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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 WyOav6/*K^  
一、代词 AS]8rH  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 6am6'_{  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 <.Zh{"$qo  
  主格、宾格、所有格 p>eYi \'  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) tm/ >H  
g^H,EaPl  
(二) 反身代词  OLIMgc(W  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 q]yw",muT  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) c $r"q :\  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) %0 {_b68x  
EUs9BJFP  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  fZpi+I  
    A                 B    LU;zpXg\  
  a series of indicators that could help Csy$1;"A  
             C       &lU\9  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. %\-E R !b  
    D kJl^,q  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 iS)-25M'  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 qE2VUEv5Y  
3#$X  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 g_{N^wS  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 V*PL_|Q5  
Q*I8RAfd  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies T8Mqu`$r  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the #<==7X#  
     A   B      C          D Bk3\NPa  
  Pacific. pTi7Xy!Cw  
"~r)_Ko  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 5PZ!ZO&  
:8eI_X  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 vE^tdzAG  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: &~+QPnI>Pm  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 VQqBo~  
ssLswb  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined U!-Nx9  
                       A   1xEOYM)  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and hsY?og_H  
             B ? -:2f#bC  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. R+NiIoa  
   C       D So!=uYX  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Wgh@XB  
-GFZFi  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important PlH~um[ J  
        A     Kw`CN  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John I[k"I(  
   B        C      wjl)yo$z  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  y(QFf*J  
      D 2lsUC QI;  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. -ymDRoi  
Q >/,QX  
o5a=>|?p>  
(四) Who和which的区别 L>~Tc  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 T#-;>@a}  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 =XR6rR8  
*p $0(bz  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who )  FR7t  
              A            B 1`7zYW&L  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. To>,8E+GAb  
   C                  D D;C';O  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 o0C&ol_  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 q_.fVn:!  
7m-%  
(五) that和which的区别 :/|"db&`  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 swF{}S"  
P'U2hCif  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it nf /*n  
              A        B ^MvuFA ,C  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. ]Orx %8QS!  
      C              D Bx#i?=*W  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 /J#(8p  
kCT f>sJe  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 }'x;J   
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, 3^y(@XFt  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when l\s!A&L  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. |EE1S{!24m  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which &|>~7(  
SQ>i:D;  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly sE"s!s/  
              A         B   2 kDsIEA  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. -x//@8"   
         C      D bT.q@oU  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 {.:$F3T  
F^O83[ S  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  OH\^j1x9I  
  affected the way people in the United States----. xR1G  
   (A) living and working =5+*TL`  
   (B) they live and work "bo0O7InOV  
   (C) live and work Urr%SIakvM  
   (D) to live and to work Tz]R}DKB&  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 H -kX-7C  
9-ozrw 8t  
二、介词 ntW@Fm:bw>  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 mOE *[S)  
eTuqK23  
(一) 介词搭配 g":[rXvId  
c2npma]DZ  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those ;m(iKwDt  
    A         B   C      >d/H4;8  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. S0,\{j  
                D R?xb1yc7_  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 ? 5C'9 V  
bNea5u##  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. xVm-4gB  
A       B     C  D `%C-7D'?  
分析:B错改为be rich in q A)O kR'm  
 ?%,NOX  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the }s}g}t8v-  
    A         B      C !U^{`V jp[  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. QZ a.c  
             D }47h0 i  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 mayJwBfU  
AJPvwu}D  
4<efj  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 /(N/DMl[  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 7{;it uqX  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. :KLXrr  
          A      B  C     D ym%UuC3^w  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 )g0 fN+Mb  
2QfN.<[-  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has BrV{X&>[i  
                 A  B     ,^(] zZh  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on jwZ ,_CK  
      C 8K 3dwoT  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. c`;\sW-_W  
      D Uzu6>yT  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 x]~TGzS  
YG p+[|'  
2、介词by +X}i%F'  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by #&Sr;hAJ  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing !rvEo =^  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States bx@l6bpQ  
    A         B       K =g</@L6R  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. qe~x?FO_>  
   C     D v3tJtb^'!  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 sDY~jP[Oa  
[6/ QUD8  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils EY }:aur  
   A                      y_]+;%w:  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to QrZ#<{,J5  
     B    C       D Jd2.j?P=  
   supply moccasins and field rations. d[ N1zQW  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 *{o7G  a  
.6B\fr.za  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with Yo-}uTkw  
        A                ZzT=m*tQ&  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements nQ%HtXt;  
        B          C   ]BQYVx/  
  that are often represented at symbols. bp1AN9~  
              D 2h E(h  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 7ubz7 *  
三、谓语动词 ~6vz2DuB=  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 1+o]+Jz|  
①、主谓分割原则 !<bwg  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, %|Ps|iV  
     A     sdu?#O+c1  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. 1^ iBS  
        B      C      D ~j0rORy]  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 B.z$0=b  
4<s.|W`  
②、与后者一致原则 gk]QR.  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, "gM^o  
not only…but also ^0VL](bD>  
Cs $5Of(  
>1y6DC  
③、与前者一致原则 JAbUK[:K  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, <LX\s*M)  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 M5xJ_yjG  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ^aFm6HS1  
     A      B  C     4aayMS !#  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. UD I{4+z  
         D DM.lQ0xk  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is |rmelQ-  
CB@7XUR  
④、就近原则 3f;=#|l  
or, either…or, neither…nor, .Po"qoGy  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 9hp&HL)BOa  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is  U 'jt'(  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 TS<d?:  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 )0{`}7X  
.6?"<zdPU  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are =u~nLL  
        A      B        WhPP4 #  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 3G} )$y3m  
    C              D MJn-] E  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 &|>@K#V8-;  
=C\Tl-$\f  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 CK* * RZ  
There are five apples that are red. ^BsT>VSH6  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 7*:zN  
;\MWxh,K  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ^W |YE72Y  
      A            I16FVdUun4  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. Met?G0[  
   B   C    D <'Q6\R}:vC  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 U S^% $Z:  
{q>%Sr]9  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 a`O'ZY  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. GT{4L]C  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 h*w9{[L  
\aSP7DzqQ  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 \"P{8<h.3  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: *^>"  h@J  
a. there be 句型 R'B B-  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 T"wg/mT  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 yC' y>f`H  
jIh1)*]054  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. g*k)ws  
   A     B      C    D    (s8b?Ol/  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is 87 gk  
|}zWH=6  
Pnytox  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific fit{n]g  
             A     B    vCa8` m  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 *l5?_tF  
     C         2z>-H595az  
  miles in width. o78u>Oy  
     D  ^'3c%&Zf3  
分析:倒装句,are改为is (p]FI#y  
161P%sGx2  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and :7e*- '  
   A    B       C         *6I$N>1  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film -K|1w'E  
                    D $dfc@Fn^x  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. kn3w6]  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 \'|n.1Fr  
t:wBh'K~R8  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 Avx`  
fifty percent of + 名词 St5;X&Q  
one percent of + 名词 ERPg TZT  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 0 zW*J JxV  
  one percent of my students + are fHiL% ]z  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. ?G`m;S  
Yxq!7J  
这里要强调两个结构 2u.0AG   
half of =fifty percent fcq8aW/z_  
most of + 可数名词 + are bi8_5I[  
most of + 不可数名词+ is FJn-cR.n  
]>M\|,wh  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been r<!hEWO>v  
   A       B         C   |z)s9B;:#i  
  found in central and eastern Canada. tW/k  
           D @}y.  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 q,Gymh;  
fd[N]I3  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized ^N7H~CT"  
                 A   B  8"%Es  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. ZLjAhd)  
              C     D MpOU>\  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 Wt/;iq"  
*2 Pr1U  
(二) 谓语动词的时态  G*z\ ^H  
①、主要考察时间状语 6R45 +<.  
JuO47}i]5  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. i"&FW&W  
   A        B  C     D &nIu^,.  
,l~<|\4,wv  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ^/BGOBK  
L/"MRQ"  
'3S~QN  
②、For和since的区别 6]v}  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 c)#P}Ai  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 $Ivjcs:  
  I has been a teacher for three years. gGM fy]]R  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. [v~,|N>w  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 Uxjc&o  
SES.&e|!6  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 9JFN8Gf*)  
   A      B              BAQ-1kSz  
  the primary responsibility of the president. D|q~n)TW5  
     C    D 9[/0  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 6 \8d6x>  
[rx9gOOa&  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of &Ym):pc  
             A  B  C   V}V->j*  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. g,d_  
            D rxyv+@~Nc  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 Ic(qA{SM  
!R8%C!=a  
`N\ ^JAGW  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  |2do8z  
   A       B        C     D $0[T<]{/?  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live egu{}5  
_^FC 9  
(三) 谓语的语态 W'4/cO  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 5t:Zp\$+`  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: 4o#]hB';ni  
①、prove $5pCfW8>  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 qcs) p  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ndD>Oc}"3  
}<WJR Y6j  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming =RWTjTZ   
                      A   b d 1^  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be Pk;w. )kT  
    B                  C {L;sF=d  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. 5[;[Te9=S  
                  D O_;BZzT  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 UC+Qn  
i\CA6I  
w>2lG3H<  
②、Locate,Situate !l*A3qA  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 c';~bYZ  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 &6\&McmkX  
这两个词也可以用作被动 yepRJ%mp  
  My school was located near the river. TFkG"ev  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 uL)MbM]  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 3X(^`lAf)  
   (A)locates | va@&;#wf  
   (B)locating wwl,F=| Y  
   (C)to locate /K!)}f( 6  
   (D)is located <l1/lm<#  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 9SeGkwec?$  
cP tDIc,  
③、表示需要概念的动词 S+06pj4Ie  
need, want, require等 HJr/N)d  
G5qsnTxUJ  
My watch needed repairing U>t:*SNC*  
My watch needed to be repaired. VQ!4( <XD  
|!K&h(J|  
④、表示人的情感的动词 Y<;C>Rs  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 ?4SYroXUX|  
c+{XP&g8_J  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 DQhHU1  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 I&|8 qx#  
3wN4kltt  
主动和被动技巧总结: ^Whc<>|  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 [vtDtwL  
<;i&-,  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the R@WW@ Of  
                 A      \nOV2(FAT  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, HV`u#hZ7C  
                 B yYOV:3!"  
  power structures, and flood-control works along fx 08>r   
                    C -C^qN7Bz  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. )FB<gCh7X  
                D ,hK =x  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 9F,XjPK=  
,,XHw;{  
四、非谓语动词 f`8fNt  
a[^dK-  
(一) 分词 0wBr_b!  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 ,[m4+6G5  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 |q o3 E  
~R|fdD/%  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ,^xsdqpe  
   A +&AU&2As  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. bVRxGn @l  
     B      C            D 0g#?'sD  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning :?%_JM5U  
b=Sl`&A  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 y(#F&^|  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in `.6Jgf u  
      A               B   8DrKq]&  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. J! eVw\6  
               C         D qj|B #dU  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living 8&f"")m  
OaxE3bDT  
CtDS lJ  
一些动词后面必须用doing Z@iMG  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 {&(bKQ  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, Ip0@Q}^  
 advocate, suggest eEe8T=mD  
 delay, quit a( {`<F  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, U7fE6&g  
 avoid, escape(逃避) W%Zyt:H`  
 spend+名词+doing; R}+/jh2O|  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing M!6bf  
Xhkw<XbV  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their lB\j>.c  
   A     B    C              D LveqG   
  crops. .r*b+rc;]  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 s*#|EdD6@  
!`#9#T|  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, |)JoxqR  
               A        B 6k3l/~R  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. fR[!=-6^f  
        C          D ?h3Ow`1G  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing d<b,LD^  
/+1Fa):  
(二) 不定式 Y@\5gZ&T  
A. 动词不定式的省略 S+>]8ZY  
①、help后面可以省略to pn7 :")Zx  
  help to do eB@i)w?@o  
  help sb. to do ^{K8uN7  
(Mm{"J3uv  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid #f~a\}$I  
              A      B   S'JeA>L  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. qtH&]Suu,  
         C     D _TXV{<E6  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 4vQHr!$Ep  
ZAH<!@qh  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 jgo@~,5R  
  make, bv4cw#5z$9  
  let, uWInx6p  
  have sb. do sth >oNk(. %  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. _dBU6U:V  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians .>'Z9.Xnk  
        A               B wf@2&vJ  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. LG|,g3&  
   C     D W7o /  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ,h._iO)I^  
`j![  
③、感官动词 ,s76]$%4  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe DS2$w9!  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 k-e@G'  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 G]1pGA;  
s- V$N  
eFI4(Y  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 swFOh5z  
(1)表示第一人 B^?XE(.  
the first woman to do sth. kwR@oVR^  
}aM`Jp-O  
(2)表示迫使的动词 LeyDs>! 0  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do rtx]dc1m  
K:@=W1  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis @EZONKT  
     A                 B    `=DCX%Vw  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. "%t`I)  
       C           D U.'@S8  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 ji -1yX  
)>5k'1  
]Hy PJ  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 <SZO- -+lB  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 !gHWYWu)!  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 b_Jq=Gk`  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 S)@vl^3ec  
  be apt to do 'a^tL[rLP1  
'2$!thm  
(4)表示目的的名词, zN)\2  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 (<ZkmIXN  
固定的句式: 8Vhck-wF  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. /&as)  
the objective 目标 E0^%|Mh]b  
aim gam#6 s  
goal 2 RUR=%C  
reason理由 #x@lZ!Y  
function功能 >04>rn#},,  
intension意图 DE\bYxJ  
i6#]$B  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing F*JvpI[7n  
                       A  !aw#',r8m  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. Vy^yV|`v  
           B          C     D Wo9psv7.  
分析:the function to provide, A错 9_WPWFO  
@U3foL2\  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure .n& Cq+U;  
                  A       WCmNibj  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds ' q<EZ {  
     B  #>m, Cm  
  that make up various components of a living cell. f./m7TZ  
    C    D hQ}7Z&O  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 K+@eH#Cv,(  
2iPmCG  
(5) 其他同根名词 (ND5CKCR^  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 >PJtG]D  
 attempt to do 企图 2'<=H76  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 Bq~hV;9nf  
 ambition, ?l, X!o6  
 be ambitious to do  @bW[J  
 effort \%Ah^U)gS  
d]7|v r]  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation uqa4&2(I=j  
  A                    B   ?H[5O+P[  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. ,zN3? /7  
          C       D d2A wvP  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 oF;%^XFp  
XatA8(_,5  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great nrTv=*tDj  
  A                   B   {}g %"mi#  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. \7,MZt  
       C            D r*6"'W>c6  
分析:efforts to register, C错 >,>;)B@J  
s-C!uq  
oNuPP5d[]  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 6.U  "_%  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 &r'{(O8$N  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. <AI>8j6#B  
g>~cs_N@  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 6_R\l@a  
I am glad to see you. v)@,:u)  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. N >d|A]zH  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. i1qS ns  
mb0n}I_AC  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 8pYyG |\  
It is difficult to decide. n}< ir!ZTO  
-6rf( ER  
 r=fE8[,  
五、句子的结构 -|m$YrzG  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 Mn]}s:v  
?SC3Vzr  
(一) 主语的重复 YF}9k  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 sS, zzx<  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any i{gDW+N  
          A      B      R{*_1cyW  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the ^DBD63 N"  
          C          D 9[z'/ U.Bn  
  League of Nations. W|;nJs:e  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 jEUx q%BH  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson VR "u*  
qh%i5Mu  
7egq4gN]2Y  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are Js/N()X  
        A        B  YVoao#!  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. {3_Gjb5\\4  
    C         D 4 GUA&qs  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 <z,+Eg  
rB,ldy,f  
(二)谓语的重复 WPIZi[hBs  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 A*hZv|$0  
> 84e`aGE  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  R6 ;jY/*#  
    A            B    fTBVvY4(  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. mxgqS =`  
         C   D [~COYjp  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 YV-j/U{&  
w^3|(F  
(三)谓语的缺少 xpAok]  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body {#N%Bq}  
          A     B    d,UCH  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. GLCAiSMz[  
         C               D 7#ofNH J  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 teAukE=}  
R pYcD  
(四)主句的重复 `%Q&</X  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 zZ: xEc  
Fwb5u!_,  
"Kq>#I'%W  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite g  rspt}  
      A         B        C   >OK#n)U`  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. ~g7m3  
     D =G4u#t)  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 V#L'7">VP  
b1xpz1  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow ?`H[u7*%  
        A   B       &<Zdyf?[Ou  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. -9d%+O~v6~  
      C    D Bd&`Xfebj  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 FqZgdmwR  
H:Y&OZ  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided ^s-25 6iI  
   A                     B  h&`y$Jj  
  names for towns, only George Washington |@wyC0k!  
      C U*\17YU6h  
  is remembered in the name of a state. kAo.C Nj7  
          D E7`qmn  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 +rc SL8C  
六、比较级和最高级 <<,>S&/  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 Skxd<gv  
2+Yb 7 uI,  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 59lj7  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which Ee)xnY%(  
      A               hqD qt"dKz  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. j_GBH8 `  
     B       C           D vFhz!P~  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 7u|B ](FS  
[_.n$p-  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 x-;`-Uo%  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. WU)Ss`s \  
     A      B     C  D FFvCi@oT  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 BJy;-(JP  
*eb-rhCVn  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere =w%Oa<  
     A       B     C   D GLUUY 0  
  is the grizzly bear. <]U1\~j  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 8ObeiVXf)  
^sClz*%?  
27#5y_ `  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 7x k|+!  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 1@q gF  
lr3 mE  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with Hj6'pJ4  
   A           B  Vw~\H Gs/~  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. i$uN4tVKT  
   C                 D DL8x":;  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 Yj3I5RG  
QG3&p<  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 Im?LIgt$  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 8@\7&C(g17  
m_7 nz!h  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 `dW]4>`O  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 \ |!\V  
the taller boy U[\Vj_?(I  
2A:,;~UH  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 {?8B,G2r  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed Xm!-~n@-m7  
          A            B B[o`k]]  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is = |U@  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. @N.jB#nEb  
    C          D 5M_Wj*a}7  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they [\e@_vY@OH  
E6MA?Ax&=  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以  zGlZ!t:  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, K_&MoyJJ9f  
  A  B         C     uGP(R=H  
  the Navajos form largest group. n.}T1q|l  
         D 8|g<X1H{M  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 19U]2D/z  
$jzFc!rs  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, $'wq1u  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language dA~ 3>f*b_  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the oF&l-DHp  
!q"cpL'4  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many !cX[-}Q  
            A      B         C R^&q-M=O[  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 9$*s8}|  
            D dY!Z  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ?&+9WJ<M  
GZ#aj|  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 3lxc4@Zmd  
例如:my best friends KLWDo%%u  
=r. >N\  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial Gu0 ,)jy\  
            A    B     C QO;4}rq  
  and banking center. f>$``.O  
        D Am4lEvb  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 oYM3Rgxf9Q  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 Fj p.T;  
9WG{p[  
pW\'Z Rj  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary [5d2D,)  
                 A         a:STQk V  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. Qx3eL fm  
    B   C     D {Tp2H_EG  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 y(jg#7)  
W6c]-pc  
七、平行结构 / +K?  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 32)tJ|m  
,T,:-E  
.d<W`%[  
(一) 对等连接词 ~`MS~,,  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 NPnHH:\;  
单一式: and, or ,but =qVP]  9  
相关式: both…and, not … but, 6 ,ANNj  
     either …or, neither…nor :* 514N  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as dtStTT  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, c7uG9  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also "8)z=n  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, F0Jx(  
OTWkUB{  
短语式: as well as \ gwXH  
     rather than (而不是) dhPKHrS  
     other than (除…之外) w&h 2y4  
     instead of (代替) b,H[I!. %  
Ol /\t  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 )EM7,xMz  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  ,Z9>h[JF  
       A     B   RrrK*Fk8=  
  but he is now living in Detroit. K]oM8H1  
       C   D vYmSKS  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 b]Kk2S/  
D |bBu  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics 6SM:x]`##,  
       A         B FVsj;  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford qZk'tRv  
  remained active in city and regional planning. klOp ^w  
          C    D  @`"AHt  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 _ ; 9!  
(二)平行的内容 9v )%dO.  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 is; XmF*5=  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of MhEw _{?  
             A         B   rZ1Hf11C  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, F!!N9VIC  
         C            D w FtN+  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. #G]!%  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 m*0,s  
^H'a4G3  
^4Am %yyT  
第二、名词单复数的平行 :\~+#/=:  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 KU9Z"9#  
t/oN>mQG  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, ,{eU P0]  
  A     B          C   al9.}  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. L #[]I,  
                 D   ~}ml*<z@  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 +V862R4,o  
ov# 7 hxe  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, g+8hp@ a  
                   A         B AN:@fZ  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. V:NI4dv/R  
      C          D 1 M3% fW  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have 1r)kR@!LNG  
+ A_J1iJ<  
第三、时态的平行 E N^Uki`  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated ;(6g\'m  
                A     @+,pN6}g  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops 'WyTI^K9  
                   B -_VG;$,jE  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. ({}(qm  
          C    D [ t]X/O3<  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 E9! N>0  
\g)Xt?w0Wo  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- _#$9 y1bd  
  spread from its home in Central America and 7Ob*Yv=[  
  now grows throughout the tropics. D]! aT+  
   (A) to be    (B) it   N^?9ZO   
   (C) the     (D) its Jc4L5*Xn/  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? o@>? *=  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow t6N*6ld2b  
Ac k}QzXO  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- /G{_7cb  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. iGXI6`F"  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised t-%Q`V=[  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised n;XWMY  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 r4_eTrC,  
I XA>`D  
第四、排列位置的平行 y k 161\  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. 1pp -=$k  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode FXKF\1`( H  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  )8gGv  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes lw%?z/HDf  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes !,$i6gm  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 `<\}FS`'  
Oq hD7 +  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: &`|:L(+  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 I lR\  #  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 ^[:9fs  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 ?q2j3e[>  
c2l_$p  
八、词序的颠倒 $Byj}^;1  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向  84zTCX  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 <c[U#KrvJ  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage I&c ~8Dw  
              A    B        KP;(Q+qTx  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. AZ|yX  
      C       D    RNVbcd  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 #(Or|\t  
qMBR *f  
1&=0Wg0ig  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 I<b?vR 'F  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only ij5g^{_T;8  
          A      B     NMO-u3<6.  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. 9ch#}/7B  
    C         D Ey{%XR+*;  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 B DY}*cX  
jdeV|H} u  
Q "r_!f  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 [ mxTa\  
D-imL;|  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were 5M]z5}n/  
          A   B     C   v}G]X Z8  
  in what is now the United States. _ ?7#MWe&  
    D :A46~UA!$  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 XALI<ZY  
a>4uiFiv  
所有的系动词分为三大类: F-(dRSDNM  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, SDG-~(Y  
    is, remain, keep, stay, wCs3:@UH  
    lie, exit(表示位于) \ A1uhHP!  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 6}~pq1IF{  
    become, turn, grow, %HQ.|  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 1PaUI#X"2F  
:vx$vZb  
第三种,感官动词 <[aDo%,A  
    seem(好像是) |9xI_(+{kP  
    look(看起来好像是) m4K* <  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste 75!9FqMZ}  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 os3 8u!3-  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe { kSf{>Ia  
    A               B     qM4c]YIaSl  
   to cause numerous deaths.  v7  
        C   D  ,:Jus  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 Agh`]XQ2  
aIy*pmpD=  
九、词性的混用 S 6,4PP  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 C-eA8pYY/  
\mM<\-'p  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 Jo(`zuLJ  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; yfQ5:X  
%m,6}yt  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high @tohNO>  
          A        B      mpC`Yk  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and =.<@`1  
              C 0|xIBg)  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. gwrY LZNGI  
          D M$4k;  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) s..lK "b  
WtQ8X|\`  
!J1rRPV  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 (YBMsh  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 JTqDr  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds 6%`&+Lq  
         A       B      #1c]PX  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to o56`  
          C        I4;A8I  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. <99M@ cF  
            D bawJ$_O_  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 lPH%Do>K  
^ &E}r{?  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, &uP~rEJl+  
            A       h1 WT  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of 6-`|:[Q~  
      B      C =/<LSeLxH  
   urban Black people in the United States. .)1_Ew  
   D s &Dg8$  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 A,i75kd  
qQ\Y/ }F  
,Vd\m"K{  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 &aM7T_h8  
表示时间有两种可能, _'4 A|-9  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 [{4 MR%--  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, EM>}0V  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 yx V: !gl  
dd2[yKC`  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence r&-m=Kk$  
       A     B     wf, 7==  
  were made while the American Civil War. 6y%0`!  
   C    D Pxn,Qw*  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 V"cKJ;s  
q&C""!h^  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the 0G!]=  
   A      B           C    hdTzCfeZ5@  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. }b1cLchl  
          D @FdSFQ/9  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 }kg ye2[  
M$f7sx  
\uss Uv  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 hsu{eyp  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 fdONP>K[E  
V I% 6.6D  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social RK w$-7O  
                   A     % `Z! 4L  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. |>@W ]CX[  
     B   C    D tHLrhH<w  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 ;c$J=h]  
 Q1@A2+ c  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples k4 F"'N   
   A        B   C      $1SUU F\.  
  easily under the stress of compression. SwZA6R&  
   D Haqm^Ky$  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 LR" 9D  
Sp@-p9#  
T0]MuIJ).  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 =-p$jXVW%  
O$4yAaD X  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine ?7{ H|sI  
    A         B EYA,hc  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. s.8{5jVG  
          C            D B7imV@<  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 dO%W+K  
43=,yz2Ef  
!>:?rSg*  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, Y".RPiTL  
         A u]OW 8rc  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. R LD`O9#j  
   B      C      D TsTPj8GAl[  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 zP<pEI  
ZRYEqSm  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 zl`h~}I  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; $q 2D+_  
two hundred diligent students
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