改错题常考要点 PQr#G JG7
一、代词 bQ${8ZO
代词中主要讲解六个问题 d
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(一) 掌握代词的几种格 %3#b6m~
主格、宾格、所有格 r;@:S~
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) _rWTw+
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(二) 反身代词 ?dATMmT-
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 /i7>&ND.r
He killed himself. (他自杀了) U O{xpY
He killed him. (他杀了他) O V0cr
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating {d{WMq$
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a series of indicators that could help $P1d#;rb%
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themselves to predict earthquakes. Rwi5+;N
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 )2*|WHO
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 .5$V7t.t$\
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 C$EFh4
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 eQ4B5B%j/x
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies aNh1e^j
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the '
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Pacific. [eTck73
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 fjzr8vU}C
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 Kk"B501
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: +HVG5l
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 H#d!
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Q-3J0=
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the word“normalcy”to express social and :8/M6-EK
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economic conditions they promised the nation. zz''FmedF
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 0yEyt7
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important &|,q
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John &-.eu
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Keats, published the year of her death. 0GLB3I >
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. ROiX=i
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(四) Who和which的区别 y8 u)Q
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 Yoym5<xE
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 [T&y5"@
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ,lG wW8$R
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. g KY
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。
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人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 I&@@v\$*
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(五) that和which的区别 `v+O5
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 aD`e]K ^L
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it tQ<2K*3]
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. h |
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 #j5^/*XW
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 GM92yi!8
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, G#M]\)f%
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when @"5u~o')@v
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world.
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way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which im\Ws./
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 7!r`DZ"yF
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. wBGxJ\+M
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 1T`"/*!
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has zW&W`(
affected the way people in the United States----. "61n?Z#,M[
(A) living and working B75SLK:h=
(B) they live and work )&-+:u0
(C) live and work _P+|tW1
(D) to live and to work GDntGTE~sk
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 |e(x< [s5
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二、介词 }_TdXY
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介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 'IszS!kY
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(一) 介词搭配 s*Ll\
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those \aozecpC`
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. E$
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 2e=Hjf
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. @TDcj~oR?
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分析:B错改为be rich in f|)t[,c
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the /|f]L9)2<
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. 4YC`dpO'
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 =\.|'
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 +l\Dp
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 %qMk&1
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. \kx9V|A'
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 `4MPXfoBL
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has rcOmpgew
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on _wMz+<7bY
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. P<1zXs.H
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ,aeFEs
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2、介词by .gB*Y!c7
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by fg2}~02n
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing (+@H !>r$$
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States j<[<qU:
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. fqi5
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 {pqm&PB04
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils $ _zdjzT
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to p8Pvctc
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supply moccasins and field rations. JSM{|HJxh
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 c7'
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with h
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements >o@WT kF]
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that are often represented at symbols. bz@4obRqf
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 _vad>-=D*U
三、谓语动词 +
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(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 GDk/85cv0$
①、主谓分割原则 b*$^8%
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, 419t"1b
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. &AW?!rH
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 rK];2[U
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②、与后者一致原则 67d0JQTu
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, *F=wMWa
not only…but also Tmq:,.^}
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③、与前者一致原则 @}#$<6|
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, zc(-dMlK
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 sURHj&:t|
例:The athlete, together with his coach and HdVGkv/
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. fY\QI
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ceAK;
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④、就近原则 w+ bMDp
or, either…or, neither…nor, `XQM)A
单数名词+or+复数名词+are aM~M@wS
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is wOINcEdx
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 jRzR`>5
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 ?$9C[Kw`
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ]e 81O#t3
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. Bm1yBKjO
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 &!a[rvtZ+
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 !ZHPR:k|
There are five apples that are red. %/jmQ6z^
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 IYb@@Jzo
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets n"$D/XJO
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. P8piXG
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 &K|<7Efx
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 8tY],
The rich are not always happier than the poor. AS'a'x>8>,
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 Xq
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 lmgMR|v
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: X2/`EN\
a. there be 句型 <$K%u?
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 `b+f^6SJn
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 <G/O!02
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 0,{Dw9
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is (G*--+Gn
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific pdngM8n
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 %e+hM $Q
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miles in width. LsS/Sk
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分析:倒装句,are改为is k9vr6We'
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and hbD@B.PD
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film wWKC
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. MS)# S&
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 q&B'peT
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 f<=
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fifty percent of + 名词
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one percent of + 名词 #'^!@+)
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: iW(HOsA
one percent of my students + are M`*B/Fh2
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 8 P.t
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这里要强调两个结构 S$HzuK\f
half of =fifty percent s#/JMvQ#
most of + 可数名词 + are ]tA39JK-i
most of + 不可数名词+ is OmQSNU.our
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 8xJdK'
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found in central and eastern Canada. ~
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 i[`nu#n/
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized f50qA;
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. nu
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 %Q
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 X+)68
①、主要考察时间状语 5gARGA
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. ^)<>5.%1''
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was LH@)((bi4v
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②、For和since的区别
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区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 an={h,
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ';us;xR#
I has been a teacher for three years. #qWa[kB
I has been a teacher since 1996. ?1?D[7$
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 ugcWFB5|
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became hu%rp{m^,
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the primary responsibility of the president. Yf&x]<rkCp
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 Sq8 `)$\
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of +Wh0
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 3$[!BPLFO
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 SjV;&
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. "f/lm 2<
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live
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(三) 谓语的语态 P,lKa.
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 LnP={s
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: 3<sYxA\?w
①、prove pe$"
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My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 !]=[h
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动;
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming *m6~x-x
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be ua[ d
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. T {Q]
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 r(-`b8ZE
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②、Locate,Situate l?GN& u
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 &6
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Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 +EG?8L,z
这两个词也可以用作被动 &U/7D!^X
My school was located near the river. @H[)U/.
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 x&>zD0\
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例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint.
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(A)locates $j=c;+W
(B)locating '|
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(C)to locate @vzv9c[
(D)is located w5zrEk#
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 b.HfxYt(
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③、表示需要概念的动词 <NRW^#g<x
need, want, require等 O#Y;s;)i"
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My watch needed repairing i2$7nSQ9
My watch needed to be repaired. Si=zxy T
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④、表示人的情感的动词 rjsqXo:9
move, annoy, surprise, please等 +M@p)pyu
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 ]M2<b:yo
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 ^|Bpo(
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主动和被动技巧总结: j;%RV)e
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 OJX* :Q
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the E1'|
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, kC :pal
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power structures, and flood-control works along M@)^*=0H
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. /eFudMl
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 5Z
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四、非谓语动词 |n9q4*dN
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(一) 分词 ;4E(n
现在分词和过去分词的区别 <qGVOAnz+
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 "0BuQ{CQ
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then =^nb-9.
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. UXU!sd
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning 4JOw@/nE
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 kTCWyc
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ]t4 9Efw
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. |Wo_5|E
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living V={`k$p
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一些动词后面必须用doing L%3m_'6QP
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。
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mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ue YBD]3'
advocate, suggest !;[cm|<