改错题常考要点 *<X*)A{C
一、代词 W mx3@]<
代词中主要讲解六个问题 -TS,~`O
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 0!tuUn
主格、宾格、所有格 ACpecG
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) s5)y%,E
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(二) 反身代词 flOXV
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 J5Ti@(G5V
He killed himself. (他自杀了) ^sqzlF
He killed him. (他杀了他) '~1Zr uO
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating `g0^W/j
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a series of indicators that could help +[4y)y`
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themselves to predict earthquakes. O2"V'(
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 zL'S5'<F|
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 y,w_x,m
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Ex
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在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 15yiDI
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ,s2C)bb-
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the @]p{%" $
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Pacific. GSd:Plc%
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 Wh~,?}laj
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 0rm(i*Q
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: ZX8@/8sv
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 q8FpJ\
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined %d%?\jV b
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the word“normalcy”to express social and =1'WZp}D5
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economic conditions they promised the nation. c\&;Xr
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 " Up(Vj@
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important /e*fsQ>M:
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John sUK|*y
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Keats, published the year of her death. e6
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. u86
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(四) Who和which的区别 qswC>Gi
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 ZkQ6~cM
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 ZGsd cnz
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who Y4swMN8Bq
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. ZH8 w^}
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 N- knhA
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 dv3u<X M~
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(五) that和which的区别 _KxR~k^
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 T]tu#h{
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it z=g!mVK5
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. 3&AJN#c
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 US"g>WLwJ
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 ujmIS~"
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, -.8K"j{N
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when z},\1^[
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. PlLt^q.z[
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which oQu>Qr{Zp
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly NFx%e
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. K[OOI~"C
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 bEQ- ?X%7
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has tUc<ExvP,
affected the way people in the United States----.
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(A) living and working w(S~}'Sg*P
(B) they live and work &,jUaC5I
(C) live and work 8zj&e8&v
(D) to live and to work j8[U}~*^
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 C`kqsK
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二、介词 `:V'E>
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介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 3I~.'>Pd
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(一) 介词搭配 rnhLv
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those }k%6X@
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Qr~!YPK\
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 PN]hG,q*4O
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. {._'Q[
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分析:B错改为be rich in J.4U;A5
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the *.>@
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. sa o &
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 LS<+V+o2%
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 Ii[U%
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ~$T>,^K
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例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. :K2
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 P`Ku
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has #`|N
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on `0]N#G
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 61kSCu
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 2H9hN4N
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2、介词by G^dp9A
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by A8mc+ Bf(
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing )GG9[%H!
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 8o|C43Q_
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. R~a9}&
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 bv]SR_Tiq
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils ^\B4]'+^j
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to &\6},JN
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supply moccasins and field rations. v?]a tb/h`
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 dcmf~+T
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with m0^ "fMV
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements *)w+xWmM3w
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that are often represented at symbols. yN`hW&K
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 Ua|iAD1
三、谓语动词 y{3+Un
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 UVlB=
①、主谓分割原则 oZ/"^5
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, _PPC?k{z!
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. tik*[1it
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 3x
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②、与后者一致原则 p<dw C"z
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, a"xRc
not only…but also -:d{x#
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③、与前者一致原则 AaB1H7r-
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, . mO8~Z
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ?+=,t]`!m
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ^pe/~ :a
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. X$ul=iBs
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is r%=a :GdAg
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④、就近原则 %2D'NZS
or, either…or, neither…nor, 7\$}|b[9
单数名词+or+复数名词+are _G-6G=q
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is d=+zOF
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 rLD1Cpeb,w
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 0[
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are V3*@n*"N;
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. &=%M("IlD
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 w(+L&IBC
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 c3fi<?0&|
There are five apples that are red. Gl{2"!mt=
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 z/5TYv)S
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets DD7D&@As
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. BB1_EdoG
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 qixnaiZ
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 g:c?%J
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 6x!iL\Y~
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 <dS I"C<
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 vXdI)Sx[
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: E7SmiD@)
a. there be 句型 - t4F
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 ij_5=4aZ-
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 n%vmo
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. .)t*!$5=N
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is 0eA|Uq~
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific tOQnxKzu
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 0w2<2grQ
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miles in width. u3 4.
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分析:倒装句,are改为is @zsqjm
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and A22'qgKm@
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film Q,o"[ &Gp
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. s%zdP
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 N/B-u)?\:
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 5q}7#{A
fifty percent of + 名词 #ChF{mh
one percent of + 名词 SivJaY%
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: S1*xM
one percent of my students + are [jKhC<t}
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 0SDyE
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这里要强调两个结构 t \,XG
half of =fifty percent =?1B|hdo
most of + 可数名词 + are oMb@)7
most of + 不可数名词+ is U;Q?Rh-W
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 4Mv] z^
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found in central and eastern Canada. vqJq=\ .m
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ;Z-%'5hKM
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized ]9$^=z%SE
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. 7SJtW`
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 ?%i~~hfH#N
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 /zIUYY
①、主要考察时间状语 8QFg6#"O
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. R
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was em?Q4t
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②、For和since的区别 S0!w]Ku
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 K4Hu0
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 sc$I,|d2
I has been a teacher for three years. #7p!xf^
I has been a teacher since 1996. C,VvbB
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 ygYy [IZ
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became f}w_]l#[G
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the primary responsibility of the president. WlmkM?@
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 uFn?U)
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of '>[Ut@lT;
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. KRb'kW
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 zV8{|-2]No
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. ji.T7wn1u
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live H
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(三) 谓语的语态 `N8t2yF
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 v Q,<Ke+d
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ch33+~Nn
①、prove K
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My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 +QP(ATdM
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; aNP\Q23D
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming D>0(*O
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be -F_cBu81V
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. _=}.Sg5Q
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 0#4A
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②、Locate,Situate ZG-#YF.1
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置
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Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 }B_?7+
这两个词也可以用作被动 r6GXmr
My school was located near the river. ?d+ri
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 ;YSe:m*
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. HJBGxyw
(A)locates f@[)*([
(B)locating #<X4RJ
(C)to locate LcB+L](
(D)is located t2Jf+t_B7
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 |P`b"x
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③、表示需要概念的动词 L9XfR$7,z
need, want, require等 w}#3 pU<<
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My watch needed repairing HEAW](s
My watch needed to be repaired. dm]g:KWg
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④、表示人的情感的动词 Ijap%l1I
move, annoy, surprise, please等 -2!S>P Zs
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 QmSMDWkh
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 j}d):3!
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主动和被动技巧总结: wVFa51a)yy
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 0|J9Btbp
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the U;TS7A3
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, (+;D~iN` k
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power structures, and flood-control works along >N 2kWSa
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. ]
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 gK;dfrU.8Y
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四、非谓语动词 QIU%!9Y
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(一) 分词 TTl9xs,nO
现在分词和过去分词的区别 ks("(
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①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Gey-8
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then {d'B._#i
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. R!7--]Wcg
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning l l*g *zt3
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Yc-5Mr8*,
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ib
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. RrrlfF ms
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living W7~_XI
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一些动词后面必须用doing RT'5i$q[
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 #')]~Xa
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, J32{#\By
advocate, suggest rO#$SW$YW
delay, quit @W(,|xES
forgive(原谅),tolerate, ;UX9Em
avoid, escape(逃避) gGA5xkA
spend+名词+doing; QJkiu8r
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing i
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their I|>IV
A B C D (lYC2i_b#
crops. hdM?Uoo(4a
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 X88I|Z'HIh
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, _A]~`/0;`
A B &\/}.rF
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. zCwb>v
C D bV@5B#] 2R
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing k}{K7,DM
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(二) 不定式 B"RZpx
A. 动词不定式的省略 r3Ih]|FK#
①、help后面可以省略to YjG:ECj}
help to do !un_JZD
help sb. to do b@[5xv\J
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid W}oAgUd
A B g\,HiKBXd
the habits that might shorten the lives. &$NVEmW-J
C D nr{}yQu
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 ps?B;P
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 8DNGqaH;dt
make, nbz?D_
let, y3C$%yv0
have sb. do sth xo_Es?
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. =zW.~(c{
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians $PNIuC?=
A B Kth^WHL
to know when to play various parts of a composition. X\1'd,V
C D mYzq[p_|j
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know (UTt_ry g
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③、感官动词 b9([)8
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe `W[oLQ
see sb do sth. 强调过程 ,*V{gpC7
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 8P'>%G<m
2,<!l(X
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 j=d@Ih*
(1)表示第一人 Rj%q)aw'
the first woman to do sth. 8\t~*@"
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(2)表示迫使的动词 6kKIDEX
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do /W/ =OPe
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis Ohnd:8E
A B O6;7'
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. pVPCxP
C D Rg,pC.7;
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 B9n$8QS
=x9zy]
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 *<zfe.
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 8AVM(d@
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 X4lz?Y:*
be lieable to do 易于…的 EV z>#GC
be apt to do ]
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(4)表示目的的名词, q<yp6Q3^
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 r'uD|T H
固定的句式: \IbGNV`q
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. )Y+n4UL3NK
the objective 目标 >fPa>[_1
aim <T+)~&g$
goal &xo,49`!
reason理由 SZW`|ajH
function功能 a.#`>
intension意图 u+a"
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing NKd}g
A =VFi}C/
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. ,c<&)6FU]
B C D 3DRJl,v
分析:the function to provide, A错 p'{B|ujj6
\9j +ejGf
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure f1s3pr??
A h|qT
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds {o1vv+i
B Yuo:hF\DH
that make up various components of a living cell. 3/_rbPr
C D czNi)4x
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 kNq>{dNRx
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(5) 其他同根名词 uCkXzb9_z
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 nv$>iJ^~H
attempt to do 企图 R!&9RvNw
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 de7
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ambition, E8X(AZ 2
be ambitious to do F8xz^UQ
O
effort x%h4'Sm
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation u~rPqBT{d3
A B Ml,~@}
p
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. xAwP
C D %Ev)Hk
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 ?,}:)oA_
xs
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great M{z&h>
A B OYyF*F&S[
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. xWK0p'E0
C D y(<+=
分析:efforts to register, C错 /&N\#;kK?b
;.66phe
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 z? Iu;X
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 !k<k]^Z\
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. v4qpE!W27~
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 DzbcLg%:W
I am glad to see you. mGpBj9jr1
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. _b`/QSL
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. )EK\3q
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 >}bkX
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It is difficult to decide. -k
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五、句子的结构 fo=@ X>S
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 og1Cj{0
= Qn8Y`U
(一) 主语的重复 q&&uX-ez5W
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ? <w[ZWytm
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any u`XZtF<vf
A B 4^*Z[6nt|
compromises concerning the establishment of the f*EDSJu\
C D 8
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League of Nations. ; m:I
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 MnQ 6 !1Z
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson :2lM7|@/
T2t o!*T
m~@Lt~LZs
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are G[ q<P
A B _Ry
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. `
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C D !/"y
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 Lf,C50
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(二)谓语的重复 /j:-GJb*!u
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 ?nozB|*>ut
z6OJT6<'
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of )<L?3Jjt5
A B oX-h7;SD
one or more sentences related to the same idea. o&HFlDZ5jO
C D 84-7!< 6i
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 j"<F?k@`Q
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(三)谓语的缺少 ;<v9i#K5
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body ,:3Di (
A B Y.8mgy>
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. 0bG2YMs
C D JOH=)+x
j
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 h+Tt+Q\
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(四)主句的重复 `@i!'h
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ~D\ V!
54,
( ;
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 9!oNyqQ
A B C giz#(61j^
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. G2}e@L0
D >~k"C,6
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 }e* OprF
*R6Ed
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow Th)Z?\8zk
A B 6S#e?>"+
sweeps across the face of the Earth. 4R/cN'-
C D %nfaU~IqK
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 e$3{URg
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided 9zKrFqhNo
A B +(-L
names for towns, only George Washington $R2iSu{kO
C l$~3_3+
is remembered in the name of a state. *|T]('xwC
D uoM;p'
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 #
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六、比较级和最高级 axSJ:j8
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 ]c.1&OB7o
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 NYoh6AR
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which #JFTD[1
A E*!
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. Vy:I[@6@+
B C D *f[nge&.
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 6V"|
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 ^u?#fLr
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. L9| 55z
A B C D b) k\?'j
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 dr|>P*
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例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 1G0U}-6RH
A B C D iP7
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is the grizzly bear. M bj{C
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 VH.mH<
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 U9<AL.
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 n~1F[ *
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with }ZQ)]Mr
A B \kDQ[4mGq
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. {7kJj(Ue
C D iS p +~
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 [@VM'@e7
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 4YV0v,z
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as Tv d}5~
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 {Jna'
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①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 ME0vXi
the taller boy
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 o7r7HmA@
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed E/3i_R
A B {;L,|(o^
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is 4St-Q]Y _
abundant, and humidity is moderate. $a01">q&y
C D )n&6= Li
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they :#VdFMC<
&7
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 6
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例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, U2Tw_
A B C Eq?U$eE
the Navajos form largest group. LVNA`|>
D '~9w<dSB!r
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 | .gE9'"bv
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, Zq~Rkx
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language
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另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the AQ?;UDqU
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many va:<W H
A B C oj[~H}>
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. &Hyy .a
D {<$t
Ej:
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 9q+W>wt
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the \*&?o51!e
例如:my best friends $@vB<(sk
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial C=(Q0-+L|
A B C $)nPj_h
and banking center. k&uh
D rT=C/SKP
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 +0)M1!gK
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 tSux5yV
>kxRsiKV
*N4/M%1P
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary )HC/J-
A 8V}|(b#
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. `"}).{N]C
B C D N UvVhy]{
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 Qu,R6G
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七、平行结构 vK@UK"m
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 j{r@>g;3
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(一) 对等连接词 _tX=xAO9
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 Y%kOq`uT=n
单一式: and, or ,but $pAJ$0=sw
相关式: both…and, not … but, Q.$Rhjb
either …or, neither…nor ,dTmI{@O
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as Q&vdBO/
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, 6 5dMv*{
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also *E/ Mf
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, zs Q|L
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(m,H 5
短语式: as well as J_Tz\bZ3)
rather than (而不是) ~?Ky{jah:^
other than (除…之外) x1#>"z7
instead of (代替) ciN\SA ZY
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 lP`BKc,
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, )S%t)}
A B 0GrM:Lh y
but he is now living in Detroit. `e
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C D N5=BjXSAg
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 A,DBq9Z+4R
b^d{$eoH?|
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics WqNXE)'
A B tn'Jkwp
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford P{n#
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remained active in city and regional planning. 0wv#AT
C D 1W{N6+u
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 ):! =XhQ
(二)平行的内容 (CxA5u1|l
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 H/O.h@E4X
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of AYA{_^#+3
A B JkAM:,^(
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, LBK{-(%
C D f)/Z7*Z
or yearly periods of light and darkness. !'jq.RawP
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 (G"'Fb6d
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第二、名词单复数的平行 +NPL.b|
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 k6Kc{kY
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, AFz:%m
A B C dDa V2:4E
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. e%\^V\L
D v/`D0g-uX)
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 JmI%7bH@
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, <>] DcA
A B cbzA`b'Mg
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. %6m/ve
C D 66v,/#K
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have > G\0Z[<v,
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第三、时态的平行 V"/.An|
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated F]$ Nu
A (t4i&7-
with the imagist movement , but later develops p _gN}v
B BlVHP8/b
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. |L<JO
Q
C D ^{Y, `F
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 V._-iw]v
+:KZEFY?<
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- {]CZgqE{
spread from its home in Central America and X5)D [aE6
now grows throughout the tropics. JYdb^j2c
(A) to be (B) it o@Ye_aM~?Y
(C) the (D) its -)A:@+
GF
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? -laH^<jm5
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow :5kDc"
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- \mb4leg5
commercially for their meat and eggs. rZI63S
(A) raised (B) and are raised pMU\f
(C) raised as (D) are raised {|9knP
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 Ar%*NxX
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第四、排列位置的平行 !.h{/37]
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. ^B.Z3Y
(A) Not only does rust corrode L=(-BYS
(B) Not only rust corrodes qO@vXuul,
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes SFg4}*"C /
(D) Rust not only corrodes l>*X+TpA,
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 w5Fk#zJv
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: g9C-!X-<T
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 .XgY&5Qk
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 w&@tP^`
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 X
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八、词序的颠倒 &zYQH@
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 jP+{2)z"W
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 G;gsDn1t
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage tnpEf
i-
A B B\D)21Ik}%
that can be given to any individual in the United States. &SIf