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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 PQr#G JG7  
一、代词 bQ${8ZO  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 d %F/,c-=  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 %3#b6m~  
  主格、宾格、所有格 r;@:S~  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) _rWTw+ L  
T%z!+/=&^  
(二) 反身代词 ?dATMmT-  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 /i7>&ND.r  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) U O{xpY  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) OV0cr  
z^SN#v$  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  {d{WMq$  
    A                 B    'PxL^  
  a series of indicators that could help $P1d#;rb%  
             C      AmrJ_YP/t~  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. Rwi5+;N  
    D `zV-1)=  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ) 2*|WHO  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 .5$V7t.t$\  
'p{Y{ $Q  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 C$EFh4  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 eQ4B5B%j/x  
d,E/ 9y\e  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies aNh1e^j  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ' !2  
     A   B      C          D y p7,^l  
  Pacific. [eTck73  
v6, o/3Ex  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 fjzr8vU}C  
S7\jR%p b  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 Kk"B501  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: +HVG5l  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 H#d! `  
1QdB`8in  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined  Q-3J0=  
                       A   [zO(V`S2  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and :8/M6-EK  
             B \c`r9H^v{  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. zz''FmedF  
   C       D we@En .>f  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 0yEyt7 ~@  
5=;I|l,  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important &|,q sDK(  
        A     T;vPR,]rz  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John &-. eu  
   B        C      ur_" m+  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  0 GLB3I >  
      D za 4B+&JJ  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. ROiX =i  
% QcG^R  
D +%k1  
(四) Who和which的区别 y8 u)Q  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 Yoym5<xE  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 [T&y5"@  
##\ZuJ^-  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ,lGwW8$R  
              A            B Wn</",Gf  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. g KY ,G  
   C                  D rMFf8D(Y  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 SCC/ <o  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 I&@@v\$*  
xRZT  
(五) that和which的区别 `v+O5  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 aD`e]K ^L  
+4vX+;: br  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it tQ<2K*3]  
              A        B !ef)Ra-W  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. h |  
      C              D d-2I_ )9  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 #j5^/*XW  
\) ONy9  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 GM92yi!8  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, G#M]\)f%  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when @"5u~o')@v  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. \0& (q%c  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which im\Ws./  
&BR?;LD  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly 7!r`DZ"yF  
              A         B   mTbPz Z4  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. wB GxJ\+M  
         C      D bhT]zsBK  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 1T`"/*!  
,4$J|^T&  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  zW&W`(  
  affected the way people in the United States----. "61n?Z#,M[  
   (A) living and working B75SLK:h=  
   (B) they live and work )&-+:u0  
   (C) live and work _P+|tW1  
   (D) to live and to work GDntGTE~sk  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 |e(x< [s5  
);LwWKa  
二、介词 }_TdXY #w\  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 'IszS!kY  
l"#,O$x"#@  
(一) 介词搭配 s*Ll\ #  
4'*K\Ul).H  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those \aozecpC`  
    A         B   C      ?a(3~dh|  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. E$ rSrT(  
                D Q0q$ZK6C  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 2e=Hjf )  
gd*?kXpt  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. @TDcj~oR ?  
A       B     C  D 3dLz=.=)'  
分析:B错改为be rich in f|)t[,c  
UQ?8dw:E~  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the /|f]L9)2<  
    A         B      C C~*m&,@TT^  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. 4YC`dpO'  
             D lN w?}H  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 =\.|'  
|Sq>uC)  
O&uOm:/(  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 +l\Dp  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 %qMk&1  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. \kx9V|A'  
          A      B  C     D Nnw iH  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 `4MPXfoBL  
[@czvPi  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has rcOmpgew  
                 A  B     R\^t r  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on _wMz+<7bY  
      C |NqQKot1  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. P<1zXs.H  
      D Nf1l{N  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 ,aeFEs i  
rlq8J/0/+  
2、介词by .gB*Y!c7  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by fg2}~ 02n  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing (+@H !>r$$  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States j<[<qU:  
    A         B       PF~&!~S>W  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. fqi5 84  
   C     D *m2:iChY  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 {pqm&PB04  
?Gb 18m  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils $ _zdjzT  
   A                      S}>rsg!  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to p8Pvctc  
     B    C       D D_@^XS  
   supply moccasins and field rations. JSM{|HJxh  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 c7' Pzb)'  
VGS e<6Hh  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with  h /on  
        A                wi!Ml4Sb  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements >o@WT kF]  
        B          C   M/BBNT  
  that are often represented at symbols. bz@4obRqf  
              D  #/n\C  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 _vad>-=D*U  
三、谓语动词 + !X^E9ra  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 GDk/85cv0$  
①、主谓分割原则 b*$^8%  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, 419t"1b  
     A     do G&qXw  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. &AW?!rH  
        B      C      D *p VKMmU  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 rK];2[U  
xX}vx hN  
②、与后者一致原则 67d0JQTu  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, *F=w MWa  
not only…but also Tmq:,.^}  
KnlVZn[3t  
qUCiB}  
③、与前者一致原则 @}#$<6|  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, zc(- dMlK  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 sURHj&:t|  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and HdVGkv/  
     A      B  C     9v^MZ ^Y{  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. fY\QI =  
         D ! XA07O[@  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ceAK; v o  
%A?Ym33  
④、就近原则 w+ bMDp  
or, either…or, neither…nor, `XQM)A  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are aM~M@wS  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is wOINcEdx  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 jRzR`>5  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 ?$9C[Kw`  
aHS.U^2  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ]e 81O#t3  
        A      B        ^qGH77#z  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. Bm1yBKjO  
    C              D (',G Ako  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 &!a[rvtZ+  
F(:+[$)  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 !ZHPR:k|  
There are five apples that are red. %/jm Q6z^  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 IYb@@Jzo  
&H`yDrg6U  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets n"$D/XJO  
      A            yD$rls:v<  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. P8piXG  
   B   C    D :^%My]>T  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 &K|<7Efx  
aa8WRf  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 8tY],  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. AS'a'x>8>,  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 Xq 1n1_Z  
A7 E*w  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 lmgMR|v  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: X2/ `EN\  
a. there be 句型 <$K%u?  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 `b+f^6SJn  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 <G/O!02  
P BpjE}[Q  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 0,{Dw9 W:  
   A     B      C    D    L Lm{:T7  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is (G*--+Gn  
ZjF$zVk  
?TLMoqmXM{  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific pdngM 8n  
             A     B    y9?BvPp+  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 %e+hM $Q  
     C         A\ CtM`  
  miles in width. LsS/Sk  
     D  4w}\2&=  
分析:倒装句,are改为is k9vr6We'  
O$V 6QJ  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and hbD@B.PD  
   A    B       C         @TdPeTw\  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film wWKC .N  
                    D DGz'Dn  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. MS)#S&  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 q&B'peT  
bc}U &X<  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 f<= #WV  
fifty percent of + 名词 F42r]k  
one percent of + 名词 #'^!@+)  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: iW(HOsA  
  one percent of my students + are M`*B/Fh 2  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 8P.t  
@Y 1iEL%\y  
这里要强调两个结构 S$HzuK\f  
half of =fifty percent s#/JMvQ#  
most of + 可数名词 + are ]tA39JK-i  
most of + 不可数名词+ is OmQSNU.our  
,%w_E[2  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 8xJdK'  
   A       B         C   =;-/( C  
  found in central and eastern Canada. ~ ' 81  
           D ~aQ>DpSEf  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 i[`nu#n/  
]:(> r&'  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized f50qA; 7k  
                 A   B  oUIa/}}w5  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. nu d,ag  
              C     D zNofI$U  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 %Q go0  
JP)/ O!  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 X+)68  
①、主要考察时间状语 5gARGA  
t_6sD r'.  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. ^)<>5.%1''  
   A        B  C     D zYO+;;*@  
M,"4r^%k  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was LH@)((bi4v  
767xCP  
U~-Z`_@^-  
②、For和since的区别  yS p]+  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 an={h,  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ';us;xR#  
  I has been a teacher for three years. #qWa[kB  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. ?1?D[7$  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 ugcWFB5|  
km,}7^?F0r  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became hu%rp{m^,  
   A      B              a9 7A{7I&  
  the primary responsibility of the president. Yf&x]<rkCp  
     C    D pm$,B7Q`oO  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 Sq8` )$\  
zm4Okg)w@  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of +Wh0 Of  
             A  B  C   sCU<1=   
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 3$[!BPLFO  
            D ]n1@!qa48  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 SjV;& 1Z/  
cdVh_"[  
]f#ZU{A'mt  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  "f/lm 2<  
   A       B        C     D uoR_/vol8  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live hz{=@jX  
z[Xs=S!]I  
(三) 谓语的语态 P,lKa.  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 LnP={s  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: 3<sYxA\?w  
①、prove pe$" nUy|  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 !]=  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动;  "4"gHs  
{eA0I\c(C  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming *m6~x-x  
                      A   hw ]x T5  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be ua[ d  
    B                  C B|U*2|e  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. T {Q]  
                  D ,paD/  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 r(-`b8ZE  
sT:$:=  
{#"[h1  
②、Locate,Situate l?GN& u  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 &6 .r=,BO  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 +EG?8L,z  
这两个词也可以用作被动 &U/7D!^X  
  My school was located near the river. @H[)U/.  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 x&>zD0\ :\  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 'Vq_/g!?1  
   (A)locates $j=c;+W  
   (B)locating '| (#^jAj  
   (C)to locate @vzv9c[  
   (D)is located w5zr Ek#  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 b.HfxYt(  
^W!w~g+  
③、表示需要概念的动词 <NRW^#g<x  
need, want, require等 O#Y;s;)i"  
:: IAXGH)  
My watch needed repairing i2$7nSQ9  
My watch needed to be repaired. Si=zxy T  
M.B0)  
④、表示人的情感的动词 rjsqXo:9  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 +M@p)pyu  
z*,P^K 0T  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 ]M2<b:yo  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 ^|Bpo(  
\X&LrneR"t  
主动和被动技巧总结: j;%RV)e  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 OJX* :Q  
B,rpc\_  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the E1'| ;}/  
                 A      c j-_  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, kC : pal  
                 B dt -EY  
  power structures, and flood-control works along M@)^*=0H  
                    C s Yp?V\Y"  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. /eFudMl  
                D > b^|SL  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 5Z (1&  
VE_%/Fs,  
四、非谓语动词 |n9q 4*dN  
LojEJ  
(一) 分词 ;4E(n  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 <qGVOAnz+  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 "0BuQ{CQ  
mn5mdrv3WZ  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then =^nb-9.  
   A MSef2|"P#  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. UXU!sd  
     B      C            D 6x6xv:\  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning 4JOw@/nE  
<4DSk9/  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 kTCWyc  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in ]t4 9Efw  
      A               B   zYL</!6a[  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. |Wo_5|E  
               C         D | .8lS3C  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living V={`k$p  
@|7Ma/8v  
=%wwepz6  
一些动词后面必须用doing L%3m_'6QP  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 .1O  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, ue YBD]3'  
 advocate, suggest !;[cm|<E  
 delay, quit muD7+rn?&  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, #5Zf6w  
 avoid, escape(逃避) =K#12TRf  
 spend+名词+doing; :yLSLN  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing nWrkn m  
j|WuOZm\0  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their G:n,u$2a<  
   A     B    C              D }!^/<|$=  
  crops. O{B[iy(C  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 2E@ !  
wZ^ 7#yX>  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 8SG*7[T7  
               A        B ] i}3`e?  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. E0g` xf 6c  
        C          D 6?"k& O  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing evbqBb21b  
(l|:$%[0  
(二) 不定式 @M:Uf7  
A. 动词不定式的省略 c]qq *k#  
①、help后面可以省略to LLa72HW  
  help to do L_3undy,  
  help sb. to do p6qza @  
5CSihw/5  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid ;:w?&4  
              A      B   HJ&|&tT  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. O Oa}+^-j  
         C     D yK1Z&7>J>  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 %T.4Aj  
pH?tr  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ER ql^Yr  
  make, %&c+} m  
  let, rA/jNX@S  
  have sb. do sth * 3S ./ C}  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. 7?@s.Sz|fV  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians (s/hK  
        A               B XJ3 5Z+M  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. U!GG8;4  
   C     D [V\0P,l  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ~*Fbs! ;,  
n4albG4  
③、感官动词 3NEbCILF  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe BE54^U  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 &^R0kCF`  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 gFJ. p  
4g}eqW  
*x^W`i   
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 -t92!O   
(1)表示第一人 g~5$X{  
the first woman to do sth. _N4G[jQLJ  
GqFDN],Wp  
(2)表示迫使的动词 a$ f$CjQ  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do <NV [8B#k]  
l]BIFZ~  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 6 ufF34tA  
     A                 B    ?GdoB7(%  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. LwpO_/qV  
       C           D NaeG2>1  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 dgLE/r?  
d ] J5c  
5iE-$,7#L  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 z1LN|+\}  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 |sf&t  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 IMaa#8,  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 9oOr-9t3  
  be apt to do o!q3+Pp;}  
d5/x2!mH8  
(4)表示目的的名词, +!dW Q=W  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 ~x:\xQti  
固定的句式: +Y7"!wYR>  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. inO)Y]|f  
the objective 目标 gq[|>Rs75  
aim zZ rUS'8  
goal {Kn:>l$*7  
reason理由 11%<bmJ]Q3  
function功能 zGtWyXP  
intension意图 -6wjc rTD  
oD_n+95B  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing tOn 6  
                       A  4/6?wX  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. YNEPu:5J  
           B          C     D Q8] lz}  
分析:the function to provide, A错 V1[Cc?o  
6Vr:?TI7  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure tOQ2947zk  
                  A       a?_!  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds 0K+a/G@ n\  
     B  * z,] mi%  
  that make up various components of a living cell. j2@19YXe@  
    C    D m tPmVze  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 An cka  
6V[ce4a%  
(5) 其他同根名词 Y9YE :s  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 h'Gs$o7#P  
 attempt to do 企图 CN7 2 E  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 yeI((2L@E2  
 ambition, R^[b I;  
 be ambitious to do  <a=, {O  
 effort i3bDU(GS  
-0pAj}_2}  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation puv/+!q  
  A                    B   Qyh_o  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. aPR0DZ@  
          C       D A.f!SYV6  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 Ptj,9bf<\  
&:]ej6 V'[  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great WTlR>|Zdn  
  A                   B   bcVzl]9  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. >~+'V.CNW  
       C            D #b^x!lR  
分析:efforts to register, C错 y<r@zb9  
be@\5  
A2C|YmHk  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 58vq5j<V  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 In3},x +$  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. KNI* :  
GS<aXh k  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 D&)w =qIu  
I am glad to see you. |I0O|Zdv  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. @c >a  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. *5Mg^}ZC5  
vk^/[eha  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 bD: yu  
It is difficult to decide. P7X':  
{6/Yu: ;  
2 c%*u {=:  
五、句子的结构 ^Z6N&s#6  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 \[!k`6#t7  
r )pg9}+  
(一) 主语的重复 XBTtfl &  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 P S$6`6G  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any 2O*(F>>dT  
          A      B      v?9  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the UNc[h&@_  
          C          D f0<'IgN  
  League of Nations. zG[GyyAQ  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 2X= pu. ;F  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson xM#+jI  
Zy<gA >  
@@])B#  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are jTDaW 8@L  
        A        B  2#^@awJ ?  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. R cz;| h8  
    C         D t9!8Bh<  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 `Dn"<-9:  
(|*CVI;  
(二)谓语的重复 M?3N h;  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 (b]r_|'  
t/3t69\x  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  SDW_Y^Tb  
    A            B    i8kyYMPP  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. >=WlrmI  
         C   D ;(Xig$k  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 ]<zjD%Ez  
]W7e2:Hra  
(三)谓语的缺少 2br xV'tk  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body 1U/ dc.x5  
          A     B    7a<-}>sU  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. JF+E.-fy$  
         C               D v Mi&0$  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 9A-=T>|of  
m7F"kD  
(四)主句的重复 o~(/Twxam  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ?Tr]zxtd  
m"r =p  
^`MGlI}   
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite $&C~Qti|G  
      A         B        C   _!} L\E~  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. rZK;=\Ot  
     D [ |&V$   
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 'Pm.b}p<  
$r'PYGn  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow 8(b C.  
        A   B       d<@SRHP(  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. 1c%ee$Q  
      C    D zIeJ[J@  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 G|h@O'  
\?VNr2   
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided cu~\&3 R  
   A                     B  K!\$MBI  
  names for towns, only George Washington PE\.JU  
      C RM(MCle}  
  is remembered in the name of a state. ~@Wg3'&  
          D eBs4:R_i  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 Bc!ZHW *&  
六、比较级和最高级 1>pFUf|cV  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 &l0- 0 T>  
G)S (a4  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 ?: XY3!{  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 8=Z]?D=  
      A               yltzf #%  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. 8do7`mN  
     B       C           D 0]._|Ubn6)  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 Xe J|Z)qZ  
O7x'q<PFU  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 #@v$`Df<  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. 5J1q ]^  
     A      B     C  D -UMPt"o  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 @8jc|X<A  
D#pZN,'  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 2GB+st,  
     A       B     C   D ee7{5  
  is the grizzly bear. %dN',  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 s.8]qQRr  
DClV&\i=o  
TSp;Vr OP  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 N)&(&2  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 ^-|yF2>`  
MUeS8:q-N  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with >e4w8Svcy  
   A           B  ENEnHu^  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. .0eHP  
   C                 D ;Bs^+R7  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 m$UrY(6d  
82q_"y>6  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 }$zJdf,\  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as R06zca  
!:7aXT*D$  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 [8b,}i 1  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 %mv9+WJN.  
the taller boy #3L=\j[ y  
UhX`BGpM{  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 8r 4 L4  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed yzml4/X  
          A            B YnCWmlC  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is z3lMD'uU3  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. j1LL[+G-"_  
    C          D KT5"/fv  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they 6J\Yi)v<  
TN=MZ{L  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 <<Fk[qMA  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, 1Xv- e8M  
  A  B         C     wkp|V{k  
  the Navajos form largest group. :h|nV ~  
         D bN#)F    
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 `B^ HW8  
A#"AqNVWv  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, L%7?o:  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language $g|/.XH%  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the qX(sx2TK  
ye9-%~sjX  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many 415 95x:  
            A      B         C quB .A7~^=  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. *(~=L%s  
            D <3!jra,h  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 >,8DwNuq  
4Qr16,Us  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the vM}oxhQ$n  
例如:my best friends &k5 Z|d|  
XK)qDg  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial <%(nF+rQA"  
            A    B     C h5bQ  
  and banking center. 3 *o l  
        D }5RCks;)*  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 *Mt's[8  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 3N) bJ  
\advFKN  
RNyw`>  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary iBy:HH  
                 A         `N~;X~XFk  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. uvK1gJrA)  
    B   C     D Rld1pX2v  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 a X>bC-  
|pv:'']J  
七、平行结构 9=D\xBd|w  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 P9/5M4]tt  
z?HP%g'M~  
~+{OSx< S  
(一) 对等连接词 'AX/?Srd  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 S x';Cj-  
单一式: and, or ,but ZM/*cA!"  
相关式: both…and, not … but, -X~VXeg  
     either …or, neither…nor yz}Agc4.I  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as 9-Bp=M  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, AF4:v<EN  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also LL+ROX^M  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, }vkrWy^  
oagxTFh8~  
短语式: as well as hPhNDmL#3  
     rather than (而不是) >-YPCW  
     other than (除…之外) , ;L  
     instead of (代替) TC1#2nE&T  
;7"} I  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 =(ts~^  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  C`c;I7  
       A     B   N\?%944R  
  but he is now living in Detroit. UXVjRY`M.\  
       C   D 5n,?>> p$  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 7pDov@K<{  
*R.Q!L v+  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics MhN)ZhsC  
       A         B qt5CoxeJ  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford A2VN% dB  
  remained active in city and regional planning. EotZ$O=  
          C    D  ,@ A1eX}  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 Mi&,64<  
(二)平行的内容 z5-vx`  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 ZzPlIl}\  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of DytH } U"  
             A         B   u"r~5  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, |i'V\" hW  
         C            D qy=4zOOD#  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. U^SJWYi<Y  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 {s!DRc]ln  
zK893)  
h')@NnFP 1  
第二、名词单复数的平行 MkZm =Sf  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 ;rWgt!l  
mx smW   
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, <w UDcF  
  A     B          C   &3l g\&"  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. MjCD;I:C.  
                 D   }I<r=?  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 wjW>#DE  
6j{9\ R  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ?_q e 2R.  
                   A         B ns FOtOdd  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. .w3.zZ0[  
      C          D R{GOlxKs C  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have braHWC'VYg  
ei)ljvvmHP  
第三、时态的平行 Sc'z vlq  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated %Cbqi.iuQ  
                A     4E]w4BG)  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops Zyxr#:Qm  
                   B j\& `  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. f tW-  
          C    D eS(\E0%QI  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 zu}oeAQc$  
}SYR)eE\  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- |kJ'FZZd  
  spread from its home in Central America and v3!oY t:l  
  now grows throughout the tropics. "L^]a$&  
   (A) to be    (B) it   0nUcUdIf+  
   (C) the     (D) its m  "'  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? ApHs`0=(  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow F N6 GV  
 tKOTQ8i4  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- &R+/Ie#0dz  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. R6l`IlG`  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised pw|f4c7AH  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised +(n&>7 5  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 q5C(/@)^  
#M kXio; h  
第四、排列位置的平行 zOJ4I^^  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. GaV6h|6_  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode _8x:%$   
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  0#1hkJ"  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes o 4G%m>$  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes 8R?X$=$]!.  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 |R$V[  
,z<J`n  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: 8~*<s5H  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 kaM=Fk=t  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 ,:6gp3  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 x\( @ v  
y!_*CYZ~m  
八、词序的颠倒 MLD1%* &0  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 {"{kWbXZ  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 -u)f@e  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage \j C[|LM&  
              A    B        ogD 8qrZ6J  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. 6/{V#.(  
      C       D    %L;z~C  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 l Tpn /  
gbvM2  
R1't W=  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 q8DSKi  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only vNdMPulr{  
          A      B     _(A9k{  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. Nf@- i`  
    C         D *=G~26*!V  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 jLc"1+  
cf\PG&S  
:A2{  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 Cu2eMUGt  
a4a/]q4T  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were 6Bv!t2  
          A   B     C   }G{'Rb  
  in what is now the United States. SynL%Y9)|,  
    D +-%&,>R  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 ucP"<,a  
`5SLo=~  
所有的系动词分为三大类: v w.rkAGY  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, .$o0$`}  
    is, remain, keep, stay, |gV$ks\<  
    lie, exit(表示位于) G`;YB  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 kdq<)>"  
    become, turn, grow, DJWm7 t  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) M53{e;.kN  
9` a1xnL  
第三种,感官动词 ?cyBF*o  
    seem(好像是) |qOoL*z  
    look(看起来好像是) Sa8KCWgWh  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste S]"U(JmW\  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 uT Z#85L `  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe *A^`[_y  
    A               B     q.} M^iDe  
   to cause numerous deaths. UnE[FYx  
        C   D  13JZ\`ceb  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 g +RgDt9  
Y5/SbQYf1  
九、词性的混用 {0(:5%  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 K|Cb6''  
_o+z#Fnz  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 DN X-\  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; #F^0uUjq  
m)1+D"z  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high }Sx+:N*  
          A        B      W5SCm(QS5  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and hI#1Ybl  
              C 6 3NhD  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. AY(z9 &;6  
          D Ovhd%qV;Y  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) ^o8o  
AE@N:a  
_!ITCkBj  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 2R`dyg  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 = }!4%.$  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds X+%5q =N  
         A       B      1w$X;q"  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to 8WP|cF]  
          C        "q]r{0  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. A dL>?SG%  
            D ?.~hex#M@  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 N]dsGvX  
6V&HlJH  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, *>,#'C2  
            A       !?aL_{7J  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of tPz!C&.=  
      B      C 40m>~I^q}  
   urban Black people in the United States. 7H$wpn Zln  
   D Mrly(*!U"@  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 ;8iK];^  
g&?RQ  
J5#shs[M:  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 P>wTp)  
表示时间有两种可能, u d$*/ )/  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 O <#H5/Tq  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, 5~H}%W,P  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 %^LwLyoVM  
F- l!i/  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence .[:2M9Rx  
       A     B     *U:0c ;h  
  were made while the American Civil War. c 0.? d]  
   C    D `Qxdb1>mjY  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 W_FN*Er  
?L(y8b}F(  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the Xd@_:ds  
   A      B           C    met`f0jw  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. ~0T ,_N  
          D Sc,a jT  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 4H@K?b`  
CU_8 ` }  
7&Qf))L  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ]]!&>tOlI  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 f6U i~  
k35E,?T  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social %=<Kb\  
                   A     z8*{i]j  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations.  6[S-%|f  
     B   C    D du_T iI  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 bTJ l  
Q'R*a(pm  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples  zP W_  
   A        B   C      8%#pv}  
  easily under the stress of compression. [;,Xp/  
   D XyrQJ}WR|  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 m={TBV,L  
NsUP0B}.  
zOsk'ZE&  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 ?A2j j`N1x  
]^ BgSC  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine "fZWAGDBO\  
    A         B M#o'hc  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. l2 mO{'|C  
          C            D L1u(\zw  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 ZJ'Tb<fP  
Z;[f,Oj  
%(i(Cf8@  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, 1`v$R0 `!  
         A iZn<j'u  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. L{u Q: ;w1  
   B      C      D L6n<h  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 _t.Ub:  
T%[!m5   
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 o*Kl`3=]  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; c(r8 F[4w  
two hundred diligent students
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