考博英语语法重点总结

过去分词与形容词的语义差：
1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
the destructive power of modern weapons
Damaged: being in a bad state
emotionally damaged children
2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements　
He’s one of the most respected managers in the game.
Respectful: feeling or showing respect
They listened in respectful silence.
3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.
5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
Lovable: a sweet lovable child
Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford.
虚拟语气
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别　
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)　
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。　
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。　
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)　
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)　
（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。　
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.　
2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别　
(1)不定式作表语　
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。　
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。　
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。　
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。　
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。　
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。　
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。　
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。　
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.　
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．　
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。　
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。　
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。　
People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.　
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．　
(3)分词作表语　
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：　
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的　
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的　
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的　
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的　
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的　
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的　
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的　
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的　
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的　
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的　
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。　
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。　
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。　
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。　
3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别　
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：　
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语　
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语　
attempt企图　enable能够　neglect忽视　
afford负担得起　demand要求　long渴望　
arrange安排　destine注定　mean意欲，打算　
begin开始　expect期望　omit忽略，漏　
appear似乎，显得　determine决定　manage设法　
cease停止　hate憎恨，厌恶　pretend假装　
ask问　dread害怕　need需要　
agree同意　desire愿望　love爱　
swear宣誓　volunteer志愿　wish希望
bear承受　endeavor努力　offer提供　
beg请求　fail不能　plan计划　
bother扰乱；烦恼　forget忘记　prefer喜欢，宁愿　
care关心，喜欢　happen碰巧　prepare准备　
decide决定　learn学习　regret抱歉，遗憾　
choose选择　hesitate犹豫　profess表明　
claim要求　hope希望　promise承诺，允许　
start开始　undertake承接　want想要　
consent同意，赞同　intend想要　refuse拒绝　
decide决定　learn学习　vow起　
contrive设法，图谋　incline有…倾向　propose提议

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