改错题常考要点 '/NpmNY:L
一、代词 xYCJO(&
代词中主要讲解六个问题 v}N\z
2A
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 #Zw:&'
QB
主格、宾格、所有格 v:/\;2
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) wpuK?fP
!#_2 ![
(二) 反身代词 /0H}-i
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 4r7F8*z
He killed himself. (他自杀了) u+r!;-0i
He killed him. (他杀了他) Mq)]2>"v
~Ym_ {
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating MGsQF #6]
A B 6T'UWh0S
a series of indicators that could help EN\cwa#FU
C HzGwO^tbK
themselves to predict earthquakes. /]3[|
D 2I [zV7 @t
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 wQUl!s7M;
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 IZj`*M%3
0>Snps3*Z
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Sp5:R
75vI
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 1#6emMV.`
UgGa]b[9A
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies rZ `1G
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the 'G l~P><e
A B C D >|A,rE^Ojt
Pacific. sQ#e 2
U_"!\lI_yg
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 NSz}
y<Q"]H.CkQ
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 q k^FyZ<
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: tJ6@Ot
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 ML905n u
6P{^j
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Y 3ApW vS
A {1OxJn1hd
the word“normalcy”to express social and C K7([>2
B rpRyB9
economic conditions they promised the nation. ;bB#Pg
C D r&
a[?
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 R|C`
[Jt}^
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 9Y,JYc#
A }N[X<9^Z
work is not poetry, but his biography, John UUV5uDe>i
B C 9S|sTf
Keats, published the year of her death. :0l+x0l}
D &|k=mxox\
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. >)ekb7
OS,!`8cw
3@V?L:J
(四) Who和which的区别 X,v.1#[
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 S/`#6
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 4{uQ}ea
C(XV
YND3
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who e3 v^j$
A B K<J,n!zc
account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. YcobK#c
C D MIZdk'.U
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 RK!9(^Ja
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 kg^0 %-F
H
d|p@$I
(五) that和which的区别 7
XxZF43
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 -iR2UE@M
qf x*a88
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it
M1/d7d
A B inGUN??
would affect society could not have been foreseen. XH?//.q
C D ircF3P>a?
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 sjyr9AF
8 MO-QO
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 |HmY`w6*z
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, ^K<3_D>1>
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ,4Q4{Tx
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. R&Lqaek&W
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which E]mm^i`|
\
\k=N(n
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Lk !)G'42
A B V?M(exN
reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. vIRT$W' O}
C D tB4mhX|\
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 }nlS&gew^
g!XC5*}
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has a$=~1@
affected the way people in the United States----. O >h`
(A) living and working %M
iv8
(B) they live and work >/A]C$?3
(C) live and work uHKEt[PS$
(D) to live and to work 76 !LMNf
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 JdS,s5Z>
e#*3X4<\K
二、介词 _f^6F<!
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 &3t973=
D&):2F^9.
(一) 介词搭配 {'M<dI$
q
\@Zf}
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those
Y!L-5|G
A B C E:K4k <
in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. b
o|THS
D gF,=rT1:>r
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 "K(cDV Q
*:n7B\.
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. c]{}|2
u
A B C D ~]-n%J$q
分析:B错改为be rich in U
3<
3 T
v*!N}1+J
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the c]uieig0~
A B C ye.6tlW
alternation of periods of light and darkness. #%[;vK
D fn,n'E]
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 D\THe-Vtr
m8L *LB
,1{qZ(l1
(二) 最重要的两个介词 ui>jJ(
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 W/,bz",v3
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. Po)U!5Tm
A B C D PgA<pfEHE
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 nz3*s#k\-
%4nf(|8n
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has I#2$CSJ
A B 1L*[
!QT4
starred in stage, television, and film productions on Sh(ys*y>
C 'd~(=6J
both sides the Atlantic Ocean. U,WMP<5&
D ms0V1`
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 sMMOZ'bT
',R%Q0Q
2、介词by 7n#-3#_mG
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ``CM7|)>`
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing DP)
,~8
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ]owgsR
A B 7<)H?;~;
can be performed from a justice of the peace. cjN)3L{
C D "d)YqQ
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 a_c(7
bQ
NWn*_@7;
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils %Lh%bqGz
A , ~
1+MZ=
could veto a declaration of war at refusing to q%x i>H.:{
B C D
skl3/!
supply moccasins and field rations. k( Sda>-
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ?7Cm+J
jVnTpa!A
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with B6dU6"
A ^<!R%"o-
operations on sets of numbers or other elements zH~P-MqC
B C 2FuV%\p
that are often represented at symbols. B/l^=u+-
D a"-uJn
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ^"7-`<J
三、谓语动词 b[:,p?:@
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 YA
pC|R,^
①、主谓分割原则 N*36rR$^
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, -]^JaQw
A b|-)p+ba
America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. i@+m<YS:2>
B C D </;
e$fh`
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 A
M=,:k$
[
ifw}
(
②、与后者一致原则 DU6j
0lz
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, *KNfPh#wi}
not only…but also ,G0"T~
B{=DnB6
0]5XTc3r
③、与前者一致原则 C')KZ|JIC
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, |?J57(
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 >bWpj8K
v
例:The athlete, together with his coach and WD\
Yx~o
A B C wL~A L
several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. jywS<9
c@
D zwC ,,U
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is &ic'!h"
^Lb\k|U,\
④、就近原则 ~8&->?{
or, either…or, neither…nor, Jf4`
2KN\
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 1|8Bv0-b
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is m19\H
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 JYj*.Q0
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 .f0qgmIyL
|_ED*ATR=
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are %Qz<Lk">.
A B ^ U,iDK_
amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 3r#['UmT
C D P !f{U;B
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 _O}U4aGMTC
Vaf,
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 43h06X`
There are five apples that are red. [2xu`HT02
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 <w}^Z}fpk&
p4IyKry,
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 3|w$gG;Y
A '
*XIp:
carry a supply that last just a few seconds. sg-^ oy*^
B C D ;39a`
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 jNx{*2._r
@su<_m6'
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 _)<5c!
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ;;i419
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 uSYI
X
_;^x^
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 O7IY
g;
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: }~&0<8m
a. there be 句型 -[vw 8
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 =Bc{0p*
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 N/WtQSl
j<)$ [v6
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. ~sn3_6{
A B C D 9$U>St
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is 7hx^U90K
~t2"L|i
%!-t7K^mFq
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific X ]&`"Z]
A B x&u@!# d]
Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 20$Tky_
C
c)Ef]E\
miles in width. ]3|h6KWq
D lMW6D0^
分析:倒装句,are改为is i@P=*lLD
G+sB/l"
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and o6 NmDv5
A B C <o
P`\m
Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film v
@2?X4n
D @o@SU"[?_
presented on the five-story-tall screen. t3}_mJ
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 MwD+'5
7 v3%dCvf
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 H.n|zGQTB
fifty percent of + 名词 /;Cx|\
one percent of + 名词 nWYfe-zQxg
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: *WzPxQ_
one percent of my students + are
y&4im;X0
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. gQ '=mU
+&X>ul
这里要强调两个结构 zYPvpZV/
half of =fifty percent \sVzBHy d
most of + 可数名词 + are yYk?K<ou
most of + 不可数名词+ is >i1wB!gc8
q_;# EV
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 75Bn p9
A B C :^QV,d<C
found in central and eastern Canada. _cfAJ)8=
D UU =,Brb
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 nM$-L.dG
u*Y!=IT
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized r_a1oO:
A B $U_1e'
in the United States are for foods and beverages. kP~ ;dJD
C D uTrGb:^
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 K,HR=
5
{\!@k\__
(二) 谓语动词的时态 '(($dT
①、主要考察时间状语 5i3nz=~o
)i.\q
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. ~Oj-W6-+&,
A B C D 6^p>f:5
2-wvL&pi)
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ;{>-K8=>$
j7&0ckN&G
w+ibY
②、For和since的区别 p7)b@,
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 L@5g#mSl
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 7\;gd4Ua1
I has been a teacher for three years. Op<|Oz$Q|l
I has been a teacher since 1996. ]
i\a[3
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 .mS'c#~5Y
i_;]UvP
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 2KmPZ&r
A B j]_"MMwk$<
the primary responsibility of the president. b<rJ@1qtJ
C D )%5T*}j
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 "Q@ZS2;A
AfW9;{j&I
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of t[L'}ig!q
A B C Ijj]_V{,
the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. vN4
g#,<
D r5?qz<WW~
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 bMw)>4
I806I@ix
^^Tu/YC9x
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. 6,|)%~VUm
A B C D ^m:?6y_uw
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live aTy&"
IZ6[|Ach6
(三) 谓语的语态 ;0 VE*
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 ;-d :!*
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: i'%:
z]hp9
①、prove B6b {hsO
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 Q
pY: L
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; 0Kjm:x9T
GIDC'
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming X]
/r'Tz
A 4PEJ}BW
to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be wYS,|=y
B C -<i&`*zG
mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. ?'h<yxu]u0
D lV^sVN Z]
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 It4J\S
'wX'}3_/g
R/iw#.Yy
②、Locate,Situate 2`l$uEI3oJ
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 3e:"tus~
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 atFj Vk^
这两个词也可以用作被动 JF_\A)<ki
My school was located near the river. G;MgrA#\
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 ab'
f:
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. _#e='~;
(A)locates z1F[okLA
(B)locating |9!3{3
(C)to locate s0.yPA
(D)is located RIM"MR9qe=
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 Sz"J-3b^
r%$-F2.p
③、表示需要概念的动词 6A/Nlk.
need, want, require等 xZL`<3?
p(~>u'c
My watch needed repairing ho@f}4jhQ3
My watch needed to be repaired. -";'l@D=
M:nXn7)+
④、表示人的情感的动词 }jfU qqFd
move, annoy, surprise, please等 o'%F*>#v
aM3%Mx?w
He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 =2)5_/9au
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 \y:
0+s/
0;3;Rs
主动和被动技巧总结: _ts0@Z_:
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 HPCgv?E3
<{YP=WYW
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the .?_wcp=
A #2I[F
United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 6k42>e*p
B bUAjt>+
power structures, and flood-control works along l?a(=
C eP'
e_E
the Tennessee River and its tributary streams.
7l7eUy/z
D o]MQ)\r
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 ?Hf^&yo
X&^t 8
四、非谓语动词 )(\5Wk9(
}&rf'E9
(一) 分词 23pHB|X
现在分词和过去分词的区别 2j4VW0:
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 v=i[s
Trbgg
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then B HoZ}1_
A =NF},j"
struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. VV?+q)
B C D @a>+r1
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning [ #A!B#`
JF%+T yMe
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 g}$]K!F
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in rNfua
A B K^A\S
the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. (IIOKx _
C D e0j*e7$
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living
[*vk&
aMZ6C <N
sA3 4`ZAa
一些动词后面必须用doing hP
`3Ao
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 t \DS}3pv
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, lsY5QE:Qrp
advocate, suggest Cj_cu
delay, quit WkXa%OZ
forgive(原谅),tolerate, s7(mNpo
avoid, escape(逃避) !wJ~p:vRdY
spend+名词+doing; N=zrY`Vd
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing %:N5k+}
SD8Q_[rY
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their HS="t3
A B C D 1q}iUnR
crops. +QtK
"5M
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 ~U~KUL|
XlV#)JX
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, ~>k<I:BtrT
A B
(O\5gAx
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. +]Po!bN@@
C D QyJ}zwD
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing +Z/*=
;
{tOu+zy
(二) 不定式 Al
5E
A. 动词不定式的省略 eL0U5>#
①、help后面可以省略to *_!nil 3(i
help to do x5.HdKV
help sb. to do ZMt9'w;
]- " )r
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 5 qt]~v%y
A B /$|C s
the habits that might shorten the lives. Ew*_@hVC
C D "4<RMYQ
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 $.a<b^.Xi
5@%$M$E
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 IX$dDwY|O>
make, ['~3"lK^O
let, 4c_TrNwP
have sb. do sth =ps3=D
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. ({v$!AAv
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians TD'Rv Tpl
A B q6bi{L@/R
to know when to play various parts of a composition. r{!]`
'8
C D |L}zB,
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know /BjM&v(5/
'W(+rTFf!
③、感官动词 {_&'tXL
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe {Fs}8\ z
see sb do sth. 强调过程 t~H'Ugv^
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 UbNA|`H
L.ScC
mk(O..)2
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 D99g}
(1)表示第一人 -^LUa]"E
the first woman to do sth. f4UnLig
Aslh}'$}-
(2)表示迫使的动词 qB6@OS
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do
eG&\b-%
*`2.WF@E)
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis yY_(o]k
A B 1N6.r:wg)%
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 2;Vss<hR4A
C D /kV3[Rw+
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 kt`_n+G
a%| I'r
|o
su4=s|
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 _gU:!:}
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 <;Q1u,Mc
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 TL&