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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 cN 3 !wE  
一、代词 bo|3sN+D  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 CR8szMa  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 Mv?$zV"`#  
  主格、宾格、所有格 kWMz;{I5*w  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) OUFx M  
 ? dh  
(二) 反身代词 xNOArb5e5  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 Em ;2fh  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) (J 1:J  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) riv8qg  
f"RS,]  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  W\Df:P {<  
    A                 B    q,m+W='  
  a series of indicators that could help <q. Q,_cW  
             C      urhOvC$a  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. oH='\M%+  
    D g^: & Dh  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 !rsGCw!Pg  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 H):(8/> (  
IhjZ{oV/@  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 eXQLE]L]  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 ("KtJ  
0,whTnH|  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies =&I9d;7  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ]?%S0DO*  
     A   B      C          D U'aJCM  
  Pacific. V}X>~ '%  
H~ E<ek'~  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 p""\uG'  
.XT]\'vW  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 (YM2Cv{4  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: AO238RC!:  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 [Ob09#B%:5  
0^vz /y1c  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined *,|x p  
                       A   hdeI/4 B  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and U"RA*|  
             B 5PsjGvm.%  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. V|G*9^Y  
   C       D <J IqkGeAi  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 DwGRv:&HH  
p:V1VHT,  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important ~b @"ir+g4  
        A     G.r .Z0  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John + }$(j#h  
   B        C      orOq5?3  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  z\"9T?zoo  
      D h$mGaw vZ~  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. *eGG6$I  
"~S2XcR[ E  
:}2Tof2  
(四) Who和which的区别 j\"d/{7Q  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 &dPUd ~&EL  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 %k<+#j6ZH  
hXvC>ie(i  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 3-oKY*jO  
              A            B V>`9ey!U  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. IwBO#HR~)  
   C                  D 6q8PLyIp  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 U_hzSf  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ' 9%iHx-<  
]"^ p}:  
(五) that和which的区别 :;c`qO4  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 :wEy""*N0  
i9 V,  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it EG|_YW7  
              A        B %%#bTyF  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. +z0s)HU>j  
      C              D 0|i|z !N>  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 R<vbhB/lU  
u/NcX  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 G*,7pc  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, ?*[35XUd  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when U(Bmffn4Z  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. x <OVtAUB  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which X4!Jj *  
m. \JO  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly rg=Ym.  
              A         B   $~j9{*]5  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. g3yZi7b5FU  
         C      D I[?bM-  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 yhI;FNSf  
V6h8+|hK  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  r:Q=6j,  
  affected the way people in the United States----. 5sj$XA?5  
   (A) living and working w~jm0jK]  
   (B) they live and work |/$954Hr#<  
   (C) live and work f! )yE`4-  
   (D) to live and to work 86!$<!I  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 ]0SqLe  
1C]BaPbL  
二、介词 "q!*RO'a  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 e 'F:LMX  
Z c#Jb  
(一) 介词搭配 WTjmU=<\  
ts("(zI1E  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those !&`\MD>;~R  
    A         B   C      *65~qAd  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. \hb$v  
                D Kb-m  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 M 'oZK  
AxF$7J(  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. y\[* mgl:  
A       B     C  D fY #Yn  
分析:B错改为be rich in 8Bh micU  
}odjaM}5Nc  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the 2+p XtP@O  
    A         B      C aGws?<1$  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. so| U&`G  
             D wuXH'  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 .|TF /b]  
=NnG[#n%  
II[-6\d!  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 5Z"N2D)."  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 Goy[P2 m  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. '"ze Im~  
          A      B  C     D =^l`c$G<  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 `krVfE;_ O  
_F^NX%  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has bxBndxl  
                 A  B     E8<,j})*  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on 0AoWw-H6V  
      C sqjDh  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. q ./jYe  
      D hewc5vrL  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 w !<-e>  
"-AFWWKtx  
2、介词by *KU:D Y{  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by jYBiC DD  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing EQM[!g^a  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States vkM_a}%<  
    A         B       IF<T{/MA  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. u09D`QPP]  
   C     D z U *Mk  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 b.}J'?yLm  
T8W^qrx.v  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils Wg8*;dvtM  
   A                      *7#5pT~  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to C{G%"q  
     B    C       D oJ#;XR  
   supply moccasins and field rations. sqRvnCD!  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 XB:E<I'q!3  
.R@XstQ  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with BE0Xg  
        A                "{~^EQq,  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements SaRn>n\  
        B          C   vo~Qo;m  
  that are often represented at symbols. `dl^)4J  
              D X2P8Zq=%a  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 >rYMOC~  
三、谓语动词 bZj5qjl`x  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 {"r L3Lk  
①、主谓分割原则 6J cXhlB`  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Mi}k>5VT  
     A     >yLdrf  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. zIr-Rx'dL^  
        B      C      D @Q!Tvw/  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 R[QBFL<  
tQTjqy{K  
②、与后者一致原则 I-Am9\   
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ~{{7y]3M-  
not only…but also xF 3Z>  
>3I|5kZ6  
3aJYl3:0B  
③、与前者一致原则 @jZ1WHS_a  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, :*t5?  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 `<hMrhfh  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and A yOy&]g  
     A      B  C     MaF4lFmS  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. '<6DL tZl  
         D XXXQAY-,C  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is z0&Y_Up+5  
*0_Q0SeE,o  
④、就近原则 f `[E^ zj  
or, either…or, neither…nor, NFqGbA|  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 3MDs?qx>s  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is hzA+ ,  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 fGWXUJ  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 l]~IZTC  
a.a ,_  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are VL|Z+3L  
        A      B        Mt@Ma ]!  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 7j88^ 59  
    C              D yI / FD  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 beNy5~M$  
x~](d8*=  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 ClNuO  
There are five apples that are red. `^|l+TJG  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 M(n@ytz  
rE0%R+4?  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets wVX2.D'n<  
      A            {]$)dz5  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 7}`FXB  
   B   C    D [2!C ^ \t  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 |7${E^u  
l(\F2_,2W  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 g{f7 } gTG  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. \ _?d?:#RD  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 5=R]1YI~$  
#w:nj1{_  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 0E)M6 j J  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: ^F&j;8U  
a. there be 句型 Xg;;< /Z  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 Ejnk\8:  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 +O.qYX  
G&YcXyH  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. T\bpeky~  
   A     B      C    D    oxdX2"WwU  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is H!>>|6OPF  
O%haaL\  
;--D?Gs]Qr  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ^Ai QNL}  
             A     B    $\|Q+7lQ  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 SpYmgL?wJ  
     C         N;k)>  
  miles in width. z;ku*IV  
     D  UtQCTNjC{  
分析:倒装句,are改为is ayQeT  
eTay/i<-  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and *aFY+.;U`  
   A    B       C         B|,d  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film c?REDj2  
                    D @#$(Cs*{]  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. ei{tW3 H$  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 '@Yp@ _  
/J&ks>St  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 E31Yk D.A  
fifty percent of + 名词 i5&,Bpfo-  
one percent of + 名词 M&<qGV$A  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: x+;y0`oL  
  one percent of my students + are =8%*Rrj^  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. = ^Vp \  
 m l@% H  
这里要强调两个结构 +|7N89l  
half of =fifty percent z[myf] @  
most of + 可数名词 + are ;R Jv7@  
most of + 不可数名词+ is bN03}&I  
6,MQT,F  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been $m E3 FJP>  
   A       B         C   SMJRoK3  
  found in central and eastern Canada. EWgJ"WT F  
           D ,<)D3K<  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 HtiIg a 7  
K"&^/[vMB  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized jD}h`(bE  
                 A   B  R5%CK_  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. 5E1`qof  
              C     D vy{k"W&S  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 \E<Qi3W>*  
C"B'Dj  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 rpDBKo  
①、主要考察时间状语 R=<::2_Y96  
8q9ATB-^>  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. G5K?Q+n   
   A        B  C     D QKB+mjMH#x  
N3aqNRwlk  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was *78c2`)[  
UZrEFpi  
oz)4YBf  
②、For和since的区别 6)ln,{  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 'SoBB :  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 dE_"|,:  
  I has been a teacher for three years. (d D7"zQ  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. bv'>4a  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 zrG  
9d-'%Q>+  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became /|i*'6*  
   A      B              AWx@Z7\z"g  
  the primary responsibility of the president. v<g=uEpN  
     C    D #k|f>D4  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 'j, ([  
6QbDU[  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of  Y6H?ZOq  
             A  B  C   &*ocr&  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. R6o  D  
            D 8h@L_*Kr  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 ^uN[rHZ*u  
`y^\c#k  
h ~yTkN]  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  T1.U (::  
   A       B        C     D z EtsM U  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live r(uo-/7z  
La9}JvQoX  
(三) 谓语的语态 43B0ynagN  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 uGb+ *tD  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: JfSe; v  
①、prove RH<2f5-sC!  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 + c3pe4  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; mHW%:a\L  
>| ,`E  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming tJ K58m$  
                      A   I8)D   
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be 'Gc{cNbXIA  
    B                  C XF)N_ }X^  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. U!r8}@  
                  D ^O@eyP  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 ~nmFZ] y  
6[ 3 K@  
}aE'  
②、Locate,Situate Y` ]P&y  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 /tj]^QspS  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 8} :$=n4&  
这两个词也可以用作被动 iY07lvG<  
  My school was located near the river. o [V8h @K)  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 a'jUM+D;  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. P}5bSQ( a3  
   (A)locates Z8bg5%  
   (B)locating 3 c6e$/  
   (C)to locate \)t//0  
   (D)is located <#?dPDMG.*  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 dGOFSH  
G-9i   
③、表示需要概念的动词 lPxhqF5pP  
need, want, require等 (BPp2^  
`9[n5-t  
My watch needed repairing 5U7,,oyh  
My watch needed to be repaired. .W~XX  
6Y ]P7j  
④、表示人的情感的动词 ~%=%5}  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 K\%\p$ZD  
ed',\+.uB  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 V{oFig 6  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 uoE+:,P  
 >Z_;ZMu)  
主动和被动技巧总结: &t8,326;  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 xS12$ib ~G  
%<DdX*Qp  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the Q >[>{N&\  
                 A      SF; \*]["f  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, Za!KM  
                 B R_/;U&R  
  power structures, and flood-control works along 6 ~0kb_td  
                    C J i@q7qkC  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. | 8mWR=9fs  
                D L:Rg3eo  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 dpq(=s`s  
98u@X:3  
四、非谓语动词 ;yN Y/  
AFL'Ox]0  
(一) 分词 0'F/z%SMj  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 z{ eZsh b  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 4Us,DS_/  
v=G*K11@  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then &AxtSIpucP  
   A ,}W|cm>  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. ?m~1b_@A{  
     B      C            D  tM\BO0  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning t|oIzjKE/  
$t& o(]m  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 M} X `  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in YJ ,"@n_  
      A               B   bnkZWw'9  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. FXT^r3  
               C         D >ryA:T O{  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living O, eoO,gB  
| )>+& xk  
\41/84BA  
一些动词后面必须用doing om`B:=+  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 ;&|I/MVm  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, H~JgZ pw  
 advocate, suggest khR[8j..  
 delay, quit e^@ZN9qQ  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, gzhIOeY  
 avoid, escape(逃避) DFZ0~+ rh  
 spend+名词+doing; 7& P70DO  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing NL|c 5y<r  
71E~~$  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their {7oPDP  
   A     B    C              D <<cezSm  
  crops. cyd&bxPgj+  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 .,'4&}N}  
X4\T=Q?uLx  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, g*FHZM*N9  
               A        B <f}:YDY'  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. `x?_yogPM  
        C          D Q~f]?a`  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing '-f` 5X  
ZR=i*y  
(二) 不定式 z"  z$.c  
A. 动词不定式的省略 ; m |N 9'  
①、help后面可以省略to X xwcvE  
  help to do XD6Kp[s  
  help sb. to do so.}WU  
9i_@3OVl  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid LdiNXyyzet  
              A      B   @Kt !uKrI  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. 9_svtO]P  
         C     D P^Og(F8;  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 u#u/uS"  
O['[_1n_u]  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 suaP'0  
  make, @$p6w  
  let, ,=@WE> ip  
  have sb. do sth V$$9Rh  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. ]{| l4e4P  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians ebL0cK?  
        A               B ]I/* J^  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. 1:DA{ejS  
   C     D }(na)B{m  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know WT,dTn;W  
) .V,zmI  
③、感官动词 xjxX4_  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe GX.a!XQ@!  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 "f3mi[  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 \G/ZA) t  
;u';$0  
!qH)ttW  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 i(# Fjp  
(1)表示第一人 N/2WUp  
the first woman to do sth. _-v$fDrz  
-4J.YF>  
(2)表示迫使的动词 TEK#AR  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do La7}zXx  
cI7aTLC"s  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 5Ktll~+:#  
     A                 B    ^6CPC@B1  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 3][   
       C           D op&j4R  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 PI *Z>VE?  
0@&;JMh6<  
^@'zQa  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 3)^ 2X  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 sv\=/F@n  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 6UPGE",u  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 Us>n`Lj@  
  be apt to do :`@W`V?6-  
m Le 70 U  
(4)表示目的的名词, ; ?,'jI*1  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 .+ic6  
固定的句式: LXc;`]  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. kRiZ6mn   
the objective 目标 T(kG"dz   
aim bU4\Yu   
goal Ei@al>.\  
reason理由 DK%@ [D  
function功能 Y$ ZDJNz  
intension意图 c 8|&Q  
Aacj?   
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ,z$ U=u o  
                       A   ixF  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. Hn?v  /3  
           B          C     D &!8u4*K5j  
分析:the function to provide, A错 0t00X/  
SYv5{bff =  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure 4?7OP t6  
                  A       HD}3mP  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds ^0"[l {  
     B  Zu^J X/um  
  that make up various components of a living cell. &?SU3@3|  
    C    D Ktf lbI!  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 mk?F+gh  
x):h|/B  
(5) 其他同根名词 OQsF$% *   
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ;e ^`r;]  
 attempt to do 企图 ^@xn3zJ  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 :#spL*FIx  
 ambition, P:HmT   
 be ambitious to do  +C9 l7 q  
 effort ^$F1U,oi  
#j${R ={  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation kT4Tb%7KM  
  A                    B   g=n /w  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 8u#2M8.5E  
          C       D o51jw(wO  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 X/`M'8v.%  
=!|= Y@  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great zvnR'\A_  
  A                   B   5Qgh\4  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. T0P_&E@X  
       C            D Oi4tG&q  
分析:efforts to register, C错 "E )0)A3=  
'z3I*[!  
Q !G^CG  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 nf9NJ_8}4H  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 Vi_6O;  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. :f5"w+   
mR6hnKa_53  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 P+t `Rw  
I am glad to see you. b x8;`Q MX  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. !ZrU@T  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. nBJ'ak   
AD^Q`7K?uR  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 )LDBvpJyQ  
It is difficult to decide. ur K~]68  
mfCp@1;26  
iininITOS{  
五、句子的结构 *9O@DF&*6  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 zSo(+D &[  
Z b}U 4  
(一) 主语的重复 ^LAnR>mz^r  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 GLWEoV9<  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any }^tW's8  
          A      B      8]j*z n?,  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the HP2J`>oo  
          C          D :Fh#"<A&&  
  League of Nations. ^aR^M\38  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 wU(!fw\  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson *w$3/  
jT=fq'RK  
fR>"d<;T  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are 7&&3@96<*#  
        A        B  >["X( %&w  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. 8h,=yAn5  
    C         D 8 /T[dn  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 7Fzj&!>ti  
~yiw{:\  
(二)谓语的重复 &oxHVZJ  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 ~@mNR^W-W  
Qo\?(E M  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  of8 >xvE|  
    A            B    xSrjN  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. =$SvKzN  
         C   D c2Wp 8l  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 &} r-C97  
>|aVGY  
(三)谓语的缺少 *i>hFNLdOM  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body +CN!3(r  
          A     B    .iYp9?t  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. E V@yJ]  
         C               D  [ J4n%  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 a66Ns7Rb  
W`uq,r0Xsy  
(四)主句的重复 +GncQs y  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 zX]l$Q+  
.uSVZqJ7  
OwPXQ 3S  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite @r=,: 'Mt  
      A         B        C   -S#jOr  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. Qb|@DMq%  
     D Rn)fwGC  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 nNf*Q r%Z  
!v8](UI8-  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow wg<t*6&'x  
        A   B       0BH-kr  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. g7{:F\S  
      C    D EQ.K+d*K][  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 Y]7 6y>|e  
Ym.{ {^=  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided @,9YF }  
   A                     B  R3>c\mA  
  names for towns, only George Washington |*^}e54  
      C B<ue}t  
  is remembered in the name of a state. virt[5w  
          D f[ KI T  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 [RY Rt/?Q  
六、比较级和最高级 B*t1Y<>x  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 K>C@oE[W  
$ w+.-Tr  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 J~n|5* cz  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which  56MY@  
      A               ^C92R"*Qu  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. UB +7]S  
     B       C           D s4QCun~m  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 {pA&Q{ ^  
%~} ,N  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 Y`(~eNX^%  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. {3.n!7+  
     A      B     C  D R:3=!zav  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 #kh:GAp]  
ve:Oe{Ie{  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 3,K\ZUU.,  
     A       B     C   D QBGjH^kL  
  is the grizzly bear. ,L lYRj 5  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 dwQ1~  
lHDZfwJ&C1  
TZ `Ypi7r  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 i]J.WFu  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 3%Eu$|B  
*8uS,s6g  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with R\XS5HOE(  
   A           B  9D Nd} rXO  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. Jm#p!G+  
   C                 D }2;iIw`  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 B-$?5Ft!  
/zb/ am1#  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 c9o]w8p/  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 0[M2LF!m  
s^SU6P/ ]  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 ^1vKhO+p$  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 +/l@o u'  
the taller boy #AC T&J  
?|/K(}  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 M:/(~X{?  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed HA,8O [jon  
          A            B h#KSKKNW  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is &VA^LS@b  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. ^<-)rzTI  
    C          D U. _fb=  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they yg H)U.  
F'OO{nF  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 'I+S5![<  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, ?jUgDwc(w  
  A  B         C     ZO cpF1y  
  the Navajos form largest group. U5TkgHN{y  
         D 0%%U7GFB5  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 8/(}Wet  
)B"{B1(  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, y6tqemz  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language XHj%U  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the cW_wIy\]&  
M>Tg$^lm  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many vs[!B-  
            A      B         C 4'*-[TKC  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. .\T!oSb4[  
            D )Z1&`rv  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 t0e5L{ QJ  
p+|8(w9A${  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the Zv!XNc!"$y  
例如:my best friends R&;x_4dr^  
MGMJeq vr  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial COu5Tu^  
            A    B     C RV_I&HD!  
  and banking center. #}B1W&\sw  
        D AVw oOv J  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 Z8FgxR  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 .U=x2txb  
H=,>-eVv*  
YR0AI l:L  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary \ui'~n_t]  
                 A         xtD(tiqh.;  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. 1!G}* 38;  
    B   C     D &.DRAD)  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 (?8i^T?WP=  
u8KQV7E  
七、平行结构 -.? @f tY  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 [ !#Db a#  
#`gX(C>  
s<#BxN  
(一) 对等连接词 N}%AUm/L  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 qGH[kd  
单一式: and, or ,but 6M7GPHah  
相关式: both…and, not … but, R[l`# I  
     either …or, neither…nor oY0b8=[  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as WgR%mm^  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, 3bezYk  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also :3R3 >o6m  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, (nmsw6 X  
QOUyD;0IW  
短语式: as well as M0lJyz J  
     rather than (而不是) H/M]YUs/3  
     other than (除…之外) 5<`83; R9  
     instead of (代替) s?m_zJh  
3GKKC9C6  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 Ih.)iTs~%  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  W&cs&>F#  
       A     B   6 l 2O>V  
  but he is now living in Detroit. P3W3+pwq  
       C   D cy!P!t,@  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 {aV,h@>  
 q9{ h@y  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics ;Dp*.YJ  
       A         B I>l^lv&[+  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford BjPU@rS .U  
  remained active in city and regional planning. &g90q   
          C    D  ._j?1Fw`  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 DAf@-~c  
(二)平行的内容 4zhh **]B  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 O>vCi&  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of Y=Ic<WHR  
             A         B   iuXXFuh  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, |BhL.  
         C            D 6A =k;do  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. Dpu?JF]  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 ADOA&r[  
?5B?P:=kl  
fD\Fq'29{  
第二、名词单复数的平行 N}#"o  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 TUwX4X6m  
kzK9 .  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, NLx TiyQy  
  A     B          C   CGK ]i. N  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. *CQZ6&^  
                 D   T+RC#&>  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 a @3s71  
5wAKA`p"z  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, r: >RH,  
                   A         B hP.Km%C)0n  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. 8EdaxeDq  
      C          D :/$_eg0A  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have kMLJa=]$  
q=`n3+N_H~  
第三、时态的平行 ^\`a-l^  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated z6B#F<h  
                A     :O&jm.2m  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops (@!K tW  
                   B `s UY$Q  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. z'1%%.r;FM  
          C    D ~G=E Q]a  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 -$g~,dIwj  
 !j%  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- <Ist^ h+o  
  spread from its home in Central America and o^"OKHU,S0  
  now grows throughout the tropics. { m{nCl)y  
   (A) to be    (B) it   Hsv)] %p  
   (C) the     (D) its 1HAnOy0   
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? ~QPTs1Vk8  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow -}!mi V  
T2azHo7  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- &hL2xx=  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. y`7< c5zD  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised ohe[rV>EX  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised YtWw)IK  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 _$D!"z7i  
] W2#8:i  
第四、排列位置的平行 M,li\)J!&  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. h2Th)&Fb>  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode C^B$_?  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  sb8bCEm- \  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes MY c&  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes X;)/<:mX  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 n4+q7  
lfC]!=2%~8  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: y6[le*T  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 2?Jw0Wq5D  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 rrj.]^E_~  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 M | "'`zc  
1%N*GJlwJ  
八、词序的颠倒  a`f@&A`z  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 oxL<\4)WJ  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 ZxT E(BQv  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage &V (6N%A^U  
              A    B        Y2.zT6i  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. h| wdx(4  
      C       D    ,&M#[>\(3  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 +ls`;f  
lA/-fUA  
YCxwIzIR  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 qA`@~\ qh"  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only L;j++^p  
          A      B     c};%VB  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. {xov8 M  
    C         D 7f ub^'_  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 F ibZT1-k  
r#)1/`h  
F5/,S   
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 3Zd,"/RH  
=|IlORf<  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were -/{FGbpR;  
          A   B     C   j"h/v7~  
  in what is now the United States. Y01! D"{\  
    D ;2 &"  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 bK~Toz< k  
|H_WY #  
所有的系动词分为三大类: I(pq3_9$  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, -2J37   
    is, remain, keep, stay, 9AB U^ig  
    lie, exit(表示位于) -X$EE$:  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 $B%KkD  
    become, turn, grow, E;C{i  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) Z8xB a0  
Gg9MAK\C9  
第三种,感官动词 a!:N C  
    seem(好像是) Jk\-e`eE  
    look(看起来好像是) S5 q1M n  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste H 2R3I<j  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 (wZ!OLY%}  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe = N*Jis  
    A               B     N?vb^?  
   to cause numerous deaths. oHx :["F  
        C   D  3jxC}xz)  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 Dbn344s  
-\? -  
九、词性的混用 m- <y|3  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 t7F0[E'=5\  
W$zRUG-  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 B0Wf$ s^7t  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 2\ 1+M)  
nahq O|~  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high }bS1M  
          A        B      S^p b9~  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and nA,=g'7S  
              C t(*n[7e  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. 6;'[v}O^^  
          D :gwmk9LZ  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) 'xqyG XI  
(t@)`N{  
*% ;A85V/  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 c2g[w;0"  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 {"Sv~L|J;  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds /(s |'"6  
         A       B      wL),/i&<  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to Fw&ImRMk  
          C        (}X5*BB&  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. o4FHR+u<M  
            D im &N &A  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 ?Sh]kJ O  
8wkhbD|;  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, W'vekuM  
            A       RM_%u=jC  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of yy{YduI  
      B      C x W)  
   urban Black people in the United States. )Q`Ycz-  
   D ASy?^Jrs5  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 tdRvg7v,N%  
ZskX! {  
N@PwC(   
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 ZJs~,Q  
表示时间有两种可能, 'M6+(`x  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 } F{s\qUt  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, l GYW[0dy  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 y_L8i[  
}@6Ze$ >  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence i=<;$+tW  
       A     B     z# &1>  
  were made while the American Civil War. 9oc_*V0<  
   C    D DQ+6VPc^o  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 5XX)8gAo  
}d; 2[fR)  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the n yPeN?-  
   A      B           C    !a UYidd  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. Y910\h@V  
          D b|.Cqsb  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 }y*D(`  
RYCiO,+  
I]d-WTd  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 r }qDvC D  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 &G_#=t&  
jC[_uG  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social s? ;8h &]=  
                   A     +pG+ xI  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. hO[_ _j8  
     B   C    D rkji#\_-FV  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 \azMF}mb  
kCEuzd=$V  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples V~*>/2+  
   A        B   C      PP$2s]{  
  easily under the stress of compression. vC>2%Zgf-  
   D DgcS@N  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 !0hyp |F:>  
(N&i4O-I  
n.c0G`  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 s9"X.-!  
ZqrS]i@$  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine v@Eb[7Kq/1  
    A         B |U1 [R\X  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. ]cP%d-x}  
          C            D `},:dDHI  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 c-JXWNz  
7"2BZ  
7/a7p(   
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, ?jfh'mCA  
         A _4) t  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. >;Oa|G  
   B      C      D `q]' ^EzJ  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 f=V`Nn<=A  
M887 Q'HSi  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 (*r2bm2FPO  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; +|bmUm<2  
two hundred diligent students
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