过去分词与形容词的语义差： Xd@x(T~'X
1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things f*GdHUZ*
the destructive power of modern weapons Mf.:y
Damaged: being in a bad state =U<6TP]{
emotionally damaged children A]mXV4RmI
2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements x#&%l JT
He’s one of the most respected managers in the game. Odj4)
Respectful: feeling or showing respect "T'?Ah6
They listened in respectful silence. @Z %I g
3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides. % .n 7+
Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby. 'CC;=@J
Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment. yct^AN|%
4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights. > aV
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Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative. hu''"/raM
5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother. iPoDesp
Lovable: a sweet lovable child #.z`clK#
Lovely: We had a lovely holiday. +:fr(s!OE
6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone. = ;"$t_t
Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds tZn=[X~Vw@
Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford. <!M ab}
虚拟语气 }v?_.MtS
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 L?gak@E
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别 zIjUfgO/M
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 NiTLQ" ~e
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) d 9n{jv|
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) .^J7^ Ky,
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 A& ~<qgBTp
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 :Sj r
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)
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Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) xRx8E;Q@h?
（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 9 O/l{
It took me only five minutes to finish the job. x>yeF,q1
2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 P_f>a?OL :
(1)不定式作表语 ? <. U,
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 9-9:]2~g!
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。 K{)YnY_E;
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 ] EzX$T
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 dU~DlaEy(
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 p|D-ez8
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。 {,|J?>{
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 3 #zw Y
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
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The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. x>@+lV'O
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant． 9x~qcH%
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 _/)?GXwLn
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。 =v$H8w
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。 wb>>bV+U
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 T F !Lp:
People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
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His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected． @42!\1YT
(3)分词作表语 4K@`>Y5g*
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有： S|8O$9{x9q
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 'Ert
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exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 3f{%IU(z
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 `3$
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disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 [1Dg_>lz
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 'y#kRC=G:
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 k MS[
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 7^bO`
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 0;-S){
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
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worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的 KUf
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Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 {)eV) 2a
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 2'"$Y'
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。 ms=I lz
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 B
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3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 .L rdw3(
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求： $cev, OW6]
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 * xs8/?
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 47"ERfP
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 39 JLi~j,
afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 c@{,& ,vsj
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 ,\5]n&T;r
begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 bw
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appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 m=2TzLVv
cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 }k}5\%#li5
ask问 dread害怕 need需要 5I{Ys M
agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 r]'AdJFt
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 H7)(<6b,z
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 =5_8f
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划 tk
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bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 L[+65ce%*
care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 yPm)r2Ck
decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾 SZ c6=^$
choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 )zt*am;
claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 8(%iYs$
start开始 undertake承接 want想要 P G) dIec
consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 A1\;6W:
decide决定 learn学习 vow起 #(CI /7
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contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 a +*|P
