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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 *<X*)A{C  
一、代词 Wmx3@]<  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 -TS,~`O  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 0!tuUn  
  主格、宾格、所有格 ACpecG  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) s5)y %, E  
^$[ iLX  
(二) 反身代词 flOXV   
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 J5Ti@(G5V  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) ^sqzlF  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) '~1Zr uO  
(*AJ6BQWa  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  `g0^ W/ j  
    A                 B    sd =bw  
  a series of indicators that could help +[4y)y`  
             C      U} w@,6  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. O2"V'(  
    D Ge^,hAM'  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 zL'S5'<F|  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 y,w_x,m  
!YZKa-  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Ex skd}  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 15yiDI o  
D0z[h(m  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ,s2C)bb-  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the @]p {%"$  
     A   B      C          D sf:IA%.4t  
  Pacific. GSd:Plc%  
,+I]\ZeO  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 Wh~,?}laj  
VL'wrgk  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 0rm(i*Q  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: ZX8@/8sv  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 q8FpJ\  
8Op^6rX4  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined %d%?\jVb  
                       A   }[h]z7e2S  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and =1'WZp}D5  
             B 96J]g*o(uU  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. c\&;Xr  
   C       D NL;sn"  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 " Up(Vj@  
&m   GU  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important /e*fsQ>M:  
        A     pl)?4[`LUc  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John sUK|*y  
   B        C      Aq$1#1J  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  e6 x#4YH  
      D mH4u@aQ}  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. u86 PTp+  
pV;0Hcy  
Vsw:&$  
(四) Who和which的区别 qswC> Gi  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 ZkQ6~cM  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 ZGsd cnz  
`wU['{=  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who Y4swMN8Bq  
              A            B yjH'<  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. ZH8w^}  
   C                  D Xw< ;)m  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 N-knhA  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 dv3u<XM~  
jw {B8<@s  
(五) that和which的区别 _KxR~k^  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 T]tu#h{ a  
;in-)`UC!  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it z=g!mVK5  
              A        B 6 R})KIG  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. 3&AJN#c  
      C              D 8wOscL f:  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 US"g>WLwJ  
HiU)q  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 ujmIS~"  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, -.8K"j{N  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when z},\1^[  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. PlLt^q.z[  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which oQu>Qr{Zp  
H)gc"aRe;Y  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly NFx%e  
              A         B   0zSz[;A  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. K[OOI~"C  
         C      D 0 D '^:  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 bEQ-? X%7  
42"nbJ  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  tUc<ExvP,  
  affected the way people in the United States----. 3x+=7Mg9  
   (A) living and working w(S~}'Sg*P  
   (B) they live and work &,jUaC5I  
   (C) live and work 8zj&e8&v  
   (D) to live and to work j8[U}~*^  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 C`kqsK   
zm5Pl G  
二、介词 `:V'E> B  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 3I~.'>Pd  
hB.8\-}QMq  
(一) 介词搭配 rnhLv $  
ki@C}T5  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those }k%6X@  
    A         B   C      g1[BrT,  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. Qr~!YPK\  
                D r1<*=Fs=>>  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 PN]hG,q*4O  
a<r,LE  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. {._'Q[  
A       B     C  D ^#Q -?O  
分析:B错改为be rich in J.4U;A5  
54>0Dv??H  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the *.>@  
    A         B      C !P EKMDh  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. s a o&  
             D {X(nn.GpC  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 LS<+V+o2%  
=oL:|$Pj  
/K&9c !]$C  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 Ii[U%  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ~$T>,^K y  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. :K2 X~Ty  
          A      B  C     D ~"`e9Im  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 P`Ku . ONQ  
IL.bwt pQD  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has #`|N m3b  
                 A  B     iEtR<R>=  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on `0]N#G T  
      C &M?b 08  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 61kSCu  
      D t.;._'  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 2H9hN4N  
 ]aF;  
2、介词by G^dp9A  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by A8mc+ Bf(  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing )GG9[%H!  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 8o|C43Q_  
    A         B       +5|k#'% 5  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. R~a9}&  
   C     D (y!bvp[" m  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 bv]SR_Tiq  
`W)?d I?#M  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils ^\B4]'+^j  
   A                      ~3gaz Te9  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to &\6},JN  
     B    C       D 9Xg7=(#  
   supply moccasins and field rations. v?]a tb/h`  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 dcmf~+T  
1gBLJ0q  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with m0^ "fMV  
        A                g!_#$az3  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements *)w+xWmM3w  
        B          C   Hm'fK$y(  
  that are often represented at symbols. yN`hW&K  
              D l9|K,YVW  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 Ua|iAD 1  
三、谓语动词 y{3+Un  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 UVl B=  
①、主谓分割原则 oZ/"^5  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, _PPC?k{z!  
     A     RjviHd#DXn  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. tik*[1it  
        B      C      D 46)[F0,$r  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 3 x W:"  
`_)9eGQ  
②、与后者一致原则 p<dw  C"z  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, a"xRc  
not only…but also -:d{x#  
SbX^DAlB1  
}*9F`=%F  
③、与前者一致原则 AaB1H7r-  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, . mO8 ~Z  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ?+=,t]`!m  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ^pe/~ :a  
     A      B  C     " w V  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. X$u l=iBs  
         D y=\&z&3$  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is r%=a:GdAg  
\NDW@!X  
④、就近原则 %2D'NZS  
or, either…or, neither…nor, 7\$}|b[9  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are _G-6G=q  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is d=+zOF  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 rLD1Cpeb,w  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 0[ "CP: u  
3VMaD@nYa  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are V3*@n*"N;  
        A      B        A6_ER&9$>N  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. &=%M("IlD  
    C              D f9_Pn'"I  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 w(+ L&IBC  
2|exY>`w  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 c3fi<?0&|  
There are five apples that are red. Gl{2"!mt=  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 z/5TYv)S  
p|0SA=?k"  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets DD7D&@As  
      A            HWou&<EK  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. BB1_EdoG  
   B   C    D C)qG<PW.!  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 qixnaiZ  
[UdJ(cGf  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 g:c?%J  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 6x!iL\Y~  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 <dS I"C<  
4|j Pr J  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 vXdI)Sx[  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: E7SmiD@)  
a. there be 句型 - t 4F  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 ij_5=4aZ-  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 n%vmo f  
+r"fv*g "  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. .)t*!$5=N  
   A     B      C    D    |D;I>O^"R  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is 0eA |Uq~  
bI;u};v  
loyhNT=  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific tOQnxKzu  
             A     B    `a pCu  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 0w2<2grQ  
     C         r/+~4W5  
  miles in width. u3 4.   
     D  p @YbIn  
分析:倒装句,are改为is @zsqjm  
N71%l  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and A22'qgKm@  
   A    B       C         0n?^I>j  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film Q,o"[ &Gp  
                    D `y& 2Bf  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. s%zdP  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 N/B-u)?\:  
cEPqcy *  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 5q}7#{A  
fifty percent of + 名词 #ChF{mh  
one percent of + 名词 SivJaY%  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: S1*xM  
  one percent of my students + are [jKhC<t}  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 0 SDyE  
HUGhz  
这里要强调两个结构 t\,X G  
half of =fifty percent =?1B|hdo  
most of + 可数名词 + are oMb@)7  
most of + 不可数名词+ is U;Q?Rh- W  
C.=[K_  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 4Mv]z^  
   A       B         C   iq`caoi  
  found in central and eastern Canada. vqJq=\ .m  
           D yH',vC.  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ;Z-%'5hKM  
lemUUl(^  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized ]9$^=z%SE  
                 A   B  *~jTE;J  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. 7SJtW` ~  
              C     D v4X)R "jJ  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 ?%i~~hfH#N  
)s>R~7  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 /zIUYY  
①、主要考察时间状语 8QFg6#"O  
EVDcj,b"^  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. R b=q #  
   A        B  C     D MW|:'D`  
k[5:]5lp+  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was em?Q4t  
=nE^zY2m%  
`]wk)50BVp  
②、For和since的区别 S0!w]Ku  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 K4Hu0  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 sc$I,|d2  
  I has been a teacher for three years. #7p!xf^  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. C,VvbB  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 ygYy [IZ  
28LYG rB  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became f}w_]l#[G  
   A      B              5 N:IH@  
  the primary responsibility of the president. WlmkM?@  
     C    D FPukV^  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 u Fn?U)  
!TLJk]7uC  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of '>[Ut@lT;  
             A  B  C   /o9 0O&  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. KRb'kW  
            D x% T.0@!8  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 zV8{|-2]No  
w$"^)E G,7  
L wn  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  ji.T7wn1u  
   A       B        C     D u9N /9  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live H h35cj  
{%c&T S@s  
(三) 谓语的语态 `N8t2yF  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 vQ,<Ke+d  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ch33+~Nn  
①、prove K #}t\  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 +QP(ATdM  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; aNP\Q23D  
2"_5Yyb  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming D>0(*O  
                      A   }m&\I  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be -F_c Bu81V  
    B                  C 5= T$h;O  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. _=}.Sg5Q  
                  D aW9\h_$  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 0#4A 0[vV  
e$/y ~!  
F}=_" IkZ  
②、Locate,Situate ZG-#YF.1  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 '2 Y8  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 }B_?7+  
这两个词也可以用作被动 r6GXmr  
  My school was located near the river. ?d+ri  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 ;YSe:m*  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. HJBGxy w  
   (A)locates f@[)*([  
   (B)locating #<X4RJ  
   (C)to locate LcB+L](  
   (D)is located t2Jf+t_B7  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 | P`b"x  
+r7hc;+G  
③、表示需要概念的动词 L9XfR$7,z  
need, want, require等 w}#3 pU<<  
+~ Hb}0ry  
My watch needed repairing HEAW](s  
My watch needed to be repaired. dm]g:KWg  
|?ZU8I^vW  
④、表示人的情感的动词 Ijap%l1I  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 -2!S>P Zs  
`Tf}h8*  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 QmSMDWkh  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 j}d):3!  
SP/b 4  
主动和被动技巧总结: wVFa51a)yy  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 0|J9Btbp  
ij#v_~g3  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the U;TS7A3  
                 A      jMCd`Q]K  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, (+;D~iN`k  
                 B y z!L:1DG  
  power structures, and flood-control works along >N2kWSa  
                    C J[r_ag  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. ] Ok &%-  
                D vea{o 35!  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 gK;dfrU.8Y  
-,YI>!  
四、非谓语动词 QI U%!9Y  
w'A*EWO  
(一) 分词 TTl9xs,nO  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 ks("( nU  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Gey-8  
j^8HTa0Cy|  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then {d'B._#i  
   A IKnf  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. R!7--]Wcg  
     B      C            D x1`(Z|RJ  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning l l*g *zt3  
jg'"?KSU~  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Yc-5Mr8*,  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ib 'l:GM  
      A               B   f % t N2k  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. RrrlfFms  
               C         D R+He6c!?9  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living W7~_XI  
y]obO|AH  
il{x?#Wrb  
一些动词后面必须用doing RT'5i$q[  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 #')] ~Xa  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, J32{#\By  
 advocate, suggest rO#$SW$YW  
 delay, quit @W(,|xES  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, ;UX9Em  
 avoid, escape(逃避) gGA5xkA  
 spend+名词+doing; QJkiu8r  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing i ^N}avO  
5qqU8I  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their I|>IV  
   A     B    C              D (lYC2i_b#  
  crops. hdM?Uoo(4a  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 X88I|Z'HIh  
lu1T+@t  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, _A]~`/0;`  
               A        B &\/}.rF  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. zCwb>v  
        C          D bV@5B#] 2R  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing k}{K7,DM  
kRzqgVr%  
(二) 不定式 B"RZpx  
A. 动词不定式的省略 r3Ih]|FK#  
①、help后面可以省略to YjG:ECj}  
  help to do !un_JZD  
  help sb. to do b@[5xv\J  
v[?eL0Z  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid W}oAgUd  
              A      B   g\,HiKBXd  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. &$NVEmW-J  
         C     D nr{ }yQ u  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 ps?B;P  
D&&11Iz&  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 8DNGqaH;dt  
  make, nbz?D_  
  let, y3C$%yv0  
  have sb. do sth xo_Es?  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. =zW.~(c{  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians $PNIuC?=  
        A               B Kth^WHL  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. X\1'd,V  
   C     D mYzq[p_|j  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know (UTt_ry g  
`795 K8  
③、感官动词 b9([)8  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe `W[oLQ  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 ,*V{g pC7  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 8P'>%G<m  
2,<!l(X  
p_ QL{gn  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 j=d@Ih*  
(1)表示第一人 Rj% q)aw'  
the first woman to do sth. 8\t~ *@"  
d7tH~9GX8  
(2)表示迫使的动词 6kKIDEX  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do /W/ =OPe  
Vo"\nj  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis Ohnd:8E  
     A                 B    O6;7'  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. pVP CxP  
       C           D Rg,pC.7;  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 B9n$8QS  
=x9zy]  
\:\rkc9LI  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 *<zfe.  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 8AVM(d@  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 X4lz?Y:*  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 EV z>#GC  
  be apt to do ] 4yWcnf  
egxh  
(4)表示目的的名词, q<yp6Q3^  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 r'uD|T H  
固定的句式: \IbGNV`q  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. )Y+n4UL3NK  
the objective 目标 >fPa>[_1  
aim <T+)~&g$  
goal & xo,49`!  
reason理由 SZW`|ajH  
function功能 a.#`>  
intension意图 u+a" '*  
P3UU~w+s  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing NKd}g  
                       A  =VFi}C/  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. ,c<&)6FU]  
           B          C     D 3DRJl, v  
分析:the function to provide, A错 p'{B|ujj6  
\9j +ejGf  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure f 1s3pr??  
                  A       h|qT MwPr  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds {o1 vv+i  
     B  Yuo:hF\DH  
  that make up various components of a living cell. 3/_rbPr  
    C    D czNi)4x  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 kNq>{dNRx  
c12mT(+-  
(5) 其他同根名词 uCkXzb9_z  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 nv$>iJ^~H  
 attempt to do 企图 R !&9RvNw  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 de7 \~$  
 ambition, E8X(AZ 2  
 be ambitious to do  F8xz^UQ O  
 effort x%h4'Sm  
}%75 Wety  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation u~rPqBT{d3  
  A                    B   Ml,~@} p  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. xAwP  
          C       D %Ev)Hk  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 ?,}:)oA_  
xs 1V?0  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great M{z&h>  
  A                   B   OYyF*F&S[  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. xWK0p'E0  
       C            D y(<+=  
分析:efforts to register, C错 /&N\#;kK?b  
;.66phe  
Aflf]G1  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 z? Iu;X  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 !k<k]^Z\  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. v4qpE!W27~  
Bx/)Sl@  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 DzbcLg%:W  
I am glad to see you. mGpBj9jr1  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. _b`/QSL  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. )EK\3q  
VtzBYza  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 >}bkX 6c5  
It is difficult to decide. -k  }LW4  
Rzyaicj^c  
)xL_jSyh  
五、句子的结构 fo=@ X>S  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 og1Cj{0  
=Qn8Y`U  
(一) 主语的重复 q&&uX-ez5W  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ? <w[ZWytm  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any u`XZtF<vf  
          A      B      4^*Z[6nt|  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the f*EDSJu\  
          C          D 8 /}S/$  
  League of Nations. ; m:I  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 MnQ 6 !1Z  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson :2lM7|@/  
T2to!*T  
m~@Lt~LZs  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are G[ q<P  
        A        B  _Ry  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. ` kZ"5}li  
    C         D !/"y  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 Lf,C5 0  
YY$O"!."  
(二)谓语的重复 /j:-GJb*!u  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 ?nozB|*>ut  
z6OJT6<'  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  )<L?3Jjt5  
    A            B    oX-h7;SD  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. o&HFlDZ5jO  
         C   D 84-7!< 6i  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 j"<F?k@`Q  
I=V]_Ik4 N  
(三)谓语的缺少 ;<v9i#K5  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body ,:3Di (  
          A     B    Y.8mgy>   
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. 0bG2YMs  
         C               D J OH=)+x j  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 h+Tt+ Q\  
Psu*t%nQ?A  
(四)主句的重复 `@i! 'h  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ~D\ V!  
54, (;  
T>s3s5Y  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite 9!oNyqQ  
      A         B        C   giz#(61j^  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. G2}e@L0  
     D >~k"C,6  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 }e*OprF  
*R6Ed  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow Th)Z?\8zk  
        A   B       6S# e?>"+  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. 4R/cN' -  
      C    D %nfaU~IqK  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 e$3{URg  
@Js^=G2  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided 9zKrFqhNo  
   A                     B  +(-L  
  names for towns, only George Washington $R2iSu{kO  
      C l$~3_3+  
  is remembered in the name of a state. *|T]('xwC  
          D uoM;p'  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 # ~(VOcRI  
六、比较级和最高级 axSJ:j8  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 ]c.1&OB7o  
SCCBTpmf2B  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 NYoh6AR  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which #JFTD[1  
      A               E*!  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. Vy:I[@6@+  
     B       C           D *f[nge&.  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 6V"|  
6QwVgEnSf  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 ^u? #fLr  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. L9|55z  
     A      B     C  D b) k\?'j  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 dr|>P*  
3D"2yTM(  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 1G0U}-6RH  
     A       B     C   D iP7 Cku}l  
  is the grizzly bear. Mbj{C  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 VH.m H<  
PTU_<\  
y$ L@!r/s  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 U9<AL.  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 n~1F[ *  
iKJ-$x_5  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with }ZQ)]Mr  
   A           B  \k DQ[4mGq  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. {7k Jj(Ue  
   C                 D iS p +~  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 [@VM'@e7  
Xkqq$A4  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 4YV 0v,z  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as Tvd}5~ 5?  
9QQiIi$74U  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 {Jna' eS  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 ME0vXi  
the taller boy ':>u*  
Dru iiA  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 o7r7HmA@  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed E/3i _R  
          A            B {;L,|(o^  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is 4St-Q]Y _  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. $a01">q&y  
    C          D )n&6= Li  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they :#VdFMC<  
&7 K=  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 6 4L;np>  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, U2Tw_  
  A  B         C     Eq?U$eE  
  the Navajos form largest group. LVNA`|>  
         D '~9w<dSB!r  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 | .gE9'"bv  
#tIeI6 Qw  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, Zq~Rkx  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language iR!]&Oh  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the AQ?;UDqU  
kWacc&*|  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many va:<W H  
            A      B         C oj[~H}>  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. &Hyy .a  
            D {<$t Ej:  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 9q+W>wt  
,c-*/{3  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the \*&?o51 !e  
例如:my best friends $@vB<(sk  
!RPE-S  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial C=(Q0-+L|  
            A    B     C $)nPj_h  
  and banking center. k& uh  
        D rT=C/SKP  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 +0)M1!gK  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 tSux5 yV  
>kxRsiKV  
*N4/M%1P  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary )HC/J-  
                 A         8V}|(b#  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. `"}).{N]C  
    B   C     D N Uv Vhy]{  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 Qu,R6G  
> e& L"  
七、平行结构 vK@U K"m  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 j{r@>g;3  
:hs~;vn)  
9PA<g3z  
(一) 对等连接词 _tX=xAO9  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 Y%kOq`uT=n  
单一式: and, or ,but $pAJ$0=sw  
相关式: both…and, not … but, Q.$Rhjb  
     either …or, neither…nor ,dTmI{@O  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as Q&vdBO/  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, 65dMv*{  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also *E/ Mf  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, zsQ|L wQ  
(m,H 5  
短语式: as well as J_Tz\bZ3)  
     rather than (而不是) ~?Ky{jah:^  
     other than (除…之外) x1#>"z7  
     instead of (代替) ciN\SA ZY  
GW;%~qH[,  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 lP`BKc,  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  )S%t) }  
       A     B   0GrM:Lh y  
  but he is now living in Detroit. `e =IXkt  
       C   D N5=BjXS Ag  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 A,DBq9Z+4R  
b^d{$eoH?|  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics WqNXE)'  
       A         B tn' Jkwp  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford P{n# ^4  
  remained active in city and regional planning. 0wv#AT  
          C    D  1W{N6+u  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 ):! =XhQ  
(二)平行的内容 (CxA5u1|l  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 H/O.h@E4X  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of AYA{_^#+3  
             A         B   JkAM:,^(  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, LBK{-(%  
         C            D f)/Z7*Z  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. !'jq.RawP  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 (G"'Fb6d  
crM5&L9zF  
PdcIHN  
第二、名词单复数的平行 +NPL.b|  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 k6Kc{kY  
X1| +9  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, AFz:%m  
  A     B          C   dDaV2:4E  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. e%\^V\L  
                 D   v/`D0g-uX)  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 JmI%7bH@  
Ww]$zd-bo  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, <>] DcA  
                   A         B cbzA`b'Mg  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. %6m/ve  
      C          D 66v,/#K  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have > G\0Z[<v,  
jRK}H*uem  
第三、时态的平行 V"/.An|  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated F]$ Nu  
                A     (t4i&7-  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops p _gN}v  
                   B BlVHP8/b  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. |L<JO Q  
          C    D ^{Y,`F  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 V._-iw]v  
+:KZEFY?<  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- {]CZgqE{  
  spread from its home in Central America and X5)D[aE6  
  now grows throughout the tropics. JYdb^j2c  
   (A) to be    (B) it   o@Ye_aM~?Y  
   (C) the     (D) its -)A:@+ GF  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? -laH^<jm5  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow :5kDc" =Z|  
)]>t(  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- \mb4leg5  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. rZI63S  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised pMU\f  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised {|9knP  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 Ar%*NxX  
B>u`%Ry&  
第四、排列位置的平行 !.h{/37]  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. ^B.Z3Y  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode L=(-BYS  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  qO@vXuul,  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes SFg4}*"C/  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes l>*X+TpA,  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 w5Fk#zJv  
\J:+Wl.9A  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: g9C-!X-<T  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 .XgY&5Qk  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 w&@tP^`  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 X -1r$.  
lLQcy i0  
八、词序的颠倒 &zYQ H@  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 jP+{2)z"W  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 G;gsDn1t  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage tnpEf i-  
              A    B        B\D)21Ik}%  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. &SIf|IX.  
      C       D    +M.BMS2A<l  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。  Xcfd]29  
;Q3[} ]su  
UNSXr`9  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 &qY]W=9uK  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only %1 RWF6  
          A      B     Sg%s\p]N_#  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. {Zw;<1{E  
    C         D ?!m\|'s-  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 d<Lc&wlP  
Yt=)=n  
@}PXBU   
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 34CcZEQQ  
&tbAXU5$  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were T_s09Wl  
          A   B     C   }UcdkKq  
  in what is now the United States. sWse (_2  
    D zC:Pg4=w]  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 %R?WkG  
t%e<]2-8  
所有的系动词分为三大类: _ R]0S  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, }^Sk.:;n3  
    is, remain, keep, stay, E_'H=QN c  
    lie, exit(表示位于) 9D `K#3}  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 wjH1Ombt  
    become, turn, grow, kf<c[su  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) o(DG 3qk  
7 f k)a  
第三种,感官动词 vm;%713#1  
    seem(好像是) ?Bq^#i |m  
    look(看起来好像是) m3o -p   
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste S:i# |T."  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 4 X/UyBk  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe =NY55t .  
    A               B     7T6Zlp  
   to cause numerous deaths. jDQ?b\^  
        C   D  Ye$j43b  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 <)!,$]S  
(p12 =EB<  
九、词性的混用 g=t7YQq_~  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 T\$i=,_$  
VZr:yE  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 @q>Hl`a  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; NZ i3U  
LFW`ISY{  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high *5k40?w  
          A        B      *@PM,tS;  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and 9NU0K2S  
              C 3BCD0 %8  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. DZC@^k \E  
          D ~I+MuI[  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ZGR5"el!  
xR3$sA2  
rq8 d}wj  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 ]"{8"+x  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 dV'EiNpf  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds \z0HHCn'"  
         A       B      wT a u.Bo  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to m]AT-]*f  
          C        rT/r"vr  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. 8;DDCop 8L  
            D A'KH_])  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 P$z_A8}  
)|lxzlk  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, )e,O+w"  
            A       lQ;BI~  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of PVo7Sy!'H  
      B      C 06S R74  
   urban Black people in the United States. :dSda,!z  
   D XnQR(r)pR2  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 Cf2WBX$  
=:^aBN#  
VLez<Id9(  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 S<"Fp1#"l  
表示时间有两种可能, eThaH0  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 V\;Xa0  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, UZyg_G6  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 6Wu*zY_+  
5#K*75>  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence DiFYVR<@  
       A     B     s?w2^<P  
  were made while the American Civil War. +OE!Uqnt  
   C    D cFUD$mp  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 y[8;mCh  
$ DL}jH^S  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the 0*gvHVd/l  
   A      B           C    g #5R|| r  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. |N )Ik8  
          D {VcRur}&Y8  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 }`uyOgGg*  
g ) Lf^  
u{sHuVl  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 :zY4phR  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 orGMzC2  
3~>-A=  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social dY 8 H2;  
                   A     (i~UH04r>s  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. \Zj%eW!m  
     B   C    D C QkY6  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 ha :l-<a  
cMT7Bd  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples >Pw5! i\  
   A        B   C      JwG(WLb:  
  easily under the stress of compression. #V k?  
   D 4|x _C-@  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 2S8;=x}/  
d{fd 5jv;  
&y? |$p\;/  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 F_@B ` ,  
S{^x]h|?  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine ka_m Q<{9  
    A         B ^Mq/Cf_T  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. JD *HG]  
          C            D !oH{=.w  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 `l45T~`]$  
3EY Ed39E  
vHvz-3  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, ;!f='QuA  
         A HS |Gz3~  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. <lzC|>BG  
   B      C      D U*+-#  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 J* !_O#  
_ #\Nw0{  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 {N]WVp*R  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; $'l<2h>4  
two hundred diligent students
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