改错题常考要点 M1{(O
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一、代词 Mk5RHDh
代词中主要讲解六个问题 z_n\5.
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 %*K;np-q{
主格、宾格、所有格 6$RpV'xz
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) 0T9.M(
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(二) 反身代词 0Oap39
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 E1(1E?}!
He killed himself. (他自杀了) HeozJ^u\?
He killed him. (他杀了他) U=m=1FYaG
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating -;Uj|^
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a series of indicators that could help ,YB1 y)x
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themselves to predict earthquakes. Oy$<QXj/
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 6+PGwCS
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 yL&/m~{s
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Zi{0-m6+
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 'n4u-pM(nB
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies .
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that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the <[hz?:G"$
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Pacific. P
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 @]?R2bI
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 UH20n{_:
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: w1i?#!|
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 @q)E=G1<o0
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined ML=z<u+
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the word“normalcy”to express social and rPO}6lsc
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economic conditions they promised the nation. .bfST.OA
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 SqqDV)Uih1
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 5"gL.Ez
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John e5OVq
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Keats, published the year of her death. a8QfkOe
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 'tuBuYD\
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(四) Who和which的区别 kfK[u/<i
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 ~`[8"YUL
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 vZk9gGjk
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who mATH*[Y
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. . s-5N\
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 PW)8aLU
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ' &N20w
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(五) that和which的区别 AysL-sqR
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 U!NI_uk
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it c_DaNEfaY
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. =h7[E./U1
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 C (U
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 1VGpq-4*
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Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, bq: [Nj
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ?-S8yqe
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 0}D-KvjyP
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which H7}g!n?
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly cB<O.@
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. @Jm.HST#S8
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 %6N)G!P
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has *|^,DGfQ6
affected the way people in the United States----. . Jptj
(A) living and working 1z3]PA!R
(B) they live and work PP],HB+*[
(C) live and work pL8H8kn
(D) to live and to work <o~t$TH
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 vUqe.?5
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二、介词 +)?, {eE|
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 Qg[heND
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(一) 介词搭配 g
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those hH#lTye
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. ZT r:xX{R6
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 y2U/$%B)G
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. "pOqd8>]
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分析:B错改为be rich in 3(MoXA*
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the Rk}\)r\
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. x6"/z
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 sq6>DuBZz
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 -
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1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 $$k7_rs
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. NKRaQr
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 lq;
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has es.jh
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on d-9uv|SJ
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. pGO|~:E/L
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 83mlZ1jQz
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2、介词by yTzY?
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by |z.Gh1GCy
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing aQz|!8Is
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ST[2]
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. b=6MFPbg
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 \hjk$Gq
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils KC@k9e
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 6Cz7A
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supply moccasins and field rations. :FX'[7;p
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 [}W^4,
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 5~ _eN
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements Hmz=/.$
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that are often represented at symbols. `c qH}2s#
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ^4xlZouCb
三、谓语动词 KuIt[oM
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 @Og\SZhn
①、主谓分割原则 u4b3bH9U
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, H(5S Kv5
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ?6gDbE%
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 I3}HNGvU
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②、与后者一致原则 bm|Jb"T0b
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, Z/V`Z* fy
not only…but also L:t)$iF5+
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③、与前者一致原则 GsP@ B'
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, vxbH^b
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 4*N@=v
例:The athlete, together with his coach and r)9i1rI+
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. ),D`ZRXS
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 7(A
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④、就近原则 +H)!uLvaB
or, either…or, neither…nor, MYDf`0{$_a
单数名词+or+复数名词+are wRV`v$*6
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is F'?5V0\he
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 tK s4}vW
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 ,z0~mN
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ;H m-,W
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. AXNszS%4
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 (_%JF[W
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 iP#A-du
There are five apples that are red. jziA;6uL
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 VxPTh\O*[
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets $E4O^0%/p
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. *xZQG9`kt
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 yN W
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 _!CvtUU0Vv
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 3$kv%uf{
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 *\~kjZ 3
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 QLpTz"H
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: r
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a. there be 句型 Z#cU#)`y1
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式
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b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 5f`XFe$8
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. |z<wPJ,;2
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is -I$tx
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific yV]-Oa$*s0
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 ``YL]
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miles in width. sp
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分析:倒装句,are改为is PA-0FlV|
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and vM3|Ti>a'
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film ^[\53\R~
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. ZT-
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分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 b+j_EA_b
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 ,c %gwzU
fifty percent of + 名词 fF]&{b~wk
one percent of + 名词 Qs[EA_
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: e=Tc(Mwn
one percent of my students + are \,#4+&4b
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. _nFvM'`<
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这里要强调两个结构 Mw7UU1 ei
half of =fifty percent 2+Y`pz47W
most of + 可数名词 + are !<^j!'2
most of + 不可数名词+ is TV>R(D3T/
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been `e;Sjf<
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found in central and eastern Canada. tfIBsw.
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ?B:wV?-`
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized /*2W?ZM~H
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. #Z5Wk
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 d#,V^
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 qGUe0(
①、主要考察时间状语 znpZ0O\!
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. WZ-{K"56
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was PEhLzZX+
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②、For和since的区别 E*"E{E7
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 +a@SdWf
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 }i~ j"m
I has been a teacher for three years. m5g: Q
I has been a teacher since 1996. Cagq0-:(p
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 'v)+S;oB
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became [$+61n}.12
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the primary responsibility of the president. OPh@H.)^
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 _~<TAFBr
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of g}h0J%s
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