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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 7Q~W}`Qv'  
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第一章 名词 0]]OE+9<c  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 \VW":+  
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第一节 可数名词 ;:J"- p  
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考点一 单复数 &G\C[L  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 9(vp`Z8B4  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 yGC HWP  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) cd=H4:<T5  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 ,+gtr.  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: Qx!Bf_,J  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes '%*hs8s  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories ymqn1ja1  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives IEJ)Q$GI#  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs wGIRRM !b  
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例题: YWV)C?5x&  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. _ |HA\!  
   A         B           C       D q$}J/w(,  
答案:A Ip8:~Fl]  
应改为:Flowers G2@'S&2@s  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 CR#-!_=4  
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic 6ZjY-)h  
   A               B   C          D 9j5Z!Vsy  
pain. w^3S6lK  
答案:A puEu)m^  
应改为:Doctors X;vU z  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 #X'su`+  
考点二 复数形式特例 +9<:z\B|  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 4)L};B=  
1.单复数词形相同 FS('*w&bP  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 -G=.3 bux  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: !)}z{,Jx  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises 7s}F`fjKP  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula nKTi"2dm  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena !l6ht {  
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: cVm F'g  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), N7X(gh2h  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), -Wre4 ^,v  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: $8[JL \   
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) jpMMnEVj6P  
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5 不规则的名词复数 Vk76cV D  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice cBCC/n  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet W3R43>$  
dXU6TCjU7  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 wDBU+Z  
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例题: C MGDg}  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading D8$4PT0u  
       A            B           C B!)Tytm9u  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. $:vS_#  
            D 8>X]wA6q  
$5Rx>$~+d  
(2) ydE}.0zN  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed 9*r l7  
  A      B           C           >aCY  
feet. aQj6 XG u  
 D  SxX  
答案:D #aKUD  
应改为:foot Y{X%C\  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 j`MK\*qmz  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 Z)}2bJwA  
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第二节 限定词 -L wz T  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: k<rJm P{  
1.之后肯定接单数: mdcsL~R  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. ]Z [0xs  
例句: Each of them has two books. B}N1}i+  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) FrV8_[  
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2.之后肯定接复数: ]Z*B17//  
these, those, many, such, other, TW1#'G_#  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), nrbP3sf*  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several $A T kCO  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of :_o^oi7G  
qga?-oz,<6  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc ylQ9Su>o  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 A5sz[k  
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考点一 否定限定词no ciFqj3JS  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: (?"z!dgc  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. Au:R]7   
No one is here. D?4bp'0 3  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: #WAX&<m  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; sFsf~|  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 S,vdd7Y  
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例题: i4&V+h"  
(1) D Z9^>`*  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. [ B*r{  
(A) none PM'2zP[*W  
(B) no 8i)9ho<  
(C) not 1X9J[5|ll  
(D) nor vb}c)w dp?  
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答案: C S f@xP.d  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 F@zTz54t  
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(2) ES8(:5  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when <5}j(jxz}  
A                B           C U]g9t<jD  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. pWP1$;8   
        D ,Z} ST|$u  
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答案: A NQqNBI?cr  
应改为: No M}q;\}  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 PWkSl  
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考点二 their等物主代词 ?Mn~XN4F_  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars bW=3X- )  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 ,t:P  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. mIqm/5  
这里用their 而不用 the 0Ng?U+6  
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例题: #M5d,%?+#[  
(1) uZ'Z-!=CL  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten 4:pgZz!  
              A      B        C # ;?/fZjY  
the lives. r adP%W-U  
 D R0LWuE%eD  
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答案: D S ?J(VJqE  
应改为: their XXA]ukj;r  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 9)o@d`*  
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(2) *ZFF$0}  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any H)EL0 Kv/  
      A        B              C rm$dv%q  
specific way. p<}y'7(  
    D a|.IAxJ  
5`gVziS!S  
答案: B UUb0[oy  
应改为: its $5&~gHc,  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 *'aouS/?<6  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 2oRwDg&7|  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 ' i<4;=M&  
pV_zePyOn  
例题: s S#/JLDx]  
(1) 4[MTEBx  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or hvNK"^\p  
        A        B        C O8_! !Qd  
relating those objects. :FtV~^Z  
 D \%.oi@A  
M0 \gp@Fe  
答案: B Xw< ;)m  
应改为: is a set )b>misb/  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 r jxkgd  
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(2) y 5=r r3%v  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. b=pk;'-  
A       B     C           D 6sQ;Z|!Pz  
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答案: D ztX$kX:_m  
应改为: responses 9#&H'mG  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few  v t *  
ruB D ^-  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 a`#lYM%(>  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) l 'wu-  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) q oi21mCn  
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第三节 冠词作限定词 eA-oqolY  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 q Tdwi?j_  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an /_{ZWLi(  
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: S2*sh2-&6  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university Uuu2wz3O0  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour c!7WRHJE_a  
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). M."/"hV`-  
2sk7E'2(  
例题: iCg%$h  
(1)       p!^K.P1 '  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever Q8m%mJz~]  
   A                 B           C pFNU~y'Kf  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. W&|?8%"l]  
                 D W4d32+V  
答案: B有错 ly[d V.<P  
应改为: puzzle. !<=zFy[J.9  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle UhS:tT]7  
(2) md'wre3  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a O(8CrKYY  
   A        B       C          D xp95KxHHo  
question of physiology and of culture. g1[BrT,  
答案: D有错 _!DH/?aU  
应改为: day r1<*=Fs=>>  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day PN]hG,q*4O  
(3) a<r,LE  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the [j'!+)>_  
  A      B       C S8/~'<out  
nonprofessional metal worker. 7UW\|r  
    D <Y}m/-sD5  
答案: C AJ*17w  
应改为: still a practical Fd<Ouyxqe  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 B?8*-0a'[  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 c8uw_6#r(D  
例题: L k nK  
(1) p+]S)K GZw  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. \z!lw  
   A     B    C           D )?#K0o[<  
答案: A {u1|`=;  
应改为: An emotion }>BNdm"Er  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an K a(B&.  
(2) |f$+|9Q?  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine  d6tLC Q  
   A    B                       C dR\yRC]I  
chemically with other atoms. qF bj~ec  
         D v%*don  
答案: A \X*y~)+K`  
应改为: an atom ,S`n?.&& 7  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an i&6U5Va,G  
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考点二 定冠词the 7_s+7x =  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: d"-I^|[OM  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: tUULpx.h  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower 8/)\nV$0Y  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: u,8)M' UU  
the first woman, the nineteenth century RDDA^U7y#  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby nsi? .c&0!  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: ZXb{-b?[`  
the largest city, the most advanced technology )HE{`yiLL  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: %zGv+H?  
the development of the watch, 7M~/ q.  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: *Xk5H,:  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun l([aKm#  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: BSHS)_xs  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: HJg&fkHn1  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) \f4rA?+f  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the qQ)1+^  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) %b*N.v1+  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: em,1Yn?  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) 8~Zw"  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: +i!HMyM  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… %"(HjanH  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: qVfn(rZ  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed zT)cg$8%fY  
乘车的词组: z0+JMZ/  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), r@r*|50  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) /# Jvt  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), y[l{ UBue:  
打球的词组: dO2?&f  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball I^f|U  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. u(1m#xr8$  
例题: bK#ZY  
(D)       %E@o8  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. /dg?6XT/  
(A) it was the j~\FDcG*ed  
(B) that the ;rT/gwg!  
(C) there was a /y{fD CC  
(D) the V2?{ebx`  
答案:D "4WnDd 5"  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 W^^0Rh_  
(2) <Ez@cZ"  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of ,{:qbt  
           A            B VFZyWX@#u  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. p#4*:rpq4  
     C      D -a_qZ7  
答案:D ;sYDs71y  
应改为:of |*J;X<Vm  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 L' 'VBY"?  
(3) C[znUI >  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to S"Vr+x?  
  A      B              C    X$u l=iBs  
nineteenth century. kb ~ s, @p  
  D rC|nE=i  
答案:D 6@# =z  
应改为:to the nineteenth x v$fw>  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the o92BGqA>&  
第四节 不可数名词 "dndhoMq  
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 l8+1{ 6xP  
2<0".5+I  
抽象名词如: [8tpU&J  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: h){#dU+&  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), GfP'  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), Y=sv   
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) Z[z" v  
还有表达学科类的名词如: T^d<vH  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, j4@6`[n:  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) 23=wz%tF  
vfc5M6Vm)<  
物质名词如: JT6Be8   
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), 9P <1/W!  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) 1M_6X7PH  
mDwuJf8}  
&BKnJ {,H  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 ~QE?GL   
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, S9b=?? M)  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), .gRb'  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) `tHF}  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 [ot+EA  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice bS|h~B]rd  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, .Q</0*sp  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 ?g K|R  
例题: '|tmmoY6a:  
(1) /8dRql-Ne  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and )h(=X&(d  
       A      B    C          D qMO(j%N5  
trade. ^'sy hI\  
答案:C Xe ^NVF  
应改为:advertising A}uWy^w  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 z^KBV ^n  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 l~1l~Gx_&n  
UY\E uA9  
考点二 限定词 loyhNT=  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: tOQnxKzu  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) eY:jVYG(  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 ~^3U@( :  
例题: y?*Y=,"  
(1) !|,djo!N  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear >/-Bg:  
        A              B         C UQT=URS  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. c`)[-  
                     D KW36nY\7  
答案:D S]c&T`jx  
应改为:little. ir;az{T#U  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little N/B-u)?\:  
(2) VF:<q  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge 5q}7#{A  
      A                    B /yO0Z1G  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. s";9G^:  
           C         D R6irL!akAd  
答案:B ? C6t Yd  
应改为:much evidence T$Rf  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 sH{(=N  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 T^nOv2@,  
例如: /V>yF&p  
a lot of students , a lot of money r )f+j@KF  
the rest of the students, the rest of money C.=[K_  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. *)qxrBc0  
iq`caoi  
第五节 所有格及of结构 :>m67Zq  
Jw -3G3h  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 bb`8YF+?'  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, j:'8yFi_  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office E Ks4N4k  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , t``q_!s}F  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room :Mnl1;oh  
例题: X32{y973hT  
(1) <2fgao&-n  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. kuo!}QFL  
(A) of the drop =$F<Ac;&  
(B) the drop's ;a~ e  
(C) drop of G Y+li {  
(D) drops their [ih^VlZ  
答案: (B) %"BJW  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 A$W~R  
(2) |sPUb;&~  
Over a very lar C?t!Uvs  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. `E8D5'tt  
(A) occurs IOOK[g.?h  
(B) will occur UKp ^TW1^  
(C) can occur `clp#l.ii  
(D) occurring 6=g! Hs{  
答案:D @ x5LrQ_`r  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 ;><m[l6  
WSOz^]  
考点二 of结构 sk7]s7  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) WM9z~z'2a  
如: the title of the passage ZP9x3MHe  
例如: "43F.!P  
(1) [Lq9lw&   
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names #;/ob-  
          A     B     C r>B|JPm  
of some works years after their completion. lwm 9gka  
       D 8\Hz FB  
答案: C J7+[+Y  
应改为: paintings s%^@@Dk  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 ~9n30j%]s  
(2) #M@~8dAH}M  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and 2BV]@]qB  
      A         B     C         D Ik-E_U2  
spinal cord. D 3Tqk^5  
答案: B D qHJ *x4  
应改为: stimulation 3? F~ H  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 Ty}Y/jW  
k{D0&  
第六节 名词在句中的作用  w>\_d  
2@Oz_?O=  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 7QRkXs  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 5&qBG@Hw]  
例题: Q hdG(`PY~  
(1) h 27f0x9  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. h.q9p!  
(A) was a major collection %F\.1\&eE  
(B) that a major collection k~)@D| ?  
(C) a collection was major D>0(*O  
(D) a major collection e8S4=W  
答案: (D) [}yPy))A  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 U9jdb9 |  
(2) 'I$kDM mwh  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of KW$.Yy  
    A         B        C     D 2#/23(Wc  
medieval alchemists. EvH/d4V;  
答案:A uU%Z%O  
应改为:beginnings. gegM&Xo  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 ubRhJ~XB  
cg_ " }]Y1  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 e=3C*+lq\  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 2_ 1RJ  
例题: K+"3He  
(1) bg|dV  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. ix$ ^1(  
(A) new dance, the twist RA?_j$  
(B) twist, was the new dance \iaZV.#f  
(C) twist, the new dance that %! eRR  
(D) new dance is the twist =CO) Q2  
答案: (A) o")"^@Zh i  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 9yaTDxB>  
(2) pU'${Z~b  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep  P_'{|M<?  
     A                B        -%| ] d ;  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. P j,H]  
 C               D 'HJ+)[0X*  
答案: D !3iZa*  
应改为: promise. 5D2mZ/  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 $gN\%X/n"1  
d2V\T+=  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 l0;u$  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, ^/$dSXKF  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. ID`Ot{ y  
例题: dNY'uv&Y  
(1) )+|wrK:*v  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. F(zCvT   
(A) that institutes ;Z`a[\i':  
(B) while instituted UJQTArf  
(C) was an institution [[]y Q "  
(D) an institute )P?Fni}  
答案: (D) >N2kWSa  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 tu"-]^  
(2) (9ZW^flY  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. /4OQx0Xmm  
(A) is the great modern choreographer H ?9Bo!  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers $GU  s\  
(C) that the great modern choreographers DBHHJD/q  
(D) the modern choreographers were great $[ S 33Q  
答案:B >yLDU_P)  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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