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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 xXfFi5Eom  
!7y:|k,ac  
第一章 名词 VK3e(7 b  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 _&}z +(Ug  
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第一节 可数名词 YT\.${N  
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考点一 单复数 n2;Vrs,<1&  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 NK$BF(HBi  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 \oy8)o/Gb  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) 9f_Qs4  
6 6Bx,]"6  
下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 XG;Dj<Dm  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: @r9[&  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes 6<m9guv  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories MHF7hk ps}  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives B'!I{LC  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs {RHa1wc  
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例题: RAAu3QKu  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance.  [kL`'yi  
   A         B           C       D 7Kn}KO!Y8  
答案:A ">x"BP  
应改为:Flowers E4qQ  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 #?klVK&e/  
~R  C\  
:XCRKRDLE  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic 0q_?<v_ 1  
   A               B   C          D ).8NZ Aj  
pain. Z@6xu;O  
答案:A Ut hM?g^  
应改为:Doctors ]3I@5}5%  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 rB}2F*eT  
考点二 复数形式特例 IA^*?,A Zy  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 NQIbav^5  
1.单复数词形相同 yyc4'j+  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 qTI_'q  
A&L2&ofV&q  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: ewVks>lbz  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises )W |_f  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula  Dgm"1+  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena g-DFcwO,V  
'Oa(]Br[  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: *s$:"g-  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), + ;_0:+//  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), g^[BnP)I  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: 5~{s-Ms  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) ]^I[SG,  
_6]c f!H  
5 不规则的名词复数 XU6SYC"t%~  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice #D .hZ=!  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet |Pq z0n=v  
O 7z5,-  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 v%;Ny ab6$  
wG X\ub#!  
例题: )M_|r2dDq3  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading Jp-6]uW  
       A            B           C csj 4?]gI  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. PE<(eIr  
            D <uvA([r=Vq  
$Go)Zs-bL?  
(2) `gz/?q  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed . H9a  
  A      B           C           Ue(\-b\)  
feet. zj 2l&)N  
 D l(d3N4iz  
答案:D tC\(H=ecP  
应改为:foot .x][ _I>  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 i/RA/q  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 F.-:4m(Z  
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第二节 限定词 S^A+Km3VB  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: Aaz2._:/-m  
1.之后肯定接单数: gmN$}Gy}  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. o_n 3.O=  
例句: Each of them has two books. 9](RZ6A+o  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) <v3pI!)x  
m.Ki4NUm  
2.之后肯定接复数: !7Nz_d~n  
these, those, many, such, other,  \nU_UH  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), lH/7m;M  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several remRm Y?  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of $Z<x r  
,$Xhw r  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc s PvjJr"s  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 dz1kQzOU*  
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考点一 否定限定词no =Y5_@}\0  
\ `R8s_S  
(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: #~[{*[B+  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. vr } -u  
No one is here. |z? c>.  
}z5u^_-m  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: #'BPW<Ob  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; !vq|*8  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 .yB{+  
 GK1oS  
例题: Q096M 0m  
(1) Mb-AzGsV  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. ef2)k4)"  
(A) none eU\XAN#@  
(B) no u>/Jb+  
(C) not _pxurq{  
(D) nor eV j7%9  
f dJ<(i]7W  
答案: C !\!j?z=O8  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 b-RuUfUn0  
a3L-q>h  
(2) (*9-F a  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when c$x >6&&L  
A                B           C Z9 eP(ip  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. a\}` f=T  
        D <GLn!~Px@5  
iXL ?ic  
答案: A A=wG};%_  
应改为: No F?t;bV  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 6FY.kN\  
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考点二 their等物主代词 G&08Qb ,N  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars J~C=o(r  
-b|"%e<'  
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 ja6V*CWb  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. ;=WwJ Np~  
这里用their 而不用 the KDb`g}1Q  
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例题: "C?H:8W  
(1) $9@AwS@Uu  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten Qe-PW9C  
              A      B        C VfozqUf  
the lives. Tgh?=]H  
 D v0?SN>fZ  
$ Ggnn#  
答案: D 20}w . V  
应改为: their *F!1xyg  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 4-I7"pW5  
*f_A :`:  
(2) %k~ezn  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any Y6Ux*vhK  
      A        B              C $HtGB]  
specific way. Qqx!'fft  
    D [P6m8%Y|s  
a=`] L`|N  
答案: B (=%0$ (S>  
应改为: its `- (<Q;iO  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 j=Izwt>   
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 n1PBpM9!  
53gLz_ ee  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 ?5/7 @V  
Ow.DBL)x'>  
例题: O6vxp?:^  
(1) V)l:fUm2  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or L AH">E  
        A        B        C {dm>]@"S  
relating those objects. |xg_z&dX  
 D O ;[Mi  
aKWxLe  
答案: B m C`*#[  
应改为: is a set ^m&I^ \  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 Rb.vyQ  
Ff(};$/& W  
(2) m#Z&05^  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. 3T0~k--  
A       B     C           D 8Znr1=1   
K@{0]6  
答案: D T^(W _S  
应改为: responses 8V 4 e\q  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few Y0T:%  
6lv@4R^u  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 ..X_nF  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) , ?U)mYhI  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) < kPNe>-f  
*DC/O( 0  
第三节 冠词作限定词 \X _}\_c,d  
BDvkY  
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 \fiy[W/k  
( _6j@?u  
考点一 不定冠词a / an +pwTM]bV  
n]`]gLF\i  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: 5X=1a*2']  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university %UrNPk  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour $"W[e"Q  
nPdkvs   
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). @jm+TW  
4KtD  k  
例题: j8p<HE51  
(1)       P dqvXc  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever 1F,U^O  
   A                 B           C &gY578tU  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. wGNE b  
                 D hdx_Tduue  
答案: B有错 M$%ON>K q  
应改为: puzzle. SNOc1c<~  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle +;lDU}$  
(2) YiO}"  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a UX63BA  
   A        B       C          D =o~+R\1ux+  
question of physiology and of culture. @2hhBW  
答案: D有错 7;q0'_G  
应改为: day e:nByzdH0[  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day /C Xg$%\  
(3) ,.p 36ZLP  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the 'RKpMdoz  
  A      B       C -d'F KOD  
nonprofessional metal worker. d.~ns4bt9  
    D Yc]k<tQ  
答案: C Jw}t~m3  
应改为: still a practical )jgz(\KZ  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 "=s}xAM|A  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 , 4xNW:!j  
例题: `)y ;7%-  
(1) BedL `[ ,  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. Q2ne]MI  
   A     B    C           D mz.,j(Ks-  
答案: A 8Pa*d/5Y(  
应改为: An emotion plB8iN`x<  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an ~3j +hN8<  
(2) {z_cczJ-  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine p1niS:}j  
   A    B                       C Fz(;Eo3  
chemically with other atoms. 4h!yh2c..  
         D c!6v-2ykv  
答案: A yOlVS@7  
应改为: an atom Q3l>xh  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an jbS@6 * _  
Dz~^Au D6  
考点二 定冠词the hk5!$#^  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: F~eYPaEKy!  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: h!(# /  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower !1R?3rVQS  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: "6%{#TZ  
the first woman, the nineteenth century ],!}&#|  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby *y<eK0  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: .{t5_,P  
the largest city, the most advanced technology /!Ag/SmS!9  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: %u9 Q`  
the development of the watch, 3 +'vNc  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: z[[qrR  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun ] rqx><!  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: g; -3  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: Xbx=h^S  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) w8q 2f-K-  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the )g8Kicox5  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) Q$p3cepsK  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: vD#kH 1  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) DQu)?Rsk  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: 3dZj<(.  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… _8PNMbv{  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: !} x-o`a5  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed 3hJ51=_0^  
乘车的词组: be-HF;lZe'  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), 2H8\P+  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) w ?"M  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), d7X7_  
打球的词组: .P5' \  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball k&[6Ld0~56  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. a)S6Z  
例题: Ht}?=ZzW  
(D)       Vy/G-IASb  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. -e"kJd&V  
(A) it was the l%0-W  
(B) that the yoieWnL}  
(C) there was a keQRS+9  
(D) the I%Z=O=  
答案:D G[`2Nd<  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 e1V 1Ae  
(2) f#I#24)RH  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of >bmdu \j5R  
           A            B  |#xBC+  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. G<rAM+B*g  
     C      D vaVV 1  
答案:D Xyz/CZPi  
应改为:of ]i1OssV~>  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 h~._R6y  
(3) muK.x7zyl  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to ZcHIk{|  
  A      B              C    5V/]7>b1  
nineteenth century. b o_`P3  
  D ;/ |tU o$  
答案:D K0I.3| 6C  
应改为:to the nineteenth CZy3]O"qW  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the F]<2nb7  
第四节 不可数名词 s`v$r,N0  
Be\@n xV[  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 ]j*uD317  
8B!QqLqK  
抽象名词如: +.rOqkxJ  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: "|,KXv')  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), "HH<5  M  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), u35"oLV6}#  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) LU@1Gol  
还有表达学科类的名词如: '9Q#%E!*  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, b53s@7/mq  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) |-cXb.M[  
7j#Ix$Ur  
物质名词如: X68.*VHh0  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), (_3'nFg  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) ;"RyHow  
)7#3n(_np  
TnKOr~@*  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 6iHY{WcDj  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, >'WTVj`  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), d{B0a1P  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) MJH>rsTQ  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 zYWVz3l  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice ;K4uu<e \  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, /t2H%#v{  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 Are0Nj&?  
例题: [T/S/@IT  
(1) pbwOma2  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and JP^x]t:  
       A      B    C          D W?ghG  
trade. Es\J%*\u  
答案:C h\~!!F  
应改为:advertising Zz 'g&ewo  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 Y$./!lVY  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 =`C K`x  
0r!F]Rm-^  
考点二 限定词 z  fy(j  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: ,u- 9e4  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) mGmZ}H'{  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 *7L1SjZw  
例题: x~D8XN{  
(1) WV p6/H S  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear (b"q(:5oX  
        A              B         C g~9b_PY9  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. >-w# &T &K  
                     D |}X[Yg=FG  
答案:D ?Ho>  
应改为:little. 'bg'^PN>z  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little <KoOJMx(  
(2) e$rPXRf  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge 34_ V&8  
      A                    B "%_T7 A ![  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. hx:^xW@r4P  
           C         D A.$P1zwC  
答案:B l=$?#^^ /  
应改为:much evidence ?@6Zv$vZ  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 >S{8sN  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 EV|W:;Sg  
例如: hVd_1|/X  
a lot of students , a lot of money Z:2%gU&W  
the rest of the students, the rest of money 6 Pdao{P  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. 8 ~Pdr]5  
O+=}x]q*y  
第五节 所有格及of结构 B9c gVTLj  
E7/i_Xkk  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 |U$ "GI  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, 2j ]uB0  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office WfTl\Dxw  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , ;Qc^xIPy  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room Q DKY7"H  
例题: g\iSc~ %?  
(1) f<'D?d)L^  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. N]\)Ok  
(A) of the drop gplrJaH@  
(B) the drop's p$*P@qm  
(C) drop of kD) ]\   
(D) drops their /2tP d  
答案: (B) VS_I'SPPIc  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 ]AN%#1++U  
(2) d-8{}Q  
Over a very lar 6X!jNh$oF  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. x]4>f[>*>  
(A) occurs k(@W z>aCv  
(B) will occur aO bp"  
(C) can occur JLg/fB3%  
(D) occurring X `F>kp1  
答案:D 1hc`s+N  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 bwJluJ, E  
Q~KzcB<  
考点二 of结构 _c(h{dn  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) _'n]rQ'  
如: the title of the passage b%0@nu4  
例如: Rv.IHSQUo  
(1) ZQ' |B  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names Mf7 [@#$  
          A     B     C j'lC]}kH  
of some works years after their completion. b tbuE  
       D [lu+"V,<LJ  
答案: C U_Q;WPJ  
应改为: paintings yf4 i !~  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 H;ujB \+  
(2) 0w vAtK|Q  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and cyh ;1Q  
      A         B     C         D 8>xd  
spinal cord. ?D(aky#cyc  
答案: B C 7YS>?^]  
应改为: stimulation 0WyOORuK  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 i<q_d7-W'  
ID<[=es6  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 ?JW/Stua  
$4^h>x  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 JbN,K  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 [@]i_L[  
例题: qca=a }  
(1) z f >(Y7M  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. (nYGN$qC9  
(A) was a major collection xU(b:D Z  
(B) that a major collection \tP*Pz  
(C) a collection was major 'aS: Azb  
(D) a major collection Zv9%}%7p  
答案: (D) M<Y{Cs  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句  RcZ&/MY  
(2) m @)Ya*=<  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of Z2-"NB  
    A         B        C     D pr1kYMrqri  
medieval alchemists. oxJAI4{y 4  
答案:A tJm1Q#||  
应改为:beginnings. jHV) TBr  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语  "Id 1H  
<S12=<c?'  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 9"}5jq4*  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 R?Ch8mW.!  
例题: 162Dj$   
(1) ~ cI`$kJ  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. /4upw`35]  
(A) new dance, the twist >GmO8dK  
(B) twist, was the new dance vtc%MG1  
(C) twist, the new dance that r&~]6 U  
(D) new dance is the twist *zdU CX  
答案: (A) lQ4$d{m`  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 a;&0u>  
(2) .g.g lQ_~=  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep }|RL6p-/'  
     A                B        q3|SZoN  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. V8Z@y&ny  
 C               D [I[*?9}$"  
答案: D l> ("L9  
应改为: promise. 8[a N5M]  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 iL~(BnsF  
cVSns\QO  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 hK3Twzte  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, 7}(YCZny5  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. Q_*.1L  
例题: 0;w84>M  
(1) U?Vik  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. \#gguq?[  
(A) that institutes <<9|*Tz  
(B) while instituted Jt)J1CA Yo  
(C) was an institution KSU hB  
(D) an institute +KIBbXF7  
答案: (D) Q{ { =  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 s1X?]A  
(2) C]3^:b+   
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. P|a|4Bb+fW  
(A) is the great modern choreographer kAW2vh  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers .EjjCE/v-  
(C) that the great modern choreographers  7uzc1}r  
(D) the modern choreographers were great Z,>owoP4  
答案:B nr&9\lG]G  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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