考博英语语法归纳

英语语法归纳 /?*]lH.

一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表：

1．主动形式

'e!J06 F_H82BE+3	过去 bt$)Xu<R	现在 }H"kU2l	将来 2%u;$pj	过去将来 6"f}O<M5H
一般 SUM4Di7	did 3W_PE+:Kr	do ])}(k	will/shall do 04U")-\O	should/would do kgi>} %
进行 tmUFT	was/were doing @]aOyb@	am/is/are doing i0jBZW"_1$	will/shall be doing CQh,~	/
完成 JM- t< .	had done 26vp1	have/has done -Go 7"j	will/shall have done f"1>bW>R+	should/would have done用于虚拟语气
完成进行 e[_m<e	had been doing zOgTQs"ZH	have/has been doing ^z6_Uw[	/	/

2．被动形式

%wcSM~w s,k	过去 ^ V$Ajt	现在 D%6;^^WyUx	将来 r}[7x]sP	过去将来 `Qr%+OD
一般 N_:qRpp6i	was/were given A+hT3;lp	am/is/are given ;q N+^;,2	will/shall be given J+d1&Tw&	should/would be given mU}F!J#6
进行 J{^RkGF	was/were being given \+aC"#+0	am/is/are being given F 8B#}%JE	/	/
完成 ~3uP6\F	had been given _6ay-u	have/has been given Aq3}Ng	will/shall have been given R<OI1,..r	should/would have been given `ZC<W]WYX/
完成进行 M(/r%-D	/	/	/	6'FdGS

v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。
v 时间状语从句当中的时态：

一般过去时         所有的过去
用     一般现在时    表示现在和将来
现在完成时        现在完成和将来完成

一．非谓语动词 `G}TG(

一．不定式： R#I0|;q4|p

一）不定式的常考形式：

1)    一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.
被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.
           语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 IhVO@KJI
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2)    完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. N(Fp0
被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 9 [.8cg*
          语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 K/|Z$4 S
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二）不定式常考的考点： !:q/Ye3.
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1）不定式做定语----将要发生 Utnr5^].2O
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2）不定式做状语----目的 AP'*Nh@Ik(
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3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. @$[?z9ck"
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三)不定式的省略 LG9+y
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   1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel snobT Q
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+ do　表示动作的完整性，真实性； ;$.J3!
+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 S4Y&
　I saw him work in the garden yesterday. F8jd'OR
D1zBsi94D
　昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) gOSJM1Mr3
　I saw him working in the garden yesterday. v0z5j6)-1
　昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） _>(^tCo
v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. +ElfZ4
2) 使役动词   have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to Xg|B \\
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I ‘d like to have John do it. ^o3"#r{:+
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I have my package weighed. }X)&zenz
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Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. E~Sb
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3) help   help sb do    help sb to do   help do help to do :61Tu n
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四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： vQosPS_2L
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want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect   allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do n0r+A^]
force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do JjPKR?[>
be   ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do F U_jGwD
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五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 1C}NQ!.
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accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. 8ja$g,
三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 0h#lJS*
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He needs (a lot of) encouraging. LLk(l#K*
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二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 ~zHjMo2
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1)是名词     seeing is believing m? eiIrMW
2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语   starving troops is necessary. h]. <t&
一)动名词的形式: _-q.Q^
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一般形式：I don't like you smoking.        Ov5"
完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. 3.| S
被动形式：This question is far from being settled. pXrFljoYl[
二) 动名词常考的点 AJh w
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1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 2/vMoVT,
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2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 ~Mx!^
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3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. f$+,HB
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I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． dYT%
A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） 2;zb\d
I regret not having taken your advice. SG6kud\b
4)有些词后只能接动名词 FG%X~L<d,)
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admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... n!NS(.o
另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： xDG2ws=@D
it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... Y'1S`.
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5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 ~ DBcIy?
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remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 lt ^GvWg
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I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作) G~Hzec{#tg
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I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) 3?c3<`TW
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forgot与remember的用法类似。 q#T/
I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… VRI0W`
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I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 b6Wq r/
try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. R$q; !
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try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. ex::m&
+_; l|uhT;
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 #pb92kA'
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 UaWl6 Y&Vu
prefer的用法： LW[9
我宁愿在这里等。 @ o3T
I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） i(AT8Bo2
I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） G_0( |%
I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） v3aYc:C
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3 分词： #:[t^}
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现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 1DE1.1
现在分词的形式: DVSL [p?_
1)一般式:     Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）?      (与谓语动词同步发生) \HKxh: F'
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) mS~o?q-n
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) do*EKo
过去分词 )XvilCk1
1)    过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. H@q?v+2
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) N+Y]s t+
这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 .?R!D YC`

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