长难句 SEzjc ~@3
第一节:非谓语动词 :3Q:pKg
1.In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethe |wuTw|
price ofaproductor tomake afree contract with another private individual. r7R'beiH
2.Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect, extremists ofthis kindthinkthatanimalslie outsidetheareaof moralchoice. C;JW\J~W
第二节:名词性从句 aanS^t0
一 主语从句
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1.Thatasmuchas one-fourth ofall timber harvested is notusedprovedto befalse. Ij4q &i"
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2.Itisoneofthe mostunpleasantdiscoverieswhichweallmakethatwemustdeclineinthis way, thatifweescapewars,accidentsanddiseasesweshalleventuallydieofoldage,and that this happens atarate whichdiffers little fromperson toperson, so that there are heavyodds in favor ofourdyingbetweenthe ages ofsixty-five andeighty. Bcv{Y\x;ko
二 宾语从句 +:jonN9d
1. Somephilosophers arguethat rightsexist onlywithinasocialcontract, aspart ofan exchange ofduties andentitlements. $)ka1L"N
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2. Itwasnecessaryto recognizethattheseinstitutions whicharebased on thesamepremises, letus saythesupernatural,mustbeconsideredtogether,our own amongtherest. [#@l
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三 表语从句 ~Oq
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1. Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsare butcontributionsto an unending process. MFa/%O_*
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2. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person toturn the newly invented telescopeon the heavensto prove thattheplanetsrevolvearound the sunrather than around theearth. <]G'& iv>
四 同位语从句 MCibYvc[
1. Influencedbytheviewofsometwentieth-centuryfeministsthatwomen’spositionwithin the family is one of the central factors determining women’s social position, some historianshave underestimated thesignificance ofthewomansuffragemovement. #|je m
2. Thismodernfaithinmedicines is proved bythefactthatthe annualdrugbilloftheHealth Servicesismountingtoastronomicalfigures andshowsnosigns atpresentofceasing to rise. n!Y_SPg
第三节:定语从句 %eofG]VM<
1. Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalina fTR6]i;
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country aslarge as ours andwhere theeconomy is spread over somanystates andinvolves somanyinternationalcorporations. w]qM
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2. Silicon Valley is a magnet to which numerous talented engineers, scientists and entrepreneursfromoverseasflockinsearchoffame,fastmoneyandtoparticipateina technologicalrevolutionwhoseimpactonmankindwillsurelysurpasstheepoch-making European Renaissance andIndustrial Revolution ofthebygoneage. <FBH;}]
第四节:状语从句 1-^D2B[-
1. Thegreaterinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthree decadesindicates thestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens, whatevertheir special conditions,deservetheopportunity tofullydeveloptheir capabilities. U'F}k0h?\'
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2. Initiallythebraincanfunctionnormallyasitlosesdopaminergicneuronsin thesubstantia nigra, eventhough itcannotreplacethedead cells. fh)eL<I
第五节:并列结构 Ag\RLJ.KD
1. Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswith in-built personalities willberegardedasworkmatesrather thantools,relaxation willbe in frontof smell-television,anddigitalage willhavearrived. M/.M~/~
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2. The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only as little more than a hundredyearsage,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintaining thebehavior oftheindividual is onlybeginning to berecognized andstudied. N
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第六节:强调结构 u{=h%d/
强调结构是指在句子当中,有时为了突出句子的某些成分以加强语气,增强情感色彩或 加强对比,需要改变句子结构,这种结构叫做强调结构 Ww8U{f
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1Do(does/did)+原形动词表强调 此种结构来强调谓语动词,往往只用于一般现在时或一般过去时的肯定句或肯定结构的 U3B&3K} ~
祈使句,不适用于"be"动词 w{T$3F`@9
2Itis/was...that(who)结构表强调 T7mT:z>:
3 强调部分提前 rMJ@oc
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1. Thus, intheAmericaneconomicsystemitis thedemandsofindividualconsumers,coupled with thedesireofbusinessmen tomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualsto maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used toproduce it. ;sYDs71y
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2. Itisanimalsandplantswhichlivedinornearwaterwhoseremainsaremostlikelytobe preserved,foroneof thenecessaryconditionsofpreservationis quickburial,and itisonly intheseasandrivers,and sometimes lakes,wheremudandsilthavebeencontinuously deposited,thatbodies andthelike can be rapidlycovered over andpreserved. ?+=,t]`!m
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第七节:比较结构 &/^p:I
英语中,比较结构的句型复杂,表现形式多样。在翻译的时候,需要仔细分析,在准确 理解的基础上,才能进行贴切的表达。所以,从理解与表达的角度来看,比较的形式是次要 的,真正重要的是意义上的比较。只要意义上表示比较,就属于比较句式。常见的比较结构 的意义很容易理解,所以也比较容易翻译,如:I am tallerthan he.(我比他高)。因此,这 里不再叙述基本比较结构的翻译方法,而主要介绍在意义上容易混淆的比较结构的翻译。 KQ9w>!N[
一、as…as…句型
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(一)as…as…句型 T;Kv<G;
as…as…句型是同级比较,表示两者比较程度一样。所以在翻译的时候,通常翻译为“… tq}sedYhee
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(二)notas (or so)…as…句型 |QbCFihn
跟as…as…句型相反的结构notas(orso)…as…表示两者的程度不一样,前者不如后者, 所以,通常翻译为“…不如…”。 V+>RF
(三)notsomuch…as…句型 `xv Uq\
not somuch…as…通常翻译为“与其说…不如说…”。 R3_;!/1
(四)notsomuch as…句型 D.7cWR`Wp
not somuchas…这个结构相当于“noteven…”,所以通常翻译为“甚至不…,甚至没有…”。 请注意与not somuch…as…这个结构的区别。 EqD@o
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二、比较级+thantodo…句型 f9_Pn'"I
由比较级与than todosth.结合在一起的句型,通常翻译为“不至于做某事”。
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I hada bettercommand ofEnglish than tomakesuch foolish mistakes. rFC9y o
我的英语学得很好,不至于犯这样愚蠢的错误。 /;q3Q#
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三、more…than…句型 B"4A1!
(一)more Athan B句型 ~9!@BL\
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是A而不是B 与其说B不如说A less Athan B句型 A比B少 s;Z i
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与其说A不如说B .gRb'
(二)morethan…句型 b4KNIP7E
在英语中,如果more than…句型后面所跟的词性不相同,意义也不尽相同,所以应该 用不同的汉语词来翻译。 4yMi9Ri4H
1.morethan后面接数词,表示“多于…,….以上”的意思。 Bz,Xg-k+
2.morethan后面接名词或者动词,表示“不只是…”的意思。 4rCw#mVtB
3.morethan后面接形容词、副词或者分词,表示“极其,非常”的意思。 i-95>ff
4.morethan…can…则表示“难以…,完全不能…”的意思。 N^[MeG,8
(三)nomore…than…句型 }ew)QHd
1. nomore Athan B b83m'`vRM
notAanymorethan B |U~\;m@
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2.noless Athan B A是B也是 gZz5P>^
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1. Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of themindsof themenwhowatchtheexperiments. 6SAYe%e
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2. Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigital informationthan existintraditionalmedia. ){tT
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第八节:否定结构 ,G$<J0R1
英语中的否定结构是翻译中的一个常见而以比较复杂质问题。由于英汉两种语言在表达 方法上存在很大差异,尤其在表达否定概念上,英语在用词、语法和逻辑等方面与汉语都有 很大不同。有些英语否定句译成汉语后却变成了肯定形式,而另一些肯定句型译成汉语后又 往往变成否定形式。在翻译过程中,这些否定句就象陷阱一样,稍有不慎,就会掉入其中。 因此翻译否定结构时,切不可望文生义,而必须细心揣摩,真正透彻理解其意义,然后根据 汉语的表达习惯进行翻译。只有正确地理解英语中的各种否定句型,才能使译文准确、恰当 地表达出原文的含义。 A22'qgKm@
1 形式肯定但意义否定 morethan can… anythingbut… ~MK%^5y?
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2 形式否定但意义肯定 YipL_&-
not…until(直到……才),not…too(越……越好),nonebut(只有),nothingbut(只有), nothingmorethan(仅仅),no sooner…than(刚一……就),hardly…when…(刚一……就),not only…butalso(不仅……而且),not…longbefore(很快就),nomorethan(仅仅,只是),no other than(只有,正是) 7a%)/)<D
3 否定谓语转换为否定状语 英语原文否定谓语,翻译成汉语时,需要把否定转移到状语上。 Hedoesn’tstudy inthe classroom. 他不在教室里学习。 =kW7|
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4 主句的否定转换为从句的否定 英语原文否定主句,而翻译成汉语的时候,需要把否定转移到从句上。这样 结构常常 s%l^zA(
是not…because….,可以翻译为“并不是因为…才…”。 Q,>]f@m
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1. Thecontemporaryphenomenonofcarworshipistobeexplainednotleastbythesenseof independence andfreedomthat ownership entails.
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2. Childrenoftodaydonotautomaticallybecomemoresophisticatedbecausetheyhave access tomoreinformationthan children ofthepast. G@6F<L~$1
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第九节:倒装结构 $xq$
1. Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthisdonottellhow able an underprivileged youngstermighthave been hadhegrown up under morefavorable circumstances. 2Afg.-7EP
2. Acultureinwhichthecitizenssharesimilarreligiousbeliefsandvaluesismorelikelyto havelawsthatrepresentthewishesofitspeoplethanisaculturewherecitizenscome fromdiversebackgrounds. w@hbY:Z9z
第十节:分裂结构 j4]y(AA
1. Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary----thedangersofdruginteractions, for example----and manyare required bystate or federalregulations,itisn’tclear thatthey actuallyprotectthemanufacturers andsellersfromliabilityifacustomer isinjured. )
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2. Odd thoughitsounds,cosmic inflation isascientificallyplausible consequence ofsome respected ideasinelementary-particlephysics,and manyastrophysicists havebeen convinced forthebetter partof adecadethat it istrue. H
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