高分语法讲解 xXfFi5Eom
!7y:|k,ac
第一章 名词 VK3e(7b
Kl]LnN%A{
正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 _&}z
+(Ug
d6+{^v$#
第一节 可数名词 YT\.${N
sQgJ`+Y8_
考点一 单复数 n2;Vrs,<1&
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 NK$BF(HBi
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 \oy8)o/Gb
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) 9f_Qs4
66Bx,]"6
下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 XG;Dj<Dm
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: @r9[&
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes 6<m9guv
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories MHF7hk ps}
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives B'!I{LC
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs {RHa1wc
<z
R
CT
例题: RAAu3QKu
4d;.p1ro
(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. [kL`'yi
A B C D 7Kn}KO!Y8
答案:A ">x"BP
应改为:Flowers E4qQ
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 #?klVK&e/
~R
C\
:XCRKRDLE
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic 0q_?<v_1
A B C D ).8NZ
Aj
pain. Z@6xu;O
答案:A Ut
hM?g^
应改为:Doctors ]3I@5 }5%
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 rB}2F*eT
考点二 复数形式特例 IA^*?,A
Zy
UIK4]cYC'
这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 NQIbav^5
1.单复数词形相同 yyc4'j+
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 qTI_'q
A&L2&ofV&q
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: ewVks>lbz
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises )W |_f
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula
Dgm"1+
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena g-DFcwO,V
'Oa(]Br[
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: *s$:"g-
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), +
;_0:+//
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), g^[BnP)I
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: 5~{s-Ms
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) ]^I[SG,
_6]c f!H
5 不规则的名词复数 XU6SYC"t%~
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice #D
.hZ=!
tooth - teeth foot - feet |Pq z0n=v
O
7z5,-
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 v%;Nyab6$
wG
X\ub#!
例题: )M_|r2dDq3
<8BNqbX
(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading Jp-6]uW
A B C csj4?]gI
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. PE<(eIr
D <uvA([r=Vq
$Go)Zs-bL?
(2) `gz/?q
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed . H9a
A B C Ue(\-b\)
feet. zj2l&)N
D l(d3N4iz
答案:D tC\(H=ecP
应改为:foot .x][ _I>
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 i/RA/q
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 F.-:4m(Z
0,j!*
第二节 限定词 S^A+Km3VB
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: Aaz2._:/-m
1.之后肯定接单数: gmN$}Gy}
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. o_n 3.O=
例句: Each of them has two books. 9](RZ6A+o
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) <v3pI!)x
m.Ki4NUm
2.之后肯定接复数: !7Nz_d~n
these, those, many, such, other,
\nU_UH
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), lH/7m;M
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several remRmY?
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of $Z<x r
,$Xhw
r
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc s
PvjJ r"s
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 dz1kQzOU*
1t}
m^>v~Q~~
i JS7g
考点一 否定限定词no =Y5_@}\0
\`R8s_S
(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: #~[{*[B+
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. vr }-u
No one is here. | z?
c>.
}z5u^_-m
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: #'BPW<Ob
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; !vq|*8
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 .yB{+
GK1oS
例题: Q096M 0m
(1) Mb-AzGsV
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. ef2)k4)"
(A) none eU\XAN#@
(B) no u>/Jb+
(C) not _pxurq{
(D) nor eVj7%9
f dJ<(i]7W
答案: C !\!j?z=O8
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 b-Ru UfUn0
a3L-q>h
(2) (*9-F
a
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when c$x>6&&L
A B C Z9
eP(ip
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. a\}`
f=T
D <GLn!~Px@5
iXL
?ic
答案: A A=wG};%_
应改为: No F?t;bV
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 6FY.kN\
\\;y W~
考点二 their等物主代词 G&08Qb ,N
#7@p
1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars J~C=o(r
-b|"%e<'
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 ja6V*CWb
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. ;=WwJ Np~
这里用their 而不用 the KDb`g}1Q
OY2u,LF9H
例题: "C?H:8W
(1) $9@AwS@Uu
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten Qe-PW9C
A B C VfozqUf
the lives. Tgh?=]H
D v0?SN>fZ
$Ggnn#
答案: D 20}w.V
应改为: their *F!1xyg
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 4-I7"pW5
*f_A:`:
(2) %k~ezn
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any Y6Ux*vhK
A B C $HtGB]
specific way. Qqx!'fft
D [P6m8%Y|s
a=`]
L`|N
答案: B (=%0$
(S>
应改为: its `- (<Q;iO
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 j=Izwt>
T]nAz<l),
考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 n1PBpM9!
53gLz_
ee
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 ?5/7
@V
Ow.DBL)x'>
例题: O6vxp?:^
(1) V)l:fUm2
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or LAH">E
A B C {dm>]@"S
relating those objects. |xg_z&dX
D O ;[Mi
aKWxL e
答案: B m C`*#[
应改为: is a set ^m&I^ \
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 Rb. vyQ
Ff(};$/&W
(2) m#Z&05^
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. 3T0~k--
A B C D 8Znr1=1
K@{0]6
答案: D T^(W _S
应改为: responses 8V 4
e\q
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few Y0T :%
6lv@4R^u
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 ..X _nF
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) , ?U)mYhI
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) <
kPNe>-f
*DC/O(
0
第三节 冠词作限定词 \X _}\_c,d
BDvkY
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 \fiy[W/k
(
_6j@?u
考点一 不定冠词a / an +pwTM]bV
n]`]gLF\i
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: 5X=1a*2']
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university %UrNPk
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour $"W[e"Q
nPdkvs
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). @jm +TW
4KtD
k
例题: j8p<HE51
(1) PdqvXc
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever 1F,U^O
A B C &gY578tU
been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. wGNEb
D hdx_Tduue
答案: B有错 M$%ON>Kq
应改为: puzzle. SNOc1c<~
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle +;lDU}$
(2) YiO}"
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a UX63BA
A B C D =o~+R\1ux+
question of physiology and of culture. @2h hB W
答案: D有错 7;q0'_G
应改为: day e:nByzdH0[
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day /C Xg$%\
(3) ,.p
36ZLP
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the 'RKpMdoz
A B C -d'FKOD
nonprofessional metal worker. d.~ns4bt9
D
Yc]k<tQ
答案: C Jw}t~m3
应改为: still a practical )jgz(\KZ
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 "=s}xAM|A
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 ,4xNW:!j
例题: `)y
;7%-
(1) BedL `[,
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. Q2ne]MI
A B C D mz.,j(Ks-
答案: A 8Pa*d/5Y(
应改为: An emotion plB8iN`x<
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an ~3j+hN8<
(2) {z_cczJ-
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine p1niS:}j
A B C Fz(;Eo3
chemically with other atoms. 4h!yh2c..
D c!6v-2ykv
答案: A yOlVS@7
应改为: an atom Q3l>xh
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an jbS@6 *_
Dz~^Au
D6
考点二 定冠词the hk5!$#^
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: F~eYPaEKy!
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: h!(#
/
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower !1R?3rVQS
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: "6%{#TZ
the first woman, the nineteenth century ],!}|
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby *y<eK0
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: .{t5_,P
the largest city, the most advanced technology /!Ag/SmS!9
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: %u9Q`
the development of the watch, 3+'vNc
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如:
z [[qrR
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun ] rqx><!
在下列情况下,一般不用the: g ;
-3
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: Xbx=h^S
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) w8q
2f-K-
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the )g8Kicox5
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) Q$p3cepsK
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: vD#kH1
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) DQu)?Rsk
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: 3dZj<(.
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… _8PNMbv{
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: !}x-o`a5
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed 3hJ51=_0^
乘车的词组: be-HF;lZe'
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), 2H8\P+
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) w?"M
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), d7X7_
打球的词组: .P5'\
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball k&[6Ld0~56
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. a)S6Z
例题: Ht}?=ZzW
(D) Vy/G-IASb
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. -e"kJd&V
(A) it was the l%0-W
(B) that the yoieWnL}
(C) there was a keQRS+9
(D) the I%Z=O=
答案:D G[`2Nd<
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指
e1V
1Ae
(2) f#I#24)RH
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of >bmdu\j5R
A B |#xBC+
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. G<rAM+B*g
C D vaVV1
答案:D Xyz/CZPi
应改为:of ]i1OssV~>
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 h~._R6y
(3) muK.x7zyl
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to ZcHIk{|
A B C 5V/]7>b1
nineteenth century. b
o_`P3
D ;/ |tU
o$
答案:D K0I.3|6C
应改为:to the nineteenth CZy3]O"qW
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the F]<2nb7
第四节 不可数名词 s`v$r,N0
Be\@n xV[
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 ]j*uD317
8B!QqLqK
抽象名词如: +.rOqkxJ
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: "|,KXv')
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), "HH<5M
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), u35"oLV6}#
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) LU@1Gol
还有表达学科类的名词如: '9Q#%E!*
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, b53s@7/mq
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) |-cXb.M[
7j#Ix$Ur
物质名词如: X68.*VHh0
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), (_3'nFg
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头)
;"RyHow
)7#3n(_np
TnKOr~ @*
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 6iHY{WcDj
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, >'WTVj `
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), d{ B0a1P
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻)
MJH>rsTQ
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 zYWVz3l
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice ;K4uu<e\
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, /t2H%#v{
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 Are0Nj&?
例题: [T/S/@IT
(1) pbwOma2
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and JP^x]t:
A B C D W?ghG
trade. Es\J%*\u
答案:C h\~!!F
应改为:advertising Zz'g&ew