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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 m .':5
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 0^G5 zQlj
R{0nk 2．被动形式 L4 )
XxeyGs^%9 @Fs2J_ v `:&jbd4H v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 Wd78 bu| v 时间状语从句当中的时态： CU G3C F9\T < "T+o XK\B 一般过去时 所有的过去 =MCQNyf+ 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 5q Y+^jO]o 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 z&x3":@u< 一．非谓语动词
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一．不定式： -YD+x PD
$ &III 一）不定式的常考形式： e <]^7pz
d=~- 8]%\ 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. o{n)w6P{R, 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. Q gZ`~ 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 pY T^Ug
aUVJ\ ;V 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. l%^VBv>
2 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. C[0*> W8o 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 ,|u^-J@
hnf7Q l} 二）不定式常考的考点： ) }. <lSw
hynX5,p;. 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 R qnT*
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Q&{ 2）不定式做状语----目的 F
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Q;EQ8pL?" 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. N=h huKt]
7 g2@RKo 三)不定式的省略 D6M ktE)'
=%UX "K` 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel 6gSo>F4=
-N4km5 + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；
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+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 Q8^fgI | I saw him work in the garden yesterday. w)u6J ,
sp V E'"^ 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) 5*#!w1X I saw him working in the garden yesterday. k&kx%skz 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 4jyDM68i v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. /%'>?8/ 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to 'W>Z r}:
GdxMHnn= I ‘d like to have John do it. 8,(FJ7OCT,
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Ny) I have my package weighed. _Coh11
s?j` _ B Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. ~j qG
H /kSFf{ 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do ~|7jz;$V
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T 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： y].vll8R
b.<>CG ' want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do c|s*(WljY force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do 6@2 S*\& be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do ^Y pA@`n cP4K9:k 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 h7EKb-@
.>K):|Opv accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. T2nbU6 H 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 |+ ^-b}0
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7 He needs (a lot of) encouraging. e@-"B9~ 3M nm2*\
tPT\uD #t 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 X>n\@rTo
31w9$H N 1)是名词 seeing is believing 4)o_gm~6c4 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. wW7W+,{ o 一)动名词的形式: !Cm<K*c"&E
'wo[iNy[ 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. VtR?/+8X 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. "%c\i-&t
被动形式：This question is far from being settled. 6AZJ,Q\E@ 二) 动名词常考的点 +TzF*Np
V Qm)32' 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 scky G
O IF0X! 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 "t<$ {
}w \["r 3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. gI&& LwT
4
iOB]72d h I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． `U4R%
qhWA A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） XE_|H1&j I regret not having taken your advice. |bQX9|L 4)有些词后只能接动名词 a!,q\p8<t0
D nA}!s admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... %nJ^0X_] 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： "5mdq-h( it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... NymS8hxR QE&rpF7l{ .6%-Il 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 4@P
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0>Y3>vwSl remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 +'abAST
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/TTmMx* I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) ,K Ebnk|i
{n8mE,;M I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) k%V#{t.
u8pJjn; forgot与remember的用法类似。 z'K&LH I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… +0mU) 4n/
1 u&}Lq( I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 {D1"bDZ try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. Bk&ry)`gD
S[rz=[7{ try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. {-IH?!&v
bX%9'O [ - I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 K'.aQ&2 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 g+oS
bC prefer的用法： Fyy)665x/ 我宁愿在这里等。 M=hxOta I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） RnV
) * I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） 6p%;:mDB I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） 4(>|f_$ :B?C~U k
@ l: \0cO 3 分词： 6qQdTp{i
H'E(gc)>)
现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 {fe[$KQ
现在分词的形式: -J8 &!S8 X
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) ;5qZQ8 `4
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) @&(0]kZ6
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) ^$-ID6
过去分词 (D 5 dN\
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. *@`Sx' 5!
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) Q-<N)K$F(4
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 Q!7 il<S
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