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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 tYb8a  
一、代词 Gx H]  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 )9F o  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 bcx,K b  
  主格、宾格、所有格 M$Sq3m`{!  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) <4lR  
+Cs[]~  
(二) 反身代词 QuB`}rfLf  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 2wCSjAWWh(  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) &*Sgyk o`  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) ^l,(~03_  
F.rNh`44  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  a*hWODYn  
    A                 B    %w$\v"^_Y  
  a series of indicators that could help  v|K,  
             C      kT@m*Etr{  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. eq" eLk6h  
    D $a@T:zfe  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 JJQS7 ,vG  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 &g;&=<#I  
{+3 `{34e  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 5n0B`A   
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 "  jBc5*  
74wDf  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies xCQLfXK7  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the )K}-z+$)k  
     A   B      C          D u\y $<  
  Pacific. IDY2X+C#U  
0X<U.Sxn  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 #F hgKwx  
sU$<v( `"  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 w7%.EA{N  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如:  FKH_o  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 %MM)5MsB  
*-';ycOvr  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined ?u4t;  
                       A   b[2 #t  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and wVm QE  
             B g7;OZ#\  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. 4M )oA|1w  
   C       D 98rO] rg  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 JKF/z@Vbe\  
Y D,<]q%  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important E*vh<C  
        A     ?dy t!>C  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John ILIv43QKM(  
   B        C      @x@wo9<Fc  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  n #S?fsQN  
      D (-Qr.t_B`  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. N5 b^  
{yFMY?6rf  
i3vg7V.  
(四) Who和which的区别 @ek8t2??x  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 G2dPm}sZG  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 >-j( [%  
l:OXxHxRi  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who G6bvV*TRi  
              A            B Ie}7#>S  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 7|k2~\@q  
   C                  D Flaqgi/j  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 E%?> %h  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 jfYM*%  
[W99}bi$  
(五) that和which的区别 ,x utI  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 E(*S]Z[  
1ZXRH;J40  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it :4)lmIu  
              A        B p7L6~I N  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. !Pu7%nV.  
      C              D M"foP@  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 88}04  
_)~|Z~  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 qv`:o `  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, !q8A!P4|'  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when xM>dv5<E  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. ]0pI6"  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which \rCdsN2H  
nZ`=Up p)  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly !9^GkFR6n  
              A         B   {9hhfI#3_  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. U}{\qs-zt  
         C      D tOPk x(  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 'IER9%V$  
QYWl`Yqf  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  *gI9CVfQl  
  affected the way people in the United States----. JM*rPzp  
   (A) living and working #elaz8 5  
   (B) they live and work  *8 ]  
   (C) live and work [92bGR{  
   (D) to live and to work F#{ PJ#  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 td+[Na0d  
Sq 2yQSd  
二、介词 l1RFn,Tzr  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 dGc>EZSdj  
Fw;Y)y=O  
(一) 介词搭配 J15$P8J  
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those 4>@-1nt}  
    A         B   C      !!t@ H\  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. #D!3a%u0  
                D Th*mm3D6  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 dzMI5fA<_  
L:EJ+bNG  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. ^SRa!8z$W  
A       B     C  D 1')/BM2  
分析:B错改为be rich in yc 5n   
 yQ8H-a.  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the Dy^4^ J5+  
    A         B      C o [ %Q&u  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. `\P:rn95;  
             D \9k{"4jX\  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 n*6',BY  
5tl}rmI`  
hOMFDfhU  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 AQ 7e  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 {Q(6 .0R  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. Q84KU8?d  
          A      B  C     D _ zmx  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 Z#o\9/{(R  
)Y&D e)=  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has *E)Y?9u"  
                 A  B     fF[g%?w  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on #!D5DK@+  
      C j'J* QK&Q  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 5PL,~Y  
      D c\b>4 &n  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 $^0YK|F  
.CpF0  
2、介词by }b^lg&$(  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by v/haUPWF\  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing j5)qF1W,  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States YaT07X.(b  
    A         B       2$ rq  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. 7f$Lb,\y  
   C     D Bm7GU`j"  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 ]\ezES  
V V4_  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils Q}T9NzOH%  
   A                      Mww]l[1'EL  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to T7Ac4LA  
     B    C       D bcs!4  
   supply moccasins and field rations. R)C+wTG;  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 5xHiq &d.E  
_YS+{0 Vq%  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with $OD5t5eTsM  
        A                f.$o|R=v  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements l}2WW1b(  
        B          C   OQQ9R?Ll {  
  that are often represented at symbols. M::iU_  
              D `[&2K@u  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 d"UW38K{  
三、谓语动词 sriz b  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 72zuI4&  
①、主谓分割原则 !y `e,(E  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, h$k3MhYDes  
     A     => =x0gsgj  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. i@Zj 7#e*  
        B      C      D jPNfLwVkl:  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 fNPj8\#V,  
'kvFU_)  
②、与后者一致原则 S "Pj 1  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, ~+egu89'TU  
not only…but also TrU@mYnE  
A9Wqz"[  
s;7qNwYO  
③、与前者一致原则 dMmka  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 5MY}(w  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 8]":[s6x  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ]}7rWs[|1  
     A      B  C     J%:/<uCmZ  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. $>ZP%~O  
         D KzX ,n_`an  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is Z3So|M{v  
(F[/~~  
④、就近原则 3E}NiD\V}  
or, either…or, neither…nor, 9jR[:[  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are )d(0Y<e @  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is L;M^>{>  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 PIEW\i  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 xR|eyeR  
:#w+?LA*  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are r*N~. tFo  
        A      B        <L/M`(:=k  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. L+L"$  
    C              D `xX4!^0Hm  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 Y$x"4=~  
A3"1D  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 kQwm"Z  
There are five apples that are red. p fL2v,]g  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 E#<7\ p>  
f^!11/Wv  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets |I}A> XG  
      A            T/wM(pr'   
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. P?q G  
   B   C    D 0 OAqA?Z  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 gH{:`E k7  
068WlF cWV  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 X2 \E9hJg  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 9m\)\/V  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 m x3}m?WQ  
+P [88!  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 6sYV7w,'@  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: F~z_>1lpP&  
a. there be 句型 @Pxw hlxa  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 !Z U_,[  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 ,dHP`j ?  
D3%l4.h  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 4dW3'"R"L  
   A     B      C    D    i[^k.W3gf  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is `6rrXU6|  
U+4HG  
8]My k>  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 3QCMK^#Z:  
             A     B    d2ohW|  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 =f o4x|{O  
     C         (F_w>w.h  
  miles in width. R @"`~#$$  
     D  {U(Bfe^a,  
分析:倒装句,are改为is #xlZU  
9QX4R<"wUg  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and Q5g,7ac8L  
   A    B       C         V R"8 Di&)  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film 6mwvI4)  
                    D ,`<]>;s  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. $ >;a 'f~  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 3Mw}R6g@#  
^ZR8s^X  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 1f<RyAE?5  
fifty percent of + 名词 ikr7DBLt  
one percent of + 名词 |IAW{_9)U  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: /0 _zXQyV  
  one percent of my students + are =C#*!N73  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 5. dl>,  
 b)Tl*  
这里要强调两个结构 ly[lrD0Kn.  
half of =fifty percent 5\&]J7(  
most of + 可数名词 + are T RDxT  
most of + 不可数名词+ is w]F!2b!  
T ~h.=5  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been hox < vr4  
   A       B         C   u (AA`S"  
  found in central and eastern Canada. wh*:\_!0\  
           D FD))'!>  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ~pRs-  
&*A:[b\  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized G%$}WA]|  
                 A   B  oBC]UL;8xJ  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. 83Uw  
              C     D Zt_r9xs>  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 "|hlDe<  
` jyKCm.$#  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 ?9Ma^C;}  
①、主要考察时间状语 KGD'mByt"  
J)Ol"LXV  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. Qh8C,"a  
   A        B  C     D 0#^Bf[Dn  
tpZ->)1  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was F 3s?&T)[G  
{[tZ.1.w  
*Dc@CmBr  
②、For和since的区别 .`+yo0O:  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 6+e4<sy[E  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 zofx+g\(W  
  I has been a teacher for three years. hkF^?AJ  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. JnHNkCaU  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 Y;eoT J  
|6*Va%LYO-  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became N<n8'XDdG  
   A      B              &F`L}#oL&  
  the primary responsibility of the president. x`L+7,&n  
     C    D R\y'_S=#a  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 sv`"\3N[  
,5. <oDH  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of t)'dF*L  
             A  B  C   &?r*p0MQC  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. j%WY ,2P  
            D I=5dYq4 l  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 xEC 2@J  
kC31$jMC3!  
bBG/gQ  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  1!1 DuQ  
   A       B        C     D 67?n-NP  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live q<EEb  
Bj8<@~bX:L  
(三) 谓语的语态 Q0WY$w1 <  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 ~b#OFnyG  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: F1J#Y$q~L  
①、prove - f 4>MG  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 ]!J<,f7W  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; rmQ\RP W  
sjb-Me?  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming zWtj|%ts  
                      A   ?yf_ Dt  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be T\fudmj&  
    B                  C #w;;D7{@m  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. { Hr>X  
                  D NN11} E6  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 J+i X,X  
O/$ v69:  
a}w&dE$!-  
②、Locate,Situate @BXaA0F4  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 Lg b  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 HwM /}-t  
这两个词也可以用作被动  K)Ge  
  My school was located near the river. e _^KI  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 i l7 !}  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. |\/~ 8qP  
   (A)locates I'P!,Y/>  
   (B)locating y^ 3,X_0  
   (C)to locate +Z]y #=  
   (D)is located X=\x&Wt  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 (Y&R0jt  
JLt{f=`%F  
③、表示需要概念的动词 ddl3 fl#f  
need, want, require等 b\H/-7<  
2 e )  
My watch needed repairing (]o FB$  
My watch needed to be repaired. m79m{!q$-  
zC[i <'h!T  
④、表示人的情感的动词 bXk:~LE  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 [sjrb?Xd  
jD$;q7fB  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 3~#ZE;>#  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 lrM.RM96  
h4B+0  
主动和被动技巧总结: mOABZ#+F k  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 (v9!g#  
ytuWT,u  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the `kI?Af*;v  
                 A      bf&.rJ0  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, nI((ki}v  
                 B o; HdW  
  power structures, and flood-control works along T<w*dX7F0K  
                    C qJe&jLZa  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. p7?CeyZ-V  
                D S}XB |  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 BZnp #}f  
U)IsTk~}O  
四、非谓语动词 fJ|Bu("N  
:~qtv s;{  
(一) 分词 `Lb _J  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 x 0TnS #  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 o{ YW  
+w_MSj#P  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then &D&5UdN x  
   A c DEe?WS  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. ?$`1%Y9  
     B      C            D c=jTs+h'  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning }hObtAS  
8gu7f;H/k  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 [4+a 1/^  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in @zVBn~=i  
      A               B   :Brn RW64  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. e5:l6`  
               C         D G3^n_]Jb  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living j)lM:vXR  
EssUyF-jwU  
7+2aG  
一些动词后面必须用doing q5K/+N^2?  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 ,a?\i JNb  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, d9e H}#OY  
 advocate, suggest Bbe/w#Z  
 delay, quit SJ|.% gn  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, 4 *2>R8SX~  
 avoid, escape(逃避) 4@V<Suw  
 spend+名词+doing; V44sNi  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing HDXjH|of  
b<8J;u<  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their Zo638*32  
   A     B    C              D PFn[[~5V  
  crops. *]UEF_  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 ^}pREe c=  
pUEok+  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, v(nQd6;T  
               A        B kk7: A0._  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. "l;8 O2;g  
        C          D kx#L<   
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing DO,&Foh\  
'!L1z4 5  
(二) 不定式 G78j$ ^/0  
A. 动词不定式的省略 o 0 #]EMr  
①、help后面可以省略to ^{+:w:g  
  help to do =X'7V}Q}  
  help sb. to do G+^$JN=  
?{P6AF-xcf  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid Q3{&'|}^2  
              A      B   Qi]Z)v{^  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. +rO<'H:umJ  
         C     D H 1X]tw.  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 M@@O50~  
? Z fhz   
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 AF JY!ou~6  
  make, O;t?@!_  
  let, ^b. MR?9  
  have sb. do sth X[Gk!d r#  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. n k3lC/f  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians u(`A?H:  
        A               B |Cq J2  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. l<%~w U  
   C     D 3m7V6##+  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know [&s:x ,  
bj{f[nZ d  
③、感官动词 `I{Q,HQ7  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe _oVA0@#n  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 J :(\o=5 5  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 E1g$WhXIS  
') y~d  
Isb^~c_P  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法  gOAluP  
(1)表示第一人 A@'W $p?5r  
the first woman to do sth. ;mlIWn  
*4y r7~S5  
(2)表示迫使的动词 Xy&#}S}9  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do #::vMnT  
"ukbqdKD  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis o-= lHtR  
     A                 B    "FS.&&1(  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. %L.+r!.  
       C           D :[3\jLrc  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 )_?$B6hf,&  
k>`X! "  
V.1sZYA9  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 ")OLmkC  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 _: K\v8  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 ,V?,I9qf  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 Qrh9JFqdG6  
  be apt to do i\G3 u#  
}dM^6 Kd%  
(4)表示目的的名词,  HV(Kz  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 ,}0pK\Y>$  
固定的句式: Y')+/<Q2E  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. rpmDr7G  
the objective 目标 X c^~|%+  
aim ,R+u%bmn#  
goal Y$^\D' .k  
reason理由 ?H&p zY~H  
function功能 b} :Z(L,\  
intension意图 C0RwW??t  
V|)>  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing OBZj-`fqJ  
                       A  A?/?9Gr  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. xcig'4L  
           B          C     D @4i D N  
分析:the function to provide, A错 Y"@kvd  
mI# BQE`p6  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure E !8y|_(j  
                  A       C N"c  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds IQDWH/ c  
     B  i]nE86.;  
  that make up various components of a living cell. RA6D dqT~  
    C    D !4E:IM63  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 ZZTV >:  
9YJb~tuZ73  
(5) 其他同根名词 t`AD9 H"\!  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 ciTQH (G  
 attempt to do 企图 3X:F9x>y  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 Z|W=.RdA;  
 ambition, 4Z_.Jdu w  
 be ambitious to do  -K j CPc  
 effort rnr7t \a~]  
ct  ZW7  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ; H3kb +  
  A                    B   & zG=  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. E8xXr>j>#  
          C       D I$Z"o9"  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 gor6c3i  
zm e:U![  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great B0Z@ Cf  
  A                   B   =3"Nn4Z  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. `<K#bDU;a  
       C            D r=9*2X#  
分析:efforts to register, C错 +q4T];<  
WMg#pLc#  
4QDW}5xB  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 q g>i8V  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 8\yH 7H  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. }{lOsZA  
J@Li*Ypo  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 $/D@=P kc  
I am glad to see you. G q 8/xxt  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. ZQyT$l~b  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. 1D*e u  
]Rw,5\0  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 b~\![HoCMM  
It is difficult to decide. Pd3t~1TaW  
a#kZY7s  
XL +kEZ|3  
五、句子的结构 m, *f6g  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 EqOB 0\  
I&^?,Fyy<  
(一) 主语的重复 >8RIMW2  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 /WM : Bj   
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any r*WdD/r|  
          A      B      MxCs0::w  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the <H$CCo  
          C          D Z3S\@_/;  
  League of Nations. KKOu" :b  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 {B[i|(xQx  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson  s cn!,  
xvgIYc{  
{(t (}-:Z  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are &*0!${ B  
        A        B  Qi[T!1  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. S_\RQB\l  
    C         D J H$  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 8^M5u>=t;  
8_KXli}7=  
(二)谓语的重复 /AWHG._  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 jkfI,T  
!WbQ`]uN/#  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  /wIZ '  
    A            B    ]Q^oc  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. 6Q\n<&,{  
         C   D \)r#?qn4z;  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 #&DJ3(T  
fDqlN`P@  
(三)谓语的缺少 0k3^+#J  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body <Qwi 0$  
          A     B    ^QXUiXzl  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. ]jM D'vg^b  
         C               D ~~h9yvW7&  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 v3`J~,V<  
d{DlW |_  
(四)主句的重复 u*H2kn[DU  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 s3(mkdXv  
\ltbiDP2  
-_*ux!  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite P O*;V<^  
      A         B        C   :d AC:h  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. dd+hX$,  
     D g~7x+cu0  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 1bz%O2U-(  
D(;jv="/  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow 1Yk!R9.  
        A   B       q1a*6*YB  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. ~=P#7l\o1  
      C    D N9dx^+\  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 >P9|?:c  
MJ\^i4   
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided |F}6Zv  
   A                     B  We`6# \Z X  
  names for towns, only George Washington QmKEl|/{u  
      C Z[ 53cVT^  
  is remembered in the name of a state. !MyCxM6  
          D B*@0l:  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。  "d; T1  
六、比较级和最高级 CcJ%; .V,T  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 r}\m%(i  
R:5uZAx  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 9 d f GV!Z  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which oHPh 2b0  
      A               Xk(p:^ R  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. HkQ rij6  
     B       C           D K^Ho%_)  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 oFi_ op  
M:*)l(  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 e9;5.m  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. [gIvB<Uv  
     A      B     C  D Zs|m_O G  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 z7s}-w,  
8dLK5 "_3  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 1wy?<B.f  
     A       B     C   D f;%=S:3  
  is the grizzly bear. bo-lT-I  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 Kut@z>SK  
a] P0PH~  
gs(ZJO1 /L  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 f2 ?01PM,Q  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 J%IKdxa  
C.RXQ`-P}  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ODxCD%L  
   A           B  8'Iei78Ov  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. ?h:xO\h8  
   C                 D TR9dpt+T  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 q4SEvP}fLx  
ZKJhmk  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 7.tIf <^$P  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as Z3f}'vr  
4t 0p!IxG  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 @CS%=tE}U  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 V6& 6I  
the taller boy y$9XHubu  
RBpv40n0  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 A+Kp ECP  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed (gUVZeVFP  
          A            B s=Xg6D  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is 8{)N%r  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. #&Rx?V  
    C          D drJUfsxV  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they jxZ_-1  
}?*$AVs2q  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 ,"5xKF+cS  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, _sQhDi  
  A  B         C     5}2148  
  the Navajos form largest group. ]+Z,HY@;-  
         D 'OU`$K7n  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 \q"vC1,9  
lt%9Zgr[u  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, I TZ}$=   
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language :H/Rhx=  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the =<Ss&p>  
a``Q}.ST  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many o97*3W]  
            A      B         C 4{%-r[C9k  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 8aVj@x$'  
            D rEj Ez+wu  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ?+L7Bd(EF%  
Is!+ `[ma  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the w +HKvOs5c  
例如:my best friends hmI> 7@&  
=91f26c!~  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial twp~#s:\z  
            A    B     C k"+/DK,:  
  and banking center. 8<  z   
        D *a` _,Q{x  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 pZ 7KWk4  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 JR|P]}  
4TcW%  
UbP$WIrq  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary BUXlHh%<R  
                 A         G.qjw]Llf  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. '3B7F5uLx"  
    B   C     D IDp2#qg_  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 dDqT#N?Y  
8[IR;gZf  
七、平行结构 WU6F-{M"?  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 M"8?XD%  
bJL,pe+u  
hD7Lgi-N)W  
(一) 对等连接词 u7 {R; QKw  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 1P/4,D@  
单一式: and, or ,but )"s(;kU!  
相关式: both…and, not … but, $WbfRyXi7'  
     either …or, neither…nor sB<y(}u  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as M1XzA `*  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, `YK#m4gc  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also I>@Qfc bG  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, z5t"o !  
qa5 T(:8  
短语式: as well as 4z,n:>oH  
     rather than (而不是) '];=1loD  
     other than (除…之外) 'dcO-A:>  
     instead of (代替) ]ru U X  
Q5tx\GE  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 <_-8)abK  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  79>_aD9  
       A     B   O-]^_LV`  
  but he is now living in Detroit. \_3#%%z  
       C   D :tBZu%N/N  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 ~9dAoILrl  
?a` $Y>?h  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics t`vIcCXqyl  
       A         B oOHr~<  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford |&H(skF_  
  remained active in city and regional planning. |%5nV=&\  
          C    D  -LEpT$v|  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 - x]gp5  
(二)平行的内容 w1 tg7^(@  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 >O}J*4A>+#  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of "3:TrM$|A  
             A         B   %R LGO&  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, jd?NN: 7  
         C            D wT-@v,$  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. 2Jc9} |,  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 rty&\u@}  
\t@4)+s/)  
g\f oBK:GE  
第二、名词单复数的平行 ~TfQuIvQB  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 eFdN"8EW  
##clReS  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, &%`Y>\@f  
  A     B          C   mY !LGN  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. >@c~M  
                 D   3&z.m/  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 Z* L{;  
?sm@lD Z\  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, bem-T`>'  
                   A         B XT0:$0F  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. "ZLujpZcG  
      C          D y:3d`E4Xw  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have -S,xR5  
j}$Up7pW  
第三、时态的平行 uepL"%.@7|  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated }^R_8{>k  
                A     ;c;n.o.)/#  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops 2>bV+[@B  
                   B U\\nSU  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. `bF] O"  
          C    D 11Hf)]M   
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 &RP}w%I1  
^sjL@.'m$N  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- @~l?hf  
  spread from its home in Central America and  j{;RuNt  
  now grows throughout the tropics. 23;e/Qr  
   (A) to be    (B) it   <?I s~[2  
   (C) the     (D) its F|DKp[<]8  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? k<M~co;L  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow T"GuE[?a  
"k${5wk#Fl  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- ?"aj&,q+  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. f~.w2Cna  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised w$5 N6  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised WLAJqmC]  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 r $du-U  
`FImi9%F  
第四、排列位置的平行 =oF6|\]{ ;  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. mF>CH]k3  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode {1GW,T!#  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  hG,gY;&[6  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes @Y>3-,o,S  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes R0<ka[+  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 7[-jr;v  
rI}E2J  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: k~Pm.@,3o  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 );h\0w>3  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 fBH&AO$Q  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误  &1Fcwj  
.;tO;j |6  
八、词序的颠倒 U!a"r8u|8q  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 x#0C+cU  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 K23_1-mbe  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage 4Sg!NPuu7&  
              A    B        ^qbX9.\  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. Q]xW}5 /  
      C       D    %,,h )9  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 R~*Y@_oD  
#>'1oC{  
,f?#i%EF&  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 ($ (1KE  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only K[sM)_I  
          A      B     j|G-9E  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. nnGA_7-t  
    C         D @I"Aet'XV  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 Mz++SPG7  
[S4\fy0  
J$I1 *~I4v  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 mTP.W#N  
fd,~Yj$R?  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were $GO'L2oLwn  
          A   B     C   PRz oLzr  
  in what is now the United States. Ez$5wY^J  
    D `p?E{k.N  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 M<p)@p  
|wb7`6g  
所有的系动词分为三大类: :> q?s  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, *tO<wp&  
    is, remain, keep, stay, V]O :;(W_  
    lie, exit(表示位于) LuqaGy}>-  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 *=7[Ip< X  
    become, turn, grow, +-nQ, fOV  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) h[8y$.YsC  
J9 =gv0  
第三种,感官动词 i`SF<)M(  
    seem(好像是) jwq"B$ap  
    look(看起来好像是) 4r. W:}4:  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste kUUq9me&o  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 SHk[X ]Uo  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe g= C<E2'i*  
    A               B     i4I0oRp  
   to cause numerous deaths. mvgm o  
        C   D  1955(:I  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 re!8nuBsA  
=b7&(x  
九、词性的混用 a+/|O*>#  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 TyWy5J< :+  
C.E> )  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 {{3H\ rR  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 3@] a#>  
ku;nVV  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high  ^qqHq  
          A        B      wWw/1i :|'  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and ]7t\%_  
              C p^rX.?X  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. (u&yb!`  
          D f*vk1dS:*3  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) 2w|u )ow )  
+)JqEwCrq  
 hu(K!>{  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 ^3|$wB=  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 0Eu$-)  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds R9/xC7l@  
         A       B      DG*o w^  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to !VX_'GyK  
          C        o>;0NF| }  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. V 1nZ M  
            D _@pf1d$  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 u AS8F=9xP  
G\>\VA  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, x";.gjI |g  
            A       W/r?0E  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of Qv0>Pf  
      B      C .cT$h?+jyl  
   urban Black people in the United States. $ l sRg:J  
   D {iIg 4PzrU  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 JNM@Q  
AV[PQI  
&>zy_)  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 TaQ "G  
表示时间有两种可能, $Y 4ch ko  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 4`!  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, z^!A /a[[!  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 |6(qg5"  
8~s-t  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence U8QR*"GmT  
       A     B     V:G}=~+=  
  were made while the American Civil War. x)#<.DX  
   C    D J!A/r<  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 $O~F>.*  
CdzkMVH  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the yNqm]H3<MP  
   A      B           C    (ju aDn)  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. Mdltzy=)L  
          D ^aD/ .  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 C:s^s  
NDe[2  
@ \6nXf  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 s`B e#v  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 hk7(2j7B  
~.4W,QLuD  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social L.IoGUxD  
                   A     "5o;z@(  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. ]uStn   
     B   C    D J3lG"Ww  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 ;l/}Or2  
PuCwdTan_  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples &A Qg'|  
   A        B   C      &prdlh=UE  
  easily under the stress of compression. e9z$+h  
   D P<cMP)+K  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 3r~>~ueZ  
b!4N)t>gl  
TZ&4  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 B^8 ZoF  
Gsds!z$  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine J^+_8  
    A         B P[Y{LKAbb  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. N5q}::Odc  
          C            D }j+~'O4m  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 ffmG~$Yh_  
Ph(]?MG\_  
763E 6,7  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, wFK:Dp_^  
         A ( GFgt_  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. o/tVc v  
   B      C      D tj#=%m?8V;  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ;Ri 3#*a=  
$Nj'OJSj%  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 o\_ Td  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; T6sr/<#<(  
two hundred diligent students
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