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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 M1{(O Y(G  
一、代词 Mk5RHDh  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 z_n \5.  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 %*K;np-q{  
  主格、宾格、所有格 6$RpV'xz  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) 0T9. M(  
$.8 H>c  
(二) 反身代词 0Oap39  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 E1(1E?}!  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) HeozJ^u\?  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) U=m=1FYaG  
~kb{K;  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  -;Uj|^  
    A                 B    "+h/-2rA  
  a series of indicators that could help ,YB1 y)x  
             C      vYnftJK&  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. Oy$<QXj/  
    D ?,XC =}  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 6+PGwCS  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 yL&/m~{s  
4f {+pf^R  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Zi{0-m6+  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 'n4u-pM(nB  
&J(!8y*QyE  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies . #U}q 7X  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the <[hz?:G"$  
     A   B      C          D o;QZe&  
  Pacific. P 4 6,o  
L_?$ayZ;  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 @]?R2bI  
H.~bD[gA  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 UH20n{_:  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: w1i?# !|  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 @q)E=G1<o0  
.Dx2 ;lj  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined ML= z<u+  
                       A   |!Ists  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and rPO}6lsc  
             B hdg<bZk:  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. .bfST.OA  
   C       D ) ,Npv3(  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 SqqDV)Uih1  
6~@5X}^<0  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 5"gL.Ez  
        A     bQ.nFa']  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John e5OVq ,  
   B        C      s<VJ`Ur  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  a8QfkOe  
      D  @C_ =*  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. 'tuBuYD\  
F*\4l;NJ  
`]{Psc6_=  
(四) Who和which的区别 kf K[u/<i  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 ~`[8"YUL  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 vZk9gGjk  
C P&o%Uc*  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who mATH*[Y  
              A            B 4if\5P:j  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. . s-5N\  
   C                  D e5L 1er;6  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 PW)8aLU  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ' &N20w  
KBj@V6Q  
(五) that和which的区别 Ays L-sqR  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 U!NI_uk  
X+*<B(E  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it c_DaNEfaY  
              A        B nF|Oy0  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. =h7[E./U1  
      C              D oN ;-M-(  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 C (U  
6kR -rA  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 1VGpq-4* j  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, bq: [Nj  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ?-S8yqe  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. 0}D-KvjyP  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which H7}g!n?  
nfa_8  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly cB<O.@  
              A         B   ot0U-G(  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. @Jm.HST#S8  
         C      D ^?nP$+gq  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 %6N)G!P  
dD o6fP2  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  *|^,DGfQ6  
  affected the way people in the United States----. .Jptj  
   (A) living and working 1z3]PA!R  
   (B) they live and work PP],HB+*[  
   (C) live and work pL8H8kn  
   (D) to live and to work <o ~t$TH  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 vUqe.?5  
Shs')Zs bv  
二、介词 +)?,{eE|  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 Qg[heND  
/q T E  
(一) 介词搭配 g ,`F<CF9  
'y< t/qo  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those hH#lTye  
    A         B   C      4C6=77Jr  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. ZTr:xX{R6  
                D 5QKRI)XpZ  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 y2U/$%B)G  
nT_*EC<.  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. "pOqd8>]  
A       B     C  D SE6>vKR/.  
分析:B错改为be rich in 3(MoXA*  
fDL3:%D  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the Rk}\)r\  
    A         B      C cZ6?P`X  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. x6"/z  
             D m" 5{D*|  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 sq6>DuBZz  
EV:_Kx8fP  
Y,3z-Pa=@  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 - K:yU4V  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 $$k7_rs  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. NKRaQ r  
          A      B  C     D -FQC9~rR;g  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 lq;  
r3n=<l!Jr  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has es. jh  
                 A  B     Rbx97(wK  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on d-9uv|SJ  
      C _Syre6k  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. pGO|~:E/L  
      D |E46vup  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 83mlZ1jQz  
kA?X^nj@  
2、介词by yTzY?  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by |z.Gh1GCy  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing aQz|!8Is  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ST[2]   
    A         B       ^</65+OT+  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. b=6MFPbg  
   C     D | \ s2  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 \hjk$Gq  
Y}AmX  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils KC@k9e  
   A                      L9E;Uii0  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 6Cz7A  
     B    C       D w8eG;  
   supply moccasins and field rations. :FX'[7;p  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 [}W^4,  
_hAj2%SL  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with 5~_eN  
        A                fe& t-  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements Hmz=/.$  
        B          C   \Dvl%:8   
  that are often represented at symbols. `c qH}2s#  
              D %v?jG(o  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ^4xlZouCb  
三、谓语动词 KuIt[oM  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 @Og\SZhn  
①、主谓分割原则 u4b3bH9U  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, H(5S Kv5  
     A     <GL}1W"Ay  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ?6gDbE%  
        B      C      D nZ2mEt  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 I3}HNGvU  
<r_P? lZW  
②、与后者一致原则 bm|Jb"T0b  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, Z/V`Z* fy  
not only…but also L:t)$iF5+  
?MV[=LPL  
c t2_N  
③、与前者一致原则 GsP@ B'  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, vxbH^b  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 4*N@=v  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and r)9i1rI+  
     A      B  C     mC{!8WC@k  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. ),D`ZRXS  
         D 3<KZ.hr  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is 7(A G]  
M\Uc;:) H  
④、就近原则 +H)!uLva B  
or, either…or, neither…nor, MYDf`0{$_a  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are wRV`v$*6  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is F'?5V0\he  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 tKs4}vW  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 ,z0~mN  
Pq{YZMr  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are ;H m-,W  
        A      B        q^jqLT&w  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. AXNszS%4  
    C              D Q?Bj q>  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 (_%JF[W  
lk+=2 6>  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 iP#A-du  
There are five apples that are red. jziA;6uL  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 VxPTh\O*[  
<@x+N%C  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets $E4O^0%/p  
      A            I).^,%>Z)  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. *xZQG9`kt  
   B   C    D 8&2gM  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 yNW bI0a  
A\PV@w%A i  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 _!CvtUU0Vv  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 3$kv%uf{  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 *\~kjZ 3  
j_ywG{Jk  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 QLpTz"H  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: r Y_C3;B  
a. there be 句型 Z#cU#)`y1  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 ~RR_[t2Z  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 5f`XFe$8  
tpx3:|  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. |z<wPJ,;2  
   A     B      C    D    ae(]9VW  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is -I$tx a/"|  
_I 70qz8  
- 5-SlQu  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific yV]-Oa$*s0  
             A     B    ~3-YxCn%  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 ``YL] <<  
     C         Mb/6>  
  miles in width. sp |y/r#  
     D  !#|fuOWe  
分析:倒装句,are改为is PA-0FlV|  
7!yF5 +_d  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and vM3|Ti>a'  
   A    B       C         1oW]O@R  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film ^[\53\R~  
                    D 6pz:Lfd80  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. ZT- 45_  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 b+j_EA_b  
[N$_@[  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 ,c %gwzU  
fifty percent of + 名词 fF]&{b~wk  
one percent of + 名词 Qs[EA_  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: e =Tc(Mwn  
  one percent of my students + are \,#4+&4b  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. _nFvM'`<  
1#_j6 Q2  
这里要强调两个结构 Mw7UU1 ei  
half of =fifty percent 2+Y`pz47W  
most of + 可数名词 + are !<^j!'2  
most of + 不可数名词+ is TV>R(D3T/  
nk,Mo5iqV  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been `e;Sjf<  
   A       B         C   5<8>G? Y  
  found in central and eastern Canada. tfIBsw.  
           D kT=|tQ@  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ?B:wV?-`  
%.gjBI=  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized /*2W?ZM~H  
                 A   B  zYJ`.,#C 5  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. #Z 5Wk  
              C     D KEB>}_[  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 d#,V^  
bGnJ4R3J  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 qGUe0(  
①、主要考察时间状语 znpZ0O\!  
(MU7  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. WZ-{K"56  
   A        B  C     D -mdPqVIJn:  
NGGd6V%'-  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was PEhLzZX+  
v333z<<S  
_ L6>4  
②、For和since的区别 E*"E{E7  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 + a@SdWf  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 }i~j"m  
  I has been a teacher for three years. m5g: Q  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. Cagq0-:(p  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 'v)+S;oB  
+& Qqu`)?F  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became [$+61n}.12  
   A      B              ;!Bkk9r"H  
  the primary responsibility of the president. OPh@H.)^  
     C    D 2l%iXK[  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 _~<TAFBr  
D]_\i[x  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of g}h0J%s  
             A  B  C   y5 +&P  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. c3mlO [(  
            D sNTfRPC  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 >?x Vr  
8b $7#  
M](U"K?  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  }DwXs`M7  
   A       B        C     D Ric$Xmu  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live }])f^  
2/WXdo  
(三) 谓语的语态 xbIA97g-O,  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 CQ ?|=cN  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: ~A( Pa-  
①、prove ]5CFL$_Q{  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 ?,[w6O*  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; b87d'# .  
a!.8^:B&  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming &bNj /n/  
                      A   g;1 UZE;  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be ;!b(b%  
    B                  C 9EW 7,m{A  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. |,crQ'N'  
                  D rL/+`H  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 *{bqHMd4L  
uq_SF.a'v  
sh RvwE[  
②、Locate,Situate ]0O$2j_7  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 hB4.tMgZ  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 V^D#i(5  
这两个词也可以用作被动  qn .  
  My school was located near the river. nK[$ID  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 )/Vr 5b@  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. 'AoH2 |  
   (A)locates t+VPX2  
   (B)locating jdzV&  
   (C)to locate 6)8']f  
   (D)is located 4C$,X!kzF  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 ;-F#a+2]!  
5VN4A<))  
③、表示需要概念的动词 Lv"83$^S9  
need, want, require等 uE2Y n`Ha  
+q(D]:@,[  
My watch needed repairing DRnXo-Aaj  
My watch needed to be repaired. BsAglem  
:5(TOF  
④、表示人的情感的动词 *e R$  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 Ce:kMkJ  
CfAqMH*ip  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 s}.nh>Q  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 >/>a++19  
W^x[ma z  
主动和被动技巧总结: {>:2 Ff]O:  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 tf,_4_7#$  
v-kH7H"z  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the  `>V.}K^4  
                 A      ?E`J-ncP  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 9}4L 8?2  
                 B BdceINI  
  power structures, and flood-control works along DN!EsQ6  
                    C @cx!m   
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. 5rc<ibGh  
                D r"n)I$  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 @/9> /?JP  
n4:WM+f4  
四、非谓语动词 wxoBq{r;  
.{Xi&[jw  
(一) 分词 @a~K#Bvlm  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 m\t %wr  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 2@ad! h  
5%Q!R%  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then <%!@cE+y  
   A ,0~'#x>  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. JeO(sj$e  
     B      C            D ";jhj:Xj  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning ci$o~b6V  
xD~:= ]G  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 (BJs6":BFe  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in DukCXyB*l  
      A               B   1|zo -'y  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. <$UY{"?  
               C         D LTi0,03l<  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living $FD0MrB_+  
#vIF]Y  
wc ^z9y  
一些动词后面必须用doing f#[Fqkmj  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 E$RH+):|  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, Og^b'Kx/  
 advocate, suggest M[SWMVN{  
 delay, quit <zrGPwk  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, )Wgh5C`  
 avoid, escape(逃避) Z:5e:M  
 spend+名词+doing; zU]95I  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing c\7~_ w2  
O9jqeF`L=  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their Ioj F/  
   A     B    C              D A=Dzd/CUO  
  crops. '`^`NI`  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 fsb _*sh&  
e0qU2  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, WF`y j%0  
               A        B fn]f$n*`  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. |cUTP!iy  
        C          D d%8hWlffz  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing ?u/RQ 1  
z q _*)V  
(二) 不定式 '+JU(x{CCl  
A. 动词不定式的省略 dJ#mk5= "  
①、help后面可以省略to -lAX-W 0  
  help to do %i 6i.TF  
  help sb. to do 4'_PLOgnX  
/ p}^ Tpu  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid H}Z\r2  
              A      B   Y`.FSs  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. iK%%  
         C     D YEqZ((H  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 [Wf%iwB  
mW- 4  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 .EpcMX T%  
  make, 9=YX9nP  
  let, V $Y=JK@  
  have sb. do sth mhpaPin*JS  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. @A?Ss8p'  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians ^qvN:v$1  
        A               B v!~tX*q  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. I5Vp%mCY  
   C     D &![3{G"+>l  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know <MdIQ;I8  
g4z*6L,u  
③、感官动词 Fp=O:]  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe /h6K"w=='!  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 cCa+UTxaJ  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 b5!D('w>]  
CmP_9M?ce  
rHngYcjR  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 VkW N1A  
(1)表示第一人 9fQ[:Hl"  
the first woman to do sth. @'IRh9  
{(#2G,  
(2)表示迫使的动词 ^GL>xlZ(  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do Rq@M~;p  
Te d1Ky2O  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis M1HGXdN*B  
     A                 B    X^o0t^  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. U,Q  
       C           D O n/q&h5  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 @h=r;N#/`P  
H3#rFO"C*  
o$q})!  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 [x[ nTIg  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 2QIx ~Er  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 %n B}Hq ;  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 `=%mU/v  
  be apt to do !-AK@`i.  
M!4}B  
(4)表示目的的名词, vw2yOL RX  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 5}Z_A?gy  
固定的句式: wN]]t~K)Q  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. >xCc#]v&  
the objective 目标 =wquFA!c  
aim 4Ai#$SHLm  
goal ~5:-;ZbZ  
reason理由 _z6" C8W  
function功能 ,V &RpKek  
intension意图 v| IG G'r  
'U*Kb  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing ]I: h4hgw  
                       A  I><sK-3  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. ,V`[;~49  
           B          C     D C ^ 1;r9  
分析:the function to provide, A错 w,VUWja  
Oi4y~C_Xd  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure <sor;;T  
                  A       u.ub:  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds k.6(Q_TS  
     B  QLDld[  
  that make up various components of a living cell. Om5+j:YM  
    C    D L4!T  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 8/T,.<5  
EF8'ycJk+  
(5) 其他同根名词 " "{#~X}  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 4n}^1eQ9  
 attempt to do 企图 ^nN@@ \-5  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 @f%q ,:  
 ambition, aP`V   
 be ambitious to do  Q|Go7MQZ@k  
 effort 'w`3( ':=  
pa2cM%48  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation U( (F<  
  A                    B   'Ej&zh  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 5o2|QL  
          C       D u 4$$0 `  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 gQlL0jAV  
_ su$]s  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great <Kt;uu>  
  A                   B   ]x^v;r~  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. {3){f;b  
       C            D 9xM7X?  
分析:efforts to register, C错 4 t< mX  
+/Qgl  
2Pic4Z  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 :}3;z'2]l  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 pipqXe  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. k/mO(i%qi  
0PT\/imgN  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 Ln@n6*%(/  
I am glad to see you. L6f$ID:  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. ~E*`+kD  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. 5,u'p8}.  
ar[*!:!  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 jw$[b=sa  
It is difficult to decide. :Miri_l  
2}8xY:|@(U  
L0dj 76'M  
五、句子的结构 9Bw.I h[Z  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 @WfX{485  
7qT>wCVT  
(一) 主语的重复 X 0e#w?  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 |)+; d  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any d/!R;,^  
          A      B      3 F ke#t  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the w |0w<K  
          C          D |)W N%#v  
  League of Nations. V detY\  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 KOHYeiry~A  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson +8~C&K :  
dyN Kok#  
JOvRU DZ  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are I|oS`iLl$  
        A        B  y1@ *)| r  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. F,'rW:{HMt  
    C         D :d,]BB  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 kjVJ!R\  
.,$<waGD  
(二)谓语的重复 L}x,>hbT  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 ^qP}/H[QT  
y+g01z  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  r#;GVJR6  
    A            B    do>,ELS+m  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. jJOs`'~Q\  
         C   D m_pqU(sP  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 nnol)|C{5Y  
yl'@p 5n  
(三)谓语的缺少 TC$)::C1  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body (S d8S`xO  
          A     B    1#m'u5L  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. ?!Bf# "TY  
         C               D VvSe`E*  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 8nSEAr~  
yy*8Aw}  
(四)主句的重复 ! O~:  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 W3.(s~ )o  
ZD(VH6<g%  
T1YCld  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite a#L:L8T;j  
      A         B        C   $t{;- DpNB  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. rUL_=>3  
     D iT2{3 t  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 ^ b`wf"A  
N3rq8Rk  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow vi1 D<  
        A   B       "!F%X%/  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. mN&B|KWU  
      C    D wdo(K.m  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 Dm+[cA"I  
z?I"[M  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided dWK"Tkf\  
   A                     B  <<M1: 1  
  names for towns, only George Washington -2/&i  
      C Svl; Ul  
  is remembered in the name of a state. 9 7Ua,  
          D &)ED||r,  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 \'9(zbvz9  
六、比较级和最高级 Q*54!^l+_r  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 3o^~6A  
rf=oH }  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 ]]eI80u[  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which o5;|14O  
      A               k((kx:  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. i*jnC>  
     B       C           D l 0K_29^  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 JKY  
q5G`N>"V  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 oH"VrS 6  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. Sah!|9  
     A      B     C  D a^eR~efdu@  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 f7?u`"C  
?Ll1B3f  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere UWW'[gEP1  
     A       B     C   D y3Ul}mVhA  
  is the grizzly bear. ,?c=v`e  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 %4x,^ K]  
30{+gYA  
BmFtRbR  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 "P!zu(h4  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 &\W5|*`x-  
$AF,4Ir-b+  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with F#Bi*YY  
   A           B  o@qI!?p&  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. !|-:"hE1h  
   C                 D J:dNV <A^  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 F-<c. 0;6  
B&sa|'0U  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 LDbo=w  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as _Kv;hR>  
RJE<1!{  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 Z9UNp[  0  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 r1zuc:W 1  
the taller boy TB#oauJm,  
ee*E:Ltz\  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 @\Yu?_a  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed /S`d?AV  
          A            B j12khp?  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is qViolmDz  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. c59l/qoz  
    C          D F17nWvF  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they A{ Ejk|  
xmwH~ UWp  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 CDGN}Q2_  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, fMIKA72>{  
  A  B         C     QE~#eo  
  the Navajos form largest group. :\,3=suWq  
         D J@Qw6J  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 :a y-2  
=@go;,"  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, Q~G>=J9  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language ntEf-x<  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the (ZHEPN  
i>L>3]SRr{  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many ($Y6hn+  
            A      B         C VU 8 ~hF  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. i*Ee(m]I  
            D . [5{  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 mqb6MnK -  
~$Pz`amT|  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the >$p|W~x  
例如:my best friends 7cMSJM(]G  
-%t2_g,  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial 0s8w)%4$  
            A    B     C "R v],O"  
  and banking center. 2^C>orKQ0  
        D Wf>scl `s  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 a'2^kds  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 Wa+q[E  
>gFEA0-  
vZl]C%  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary O5eTkKUc  
                 A         zVU{jmS  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. D!d1%hac  
    B   C     D 8e3I@mv  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 yq2pg8%  
v8!Ts"  
七、平行结构 #N'W+M /  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构  N\9 Wxz$  
QZs ]'*=#  
M$0-!$RY  
(一) 对等连接词 t/TWLhx/  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 aX$Q}mgb  
单一式: and, or ,but chF@',9t  
相关式: both…and, not … but, vz-O2B_u  
     either …or, neither…nor (7Q Fy  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as 3</gK$f2  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, #{BHH;J+  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also shAoib?Kw:  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, %P2l@}?a  
:ENdF `nC  
短语式: as well as Z/f%$~Ch  
     rather than (而不是) _sGmkJi]  
     other than (除…之外) Ad ma~]T9  
     instead of (代替) iUua!uC  
74p=uQ  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 &Q`{ Gk  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  5u89?-UD  
       A     B   QU;bDNq,c  
  but he is now living in Detroit. Sbp].3^j  
       C   D fZ5zsm'N  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 dz>2/'  
l IUaGz|  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics s1GR!*z>  
       A         B G8t9Lx  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford R0A|} Ee*  
  remained active in city and regional planning. ^tTASK  
          C    D  aJ/}ID  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 LN0pC }F  
(二)平行的内容 BtA_1RO  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 J_S8=`f%  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of sW^e D;  
             A         B   *t%Z'IA  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, Db`SNk=  
         C            D -Is;cbfLj/  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. #=g1V?D  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 ,` 64t'g  
YWFq&II|Z  
VtN1 [}  
第二、名词单复数的平行 { )-8P  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 (hJ&`Tt  
J6I:UML  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, l@)`Q  
  A     B          C   vR3\E"Zi  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. TtQ'I}7q  
                 D   g&*,j+$ }  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 =%ok:+D]  
@PT([1C  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, V1&qgAy~  
                   A         B GoLK 95"]  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. Rb!y(&>v  
      C          D bu9.Hv T'  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have 45?% D}  
PU,%Y_xR  
第三、时态的平行 Kh$Q9$  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated 3=Q:{  
                A     6_s(Kx>j  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops eaC%& k  
                   B RR+{uSO,t  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. Fw S>V2R  
          C    D M!46^q~-  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 &|<f|B MX  
/&c2O X|Z  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- >J5C.hx  
  spread from its home in Central America and \h"U+Bv7  
  now grows throughout the tropics. 1<Sg @  
   (A) to be    (B) it   aeISb83Y|  
   (C) the     (D) its PY;tu#W!%  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? #R>x]Nt}  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow S,j. ?u*!  
au04F]-|j8  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- ae2Q^yLA  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. o{6q>Jm  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised N+ak{3  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised gW,hI>  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 R8cOb*D  
X@"G1j >/  
第四、排列位置的平行 qi B~  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. CxTmW5l  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode #1/~eIEY  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  )q[P&f(h  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes =#/Kg_RKL  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes +Q[uq!<VJk  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 R0}1:1}$Sn  
o//h|fU@  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: ]q.%_  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 `0N7Gc  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 a3>/B$pE  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 {BmqUoZrC  
z 7ik/>d?  
八、词序的颠倒 Bl*}*SPU  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 %\v8 FCb  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 Rh ^(91d  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage !JDr58  
              A    B        vY-CXWC7  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. V6X )L>!xx  
      C       D    Cjx4vP  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 A<ds+0  
Qz,2PO  
9F>`M  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 r*+~(83k  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only 3uocAmY  
          A      B     z_!IA ] v  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. &em~+83  
    C         D M bWby'  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 :QGkYJ  
dS ojq6M  
(dq_ ,LI  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 AH#mL  
?> }p'{I  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were CefFUqo4  
          A   B     C   w$:\!FImx  
  in what is now the United States. !0W(f.A{K  
    D ryL1<u ~  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 cXPpxRXBD  
eUcb e33  
所有的系动词分为三大类: 7|5kak>=  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, e*2^  
    is, remain, keep, stay, 0]4X/u#N  
    lie, exit(表示位于) mD'nF1o Ly  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 Dd r.6`VJ  
    become, turn, grow, |dgiW"tUm  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) #yochxF_  
G'\[dwD,u  
第三种,感官动词 FBXktSg  
    seem(好像是) }|Qh+{H*.  
    look(看起来好像是) rWTaCU^qV  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste VW*%q0i-  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 |8'}mjs.Q  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe ,/?J!W @m  
    A               B     Ak?9a_f  
   to cause numerous deaths. 4;6"I2;zfG  
        C   D  PaaMh[OmG  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 E{T3Xwg  
0eA <nK  
九、词性的混用 `j{3|C=  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 ec!e  
SD^::bH  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 XZOBK^,5^B  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; t\/H.Hb  
(d &" @  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high D9g*+KM&  
          A        B      ^VYR}1Mw  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and ;l;jTb^l  
              C )zWu\ JRp  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. TIp\-  
          D RhJ3>DL  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) r3Ol?p  
:7(fBf5  
L[zTT\a  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 q,sO<1wAT\  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 `m'RvUc  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds Z%?>H iy'o  
         A       B      e[fld,s  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to IYe[IHny1  
          C        i{}m 8K)  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. # 9bw 'm  
            D jXx~  5  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 l%V+] skS  
<e Y2}Ml  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, GB+$ed5@<  
            A       "S@]yL  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of +v%+E{F$+  
      B      C l/?bXNt  
   urban Black people in the United States. hAgrs[OFj  
   D 7yG%E  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 e<DcuF<ZS  
An]Vx<PD  
UnDX .W*2  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 fda2dY;  
表示时间有两种可能, a{e1g93}  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 'QpDx&~QP  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, 5/hgWG6.t  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 {#=o4~u%;H  
}w=|"a|,  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence {h|kx/4{m  
       A     B     nr>Yj?la  
  were made while the American Civil War. ^Ux.s Q  
   C    D "6~+ -_:  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 CTqhXk[  
6EY 0Fjsi  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the >TGc0 z+  
   A      B           C    [$]-W$j+  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. X~*/ ~f  
          D zGL.+@  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 ZKS]BbMZa  
}_}LaEYAo  
jlyuu  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 V\ c`O  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 '^Q$:P{G?  
x9]vhR/av  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social Q{ g{  
                   A     ^ %1u3  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. Z0 c|;  
     B   C    D #]*d8  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 }?CKE<#%  
-|:mRAe  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples d|sf2   
   A        B   C      Co/04F.  
  easily under the stress of compression. qnU`Q{  
   D gP!k[E ,Q8  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 U]M 5&R=?  
Eh *u6K)Z  
k]c$SzJ>/  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 B?d+^sz]  
]0")iY_  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine QwnqysNx4  
    A         B ] `;Fc8$  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. `{ \)Wuw  
          C            D BtF7P}:MGf  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 =>e> r~cW  
pWeD,!f  
m>DJ w7<  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, |-]'~ @~  
         A F>k/;@d  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. d-I&--"ju  
   B      C      D <,t6A?YoMP  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 F{eI[A  
6^,;^   
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 "i\^GK=  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; I 9sQPa  
two hundred diligent students
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