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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 rFd@mO
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 $B _Nc*_e
12gw#J/)9h 2．被动形式 n_; S2KM
DPeVK yjU [JZ h*A * F|i&2 v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 e6o/q)9# v 时间状语从句当中的时态： 5U3qr*/ ;m %B0w~[!4} 4 * H(sq 一般过去时 所有的过去 3]!h{_:u 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 f@h2;An$w 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 {cl C n 一．非谓语动词 2c"/ QT
一．不定式： k+f1sV[4}
x<Iy<v7- 一）不定式的常考形式： 9} .,2JE
Z 4\tY^NI 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. Kq8 (d`g} 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. L,E-z_<p 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 =A$Lgk>|
V/@[%w= 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. =jsx (3V 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. -|6V}wHg~ 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 q|R+x7 x
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%fM 二）不定式常考的考点： <zfO1~^
Tavtr9L0XY 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 {bW" ~_6}
9cl{hdP{ 2）不定式做状语----目的 ~o}moE/
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O\LjtMF 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. yBr$
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JJ^iy*v 三)不定式的省略 jB*9 !xrd,
( K^YD K 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel jK&
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~s_E + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； ;+S2h-4 + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 emGV]A%nss I saw him work in the garden yesterday. Na~g*)uT$
{KF 7j63 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) <1ztj #B I saw him working in the garden yesterday. oA(. vr 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） }`+O$0A v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. P58\+9d_ 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to D<+ bzC
$M:4\E5( I ‘d like to have John do it. .F{}~
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a 7QlU=\ I have my package weighed. ?7rmw
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~EM#Hc, Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. eY
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N[|by}@n 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do fS;m+ D!j@
n?TO!5RZK 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： m?
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:epitpJ want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do r9p?@P\:[ force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do 2c*VHIl; be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do C9"f6>i ,d/CU 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 cG~_EX$
rm7*l<v6 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. H4 K(SGx 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 XY$cx~
+#i ,87 He needs (a lot of) encouraging. +E""8kW- Z r&j+; JM5
9I^H)~S 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 .PA ?N{z
$AL|d[[T[ 1)是名词 seeing is believing ^YB\\a9 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. <7R
kM 一)动名词的形式: <try%p|f
7\Yq]:;O 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. Fr E/K _L 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. @/ovdf{ 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. QVA!z## 二) 动名词常考的点 37<GG)
(t]R#2{ 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 u0$5Fd&X
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2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 `b,g2XA
8mQd*GGu1 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. hF{mm(qyv
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HpV I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． :[$i~V A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） <P
Z\qE*+y I regret not having taken your advice. 5E !|on 4)有些词后只能接动名词 KTS7)2ci
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H)1Dfq admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... !un"XI0`t< 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： jind!@}! it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... '\3.isTsx hrtN.4p[ )-7( Hv1 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 U S~JLJI
X wn|. remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 -Z Ml[;OM
Uu<sntyv I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) I5AjEp
C X@H G)l I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) "\P~Re"EH
dYttse' forgot与remember的用法类似。 P<w>1
= I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… ?%TM7Z4
:j!_XMyT: I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 r4qV}-E try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. bu!<0AP"N+
"B{xC}Tw try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. 7* W$GCd8
4 rCqN .J I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 OTbjZ( To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 ?@7| Q/ prefer的用法： o ML
K!]a 我宁愿在这里等。 hQrsZv:Q
I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） K0bmU(Xxp I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） [75e\=wK I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） ;R >42
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HG MH
g 3 分词： B c` A]U
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现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 |Szr=[
现在分词的形式: 15yV4wHr
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) ."g5+ xX
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) >TV d *S
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) JaN_[ ou
过去分词 [_B&7#3>7
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. z:?
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2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) U-N/Z \QD
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 4E94W,1%,Y
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