改错题常考要点 tYb8a
一、代词
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代词中主要讲解六个问题 )9F o
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 bcx,Kb
主格、宾格、所有格 M$Sq3m`{!
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) <4lR
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(二) 反身代词 QuB`}rfLf
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 2wCSjAWWh(
He killed himself. (他自杀了) &*Sgyk
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He killed him. (他杀了他) ^l,(~03_
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating a *hWODYn
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a series of indicators that could help v|K,
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themselves to predict earthquakes. eq"
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 JJQS7
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Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 &g;&=<#I
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 5n0B`A
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 " jBc5*
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies xCQLfXK7
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the )K}-z+$)k
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Pacific. IDY2X+C#U
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 #F
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 w7%.EA{N
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如:
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Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 %MM)5MsB
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined
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the word“normalcy”to express social and wVm
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economic conditions they promised the nation. 4M)oA|1w
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 JKF/z@Vbe\
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important E*vh<C
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John ILIv43QKM(
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Keats, published the year of her death. n#S?fsQN
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. N5b^
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(四) Who和which的区别 @ek8t2??x
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 G2dPm}s ZG
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 >-j([%
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who G6bvV*TRi
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 7|k2~\@q
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 E %?>
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人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 jfYM*%
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(五) that和which的区别 ,xutI
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 E( *S]Z[
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it :4)lmIu
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would affect society could not have been foreseen.
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 88}0 4
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 qv`:o
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Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, !q8A!P4|'
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when xM>dv5<E
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. ]0pI6"
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which \rCdsN 2H
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly !9^GkFR6n
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. U}{\qs-z t
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 'IER9%V$
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has *gI9CVfQl
affected the way people in the United States----. JM*rPzp
(A) living and working #elaz8 5
(B) they live and work *8 ]
(C) live and work [92bGR{
(D) to live and to work F#{PJ#
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 td+[Na0d
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二、介词 l1RFn,Tzr
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 dGc>EZSdj
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(一) 介词搭配 J15$P8J
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 4>@-1nt}
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. #D!3a%u0
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 dzMI5fA<_
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ^SRa!8z$W
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分析:B错改为be rich in yc
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the Dy^4^ J5+
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. `\P :rn95;
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 n*6',BY
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 AQ
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1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 {Q(6
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例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. Q84KU8?d
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 Z#o\9/{(R
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has *E)Y?9u"
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on #!D5DK@+
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 5PL,~Y
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 $^0YK|F
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2、介词by }b^lg&$(
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by v/haUPWF\
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing j5)qF1W,
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States YaT07X.(b
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. 7f$Lb,\y
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils Q}T9NzOH%
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to T7Ac4LA
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supply moccasins and field rations. R)C+wTG;
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 5xHiq&d.E
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with $OD5t5eTsM
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements l}2WW1b(
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that are often represented at symbols. M::iU_
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 d"UW38K{
三、谓语动词 sriz
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(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 72zuI4&
①、主谓分割原则 !y
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例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, h$k3MhYDes
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. i@Zj7#e*
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 fNPj8\#V,
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②、与后者一致原则 S "Pj
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not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ~+egu89'TU
not only…but also TrU@mYnE
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③、与前者一致原则 dMmka
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 5MY}(w
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 8]":[s6x
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ]}7rWs[|1
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. $>ZP%~O
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is Z3So|M{v
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④、就近原则 3E}NiD\V}
or, either…or, neither…nor, 9jR[:[
单数名词+or+复数名词+are )d(0Y<e@
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is L;M^>{>
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 PIEW \i
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 xR|eye R
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are r*N~. tFo
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. L+L"$
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 kQwm"Z
There are five apples that are red. pfL2v,]g
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 E#<7\p>
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets |I}A>XG
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. P?q
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 gH{:`E k7
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 X2\E9hJg
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 9 m\)\/V
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 m x3}m?WQ
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 6sYV7w,'@
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: F~z_>1lpP&
a. there be 句型 @Pxw hlxa
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 !Z
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b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 ,dHP`j ?
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 4dW3'"R"L
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is `6rrXU6|
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 3QCMK^#Z:
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 =fo4x|{O
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分析:倒装句,are改为is #xlZU
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and Q5g,7ac8L
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film 6mwvI4)
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. $
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分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 3Mw}R6g@#
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 1f<RyAE?5
fifty percent of + 名词 ikr7DBLt
one percent of + 名词 |IAW{_9)U
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: /0
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one percent of my students + are =C#*!N73
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 5.
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这里要强调两个结构 ly[lrD0Kn.
half of =fifty percent 5\&]J7(
most of + 可数名词 + are T RDxT
most of + 不可数名词+ is
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been hox
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found in central and eastern Canada. wh*:\_!0\
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ~pRs-
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized G%$}WA]|
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. 83Uw
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 "|hlDe<
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 ?9Ma^C;}
①、主要考察时间状语 KGD'mByt"
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. Qh8C,"a
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was F 3s?&T)[G
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②、For和since的区别 .`+yo0O:
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 6+e4<sy[E
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 zofx+g\(W
I has been a teacher for three years. hkF^?AJ
I has been a teacher since 1996. JnHNkCaU
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 Y;eoTJ
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became N<n8'XDdG
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the primary responsibility of the president. x`L+7,&n
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 sv`"\3N[
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of t)'dF*L
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. j%WY ,2P
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 xEC2@J
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. 1!1
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live [Xq<EEb
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(三) 谓语的语态 Q0WY$w1<
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 ~b#OFnyG
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: F1J#Y$q~L
①、prove -f 4>MG
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 ]!J<,f7W
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; rmQ\RP W
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming zWtj|%ts
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be T\fudmj&
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. {Hr>X
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 J+iX,X
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②、Locate,Situate @BXaA0F4
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 Lg b
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 HwM/}-t
这两个词也可以用作被动
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My school was located near the river. e
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区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 i
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例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. |\/~
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(A)locates I'P!,Y/>
(B)locating y^3,X_0
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(D)is located X=\x&Wt
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 (Y&R0jt
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③、表示需要概念的动词 ddl3fl#f
need, want, require等 b\H/-7<
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My watch needed repairing (]oFB$
My watch needed to be repaired. m79m{!q$-
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④、表示人的情感的动词 bXk:~LE
move, annoy, surprise, please等 [sjrb?Xd
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 3~#Z E;>#
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 lrM.RM96
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主动和被动技巧总结: mOABZ#+F
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如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 (v9!g#
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the `kI?Af*;v
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, nI((ki}v
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power structures, and flood-control works along T<w*dX7F0K
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. p7?CeyZ-V
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 BZnp
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四、非谓语动词 fJ|Bu("N
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(一) 分词 `Lb _J
现在分词和过去分词的区别 x
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①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 o{YW
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then &D&5UdN
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. ?$`1%Y9
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning }hObtAS
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 [4+a 1/^
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in @zVBn~=i
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. e5:l 6`
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living j)lM:vXR
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一些动词后面必须用doing q5K/+N^2?
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 ,a?\i
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mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, d9e H}#OY
advocate, suggest Bbe/w#Z
delay, quit SJ|.%
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forgive(原谅),tolerate, 4 *2>R8SX~
avoid, escape(逃避) 4@V <Suw
spend+名词+doing; V44sNi
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing HDXjH|of
b<8J ;u<
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their Zo638*32
A B C D PFn[[~5V
crops. *]UEF_
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 ^} pREe c=
pUEok +
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, v(nQd6;T
A B kk7:A0._
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. "l;8
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C D kx#L<
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing DO,&Foh\
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5
(二) 不定式 G78j$
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A. 动词不定式的省略 o 0
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①、help后面可以省略to ^{+:w:g
help to do =X'7V}Q}
help sb. to do G+^$JN=
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid Q3{&'|}^2
A B Qi]Z)v{^
the habits that might shorten the lives. +rO<'H:umJ
C D H 1X]tw.
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 M@@O50~
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 AF
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make, O;t?@!_
let, ^b.
MR ?9
have sb. do sth X[Gk!dr#
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. n
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例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians u(`A?H:
A B |CqJ2
to know when to play various parts of a composition. l<%~w
U
C D 3m7V6##+
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know [&s:x,
bj{f[nZ d
③、感官动词 `I{Q,HQ7
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe _oVA0@#n
see sb do sth. 强调过程 J :(\o=5 5
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 E1g$WhXIS
') y~d
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 gOAluP
(1)表示第一人 A@'W $p?5r
the first woman to do sth. ;mlIWn
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(2)表示迫使的动词 Xy}S}9
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do #::vMnT
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis o-=lH tR
A B "FS.&&1(
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. %L.+r!.
C D :[3\jLrc
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 )_?$B6hf,&
k>`X!
"
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 ")OLmkC
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 _: K\v8
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 ,V?,I9qf
be lieable to do 易于…的 Qrh9JFqdG6
be apt to do i\G3
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(4)表示目的的名词, HV(Kz
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 ,}0pK\Y>$
固定的句式: Y')+/<Q2E
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. rpmDr7G
the objective 目标 Xc^~|%+
aim ,R+u%bmn#
goal Y$^\D'.k
reason理由 ?H&p zY~H
function功能 b}
:Z(L,\
intension意图 C0RwW??t
V|)>
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing OBZj-`fq J
A A?/?9Gr
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. xcig'4L
B C D @4i DN
分析:the function to provide, A错 Y"@k vd
mI# BQE`p6
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure E !8y|_(j
A C N"c
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds IQDWH/c
B i]nE86.;
that make up various components of a living cell. RA6D dqT~
C D !4E:IM63
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 ZZTV
>:
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(5) 其他同根名词 t`AD9
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ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ciTQH (G
attempt to do 企图 3X:F9x>y
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 Z|W=.RdA;
ambition, 4Z_.Jdu w
be ambitious to do -K
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effort rnr7t \a~]
ct
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation
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+
A B & zG=
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. E8xXr>j>#
C D I$Z"o9"
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 gor6c3i
zme:U![
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great B0Z@ Cf
A B =3"Nn4Z
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. `<K#bDU;a
C D r=9*2X#
分析:efforts to register, C错 +q4T];<
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4 QDW}5xB
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 q
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(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 8\yH7H
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. }{lOsZA
J@Li*Ypo
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 $/D@=Pkc
I am glad to see you. G q8/xxt
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. ZQyT$l~b
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. 1D*eu
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 b~\![HoCMM
It is difficult to decide. Pd3t~1TaW
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五、句子的结构 m,*f6g
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 EqOB
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(一) 主语的重复 >8RIMW2
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 /WM
: Bj
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any r*WdD/r|
A B MxCs0::w
compromises concerning the establishment of the <H$ CCo
C D Z3S\@_/;
League of Nations. KKOu"
:b
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 {B[i|(xQx
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson s cn!,
xvgIYc{
{(t (}-:Z
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are &*0!${B
A B Qi[T!1
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. S_\RQB\l
C D J H$
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 8^M5u>=t;
8_KXli}7=
(二)谓语的重复 /AWHG._
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 jkfI,T
!WbQ`]uN/#
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of /wIZ '
A B ]Q^oc
one or more sentences related to the same idea. 6Q\n<&,{
C D \)r#?qn4z;
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 #&DJ3(T
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(三)谓语的缺少 0k3^+#J
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body <Qwi 0$
A B ^QXUiXzl
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. ]jM D'vg^b
C D ~~h9yvW7&
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 v3`J~,V<
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|_
(四)主句的重复 u*H2kn[DU
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 s3(mkdXv
\ltbiDP2
-_*ux!
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite PO*;V<^
A B C :d AC:h
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. dd+hX$,
D g~7x+cu0
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 1bz%O2U-(
D(;jv= "/
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow 1Yk!R9.
A B q1a*6*YB
sweeps across the face of the Earth. ~=P#7l\o1
C D N9dx^+\
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 >P9|?:c
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided
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A B We`6# \Z X
names for towns, only George Washington QmKEl|/{u
C Z[ 53cVT^
is remembered in the name of a state. !MyCxM6
D B*@0l:
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 "d;
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六、比较级和最高级 CcJ%;.V,T
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 9
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例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which oHPh
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A Xk(p:^ R
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. HkQ rij6
B C D K^Ho%_)
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 oFi_
op
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 e9;5.m
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. [gIvB<Uv
A B C D Zs|m_O G
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 z7s}-w,
8dLK5
"_3
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 1wy?<B.f
A B C D f;%=S:3
is the grizzly bear. bo-lT-I
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 Kut@z>SK
a] P0PH~
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 f2?01PM,Q
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 J%IKdxa
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ODxCD%L
A B 8'Iei78Ov
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. ?h:xO\h8
C D TR9dpt+T
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 q4SEvP}fLx
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 7.tIf
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as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as Z3f}'vr
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 @CS%=tE}U
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 V6&
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the taller boy
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 A+KpECP
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed (gUVZeVFP
A B s=Xg6 D
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is
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abundant, and humidity is moderate. #&Rx?V
C D drJUfsxV
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they jxZ_-1
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 ,"5xKF+cS
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, _sQhD i
A B C 5}2148
the Navajos form largest group. ]+Z,HY@;-
D 'OU`$K7n
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 \q"vC1,9
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, I
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一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language :H/Rhx=
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the =<Ss&p>
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many o97*3W]
A B C 4{%-r[C9k
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 8aVj@x$'
D rEjEz+wu
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ?+L7Bd(EF%
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the w +HKvOs5c
例如:my best friends hmI>
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial twp~#s:\z
A B C k"+/DK,:
and banking center. 8<
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D *a`_,Q{x
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 pZ 7KWk4
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 JR|P]}
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary BUXlHh%<R
A G.qjw]Llf
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. '3B7F5uLx"
B C D IDp2#qg_
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 dDqT#N?Y
8[IR;gZf
七、平行结构 WU6F-{M"?
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 M"8?XD%
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(一) 对等连接词 u7
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一共有三类连接平行结构的词 1P/4,D@
单一式: and, or ,but )"s(;kU!
相关式: both…and, not … but, $WbfRyXi7'
either …or, neither…nor sB<y(}u
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as M1XzA
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such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, `YK#m4gc
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also I>@Qfc
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not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well,
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短语式: as well as 4z,n:>oH
rather than (而不是) '];=1loD
other than (除…之外) 'dcO-A:>
instead of (代替) ]ru
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 <_-8)abK
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, 79>_aD9
A B O-]^_LV`
but he is now living in Detroit. \_3#%%z
C D :tBZu%N/N
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 ~9dAoILrl
?a` $Y>?h
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics t`vIcCXqyl
A B oOHr~<
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford |&H(skF_
remained active in city and regional planning. |%5nV=&\
C D -LEpT$v|
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 - x]gp5
(二)平行的内容 w1
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第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 >O}J*4A>+#
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of "3:TrM$|A
A B %R LGO&
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, jd?NN:
7
C D wT-@v,$
or yearly periods of light and darkness. 2Jc9}
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分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 rty&\u@}
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第二、名词单复数的平行 ~TfQuIvQB
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 eFdN"8EW
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, &%`Y>\@f
A B C mY !LGN
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. >@c~ M
D 3&z.m/
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 Z* L{;
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, bem-T`>'
A B XT0:$0F
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. "ZLujpZcG
C D y:3d`E4Xw
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have -S,xR5
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第三、时态的平行 uepL"%.@7|
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated }^R_8{>k
A ;c;n.o.)/#
with the imagist movement , but later develops 2>bV+[@B
B U\\nSU
her own thyme patterns and verse forms. `bF]O"
C D 11Hf)]M
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 &RP}w%I1
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例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- @~l?hf
spread from its home in Central America and
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now grows throughout the tropics. 23;e/Qr
(A) to be (B) it <?I s ~[2
(C) the (D) its F|DKp[<]8
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? k<M~co;L
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow T"GuE[?a
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- ?"aj&,q+
commercially for their meat and eggs. f~.w2Cna
(A) raised (B) and are raised w$5
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(C) raised as (D) are raised WLAJqmC]
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 r $du-U
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第四、排列位置的平行 =oF6|\]{;
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. mF>CH]k3
(A) Not only does rust corrode {1GW,T!#
(B) Not only rust corrodes hG,gY;&[6
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes @Y>3 -,o,S
(D) Rust not only corrodes R0<ka[+
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 7[-jr;v
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: k~Pm.@,3o
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 );h\0w>3
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 fBH&AO$Q
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 &1Fcwj
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八、词序的颠倒 U!a"r8u|8q
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 x#0C+cU
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 K23_1-mbe
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage 4Sg!NPuu7&
A B ^qbX9.\
that can be given to any individual in the United States.
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C D %,,h )9
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 R~*Y@_oD
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 ($
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例:Certain types of computers work properly only K[sM)_I
A B j|G-9E
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. nnGA_7-t
C D @I"Aet'XV
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 Mz++SPG7
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 mTP.W#N
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were $GO'L2oLwn
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in what is now the United States. Ez$5wY^J
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 M<p )@p
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所有的系动词分为三大类: :> q?s
第一种:表示保持某种状态, *tO<wp&
is, remain, keep, stay, V]O
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lie, exit(表示位于) LuqaGy}>-
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 *=7[Ip<X
become, turn, grow, +-nQ,
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get (It is getting warmer and warmer) h[8y$.YsC
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第三种,感官动词 i`SF<)M(
seem(好像是) jwq"B$ap
look(看起来好像是) 4r. W:}4:
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste kUUq9me&o
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 SHk[X ]Uo
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe g=
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to cause numerous deaths. mvgm o
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 re!8nuBsA
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九、词性的混用 a+/|O*>#
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 TyWy5J<
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 {{3H\
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做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 3@]
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high ^qqHq
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and ]7t\%_
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. (u&yb!`
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) 2w|u
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 ^3|$wB=
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 0Eu$-)
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds R9/xC7l@
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to !VX_'GyK
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. V1nZ M
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 uAS8F=9xP
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, x";.gjI |g
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of Qv0>Pf
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urban Black people in the United States. $
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 JNM@Q
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(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 TaQ "G
表示时间有两种可能, $Y 4ch ko
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 4`!
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, z^!A
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考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 |6(qg5"
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence U8QR*"GmT
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were made while the American Civil War. x)#<.DX
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 $O~F>.*
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the yNqm]H3<MP
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history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. Mdlt zy=)L
D ^aD/
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 C:s^s
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 s`B
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连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 hk7(2j7B
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social L.IoGUxD
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. ]uStn
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 ;l/}Or2
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples &A
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easily under the stress of compression. e9z$+h
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 3r~>~ueZ
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 B^8
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine J^ +_8
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article that gives personal comments on current events. N5q}::Odc
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分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 ffmG~$Yh_
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, wFK:Dp_^
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. o/tVc
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分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ;Ri 3#*a=
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 o\_
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nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; T6sr/<#<(
two hundred diligent students