过去分词与形容词的语义差： ]Twy
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1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things '&+]85_&$
the destructive power of modern weapons w4fQ~rcUIc
Damaged: being in a bad state mW$ Oi++'d
emotionally damaged children Fge ["p?GF
2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements 'QQq0 .
He’s one of the most respected managers in the game. nE +H)%p
Respectful: feeling or showing respect p+8o'dl8=
They listened in respectful silence. DZ @B9<Zz{
3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides. 9%Tqk"x?
Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby. ?=LT
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Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment. o l41%q*
4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights. tfe]=_U
Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative. H [nco#
5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother. P6Y+ u
Lovable: a sweet lovable child E}KGZSj
Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
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6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone. =%<,
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Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds vQ* RrHG?c
Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford. NTD1QJ
虚拟语气 @I-,5F|r
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 6`7tTn?n
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别 /='0W3+o*L
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 t VO}{[U}
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) L /:^;j`c
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) n<bU' n
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 ]7 Du/)$
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
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Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验) |,p"<a!+{w
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) {Y@shf;
（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 SFRP
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It took me only five minutes to finish the job. !DzeJWM|
2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 w.w{L=p:<"
(1)不定式作表语 . 2$J-<O
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 tO{{ci$-T
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。 4WvW11q8U
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 $ uHQl#!;
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 ## 6\~!P
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 p /-du^:2
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。 86OrJdD8
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 )vS0Au^C~
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 n"htx|v
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. g8N"-j&@
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant． YSeH;<'
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 9s^$tgH
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。 ^$: w
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。 !^ % 3
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 \:4 *h
People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake. h.X4x2(.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected． e L SzGbKf
(3)分词作表语 .2f vRN92
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有： @3?>[R
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 P T2;%=f
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 8:{id>Mm^
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 F"] P|
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 BTkx}KK
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 5!F;|*vC8
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 5?-HQoT)G
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 ^Gk`n
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 oN1D&*
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 Ks%0!X?3q
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的 OBAO(Ke
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 z;qDl%AF
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 ^ #:;6^Su
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。 *9j'
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They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 9[.HWe,
3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 !vwio!
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求： DU!T#H
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(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 *cb|9elF^
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 yzS^8,
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 ;\RV C 7
afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 P~\rP6
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arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 Uc
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begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 dtR"5TL<~}
appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 9\_s&p=:.
cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 GeR#B;{
ask问 dread害怕 need需要 2)=whnFS
agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 &nm
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swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 y[ dB mTY
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 JG!B3^qB
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划 |=}+%>y_
bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 KtQs uL%
care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 NljpkeX'
decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾 2y!n c%
choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 wiN0|h>,
claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 5=TgOS]R
start开始 undertake承接 want想要 t1T s !Q2
consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 $J6
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decide决定 learn学习 vow起 tiZ H;t';<
contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 5Hb HJ.|r
