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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 '/NpmNY:L  
一、代词 xYCJO(&  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 v}N\z 2A  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 #Zw:&' QB  
  主格、宾格、所有格 v:/\; 2  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) wpuK?fP  
! #_2 ![  
(二) 反身代词 /0H}-i  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 4r7F8*z  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) u+r!;-0i  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) Mq)]2>"v  
~Ym _ {  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  MGsQF#6]  
    A                 B    6T'UWh0S  
  a series of indicators that could help EN\cwa#FU  
             C      Hz GwO^tbK  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. /]3[|  
    D 2I [zV7 @t  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 wQUl!s7M;  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 IZj`*M%3  
0>Snps3*Z  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Sp5:R 75vI  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 1#6emMV.`  
UgGa]b[9A  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies rZ `1G  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the 'Gl~P><e  
     A   B      C          D >|A,rE^Ojt  
  Pacific. sQ#e 2  
U_"!\lI_yg  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 NS z }  
y<Q"]H.CkQ  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 q k^FyZ<  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: tJ6@Ot  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 ML905n u  
6P{^j  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Y 3ApW vS  
                       A   {1OxJn1hd  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and CK7([>2  
             B rpR yB9  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. ;bB#P g  
   C       D r& a[ ?  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 R|C`  
[Jt}^  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 9Y,JYc#  
        A     }N[X<9^ Z  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John UUV5uDe>i  
   B        C      9S|sTf  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  :0l+x 0l}  
      D &|k=mxox\  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. >)ekb7  
OS,!`8cw  
3@V?L:J  
(四) Who和which的区别 X,v.1#[  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 S/`#6  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 4{uQ}ea  
C(XV YND3  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who e3 v^j$  
              A            B K<J,n!zc  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. YcobK#c  
   C                  D MIZdk'.U  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 RK!9(^Ja  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 kg^0%-F  
H d|p@$I  
(五) that和which的区别 7 XxZF43  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 -iR2UE@M  
qf x*a88  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it M1/d7d  
              A        B inGUN??  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. XH?//.q  
      C              D ircF3P>a?  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 sjyr9AF  
8 MO-QO  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 |HmY`w6*z  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, ^K<3_D>1>  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ,4Q4{Tx  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. R&Lqaek&W  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which E]mm^i`|  
\ \k=N(n  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly Lk !)G'42  
              A         B   V?M (exN  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. vIRT$W' O}  
         C      D tB4mhX|\  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 }nlS&gew^  
g!XC5*}  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  a$=~1@  
  affected the way people in the United States----. O>h`  
   (A) living and working %M iv8  
   (B) they live and work >/A]C$?3  
   (C) live and work uHKEt[PS$  
   (D) to live and to work 76!LMNf  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 JdS,s5Z>  
e#*3X4<\K  
二、介词 _f^6F<!  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 &3t973=  
D&):2F^9.  
(一) 介词搭配 {'M<dI$  
q \@Zf}  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those Y!L-5|G  
    A         B   C      E:K4k <  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. b o|THS  
                D gF,=rT1:>r  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 "K(cDVQ  
*:n7B\.  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. c]{}|2 u  
A       B     C  D ~]-n%J $q  
分析:B错改为be rich in U 3< 3T  
v*!N}1+J  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the c]u ieig0~  
    A         B      C ye.6tlW  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. #%[;v K  
             D fn,n'E]  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 D\THe-Vtr  
m8L *LB  
,1{qZ(l1  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 ui>jJ(  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 W/,bz",v3  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. Po)U!5Tm  
          A      B  C     D P gA<pfEHE  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 nz3*s#k\-  
%4nf(|8n  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has I#2$CSJ  
                 A  B     1L*[ !QT4  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on Sh(ys*y>  
      C 'd~(=6J  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. U,W MP<5&  
      D ms0V1`  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 sMMOZ'bT  
',R%Q0Q  
2、介词by 7n#-3#_mG  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ``CM7|)>`  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing DP) ,~8  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States ]owgsR  
    A         B       7<)H?;~;  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. cjN)3L{  
   C     D "d)Yq Q  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 a_c(7 bQ  
NWn*_@7;  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils %Lh%bqGz  
   A                      , ~ 1+MZ=  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to q%x i>H.:{  
     B    C       D  skl3/!  
   supply moccasins and field rations. k( Sda>-  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 ?7Cm+J  
jVnTpa!A  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with B6dU6"  
        A                ^<!R%"o-  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements zH~P-MqC  
        B          C   2FuV%\p  
  that are often represented at symbols. B/l^=u+-  
              D a"-uJn  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 ^"7- `<J  
三、谓语动词 b[:,p?:@  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 YA pC|R,^  
①、主谓分割原则 N*36rR$^  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, -]^JaQw  
     A     b|-)p+ba  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. i@+m<YS:2>  
        B      C      D </; e$fh`  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 A M=,:k$  
[ ifw} (  
②、与后者一致原则 DU6j 0lz  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, *KNfPh#wi}  
not only…but also ,G0"T~  
B{=DnB6  
0]5X Tc3r  
③、与前者一致原则 C')KZ|JIC  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, |?J57(  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 >bWpj8K v  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and WD\ Yx~o  
     A      B  C     wL~A L  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. jywS<9 c@  
         D zwC ,,U  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is &ic'!h"  
^Lb\k|U ,\  
④、就近原则 ~8&->?{  
or, either…or, neither…nor, Jf4` 2KN\  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are 1|8Bv0-b  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is m19\H  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 JYj*.Q0  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 .f0qgmIyL  
|_ED*ATR=  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are %Qz<Lk">.  
        A      B        ^U,iDK_  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. 3r#['UmT  
    C              D P !f{U;B  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 _O}U4aGMTC  
Vaf,  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 43h06X`  
There are five apples that are red. [2xu`HT02  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 <w}^Z}fpk&  
p4IyKry,  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets 3| w$gG;Y  
      A            ' *XIp:  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. sg-^ oy*^  
   B   C    D ;39a`  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 jNx{*2._r  
@su<_m6'  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 _)<5c!  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. ;;i419  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 uSYI X  
_;^x^   
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 O7IY g;  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: }~&0<8m  
a. there be 句型 -[vw 8  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 =Bc{0p*  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 N/WtQSl  
j<)$ [v6  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. ~sn3_6{  
   A     B      C    D    9$U>St  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is 7hx^U90K  
~t2" L|i  
%!-t7K^mFq  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific X ]&`"Z]  
             A     B    x&u@!# d]  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 20 $Tky_  
     C         c)Ef]E\  
  miles in width. ]3|h6KWq  
     D  lMW6D0^  
分析:倒装句,are改为is i@P= *lLD  
G+sB/l"  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and o6 NmDv5  
   A    B       C         <o P`\m   
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film v @2?X4n  
                    D @o@SU"[?_  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. t3}_mJ  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 MwD+'5   
7 v3%dCvf  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 H.n|zGQTB  
fifty percent of + 名词 /;Cx|\  
one percent of + 名词 nWYfe-zQxg  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: *WzPxQ_  
  one percent of my students + are y&4im;X0  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. gQ '=mU  
+&X>ul  
这里要强调两个结构 zYPvpZV/  
half of =fifty percent \sVzBHy d  
most of + 可数名词 + are yYk?K<ou  
most of + 不可数名词+ is >i1wB!gc8  
 q _;#EV  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 75Bn p9  
   A       B         C   :^QV,d<C  
  found in central and eastern Canada. _cfAJ)8=  
           D UU =,Brb  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 nM$-L.dG  
u*Y!=IT  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized r_a1oO:  
                 A   B  $U_1e'  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. kP~ ;dJD  
              C     D uTrGb:^  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 K,HR= 5  
{\!@ k\__  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 '(($dT  
①、主要考察时间状语 5i3 nz=~o  
)i.\q   
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. ~Oj-W6-+&,  
   A        B  C     D 6 ^p>f:5  
2-wvL&pi)  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ;{>-K8=>$  
j7&0ckN&G  
w+ibY  
②、For和since的区别 p7)b@,  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 L@5g#mSl  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 7\;gd4Ua1  
  I has been a teacher for three years. Op<|Oz$Q|l  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. ] i\a[3  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 .mS'c#~5Y  
i_;]UvP  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 2KmPZ&r  
   A      B              j]_"MMwk$<  
  the primary responsibility of the president. b<rJ@1qtJ  
     C    D )%5T*}j  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 "Q@ZS2;A  
AfW9;{j&I  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of t[L'}ig!q  
             A  B  C   Ijj]_V{,  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. vN4 g#,<  
            D r5?qz<WW~  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 bMw)> 4  
I806I@ix  
^^Tu/YC9x  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  6,|)%~VUm  
   A       B        C     D ^m:?6y_uw  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live aTy&"  
IZ6[|Ach6  
(三) 谓语的语态 ;0VE *  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 ;-d :!*  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: i'%: z]hp9  
①、prove B6b {hsO  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 Q pY:L  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; 0Kjm:x9T  
GIDC'  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming X] /r'Tz  
                      A   4PEJ}B W  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be  wYS,|=y  
    B                  C -<i&`*zG  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. ?'h<yxu]u0  
                  D lV^sVN Z]  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 It4J \S  
'wX'}3_/g  
R/iw#.Yy  
②、Locate,Situate 2`l$uEI3oJ  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 3e:"tus~  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 atFj Vk^  
这两个词也可以用作被动 JF_\A)<ki  
  My school was located near the river. G;MgrA#\  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 ab' f:  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. _#e='~;  
   (A)locates z1F[okLA  
   (B)locating | 9!3{3  
   (C)to locate s0.yPA  
   (D)is located RIM"MR9qe=  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 Sz"J-3b^  
r%$-F2.p  
③、表示需要概念的动词 6A/Nlk.  
need, want, require等 xZL`<3?  
p(~>u'c  
My watch needed repairing ho@f}4jhQ3  
My watch needed to be repaired. -";'l @D=  
M:nXn7)+  
④、表示人的情感的动词 }jfU qqFd  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 o'%F*>#v  
aM3%Mx?w  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 =2)5_/9au  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 \y: 0+s/  
0;3;Rs  
主动和被动技巧总结: _ts0@Z_:  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 HPCgv?E3  
<{YP=WYW  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the .?_wcp=  
                 A      #2I[F  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, 6k42>e*p  
                 B b UAjt>+  
  power structures, and flood-control works along l?a(=  
                    C eP' e_E  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. 7l7eUy/z  
                D o]MQ)\ r  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 ?Hf^& yo  
X&^t 8  
四、非谓语动词 )(\5Wk9(  
}&rf'E9  
(一) 分词 23pHB |X  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 2j4VW0:  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 v=i[s  
Trbgg  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then B HoZ}1_  
   A =NF},j"  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. VV?+q)  
     B      C            D @a>+r1  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning [ #A!B#`  
JF%+T yMe  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 g}$]K! F  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in rNfua   
      A               B   K ^A\S  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. (IIOKx_  
               C         D e0j*e7$  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living [*vk&  
aMZ6C <N  
sA3 4`ZAa  
一些动词后面必须用doing hP `3Ao  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 t \DS}3pv  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, lsY5QE:Qrp  
 advocate, suggest  Cj_cu  
 delay, quit WkXa%OZ  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, s7(mNpo  
 avoid, escape(逃避) !wJ~p:vRdY  
 spend+名词+doing; N=zrY`Vd  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing %:N5k+}  
SD8Q_[rY  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their HS="t3  
   A     B    C              D 1 q}iUnR  
  crops. +QtK "5M  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 ~U~KUL|  
XlV#)JX  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, ~>k<I:BtrT  
               A        B (O\5gAx  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. +]Po!bN@@  
        C          D QyJ}zwD  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing +Z/ *= ;  
{tOu+zy  
(二) 不定式 Al 5E  
A. 动词不定式的省略 eL0U5>#  
①、help后面可以省略to *_!nil3(i  
  help to do x5.H dKV  
  help sb. to do Z Mt9'w;  
]- ")r  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 5qt]~v%y  
              A      B   /$|C s  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. Ew*_@hVC  
         C     D "4<RMYQ  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 $.a<b^.Xi  
5@ %$M$E  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 IX$dDwY|O>  
  make, ['~3"lK^O  
  let, 4c_TrNwP  
  have sb. do sth =ps3=D  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. ({v$!AAv  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians TD'RvTpl  
        A               B q6bi{L@/R  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. r{!]` '8  
   C     D |L}zB,  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know /BjM&v(5/  
'W(+rTFf!  
③、感官动词 {_&'tXL  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe {Fs}8\z  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 t~H'Ugv^  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 UbNA|`H  
L.ScC  
mk(O..)2  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 D99g}  
(1)表示第一人 -^LUa]"E  
the first woman to do sth. f4UnLig  
Aslh}'$}-  
(2)表示迫使的动词 qB6@OS  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do eG&\b-%  
*`2.WF@E)  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis  yY_(o]k  
     A                 B    1N6.r:wg)%  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 2;Vss<hR4A  
       C           D /kV3[Rw+  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 kt`_n+G  
a%| I'r  
|o su4=s|  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 _gU:!:}  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 <;Q1u,Mc  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 TL&`Ywy  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 Yc~(W ue  
  be apt to do .#^ta9^t7  
`9;0Y  
(4)表示目的的名词, w>#{Nl7gz  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 Dz d[<Qln  
固定的句式: MWdev.m:Z  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. :ohGG ,`Dh  
the objective 目标 zT<fTFJ1  
aim .8o?`  
goal X0:V5 e  
reason理由 /my5s\;s|z  
function功能 w8=&rzr8  
intension意图 \c ')9g@  
PP*6n W8  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing [U5@m]>^  
                       A  CdBpz/  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. *y+N-uq  
           B          C     D 4^r4O#  
分析:the function to provide, A错 J`6IH#54  
@},|i*H/  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure j_I[k8z  
                  A       BiY-u/bH9a  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds }b5omHUE%  
     B  ]I,(^Xq3a(  
  that make up various components of a living cell. ^C=dq(i=[  
    C    D 3_bE12  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 awXK9}.  
$ e~MKLd  
(5) 其他同根名词 =K)[3mX X  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 QdIx@[+WOq  
 attempt to do 企图 HLe/|x\@<  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 {MRXK nm;e  
 ambition, ~8 B ]  
 be ambitious to do  3"BSP3/ [l  
 effort XF&_**0n  
^B_SAZ&%%  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 85x34nT  
  A                    B   ~6 "=d  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. mtg=v@~  
          C       D tj? %{L  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 HA J[Y3d<  
9u6VN]divB  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great w%?Zb[!&  
  A                   B   zv7)JH7EV&  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. BM~6P|&qD  
       C            D s{Og3qUy  
分析:efforts to register, C错 <~*[OwN  
=@nE:uto]  
!kG|BJ$j  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 '3w%K+eJY  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 =H`yzGt  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. o}&{Y2!x  
d8uDSy  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 2,Aw 6h;  
I am glad to see you. ~ulcLvm:i  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. l^XOW- ;u  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. ,(RpBTV  
27+~!R~Yw  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 ]h#QA;   
It is difficult to decide. S&'?L0  
aX~Jk >a0  
I94-#*~I  
五、句子的结构 _s+G02/q1  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 ^D1gcI  
KYZ#.f@  
(一) 主语的重复 ek.@ 0c  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 obGhO  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any <$@I*xk[  
          A      B      3~Lsa"/  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the 1 {5t.  
          C          D +?W4ac1  
  League of Nations. 2~ 4&4  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 mlCBstt{  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson }a/z.&x]V  
$hHV Ie]+  
S8B?uU  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are #?k</~s6M`  
        A        B  i6A9|G$H  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. :\I*_00!  
    C         D L,.AY?)+7  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 &XdTY +  
'!ks $}$`h  
(二)谓语的重复 kMK0|+  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 )#8g<]q  
*sZH3:  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  -%]1q#C>@  
    A            B    \EU^`o+  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. %$kd`Rl}  
         C   D q*4U2_^.  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 P[-do  
]j>`BK>FE  
(三)谓语的缺少 J^ewG  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body }#u #m.  
          A     B    jDqG9]  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. W;cY g.W2  
         C               D +t%2V?  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 0M roHFh9`  
UKZ )Bo o  
(四)主句的重复 8PH4v\tJEK  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 `Fo/RZOW  
qB,0(I1-!  
>$ 9}"  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite "OK[uug  
      A         B        C   *Cf!p\7!  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. d"miPR  
     D 9]w?mHslE  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 [:#K_EI5%  
_K!.TM+9  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow 2nC,1%kxhq  
        A   B       !OY}`a(z  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. R'z i#FeP  
      C    D ^d{5GK'  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 =#[oi3k  
CX{6  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided %+Ze$c}X  
   A                     B  bTrusSAl  
  names for towns, only George Washington [%^sl>,7  
      C p> >H$t  
  is remembered in the name of a state. oC49c~`8  
          D M1xsGa9h&  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 65qqs|&w;[  
六、比较级和最高级 >FwK_Zd'  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 Sk>=C0f:  
Vi-Ph;6[  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 @}g3\xLiK  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which <6Gs0\JB  
      A               4k@n5JNa  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. 0LH6G[  
     B       C           D 5kTs7zJ^  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 aF^N  Ye  
iLuC_.'u=  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 "Mj#P9  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. >lUPOc  
     A      B     C  D v f{{z%3T  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 77O$^fG2  
7[;!enO  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere A5yVxSF  
     A       B     C   D d'ZNp2L  
  is the grizzly bear. ^BA%]pe$I  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 ylZQwICk  
"UMaZgI  
n >y,{"J{  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 b+|Jw\k  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 6(`N!]e*L  
,7&\jET5^0  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with H u;"TG  
   A           B  Z\CvaX  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. <C'_:&M  
   C                 D KM?4J6jH  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 ~T RC-H  
XY'8oU`]{  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 +ausm!~6  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as dRJ ](Gw  
 Ol }5ry  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 |})s0TU  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 >6 o <Q  
the taller boy larv6ncV  
-pYmM d,  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 Zt3sU_  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed cpa" ,8  
          A            B IEy$2f>Ns  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is 3$ ! QP N  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. ]XEyG7D  
    C          D  ydzsJ+dx  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they a20w.6F  
gFTU9k<  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 E'f7=ChNF  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, %1A8m-u]M  
  A  B         C     ,zoHmV1Wd+  
  the Navajos form largest group. B46:LQ9[  
         D  ImhkU%  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 cj2Smgw&>  
mw5>[  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, &s`)_P[  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language _;PQt" ]  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the }'P|A  
4~Cf_`X}]  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many V4R s  
            A      B         C #- B<u-  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. P;I,f  
            D 3~P$p<  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 B1} i0pV,,  
]x metv|7  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the pA.orx  
例如:my best friends 6Mc&=}bV  
U=D;Cj Ah  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial \>:t={>;  
            A    B     C 9\!&c<i=  
  and banking center. ?/&X _O  
        D k H65k (  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 bnfeZR1m_  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 %t&Lq }e  
l^R:W#*+U  
@~2k5pa  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary @] .s^ss9_  
                 A         v>K|hH  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. vltE2mb  
    B   C     D {($mLfC4  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 GThGV"  
waC i9  
七、平行结构 ?5">50  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 AT t.}-  
%GjG.11V,_  
9Y2u/|!.3  
(一) 对等连接词 $!G|+OuTR  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 !"phz&E5ah  
单一式: and, or ,but ){GJgk|P  
相关式: both…and, not … but, rs4:jS$)  
     either …or, neither…nor TCzz]?G]la  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as Onqapm0  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, ~jKIuO/  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also ShRMzU  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, P `<TO   
:6C R~p  
短语式: as well as ~xam ;]2  
     rather than (而不是) ajRht +{  
     other than (除…之外) m?Jnb\0  
     instead of (代替) 6/QWzw.0c  
m q<:^  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 3 |e~YmZx  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  S%]4['Y  
       A     B   5Q}HLjG8Z  
  but he is now living in Detroit. )jI4]6  
       C   D QncjSaEE  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 %xx;C{g;a  
!N:w?zsp  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics VKXB)-'L  
       A         B 9 [E/^  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford V!e`P  
  remained active in city and regional planning. ]w)uo4<^J  
          C    D  qsN}KgTjg  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 >&Ye(3w&  
(二)平行的内容 ('_S1?y  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 5*"WS $  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of tr 8 Q{  
             A         B   00W_XhJ  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, h 1j1PRE  
         C            D w `M/0.)V  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. CwEb ?  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 TTxSl p2=;  
^3&-!<*  
. }tpEvAw}  
第二、名词单复数的平行 b!;WF  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 (yeN> x}_  
xUs1-O1i  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, j]9,yi  
  A     B          C   6`'KM/   
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 7sJGB^vM  
                 D   L-3wez;hm  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 y*sqnzgF  
DV bY   
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, -uK@2} NZ  
                   A         B 6<Z k%[7t  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. "k7C   
      C          D Bv=:F5hLG  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have /%^^hr  
4vPKDd  
第三、时态的平行 B\7 80p<  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated }Mh`j $  
                A     A `=.F  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops _k5-Wd5Ypw  
                   B yi1V\8DC  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. T+<OlXpL  
          C    D &uv7`VT  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 Q%RI;;YyA  
LfS]m>>e  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- 4}=Z+tDu>  
  spread from its home in Central America and h`p9H2}0  
  now grows throughout the tropics. r)t-_p37  
   (A) to be    (B) it   QW"BGg~6c  
   (C) the     (D) its ?9AtFT  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? ,1-#Z"~c  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow V4 Wn  
<DM:YWNa  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- AVv 8Hhd  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. 3P2L phW  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised ;*E PAC+  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised xu0pY(n^r  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 '@+a]kCMev  
o8lwwM*  
第四、排列位置的平行 .EQ1r7 9,  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. eMC0 )B  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode q!zsGf {  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  O:,Fif?;  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes X>y6-%@  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes  Enj],I  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 :.M"M$MRp8  
#/ Qe7:l  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: 2r=A'  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 5 5T c  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 *aF<#m v  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 _n+./ B  
SQB[d3f  
八、词序的颠倒 jFBnP,WQ  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 " Q~-C|x  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 M _z-~G  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage -]h3s >t  
              A    B        sy|{}NkA!  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. M6J/S  
      C       D    ]+B#SIC;  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 >@BvyZ)i  
ei8OLcw:x  
?*Kew j  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 Nz&J&\X)tD  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only i }5 #n  
          A      B     n2+eC9I  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. IRZ?'Im  
    C         D S/ Y1NH  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 8L?35[]e  
 R9->.eE  
m*BtD-{  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 '~E&^K5hr  
;!k1LfN  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were U&6!2s-  
          A   B     C   ,OLN%2Sq  
  in what is now the United States. u=I>DEe@ c  
    D Z50]g  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 Je Jc(e  
xcz1(R  
所有的系动词分为三大类: R4"g? e  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, l|fOi A*K  
    is, remain, keep, stay, 7:1c5F~M  
    lie, exit(表示位于) 9 z,?DBMvc  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 Xv'M\T}6C+  
    become, turn, grow, @fp (uu  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 6P' m0  
()vxTTa  
第三种,感官动词 +gTnq")wnI  
    seem(好像是) -\j}le6;c  
    look(看起来好像是) #`/KF_a3\>  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste  7[55  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 im_W0tGvF  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe a Kb2:1EQ  
    A               B     POc< G^  
   to cause numerous deaths. "!gd)^<e  
        C   D  U]fE(mpI9  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 R{3f5**0  
;t@zH+*}  
九、词性的混用 A%u-6"  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 <?,o {  
;*+jCL 2F  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 }@}jwi)l  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; \<~[uv'  
-.1x!~.jX  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high 0,nDyTS^  
          A        B      &D uvy#J  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and K3TMTY<p  
              C ]E88zWDY`  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. )=;0  
          D cgm]{[f  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) d)(61  
S[{#AX=0  
JMpjiB,A}  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 $)mE"4FE  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 (H<S&5[  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds ~ DVAk|fc  
         A       B      !SD?  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to .ev'd&l.  
          C        "MKgU[t  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. Ej ip%m  
            D b|wCR%  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 9n$GeRO  
Y tc  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, (+38z)f  
            A       P(d4~hS  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of UBrYN'QRNt  
      B      C ,-&ler~[  
   urban Black people in the United States. Y>{K2#k  
   D eR D?O  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 l];,)ddD9  
pV(b>O  
@U_w:Q<9u  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 MZB0vdx  
表示时间有两种可能, }L{en  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 @ O5-w  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, D:U:( pg  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 5*{U!${a  
(!&cfabL  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence p-GlGEt_X  
       A     B     #{1w#Iz;  
  were made while the American Civil War. 7@$Hua,GY  
   C    D scCOiK)  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 )d bi  
xN:ih*+,v  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the "D'A7DA  
   A      B           C    F``$}]9KHD  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. (n05MwKu\  
          D fD  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 y~w2^VN=  
\C5YVl#  
3*"$E_%  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ,`v)nwP  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 Wp`wIe6  
3 k py3z[%  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social o;.PZi2k  
                   A     3,+)3,N  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. 4 7ra`*  
     B   C    D " G-} wt+P  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 XZYpU\K  
Ol1[o   
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples +!6aB|-  
   A        B   C      $@"o BCc  
  easily under the stress of compression. Gkv<)}G  
   D ?2zVW Z  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 @,F8gv*  
aN?{MA\  
{L5!_] 6  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 o4,fwPkB  
j}7as&  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine y! he<4  
    A         B ZqT?7|i  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. SIv8EMGo  
          C            D jX}}^XwX  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 S*-n%D0q5  
7\m.xWX e  
vp@%wxl!:  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, H=Rqr  
         A < 3C~<  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ):OGhWq  
   B      C      D #va|&QBZxM  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 3mKmd iD  
7hwl[knyB  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 5$Lo]H *  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; wv0d"PKTS  
two hundred diligent students
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