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 考博英语语法归纳
英语语法归纳 BmFs6{>~c
一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 u/L\e.4
'>r"+X^W 2．被动形式 s4{WPU9
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a*-XB VTt{ 0 ~ v CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 -}Iw!p#O3 v 时间状语从句当中的时态： cj!Ew}o40D U<*8KiI 9a*
}&fL[ 一般过去时 所有的过去 RN%*3{- 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 ]8qFxJ+2^ 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 0Lo)Ni^" 一．非谓语动词 2yyJ19Iul
一．不定式： u, R;=DNl
`;9Z?]}` 一）不定式的常考形式： zNs8yMnFr
Z7X_U` Q 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. bH-QF\> 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. d,_Ky#K5b 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 VqeK~,}
4[ 7) $ 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. U '#Xwax 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. )r)3.|wJm 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 O{^ET:K@
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x eT . 二）不定式常考的考点： 2k}" 52
.^fV m 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 NEpomE(>x
6i6 m*=h 2）不定式做状语----目的 JfJLJ( }
R| jt mI? 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. -A?6)ggf.
|4J ;s7us 三)不定式的省略 K/Q%tr1W0
rjFIK`_w 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel Dsl,(qm5
m#\I&(l+ + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； lo1<t<w` + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 9; \a|8O I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 9h Jlc
fEdp^oVg 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) <|!?V"`3 I saw him working in the garden yesterday. <}\!FuC 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） ~rUcko8 v 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. FZvh]ZX 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to :i?7RouO
n=z=%T6 I ‘d like to have John do it. c Y C@@?
6njwrq o I have my package weighed. YB `;<+sY
8|z@"b l) Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. U#qs^f7R
"^Ax}Jr 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do ?tA<:.<vtY
T 5AoBUw 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： &y}
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`kRv+Qwfa want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do 5DI& pR1eZ force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do @@ 1Sxv_ be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do ]8m_ +:`= Vx~N`|yY 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 "PK`Ca@`v
l0v]+>1i: accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to. F?!X<N{ 三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。 U2 DE zr
!eC]=PoY He needs (a lot of) encouraging. ]\ .3<^ ru 5T0w";V
O0~Qh 0~l 二. 动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 |4_[wX
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ssx #\ 1)是名词 seeing is believing 6p}dl>T_y 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary. :&'[#%h8 一)动名词的形式: gz~)v\5D/
6a%dq "5 + 一般形式：I don't like you smoking. q=J8 SvSRl 完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice. 7_^JgA|Kk7 被动形式：This question is far from being settled. 5i eF8F% 二) 动名词常考的点 5/ f"dX
*@-a{T} 1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数 3yXSv1
.271at#- 2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词 nu<k
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3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语. -nL!#R{e
iYR`|PJi I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． Tz<@k A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对） *_,: &Ur I regret not having taken your advice. Ts c2;I 4)有些词后只能接动名词 Pg%k>~i
%'3Y? d admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can't help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand... 11Y4oS 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： _2 Hehw it's no good; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... ^a # M WHzrqCA Cz) /
Bq 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 8;+dlWp
Cu-z`.#}R remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。 p/4}SU
d:GAa I remembered to post the letters. (指未来/过去未来的动作)
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QKt+Orz I remembered posting/having posting the letters (我记得这个动作) M?G
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v#E RXIrf forgot与remember的用法类似。 csCi0'u I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你… gVU&Yl~/^
ZB5u\NpcW I regretted having left the firm after twenty years. 为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。 ;UoXj+Z try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness. e,I{+ ^P
3l o.YLP^ try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day. J]mq|vE
^E| {i]j#f I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. [打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。 NUb:5tL To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. [意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。 f3M~2jbv'p prefer的用法： bc ;(2D 我宁愿在这里等。 Qe;j_ BH I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） <lFQ4< "m I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） ;y%C\YB# I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。） W
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{xS\CC(g 3 分词： 8"2X 8 C8
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现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 -Yf pfNt
现在分词的形式: 'l`T(_zL\%
1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）? (与谓语动词同步发生) Bp:i[9w
2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed. (发生谓语动词之前) Kk t9M\
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3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.( 发生谓语动词之前且表示被动) Y/aNrIK7
过去分词 M+q|z 0 U
1) 过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared. i][af
2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere. (强调正在被做) 2 (Ez
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这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。 |=CV.Su
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