过去分词与形容词的语义差： pqTaN=R8
1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things <kk!ns I
the destructive power of modern weapons CDPu(,^
Damaged: being in a bad state hV +=hX<h
emotionally damaged children JLt%G^W >
2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements *
F_KOf9p
He’s one of the most respected managers in the game. 5,4m_fBoW
Respectful: feeling or showing respect n wMq~I*1
They listened in respectful silence. \._|_+HiW
3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides. nEPTTp+B
Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby. &E1m{gB(
Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment. `H 'wz7
4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights. Rt:^'Qi$!
Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative. 2[;~@n1 P
5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother. .wmqaLd%
Lovable: a sweet lovable child d WY {x47
Lovely: We had a lovely holiday. GwfC l{l
6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone. Pjn{3/*wi
Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds 74a@/'WbE
Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford. ?
|#dGk
g
虚拟语气 mU~&oU
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 89;@#9
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别 "<{|ni}
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 "wuO[c&%/
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) vf$IF|
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) 1_#;+
S
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 H1 7I" 5N
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 d6 ef)mw
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验) lgS7;
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) l_yF;5|?z
（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 aK95&Jyw&
It took me only five minutes to finish the job. VgODv
2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 <+-n
lK4
(1)不定式作表语 -{k8^o7$
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 9#@s(s
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。 Z\EA!Cs3
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 ]W14'Z
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 kx?Yin8K
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 77yYdil^W+
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。 ThgJ
'
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 Fd\uTxykp
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 mV`R'*1UC
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. ?%UiW7}j';
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant． 7=^}{
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 Ca5#'3Eh
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。 4 n6AK`E
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。 1Ub=RyB
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 '~K ]=JP
People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake. P@ew' JL%
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected． Iiq qdU]
(3)分词作表语 OxGfLeP.R!
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有： ~LpkA`Hn!
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 LX7P?j
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 (9I(e^@]
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 ZAn @NA=
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 h >D;QY
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 U'ctO %
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 (FApkvy
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 y4h
=e~
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 yPtE5"(o
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 Q&r. wV|
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的 A_S7z*T
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 Any y
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 ? K7uy5Y
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。 7ihcjyXB
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 46D`h!7L
3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 o0`']-)*2
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求： p% mHxYP
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 VBi gUK4
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 J";N^OR{A%
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 ph5{i2U0
afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 d X/7n=
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 <!>\
n\A
begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 G1j
j:]1
appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 o+ =wQ$"tP
cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 /J-'[Mc'D[
ask问 dread害怕 need需要 .8s-)I
agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 YOLzCnI4
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 C `_/aR6
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 L
q>lj`>
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划 j3 6Y Iz$a
bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿
,= =_u
care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 ^7 +;XUyg
decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾 EP@u4F
choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 td7(444]
claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 w ~v6=^
start开始 undertake承接 want想要 %]I#]jR
consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 J'
uaZI>'
decide决定 learn学习 vow起 Qn OgF 3t
contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 |OCiq|#
