%c!e$*  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Dpwqg3,  
#sg*GK+|:R  
短语式: as well as 8f<y~L_(`  
     rather than (而不是) c:52pYf+  
     other than (除…之外) D)bL;h  
     instead of (代替) )Fp$ *]|  
Zwz co  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 A N6Q~%,  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  #s81 k@#X  
       A     B   yoJ.[M4q  
  but he is now living in Detroit. gq;>DY]   
       C   D ,[T/O\k  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 z;dRzwL  
ZjMnGRP  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics vG.KSA  
       A         B S6_:\Q  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford F~qZIggD  
  remained active in city and regional planning. /:Gy .  
          C    D  _{; _wwz  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 YvcV801Go  
(二)平行的内容 :fwtPvLo  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 czU"  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of JKfJ%yy |  
             A         B   q^sZP\i,*;  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, ypG*41  
         C            D d"miPR  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. W+63B8)4  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 _K!.TM+9  
t"YsIOT:O"  
R'z i#FeP  
第二、名词单复数的平行 Q8AAu&te7  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 V`#2jDz  
DE/SIy?  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, j|wN7@Zc  
  A     B          C   4F G0'J&hw  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. |,:p[Oy  
                 D   l#1#3F  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 2O[sRm)  
"QNQ00[T`>  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, {FI*oO1A~  
                   A         B ;[R6rV He{  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. G Ixs>E'X  
      C          D 5kTs7zJ^  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have 94ruQ/  
"Mj#P9  
第三、时态的平行 V n sV&cx  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated 77O$^fG2  
                A     >bf.T7wy  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops %5gdLm!p  
                   B Mg`!tFe3  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. J@I>m N1\  
          C    D [cd1Mf:[Y  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 M.mn9kw`  
tjx8 UgSi  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- )DXt_leLg  
  spread from its home in Central America and '37 {$VHw  
  now grows throughout the tropics. Jh E C  
   (A) to be    (B) it   uxU-N  
   (C) the     (D) its XMI*obS'z  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? bu _ @>`S  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow cRnDAn#42  
LBy`N_@  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- L K #A  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. ML12 &E>  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised `}),wBq  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised <\^o  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 {zcG%b WJ  
f 3H uT=n  
第四、排列位置的平行 #H~55))F  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. F|F0#HC ?  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode *LB-V%{|'  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  K]m#~J3d>  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes ]"T157F  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes 8`*5[ L~~/  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 0cHcBxdF  
1/ 9*c *w  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: gV@xu)l  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 w]gLd  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 EcHZ mf  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 %_Vz0 D! 7  
/1LN\Eu  
八、词序的颠倒 tQzbYzGb7  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 _W(xO |,M  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 @-)S*+8  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage ph6/+[:  
              A    B        5]*lH t  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. 9mvy+XD  
      C       D    DH .`  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ',hoe  
G:b6Wf  
g[i;>XyP  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 MMa`}wSs  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only `GqF/?i  
          A      B     !m\By%(  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. fQ~~%#z1  
    C         D D`n<!"xg@$  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 W9gQho%9b  
K'8o'S_bF  
hK4ww"-  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 u@Gum|_=N  
T\zn&6  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were  `&a8Wv  
          A   B     C   eiOAbO#U  
  in what is now the United States. MeV4s%*O+  
    D , -d2wzhW  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 1\-lAk!   
Lo'G fHE  
所有的系动词分为三大类: Y edF%  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, %LdBO1D0  
    is, remain, keep, stay, HE4S%#bH>  
    lie, exit(表示位于) C>l (4*S  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 qsN}KgTjg  
    become, turn, grow, ('_S1?y  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 5=poe@1g  
Pw Amnk !  
第三种,感官动词 dZJU>o'BG  
    seem(好像是) @bFl8-  
    look(看起来好像是) SZgan  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste >vfLlYx  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 YBk* CW9  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe G|$n,X1O(  
    A               B     U%2{PbL  
   to cause numerous deaths. 6:TA8w |  
        C   D  ~;uW) [  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 m`3gNox  
~qW"v^<  
九、词性的混用 2f0_Xw_V_  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 "CT`]:GGK  
FwSV \N+#'  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 =$%_asQJ  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; +?[iB"F  
{B\lk:"X  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high R 9Y k9v  
          A        B      ~D Ta% J  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and IQ}YF]I;  
              C WO6;K]  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. e/u (Re  
          D 4EEXt<c.  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) V\><6v  
#kDJ>r |&-  
i/WiSwh:  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 Jx1JtnyP@  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 4wQ>HrS)(  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds :Qra9; Y  
         A       B      |#!P!p}  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to UKxeN[fv  
          C        Nt'u; 0  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. |CFTOe\ q  
            D Fps.Fhm  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 ?]L:j  
RI%ZT  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, M%8:  
            A       4^O'K;$leD  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of *Q8d &$ ^  
      B      C ` cgS yRD]  
   urban Black people in the United States. n3kYVAgF  
   D ]+B#SIC;  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 8HyK;+ZkVd  
?*Kew j  
yU(k;A-  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 n2+eC9I  
表示时间有两种可能, ;?9u#FRtw  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 ~ 0x9`~  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, "yI)F~A  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 `q 4%  
b7/1 ]  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence .jh uC#x{/  
       A     B     w K[xLf  
  were made while the American Civil War. > @ulvHL  
   C    D rBP!RSl1  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 (d[)U<  
9 z,?DBMvc  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the bf `4GD(  
   A      B           C    Frt_X%  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. [KR`%fD0  
          D ~_SV `io  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 r}9qK%C G.  
iy8U rgG;l  
}}Eko7'^  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 `Y/DttjL  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 iD_NpH q  
iU{F\>  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social CO1D .5  
                   A     T?)?"b\qz  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. KQ xKU?b1  
     B   C    D zMKW@  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 Dq Kk9s;6_  
3*3WO,9  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples &2MW.,e7s  
   A        B   C      ZyT9y  
  easily under the stress of compression. 'd^U!l  
   D uY,&lX+!  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 $&='&q  
v}IkY  
SY["dcx+  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 lKrD.iYt8  
A jr]&H4  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine :O{`!&[>L  
    A         B 9Y- Sqk+  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. :kfHILi  
          C            D Bl2y~fCA  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 =M>1;Qr<Z/  
iJk`{P_  
^1BQejD  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, lV: R8^d  
         A znw\Dn?g  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ~z$vF  
   B      C      D V]t uc s  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ZMy0iQ@  
B\wH`5/KW  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 H-~V:OCB~  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; 2--"@@  
two hundred diligent students
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