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2004年华东师大博士生英语入学试题

2004年华东师大博士生英语入学试题

2004年华东师大博士生英语入学试卷1（得多发几次）

Paper One
Part I. Listening Comprehension ( 15 % )
Section A
1. A. The man better practice harder.
B. The man should not give up.
C. The man should stop trying to be a superstar.
D. The man better practice a new style.
2. A. Help the woman but only unwillingly.
B. Not help move items for the woman.
C. Help move things to Mr. Nelson’s office.
D. Cancel his appointment at Mr. Nelson’s office.
3. A. They are on a date.
B. They are at a harmonious meeting.
C. They are at a meeting with a controversy.
D. They are late to the meeting.
4. A. Ask for more money from the student loan.
B. Find a job to earn some money.
C. Be more realistic with his money.
D. Stop worrying about his money.
5. A. See both of them one after another.
B. Phone the theater for opinion.
C. Toss a coin to decide.
D. Go somewhere else instead.
6. A. Volunteering needs special skills.
B. Volunteering needs physical work.
C. Volunteering requires a time commitment.
D. Volunteering requires a financial commitment.
7. A. Dorms are not as cheap as he thinks.
B. Dorms are not as spacious as he thinks.
C. Dorms are not as available as he thinks.
D. Dorms are not as convenient as he thinks.
8. A. The amount of paper he used might be worth the cost.
B. It will be a good lesson for him to study harder.
C. The amount of effort he made will become useful.
D. The preparation of the paper should be finished soon.
9. A. Sleeping early is good for oneself.
B. Rising early takes time to become easy.
C. Jogging is difficult to be routine.
D. Walking in the park is not as easy as it seems.
10. A. It is sure to be ready on Thursday.
B. It is still not ready.
C. It was already ready on Thursday.
D. It was too difficult to fix it.
Section B
Passage One
Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.
11. A. His friend bought them for him.
B. He bought them himself.
C. He booked them quite a while ago.
D. He got them free of charge.
12. A. Her husband was taking her out to the theater.
B. Her husband had got her a job in his office.
C. Her husband was going to buy her some nice gifts.
D. Her husband had found his lost money.
13. A. He had lost the tickets for the theater.
B. He had lost his briefcase.
C. He had left his briefcase at home.
D. He had left the tickets in the office.
Passage Two
Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. A. Lack of electricity.
B. Shortage of books.
C. Lack of clean water.
D. Shortage of experts
15. A. A system which trains doctors.
B. A group of experts who can provide professional advice.
C. A computer program which can provide professional advice.
D. A system which trains computer experts.
16. A. It is not easy to see the shortage of experts in the villages.
B. Many doctors and engineers are sent to the villages to make up for the shortage of experts.
C. Expert medical systems are widely used in developing countries.
D. Expert systems are owned by wealthy farmers and businessmen.
Passage Three
Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
17. A. The designer of the White House.
B. The first resident of the White House.
C. One of the U.S. presidents.
D. A specialist of American history.
18. A. To add to the beauty of the building.
B. To follow the original design.
C. To wipe out the stains left behind by the war.
D. To make the building look more comfortable.
19. A. Right after it was rebuilt.
B. During the administration of John Adams.
C. When Theodore Roosevelt was president.
D. After many other names had been given to it.
20. A. It has been changed several times.
B. It has never been changed.
C. It was changed after the War of 1812.
D. It was changed during Roosevelt’s presidency.
II. Vocabulary and Structure (15%)
21. After doing her usual morning chores, Elisha found herself ___ tired.
A. interestingly B. surprisingly
C. erratically D. forcibly
22. Working frantically under the pressure of time, Edmond failed to notice his ___ mistakes.
A. stupid B. inevitable
C. careless D. redundant
23. The ___ objections of those who protested against the ruling finally got them thrown out
of the stadium.
A. viral B. vulnerable
C. voluble D. vocal
24. In the feudal society, landlords had the right to beat, ___ or even kill talents at will.
A. abase B. abash
C. abate D. abuse
25. All the colleagues said that the caprices of the willful manager had made him a ___ person.
A. candid B. captious
C. canny D. coy

26. It was all right for the school administration not to ___ to the students' demand of canceling the terminal examinations.
A. accept B. accede
C. access D. accessory

27. In 1921 many people died in famine --- an extreme scarcity or ___ of food. That was really a tragedy.
A. deprivation B. exhaustion
C. starvation D. dearth

28. The world will be advancing with such great speed that our ___ will look back upon us and our time with a sense of superiority.
A. antecedents B. predecessors
C. descendants D. contemporaries

29. Before taking a standardized test, one should ___ himself or herself with all the items that constitute the test paper.
A. acquaint B. fascinate
C. acquit D. familiar

30. Tom is always lack of self-confidence. His ___ character caused him to miss many golden opportunities.
A. diffident B. ignorant
C. proud D. conceited

31. It has been announced that physicists from different countries will gather in New York for
a ___ next month.
A. symphony B. symposium
C. symptom D. symmetry

32. Manfred ___ with sure that nine out of ten gentlemen who danced with this charming
young lady would fall in love with her.
A. allude B. adduce
C. averred D. advert

33. During the terrorist attacks, the authorities ordered to ___ the workers and residents of
high profile buildings from the constructions.
A. evict B. evoke
C. evacuate D. evade

34. Johnson's business survived on a ___ relationship with only a few customers.
A. tentative B. salient
C. lucrative D. insubstantial

35. After her marriage, the happy life ___ her appearance, making her look more beautiful
than ever.
A. transfigured B. disfigured
C. disheveled D. transformed

36. Although Guthman was a ___ of several campaigns, he had never seen action on the front
lines.
A. veteran B. volunteer
C. victim D. villain

37. The cheerful, lively melody of dance music ___ almost all the weary soldiers.
A. drained B. diverted
C. renewed D. revived

38. From Willink's ___ manner, people can tell that he is of royal birth.
A. boorish B. regal
C. rude D. vulgar

39. Since it was held up only by a single steel cable, the chairlift was ___ to carry only two people
A. instructed B. obliged
C. intended D. appointed

40. 130 years later, this single wall still stands here in mute ___ to the Revolution of Paris
Commune in 1873.
A. testimony B. memory
C. tribute D. evidence

41.From his words I supposed that he was extremely delighted at your invitation.
A. apprehended B. conceded
C. envision D. surmised

42. As is reported, over seventy civilians lost their lives in the following explosion.
A. ensuing B. engrossing
C. enduring D. entangling

43. After living in the same dormitory for half a year, Jane realized that Mary's oversen- sitivity was not acquired but inherent.
A. insipid B. inordinate
C. innate D. insane

44. As a highly intelligent person, the diplomat had no difficulty searching for the right words to retort.
A. asking B. groping
C. finding D. grouching

45. The service at this restaurant was so slow that when the dishes were finally served we were extremely hungry.
A. ruthless B. ravenous C. rash D. reckless

46. He is my devoted friend, so I ___ tell him the truth.
A. cannot help B. cannot but
C. may not help D. could but
47. No administrator or supervisor can enter a classroom unless ___ by the teacher.
A. they are invited B. he is invited
C. inviting D. having being invited
48. I'd just as soon he ___ the party yesterday; he made a mess of it.
A. didn't attend B. attended
C. had attended D. hadn't attended
49. ___ a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of an oral English test at the
end of the term.
A. It is existed B. There having existed
C. There exists D. There having been
50. ___ Jenny lives next door to Robert, she ought to know him.
A. If B. Seeing that
C. Although D. Just as

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2004年华东师大博士生英语入学试卷2（得多发几次）

III. Error Detection (5%)
51. Learning a foreign Language is especially difficult for those who had never learned one
A B C D
before.

52. The main stream of a river frequently is dividing into two or more branches near its mouth.
A B C D

53. For activating the fossilization in English learning, I practice reading, listening, speaking
A B C
and writing as regularly as possible
D
54. Little Jimmy was constantly being told not to scratch the paint off the bedroom wall, but
A B
he went on to do it all the same.
C D
55. It's a simple matter to have found the density of a gas from its formula.
A B C D
56. Upon questioning the suspect denied having stolen diamonds from the jewelry shop.
A B C D
57. Some of the research experiments to describe in the text book are easy to carry out.
A B C D
58. Quantum physics lies at a heart of the physical sciences.
A BC D
59. Despite their length, the horse's neck has the same number of vertebrae as a human
A B C D
being's.
60. Night falls more faster in the tropics than in other latitudes.
A B C D

IV. Reading Comprehension (25%)
Passage One
In Japan, some people play golf on weekends and some form long lines in the Ginza district to watch first-run foreign films. A knowing few go to the barbershop.
A trip to a Japanese barbershop is an odyssey into the country's economic miracle, a glimpse at the same attention to detail that has made "Japan Inc." the envy of the capitalist world.
It is more than simply getting a haircut. Customers go to escape the hustle and bustle of Tokyo's frenetic pace. They go to complain about local politics and catch up on the latest neighborhood scuttlebutt.
But most of all, they go to be cranked up high in the barber's chair, to assume for at lest one precious moment – regardless of their walk of life---that honorific stature uniquely revered in Japan: that of okyakusama, or customer.
So going to the barbershop here is an outing . The object is not to get it over with as quickly as possible, American-style, but to prolong the treatment and bask in its sensual pleasures.
No one understands this better than Tanaka-san, who runs a state-of-the-art barbershop just up the street from where I live, in the Minami Azabu district. Like much else in Japan, Mr. Tankaka's shop has only recently gone upscale.
Last year, he sold his small, old shop, located a few blocks from the new one, for a cool $15.3 million. With typical Japanese foresight for investing for the long pull, Mr. Tanaka plowed the proceeds into his spanking new premises.
Mr. Tanaka, 54, has been in the barbering business for 38 years. Back in 1950, he charged only 35 yen --- not much compared with the 3,200 yen he receives today for a cut and shampoo. At today's exchange rates, $22 for a haircut might seem expensive, but I think it's one of the best deals in town.
You always have to wait in line at Mr. Tanaka's shop : He doesn't take reservations because he doesn't need to. But when your time comes, Mr. Tanaka directs you to the seat of honor.
Soon his wife is feverishly shampooing your hair, massaging your scalp with a special brush. While she scrubs, Mr. Tanaka is busy at the next chair, applying the finishing snips and snaps to another client. This tag-team approach keeps the shop running at full capacity.
Mr. Tanaka typically spends about 45 minutes cutting your hair, scrutinizing the symmetry of the sideburns with the utmost care. His cutting skills are superb, but it is in conversation that he truly excels. He knows when to talk, when to listen and when to utter the drawn-out guttural grunt of approval so common in Japanese. These insightful yet subtle dialogues with his clients create the cornerstone of Mr.Tanaka's thriving business: the repeat customer, every retailer's dream.
For the rare client not "hooked" by pleasant conversation , Mrs. Tanaka's shaving technique, with a straight-edged razor, is the showstopper. First, she places a hot towel over your face, then wipes your face with moisturizing oil.
She applies another hot towel to remove the oil and lathers you up with warm shaving cream. Finally, she methodically spends fifteen minutes shaving off every last whisker---including any stray hairs that might have found their way to your forehead or earlobes. The oil and hot-towel procedure is repeated and the reclining customer is gently coaxed into returning to earth.
Foreign businessmen trying to figure our what makes Japan's economy so successful might do well to visit a Japanese barbershop. Impeccable service isn't extra here, it's included the price of admission.
61. An attention to detail has made "Japan Inc."
A. a good place for tourists
B. a land of many barbershops
C. a prosperous economic power
D. a famous resort
62. In Japanese barbershops, barbers
A. rush customers out
B. never talk about politics
C. talk with customers and work leisurely
D. are rather impatient with customers
63. Relaxation and sensual pleasure are
A. admitted goals of customers
B. not possible in the busy atmosphere
C. not appreciated by hurried customers
D. not available to customers64. Because Mr. Tanaka's shop is s popular,
64. Because Mr. Tanaka's shop is s popular,
A. reservations are required
B. people wait in line
C. he is opening another new store
D. he becomes famous for that
65. Not only is Mr. Tanaka a good barber, but he is also
A. skilled at conversation
B. an expert in shaving techniques
C. a local politician
D. a psychologist
Passage Two
Mincerva was the goddess of wisdom, but on one occasion she did a very foolish thing; she entered into competition with Juno and Venus for the prize of beauty. It happened thus: At the nuptials of Peleus and Theetis all the gods were invited with the exception of Eris, or Discord. Enraged at her exclusion, the goddess threw a golden apple among the guests, with the inscription (题词), "For the fairest." Thereupon Juno, Venus, and Minerva each claimed the apple. Jupiter, not willing to decide in so delicate a matter, sent the goddesses to Mount Ida, where the beautiful shepherd Paris was tending his flocks, and to him was committed the decision. The goddesses accordingly appeared before him. Juno promised him power and riches, Minerva glory and renown in war, and Venus the fairest of women his wife, each attempting to bias his decision in her own favor. Paris decided in favour of Venus and gave her the golden apple, thus making the two other goddesses his enemies. Under the protection of Venus, Paris sailed to Greece, and was hospitably received by Menelaus. king of Sparta. Now Helen, the wife of Menelaus, was the very woman whom Venus had destined for Paris, the fairest of her sex. She had been sought as a bride by numerous suitors, and before her decision was made known, they all, at the suggestion of Ulysses, one of their number, took an oath that they would defend her from all injury and avenge her cause if necessary. She chose Menelaus, and was living with him happily when Paris became their guest . Paris aided by Venus, persuaded her to elope （私奔）with him, and carried her to Troy, whence arose the famous Trojan war, the theme of the greatest poems of antiquity, those of Homer and Virgil.
Menelaus called upon his brother chieftains（首领） of Greece to fulfill their pledge, and join him in his efforts to recover his wife. They generally came forward, but Ulysses, who had married Penelope, and was very happy in his wife and child, had no disposition to embark in such a troublesome affair. He therefore hung back and Palamedes was sent to urge him. When Palamedes arrived at Ithaca Ulysses pretended to be mad. He yoked （用牛轭套住）an ass and an ox together to the plough and began to sow salt. Palamedes, to try him, placed the infant Telemachus before the plough, whereupon the father turned the plough aside, showing plainly that he was no madman, and after that could no longer refuse to fulfill his promise. Being now himself gained for the undertaking, he lent his aid to bring in other reluctant chiefs, especially Achilles. This hero was the son of that Thetis at whose marriage the apple of Discord had been thrown among the goddesses. Thetis was herself one of the immortals, a sea-nymph (海仙女), and knowing that her son was fated to perish before Troy if he went on the expedition, she endeavoured to prevent his going . She sent him away to the court of King Lycomedes, and induced him to conceal himself in the disguise of a maiden among the daughters of the king. Ulysses, hearing he was there, went disguised as a merchant to the palace and offered for sale female ornaments, among which he had placed some arms. While the king's daughters were engrossed with the other contents of the merchant' s pack, Achilles handled the weapons and thereby betrayed himself to the keen eye of Ulysses, who found no great difficulty in persuading him to disregard his mother's prudent counsels and join his countrymen in the war.

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2004年华东师大博士生英语入学试卷3（得多发几次）

66. Bulfinch describes Jupiter as unwilling to “decide in so delicate a matter” (lines 6), implying
that
A. Jupiter is usually heavy-handed
B. any decision is bound to offend someone
C. Jupiter to overly sensitive.
D. the problems are so obscure that no one can judge them.
67. The word disposition (line 22) is used to mean
A. inclination
B. nature
C. integrity
D. value
68. The sowing of salt is used by Bulfinch to show
A. Ulysses's attempt to be found insane
B. the difficulty of cultivating in rocky soil
C. how the tears of the gods created the sea
D. the god's punishment of those who disobey them
69. Bulfinch reveals that Thetis is a sea-nymphy in order to explain
A. why she married Peleus
B. why she dislikes the idea of war
C. the effect of the apple of Discord
D. her ability to predict the future
70.. Among the chieftains of Greece apparently are
A. Juno, Venus, and Minerva
B. Paris and Lycomedes
C. Ulysses, Achilles, and Menelaus
D. Eris and Thetis
Passage Three
On the whole, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has always treated Mars with respect. American spacecraft have flown by, orbited and even landed on the Red Planet. What they've never done is wound it. If scientists ever hope to understand Mars fully, however, they are going to have to puncture the dry Martian crust to sample the planetary pulp below. Next week NASA will launch a ship that will begin that process.
The first ship of the two-spacecraft mission --- set to fly Dec. 10---is the Mars Climate Orbiter. Arriving in September 1999, the spacecraft will enter an orbit of the planet that traces a path over the Martian poles, allowing it to study the local atmosphere. Its orbit will position it perfectly to act as a relay satellite for any later ship that may land on the surface. That’s a good thing, since three weeks or so after the orbiter leaves Earth, NAS will launch another spacecraft, the more ambitious Mars Polar Lander.
A spindly machine standing 107 cm tall, the lander is set to arrive in December 1999, aiming to touch down near Mars’ south pole, one of the few sports on the freeze-dried planet that is likely to contain some water. Just before reaching the Martian atmosphere, the lander will release a pairs of tapered pods(锥形分离舱) , each about the size of a basketball, made of brittle silica. Plunging ahead of the ship , the projectiles will free-fall to the surface and strike the ground at 650 km/h.
The pods are designed to shatter on impact, releasing a pair of 18-cm probes. Slamming into the surface, the probes are supposed to drive themselves 120 cm into the Martian crust. Once buried, they will deploy tiny drills and begin sampling the chemical makeup of the soil around them. Scientists believe that chemistry could be remarkably rich. "The surface of Mars has been pretty well sterilized(消毒) by ultraviolet radiation," says Sam Thurman, the missions flight-operations manager.
Only minutes after the probes hit the ground, the lander will follow, descending by parachute and braking engine. Bristling with cameras and sensors, it will study Mars' terrain and weather, snapping pictures both during its descent and on the surface. It will also carry a microphone to record for the first time the sound of the Martain wind. More important, the ship will be equipped with a robotic arm and scoop , much like the arms carried aboard the Viking landers in the 1970s. Unlike the Vikings, though, which were able to paw just a few feeble cm into the Martian topsoil, the new ship will dig out a trench nearly 90 cm deep.
How long all this otherworldly hardware will operate is uncertain. The probes, powered by batteries, should wink out within three days. The lander, with robust solar panels to keep it humming, could last three months. But even if the systems do not survive that long, their work could be profound. After all, scientists have spent years studying just the Martian skin; this will be their first chance to dig a little deeper.
71. We learn from the first paragraph that, in order to have a thorough knowledge of Mars, we
need ___.
A. to treat Mars with more respect than ever
B. to have more spacecraft orbit the Red Planet
C. to protect the Red Planet more carefully and not to wound it
D. to penetrate the crust of the Red Planet to take Martian samples
72. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. The spacecraft that is to arrive in September 1999 contains a pair of tapered pods.
B. Mars Polar Lander will carry out more important missions than Mars Climate Orbiter.
C. The difference between Viking landers and Mars Polar Lander is that the former was unable
to land on Mars.
D. The mission of Mars Climate Orbiter is to study the local atmosphere and Mars terrain,
snapping pictures both during its descent and on the surface.
73. The primary purpose of the passage is to ___.
A. stress the importance of exploring Mars
B. outline the general features of Mars
C. describe in detail the way of landing of Mars Polar Lander
D. introduce the mission of the two spacecraft which are due to launch in 1999.
74. We learn from the passage that ___.
A. Mars Climate Orbiter will serve as a space base for any later ship that may land on the surface of Mars
B. Mars' south pole is more likely to contain life because it contains water
C. Mars Polar Lander will strike the surface of Mars at 650 km/h
D. the chemical makeup of the soil on the surface of Mars will be similar to that of the earth
75. From the context, we can infer the meaning of "bristling" (line 2, para. 4 ) may be ___.
A. abundant in B. sending out
C. reacting D. taking up
Passage Four
An outsider approaches the subject lively, lest civic(市民的；城市的) feelings be bruised. Los Angeles gives the impression of having erased much of its history by allowing the city's development to run unchecked. Insiders like Dolores Hayden...pull no punches: "It is...common," she wrote, "for fond residents to quote Gertrude Stein's sentence about Oakland when summing up urban design in Los Angeles: "There's no there, there.'" Hayden has also acknowledged that Los Angles is generally "the first (American city) singled out as having a problem about sense of place." Both statements come from a handsome brochure-cum-itinerary, drawn up by Hayden, Gail Dubrow, and Carolyn Flynn to introduce The Power of Place, a local nonprofit group with a mission to retrieve some of the city's misplaced" there."
Founded by Hayden in 1982, The Power of Place lays special emphasis on redressing an imbalance in memory---and memorials. As Hayden has pointed out, in 1987 less than half the population of Los Angeles was Anglo-American; yet almost 98 percent of the city's cultural historic landmarks were devoted to the history and accomplishments of Anglo-Americans. Even these personages(名人，要人) come from a narrow spectrum of achievers---in Hayden's phrase, "a small minority of landholders, bankers, business leaders, and their architects" ----almost all of whom were male...
The likeliest explanation for this under-representation may be an urban variation on the great-man theory of history: History is what public figures do, and by their civic monuments shall you know them ---especially the structures they designed or built. In Hayden's view, however, "The task of choosing a past for Los Angeles is a political as well as historic and cultural one, " and the unexamined preference for architecture as the focus of historic preservation efforts can slight less conscious but perhaps equally powerful human forces. Hayden's goal has been to supplement the city's ample supply of mono-cultural landmarks and memorials with others representing its ethnic and gender-based diversity. Accordingly, some sites need new status as official land-marks, others need reinterpretation. Other sites no longer contain structures emblematic(作为标志的) of their histories or are located in blighted neighborhoods; these do not readily lend themselves to resuscitation (复兴)through renovation and commercial development , as preservationists have managed elsewhere.
The Power of Place has identified nine places on which to concentrate in the first phase of its work: development of a walking tour of little-known Los Angeles sites, for which The Power of Place brochure serves as a guide.
The Power of Place brochure concludes its summary of what is known about each stop on the walking tour with a postscript（附言）called Placemaking, which describes the site's current status and suggests ways to make it more smelling of its past. For the vineyard/grove complex, the current situation is not unusual: "Present uses...are commercial and industrial." Then comes word of what seems to be a minor miracle: "One tall slender grapefruit free...has been preserved and relocated in the courtyard of the Japanese American Cultural and Community Center..." Suggestions for recapturing more of the past proposed by The Power of Place include returning orange trees to the Wolfskill site and installing historical markets on the Vignes site.

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2004年华东师大博士生英语入学试卷4

76. The author uses the phrase "civic feelings" (line 1 ) to mean the
A. loyalty or faith of a city's residents to their city
B. emotions that breed courtesy and good behavior
C. respect for each other shown by people who think of themselves as civilized
D. defensiveness that city residents sometimes.
77. What is the danger of allowing the development of Los Angeles to "run unchecked"? (line 3 )
A. The roadways will become overrun with traffic.
B. Developers will use up all suitable farming land.
C. Smog will become an even bigger environmental concern.
D. Much of the city's cultural history will be lost to modernization.
78. With which of the following statements about the people memorialized by most existing Los
Angeles monuments would Dolores Hayden be most likely to agree?
I. They were usually of a higher social class than were the people highlighted by The Power
of Place
II. Their accomplishments are more conspicuous than are those of the people highlighted by
The Power of Place.
III. They made greater contributions to the economic development of Los Angeles than did
the people highlighted by The Power of Place.
A. I only
B. I, II, and III
C. I and III
D. I and II
79. Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes Hayden's view on historic
preservation, as those views are described in the passage?
A. Political and economic considerations should have no place in the designation of cultural
and historic landmarks
B. Plants and other natural phenomena make better historic landmarks than do buildings and
other human artistic works.
C. Some parts of history cannot be memorialized in surviving buildings and landmarks, so
new ways must be found to more fully recapture the past.
D. The homes and workplaces of working people should be preserved whenever possible
because the history of working people is more important than that of so-called "great
men."
80. In the author's view, all of the following would most likely be undervalued cultural landmarks
EXCEPT:
A. trees growing naturally in this place
B. endangered species of animal and plant life
C. historic buildings in old and torn areas
D. city hall
Passage Five
Compared to animals, plants present unique problems in demographic studies. The idea of counting living individuals becomes difficult given perennials that reproduce vegetatively by sending out runners or rhizomes, by splitting at the stem base, or by producing arching canes that take root where they touch the ground. In these ways some individuals, given sufficient time, can extend out over a vast area.
There are five typical plant life spans, and each has a basic associated life form. Annual plants live for 1 year or less. Their average life span is 1-8 months, depending on the species and on the environment where they are located (the same desert plant may complete its life cycle in 8 months one year, and in 1 month the next, depending on the amount of rain it receives). Annuals with extremely short life cycles are classified as ephemeral plants. An example of an ephemeral is Boerrhaviarepens of the Sahara Desert, which can go from seed to seed in just 10 days. Annuals are herbaceous, which means that they lack a secondary meristem that produces lateral, woody tissue. They complete their life cycle after seed production for several reasons: nutrient depletion, hormone changes, or inability of nonwoody tissue to withstand unfavorable environmental conditions following the growing season. A few species can persist for more than a year in uncommonly favorable conditions.
Biennial plants are also herbaceous, but usually live for 2 years. Their first year is spent in vegetative growth, which generally takes place more below ground than above. Reproduction occurs in the second year, and this is followed by the completion of the life cycle. Under poor growing conditions, or by experimental manipulation, the vegetative stage can be drawn out for more than 1 year.
Herbaceous perennials typically live for 20-30years, although some species have been known to live for 400-800 years. These plants die back to the root system and root crown at the end of each growing season. The root system becomes woody, but the above-ground system is herbaceous. They have a juvenile, vegetative stage for the first 2-8 years, then bloom and reproduce yearly. Sometimes they bloom only once at the conclusion of their life cycle. Because herbaceous perennials have no growth rings, it is difficult to age them. Methods that have been used to age them include counting leaf scars or estimating the rate of spread in tussock (clumped) forms.
Suffrutescent shrubs (hemixyles) fall somewhere between herbaceous perennials and true shrubs. They develop perennial, woody tissue only near the base of their stems; the rest of the shoots system is herbaceous and dies back each year. They are small, and are short-lived compared to true shrubs.
Woody perennials (trees and shrubs) have the longest life spans. Shrubs live on the average 30-50 years. Broadleaf trees (angiosperm) average 200-300 years, and conifer (needles) trees average 500-1000 years. Woody perennials spend approximately the first 10% of their life span in a juvenile, totally vegetative state before they enter a combined reproductive and vegetative state, achieving a peak of reproduction several years before the conclusion of their life cycle.
Regardless of the life span, annual or perennial, one can identify about eight important age states in an individual plant or population. They are: (1) viable seed, (2) seedling, (3) juvenile, (4) immature, (5) mature, (6) initial reproductive, (7) maximum vigor (reproductive and vegetative), and (8) senescent. If a population shows all eight states, it is stable and is most likely a part of a climax community. If it shows only the last four states, it may not maintain itself and may be part of a seral community.
81. The author believes that plants present "unique problems in demographic studies" (line 1)
because ________.
A. they cannot be aged accurately
B. it is difficult to define and identify an individual
C. many have very short lifespans
D. there has been little interest in such studies
82. The best definition of ephemeral (line 5 ) might be
A. resilient
B. short-lived
C. awkward
D. uncomplicated
83. Annual and perennial are names of
A. plant life spans
B. plant species
C. woody plants
D. plant age states
84. Paragraph 5 deals mainly with
A. suffrutescent shrubs
B. a form of tree shrub
C. a form of herbaceous perennial
D. a woody biennial
85. Which of the following is a woody perennial?
A. a tulip
B. a fern
C. a strawberry
D. an oak
V. Translation (25%)
A. There is a short English paragraph below. You are required to translate it into
Chinese on the Answer Sheet. (11%)
In the eighteenth century the word "revolution" came to have a new meaning. Traditionally it meant only a change in the composition of government and not necessarily a violent one. Observers could speak of a "revolution" occurring at a particular court when one minister replaced another. After 1789 this changed. People came to see that year as the beginning of a new sort of revolution, a real rupture with the past, characterized by violence, by limitless possibilities for fundamental change, social, political and economic, and began to think, too, that this new phenomenon might transcend national boundaries and have something universal and general about it. Even those who disagreed very much about the desirability of such a revolution could none the less agree that this new sort of revolution existed and that it was fundamental to the politics of their age.
It would be misleading to seek to group all the political changes of this period under the rubric of "revolution" conceived in such terms as these . But we can usefully speak of an "age of revolution" for two reasons.
B. Translate the following Chinese paragraph into English on the Answer Sheet.(14%)
当今，人们心中存在的末日感并不是出于对科学的恐惧，而是对战争的恐怕。科学并不是引发战争的原因，科学并未制造过战争，但它却使战争变得面目全非。科学扩大了战争的机制，并扭曲了战争的形态。它从两个方面改变了战争。首先，科学显然成倍地增强了战争制造者的威力。现代武器与过去相比，杀伤力更强，手段更残忍。其次，科学为国家之间发生纷争提供了新的起因。科学创造了剩余财富(surplus)，而战争正是靠这种剩余财富扩大升级（escalate) 。剩余财富不仅是某些国家孜孜以求的目标，而且也使他们能抽出时间进行军事训练，并向他们提供财力为战争进行装备。
VI. Writing （15%）
Please write a composition of about 200 words in English with the title given below:

Lessons learned from Such Plagues as SARS & AI

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地板发表于: 2007-05-19

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