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第一节:非谓语动词 d{TcjZ
1.In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethe 7]@M
price ofaproductor tomake afree contract with another private individual. }[%F
2.Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect, extremists ofthis kindthinkthatanimalslie outsidetheareaof moralchoice. NO/$}vw
第二节:名词性从句 t:dvgRJt*
一 主语从句 xb7!!PR
1.Thatasmuchas one-fourth ofall timber harvested is notusedprovedto befalse. 6rS
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2.Itisoneofthe mostunpleasantdiscoverieswhichweallmakethatwemustdeclineinthis way, thatifweescapewars,accidentsanddiseasesweshalleventuallydieofoldage,and that this happens atarate whichdiffers little fromperson toperson, so that there are heavyodds in favor ofourdyingbetweenthe ages ofsixty-five andeighty. E.yFCa
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二 宾语从句 5hqXMs
1. Somephilosophers arguethat rightsexist onlywithinasocialcontract, aspart ofan exchange ofduties andentitlements. .aL%}`8l?
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2. Itwasnecessaryto recognizethattheseinstitutions whicharebased on thesamepremises, letus saythesupernatural,mustbeconsideredtogether,our own amongtherest. `?:{aOI
三 表语从句 "-fyX!
1. Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsare butcontributionsto an unending process. p;[.&oJ
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2. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person toturn the newly invented telescopeon the heavensto prove thattheplanetsrevolvearound the sunrather than around theearth. d+Mogku2
四 同位语从句 'Q'-7z-6
1. Influencedbytheviewofsometwentieth-centuryfeministsthatwomen’spositionwithin the family is one of the central factors determining women’s social position, some historianshave underestimated thesignificance ofthewomansuffragemovement. B8cg[;e81
2. Thismodernfaithinmedicines is proved bythefactthatthe annualdrugbilloftheHealth Servicesismountingtoastronomicalfigures andshowsnosigns atpresentofceasing to rise. ( 3,7
第三节:定语从句 <)cmI .J3
1. Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalina zBrIhL]95
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country aslarge as ours andwhere theeconomy is spread over somanystates andinvolves somanyinternationalcorporations. bz&9]%S<
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2. Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneursfromoverseasflockinsearchoffame,fastmoneyandtoparticipateina technologicalrevolutionwhoseimpactonmankindwillsurelysurpasstheepoch-making European Renaissance andIndustrial Revolution ofthebygoneage. o
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第四节:状语从句 Nf~B 1vkp
1. Thegreaterinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthree decadesindicates thestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens, whatevertheir special conditions,deservetheopportunity tofullydeveloptheir capabilities. \ }-v
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2. Initiallythebraincanfunctionnormallyasitlosesdopaminergicneuronsin thesubstantia nigra, eventhough itcannotreplacethedead cells. k \t6b1.M
第五节:并列结构 xoSBMf
1. Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswith in-built personalities willberegardedasworkmatesrather thantools,relaxation willbe in frontof smell-television,anddigitalage willhavearrived. }Ny~.EV5^
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2. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only as little more than a hundredyearsage,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintaining thebehavior oftheindividual is onlybeginning to berecognized andstudied. 0Oq5;5
第六节:强调结构 Erl@]P4
强调结构是指在句子当中,有时为了突出句子的某些成分以加强语气,增强情感色彩或 加强对比,需要改变句子结构,这种结构叫做强调结构 L'BzefU;04
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1Do(does/did)+原形动词表强调 此种结构来强调谓语动词,往往只用于一般现在时或一般过去时的肯定句或肯定结构的 {.,y v>%
祈使句,不适用于"be"动词 ]o8~b-
2Itis/was...that(who)结构表强调 lce~6}
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1. Thus, intheAmericaneconomicsystemitis thedemandsofindividualconsumers,coupled with thedesireofbusinessmen tomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualsto maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used toproduce it. k.0pPl
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2. Itisanimalsandplantswhichlivedinornearwaterwhoseremainsaremostlikelytobe preserved,foroneof thenecessaryconditionsofpreservationis quickburial,and itisonly intheseasandrivers,and sometimes lakes,wheremudandsilthavebeencontinuously deposited,thatbodies andthelike can be rapidlycovered over andpreserved. an?g'8! r:
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第七节:比较结构 }Sb&ux
英语中,比较结构的句型复杂,表现形式多样。在翻译的时候,需要仔细分析,在准确 理解的基础上,才能进行贴切的表达。所以,从理解与表达的角度来看,比较的形式是次要 的,真正重要的是意义上的比较。只要意义上表示比较,就属于比较句式。常见的比较结构 的意义很容易理解,所以也比较容易翻译,如:I am tallerthan he.(我比他高)。因此,这 里不再叙述基本比较结构的翻译方法,而主要介绍在意义上容易混淆的比较结构的翻译。 v3jx2Z
一、as…as…句型 #^/&fdK~A
(一)as…as…句型 |c>A3 P$=B
as…as…句型是同级比较,表示两者比较程度一样。所以在翻译的时候,通常翻译为“… 5h(]S[Zf3
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(二)notas (or so)…as…句型 8>jd2'v{
跟as…as…句型相反的结构notas(orso)…as…表示两者的程度不一样,前者不如后者, 所以,通常翻译为“…不如…”。 k}Vu!+c z
(三)notsomuch…as…句型 4B8{\"6
not somuch…as…通常翻译为“与其说…不如说…”。 .!t'&eV
(四)notsomuch as…句型 <tTn$<
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not somuchas…这个结构相当于“noteven…”,所以通常翻译为“甚至不…,甚至没有…”。 请注意与not somuch…as…这个结构的区别。 2?7a\s
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二、比较级+thantodo…句型 Icf@uQ6
由比较级与than todosth.结合在一起的句型,通常翻译为“不至于做某事”。 = %7:[#n
I hada bettercommand ofEnglish than tomakesuch foolish mistakes. ',*
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三、more…than…句型 VL<)d-
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(二)morethan…句型 fr\
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在英语中,如果more than…句型后面所跟的词性不相同,意义也不尽相同,所以应该 用不同的汉语词来翻译。 d=wzN3 ;-
1.morethan后面接数词,表示“多于…,….以上”的意思。 #tBbvs+%
2.morethan后面接名词或者动词,表示“不只是…”的意思。 y?aOk-TaRA
3.morethan后面接形容词、副词或者分词,表示“极其,非常”的意思。 ]0dp^%
4.morethan…can…则表示“难以…,完全不能…”的意思。 Md[nlz
(三)nomore…than…句型 e}}xZ%$4|
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1. Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of themindsof themenwhowatchtheexperiments. o,Ew7~u
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2. Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigital informationthan existintraditionalmedia. ?^IM2}(p
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第八节:否定结构 35jP</
英语中的否定结构是翻译中的一个常见而以比较复杂质问题。由于英汉两种语言在表达 方法上存在很大差异,尤其在表达否定概念上,英语在用词、语法和逻辑等方面与汉语都有 很大不同。有些英语否定句译成汉语后却变成了肯定形式,而另一些肯定句型译成汉语后又 往往变成否定形式。在翻译过程中,这些否定句就象陷阱一样,稍有不慎,就会掉入其中。 因此翻译否定结构时,切不可望文生义,而必须细心揣摩,真正透彻理解其意义,然后根据 汉语的表达习惯进行翻译。只有正确地理解英语中的各种否定句型,才能使译文准确、恰当 地表达出原文的含义。 FQ(=Fnqn
1 形式肯定但意义否定 morethan can… anythingbut… NRq
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2 形式否定但意义肯定 rMf& HX
not…until(直到……才),not…too(越……越好),nonebut(只有),nothingbut(只有), nothingmorethan(仅仅),no sooner…than(刚一……就),hardly…when…(刚一……就),not only…butalso(不仅……而且),not…longbefore(很快就),nomorethan(仅仅,只是),no other than(只有,正是) }N4=~'R
3 否定谓语转换为否定状语 英语原文否定谓语,翻译成汉语时,需要把否定转移到状语上。 Hedoesn’tstudy inthe classroom. 他不在教室里学习。 Te!q(;L`4
4 主句的否定转换为从句的否定 英语原文否定主句,而翻译成汉语的时候,需要把否定转移到从句上。这样 结构常常 Fv5@-&y$W
是not…because….,可以翻译为“并不是因为…才…”。 t]"3vE>
She did notcomebecauseshe wanted to seeme. RpS'Tz}
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1. Thecontemporaryphenomenonofcarworshipistobeexplainednotleastbythesenseof independence andfreedomthat ownership entails. 3=5+NJ'8
2. Childrenoftodaydonotautomaticallybecomemoresophisticatedbecausetheyhave access tomoreinformationthan children ofthepast. [a
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第九节:倒装结构 }3^t,>I=,6
1. Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthisdonottellhow able an underprivileged youngstermighthave been hadhegrown up under morefavorable circumstances. LYavth`@h
2. Acultureinwhichthecitizenssharesimilarreligiousbeliefsandvaluesismorelikelyto havelawsthatrepresentthewishesofitspeoplethanisaculturewherecitizenscome fromdiversebackgrounds. ^^)D!I"cA,
第十节:分裂结构 Kv!CL9^LX7
1. Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary----thedangersofdruginteractions, for example----and manyare required bystate or federalregulations,itisn’tclear thatthey actuallyprotectthemanufacturers andsellersfromliabilityifacustomer isinjured. NBE)DL
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2. Odd thoughitsounds,cosmic inflation isascientificallyplausible consequence ofsome respected ideasinelementary-particlephysics,and manyastrophysicists havebeen convinced forthebetter partof adecadethat it istrue. EQz`o+
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