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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 e%lx RN"b
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 /9=r.Vxh
$J):yhFs e 2．被动形式 33EF/k3vW
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jm={+ @+ (s,& ,I=@ c$ !?4z_. v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 UeO/<ml3>J v 时间状语从句当中的时态： PGJh>[ s xrPZy*Y, ^x \VMd3*w 一般过去时 所有的过去 {&n- @$? 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 reN\| ?0{ 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 EwzR4,r\M 一．非谓语动词 N l@G\_
一．不定式： fWmc$r5n](
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一）不定式的常考形式： ^~H{I_Y
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| 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. V1]GOmXz 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 1?Y>X
z 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 HDH G~<s
,a{85HLr] 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. A3a/ /e 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. ~S/oW89 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 }=/zG!+
zWEPwOlI1P 二）不定式常考的考点： @ b!]Jw
9>~p A]j% 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 61S;M8tNv
~bZ$ d{o^ 2）不定式做状语----目的 }3{eVct#|
vh a9,5_ 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. ]I\GnDJ^
c<_%KL&R 三)不定式的省略 +K1M&(
ai_ve[A 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel sUG!dwqqd
Hh% !4_AMw + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； v&d1ACctJ + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 O-(V`BZe I saw him work in the garden yesterday. TF8#I28AD
iJzBd7 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) jKq*@o~} I saw him working in the garden yesterday. <8:h%%$? 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） MNu0t\`p4 v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 1{a%V
$S[ 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to 8%9 C<+.R
T`x|=} I ‘d like to have John do it. 4,)9@-|0R
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C I have my package weighed. m
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U ]<l-~| Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. 9+@h2"|N4*
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Z6WS; 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do d/; tq
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_ 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： r)^sHpK:`
K0gQr.J53 want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do 2{=]Pf force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do zZ%[SW&vC be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do x%EGxs;>^ .a@12J(I 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 \W*L9azr
G[k3` accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. pA y4%|( 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 mh3S?Uc
JWb + He needs (a lot of) encouraging. m'"r<]pB*4 0+C cNY9
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md, 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 aj5HtP-
^\ [p6> 1)是名词 seeing is believing ,`H
weIq( 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. Rt#QW*h\|i 一)动名词的形式: On*I.~
s;vt2>;q+e 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. u}%
OC43 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. JR] 2Ray 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. H^-Y]{7 二) 动名词常考的点 (%B{=w}8
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5qIKopL 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 "L~Oj&AN[
cp Ot?XYR~ 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 }k }=e
g4Z Uh@b~ 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. !{-W%=Kf
1K9.3n I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． (,I:m[0 A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） liS' I regret not having taken your advice. N?qETp -: 4)有些词后只能接动名词 NZ1B#PG,c
77M!2S _E admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... 6y^
zC? 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： d#T5 =5 # it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... c P?GRMX@} li%@HdA! |m-N5$\IC 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 N
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remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 w%\
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('7?"npd I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) 5~h )pt47
JzEg`Sn^ I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) q?LOtN? o
o+|>D&CW% forgot与remember的用法类似。 Y^]n> X I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… gxO~ 44"
x;W!sO@$ I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 !PI g , try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. uRy}HLZ"
,It0brF try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. : ?f+*
B9"d7E#wHF I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 le^Fik
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 J;>;K6pW prefer的用法： Cj#wY
我宁愿在这里等。 -+){ ;, I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） e^ *&& I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） ,xU#uyB I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） ubB1a_7 W)1nc"WqY
V(cU/Aia^ 3 分词： \2u7>fU!
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现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 4j;IyQDvM
现在分词的形式: Vw ; iE=L
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) MVM Jl ">
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) ->qRG
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) Q:)
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过去分词 >c@! EPS
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. #U 0| j?!D
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) CXn?~m&K
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 H`<u2fo|p
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