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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 6N< snBmd  
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第一章 名词 GtLn h~)  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 i+ @t_pxc  
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第一节 可数名词 6<SX%Bc~  
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考点一 单复数 AFdBf6/" i  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 y^:N^Gt  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 H: rrY  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) Qv B%X)J  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 6Eu"T9 (  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则:  ovsI2  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes |2!c Pf^8  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories M0K+Vz=  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives 6b-E|;"]:^  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs W.m2`] &  
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例题: Oi4y~C_Xd  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. ^GC 8^f  
   A         B           C       D k:DAko}  
答案:A Sp\ 7  
应改为:Flowers d: LP8  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 IRK(y*6  
J_N`D+m  
VQ/Jz5^  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic uTvck6  
   A               B   C          D hM[QR'\QS  
pain. ByivV2qd{  
答案:A @f%q ,:  
应改为:Doctors aP`V   
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 Q|Go7MQZ@k  
考点二 复数形式特例 -iySU 6  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 2 `nOYK  
1.单复数词形相同 /2fQM_ ,P  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 -Ou@T#h"  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: H-'~c \)  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises %bZ}vJ5b  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula U`)o$4Bq  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena 99u 9L)  
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: 65AG # O5R  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), D/TEx2.=J3  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), f) @-X!  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: ?)mM]2%%  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) K-,8~8[  
p}9bZKyf  
5 不规则的名词复数 h?+bW'm  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice '.1_anE]  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet n Wb 0S  
%eQw\o,a  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 (vb8Mk  
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例题: ;.|).y1/`  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading mQ qv{1  
       A            B           C 6%t>T~x  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. 18];fC  
            D e QGhX(  
N_eZz#);  
(2) j_Q kw ?   
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed kZJ.G  
  A      B           C           ,+hH|$  
feet. V Mb r@9  
 D uIb,n 5  
答案:D wU1h(D2&h  
应改为:foot 60@]^g;$I  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 72;ot`  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 P_8z'pYd>  
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第二节 限定词 L6E8A?>5rD  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: C=uYX"  
1.之后肯定接单数: sfw lv^  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. "Acc]CqH*  
例句: Each of them has two books. F|3iKK022  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) ~L7@,d:  
P}RewMJ$L  
2.之后肯定接复数: TqN4OkCm/  
these, those, many, such, other, z-X_O32  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), `7mRUDz  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several <JNiW8 PG  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of / Hg/)  
G378,H  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc rjLPX  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 l=.h]]`;  
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考点一 否定限定词no ,9@JBV%_  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: -xk. wWpV  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. ~?#B(t  
No one is here. 8\H*Z2yF+  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: 1q7Y,whp  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; 7u|X . X  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 t5"g9`AL  
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例题: =]swhF+l-  
(1) ]QbT%0  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. a(Fx1`}  
(A) none E@(nKe&6T_  
(B) no qjrl$[`X:  
(C) not N3rq8Rk  
(D) nor %&[=% zc  
vv FH (W  
答案: C )d $FFTH  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 )nM<qaI{  
5HqvSfq>?  
(2) z?I"[M  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when 9m+ejTK{U  
A                B           C d"0=.sA  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. CAT{)*xc  
        D 6a!b20IZh  
ARd*c?Om  
答案: A m<liPl uv  
应改为: No + \jn$>E  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 o^8Z cN>  
/Y#Q<=X  
考点二 their等物主代词 ya'Ma<4  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars >*]dB|2  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 LF X[v   
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. 9cXL4  
这里用their 而不用 the ~o X`Gih  
9  M90X8  
例题: -2qI2Z  
(1) 9 K~X+ N\  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten }Dx5W9Ri"  
              A      B        C 9 Eqv^0u  
the lives. a^eR~efdu@  
 D 9WT{~PGj  
9ePR6WS4  
答案: D ^ ~kfo|  
应改为: their hH]oJ}H \  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 5;CqGzgoP  
q-r5zGI  
(2) Zfc{}ius  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any *],= !  
      A        B              C FvyC$vip  
specific way. tpQ8 m(  
    D *t bgIW+h  
7e:7RAX  
答案: B }_fVv{D   
应改为: its Z|BOuB^   
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 `^: v+!  
l'RuzBQr  
考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 M5`wfF,j  
97n,^t2F\  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 ZW ZKyJQ  
fl71{jJ_  
例题: ;5:3 =F>ao  
(1) e^h4cC\^  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or D' `[y  
        A        B        C z<u@::  
relating those objects. (P 9$Ei0fv  
 D p;rT#R&6>  
k-8$ 43  
答案: B 4p]hY!7  
应改为: is a set y2@8?  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 LLJsBHi-  
r~sQdf  
(2) KTjf2/  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. /;9]LC.g  
A       B     C           D ZZU"Q7`^  
jHpFl4VPz  
答案: D #6za  
应改为: responses 8EAkM*D w  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few 0 hS(9y40  
Gu\lV c  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 vY(xH>Fd  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) usOIbrQ  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) X] v.Yk=wu  
KHt.g`1:R  
第三节 冠词作限定词 3&7$N#v  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 N T L`9b  
r$z0C&5  
考点一 不定冠词a / an Wf:I 0  
VU 8 ~hF  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: i*Ee(m]I  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university . [5{  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour 'U3+'du^8  
~$Pz`amT|  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). >$p|W~x  
l]v>PIh~N  
例题: :Vx5%4J  
(1)       J\x.:=V  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever "8h7"WR  
   A                 B           C l:H}Y3_I  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. ds"q1  
                 D oN6X]T<   
答案: B有错 NM_Xy<.~E  
应改为: puzzle. MUfhk)"  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle I,d5Y3mC  
(2) O$,MdhyXC  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a {`M 'ruy.%  
   A        B       C          D L\Y4$e9bF8  
question of physiology and of culture. *eonXJYD  
答案: D有错 ~E tW B  
应改为: day v8!Ts"  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day #N'W+M /  
(3) l4+Bs!i`  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the QZs ]'*=#  
  A      B       C M$0-!$RY  
nonprofessional metal worker. lEe<!B$d"  
    D ^<VJ8jk<  
答案: C chF@',9t  
应改为: still a practical -x?I6>{  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 (7Q Fy  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 Btgxzf  
例题: Ghb Jty`  
(1) d^sm;f  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. 6,q}1-  
   A     B    C           D 5m]N%{<jAB  
答案: A B3V;  
应改为: An emotion RU_wr<  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an ;0c -+,  
(2) Z=&cBv4Fs  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine $ rU"Krf67  
   A    B                       C Sb& $xWL  
chemically with other atoms. bk}'wcX<+]  
         D zv8AvNDK  
答案: A x [_SNX"  
应改为: an atom y k{8O.g  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an ]9P2v X   
~stJO])a  
考点二 定冠词the IGQcQ/M  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: <(c_[o/  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: iX|K4.Pz{  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower psFY=^69o  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: F!_8?=|  
the first woman, the nineteenth century Z)^1~!w0  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby lPyY  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: x=M%QFe  
the largest city, the most advanced technology Ht9QINo  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: U5RLM_a@M  
the development of the watch, e1OGGF%E n  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: 90[6PSXk  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun cTJi8f=g  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: 0Fw4}f.o  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: T@%\?=P  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) S6CI+W  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the teKx^ 'c'  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) @=sM')f&  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: +6`+Q2qi  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学)  mPL0s  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: C<Z{G%Qm  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… lD SF  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: 3Cw}y55_y  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed Uc;~q-??#  
乘车的词组: m{;j r<  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), 6Hp+?mmh  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) ZXIw^!8@/  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), X- ZZLl#  
打球的词组: (^NYC$ZxM=  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball )_YB8jUR-X  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. VIHuo ,  
例题: kV+%(Gl8  
(D)       jF}-dfe  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. Vel}lQD  
(A) it was the "<"m}rE?Q  
(B) that the r7,} "Pl  
(C) there was a .VCF[AleS  
(D) the )bWopc  
答案:D 5a-x$Qb9  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 yQ)&u+r  
(2) kH5D%`Kw  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of 9Pb6 Z}  
           A            B _ 6SAU8M,  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. Xhq7)/jp  
     C      D P(3k1S M  
答案:D MkL)  
应改为:of ua)jGif  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 ?j0yT@G  
(3) |r*)U(c`  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to /Kd7# @  
  A      B              C    *s,[Uy ![  
nineteenth century. f1]zsn:  
  D {zWR)o .=  
答案:D [}YUi>NGA  
应改为:to the nineteenth i!zFW-*5  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the cT(6>@9@  
第四节 不可数名词 S3:AitGJ  
lH;V9D^  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 B Z =I/L  
Z6rhInIY  
抽象名词如: tEL9hZzI  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: w`;HwK$ ,  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), A*eVz]i,k&  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), #]x3(}3W  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) X%+lgm+  
还有表达学科类的名词如: ~W[I  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, $'%GB $.  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) ov,|`FdU^T  
yo=L1; H  
物质名词如: Y@`uBB[  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), !+Xul_XG  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) E?G'F3i  
X58U>4a  
bAPMD  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 7-``J#9=  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, %+H_V1F  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), W!wof- 1  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) mUa#sTm  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 u<Kowt<ci  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice F#gA2VCm  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, E ?Mgbd3  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 o{G*7V@H  
例题: p L"{Uqi  
(1) TKR#YJQ?K  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and t,?, T~#9  
       A      B    C          D 1ysfpX{=  
trade. nzC *mPX8  
答案:C Jy)=TJ!y  
应改为:advertising CefFUqo4  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 w$:\!FImx  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 7GOBb|  
l8FJ\5'M  
考点二 限定词 V: D;?$Jl  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: QPVi& *8_  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) Voo'Z eZa  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 ZAr6RRv ^  
例题: #<x FO^TB  
(1) gADf9x"b  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear |dgiW"tUm  
        A              B         C MJ JC6:  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. <[k3x8H'  
                     D 5p#0K@`n/  
答案:D Mt4  
应改为:little. dHDtY$/_  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little V *@q< rQ  
(2) 2nyK'k  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge Qn$'bK2V  
      A                    B &V?+Y2  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. ZWCsrV*;  
           C         D {N2GRF~c-y  
答案:B 9 Zos;  
应改为:much evidence xw8k<`  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 !0l|[c4 e>  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 U2A-ub>7  
例如: mfj{_fR3  
a lot of students , a lot of money 8'Q+%{?1t  
the rest of the students, the rest of money C1;uAw?\  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. E <yQB39  
fz|*Plv  
第五节 所有格及of结构 z -?\b^  
cIO/8D#zU  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 "Erphn  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, (Mfqzy  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office q?j7bp ]  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , \*MZ 1Q*x  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room ) P7oL.)  
例题: (1=@.srAzK  
(1) "I=Lbh-`  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. %;wD B2k*  
(A) of the drop [p4([ef '  
(B) the drop's bSTori5  
(C) drop of f:8!@,I  
(D) drops their &4wSX{c/P  
答案: (B) ZW))Mx#K=T  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 vo#$xwm1  
(2) ZXhNn<  
Over a very lar G9S3r3  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. |xb;#ruR6  
(A) occurs &x r(Kb  
(B) will occur t^bh2 $J  
(C) can occur ,wr5DQ  
(D) occurring UJS vtD{g  
答案:D &gh>'z;`r  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 U7LCd+Z 5X  
P{RGW.Ci@  
考点二 of结构 5-4  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) >d;U>P5.  
如: the title of the passage 9AWP` ~l`  
例如: bz1`f>%l  
(1) lNe5{'OrO  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names iqF|IVPoi  
          A     B     C Gp_flGdGQ  
of some works years after their completion. aEEb1Y  
       D MO1H?U hx  
答案: C E.B6u, Te  
应改为: paintings *>GRU8_}  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 k/U rz*O  
(2) e6y!,My<  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and 7OPRf9+o  
      A         B     C         D -Zg.o$  
spinal cord. @]]\r.DG  
答案: B &?j\=%  
应改为: stimulation oB<!U%BN  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式  l:a#B  
g/!tp;e  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 9+Wf*:*EW  
!6 kn>447Y  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 zq$0 ?vGd  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 n "I{aJ]K  
例题: }?CKE<#%  
(1) M3fTU CR  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. gd0a,_`M  
(A) was a major collection :@Ml-ZE  
(B) that a major collection !Ks<%; rb  
(C) a collection was major Gfep m$*%  
(D) a major collection a3[,3  
答案: (D) 0 \1g-kc!v  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 Gg^gK*D  
(2) ~'Korxa  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of Pp;OkI``[  
    A         B        C     D h.xtkD)Y~  
medieval alchemists. 2\"T&  
答案:A ;IT'6m`@W  
应改为:beginnings. d263#R  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 8wCB}qC  
=)! ~t/  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 WXa<(\S\V  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 5_rx$av m  
例题: DH])Q5  
(1) Hr(%y&0  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. q3u:Tpn4%  
(A) new dance, the twist 7! /+[G  
(B) twist, was the new dance i&L!?6 5-f  
(C) twist, the new dance that cJ'OqV F  
(D) new dance is the twist  aco w  
答案: (A) E g_ram`\R  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 vSwRj<|CF  
(2) OgCz[QXr_  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep 3yLJWHO%W  
     A                B        ?DKY;:dZF  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. !d1a9los  
 C               D sL#MYW5E  
答案: D 9<5S!?JL  
应改为: promise. eaDG7+iS  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 pz]! T'  
6>z,7 [  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 \%&eDE0  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, ipS:)4QFxJ  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. yV*4|EkvW  
例题: k +Cwnp  
(1) dd *p_4;  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. \q^:$iY~  
(A) that institutes -L!lJ  
(B) while instituted bbT$$b-  
(C) was an institution T@a|*.V  
(D) an institute Zr[B*1,ZV  
答案: (D) #@F.wV0  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 0e1-ZP CDj  
(2) Nt/hF>"7  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. 1:J+`mzpl  
(A) is the great modern choreographer tTWEhHQ`  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers "<LWz&e^^  
(C) that the great modern choreographers  s;-AZr)  
(D) the modern choreographers were great 8 #:k  
答案:B nkf7Fq}  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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