高分语法讲解 7Q~W}`Qv'
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第一章 名词 0]]OE+9<c
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 \VW":+
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第一节 可数名词 ;:J"- p
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考点一 单复数 &G\C[L
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 9(vp`Z8B4
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 yGC
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例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) cd=H4:<T5
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 ,+gtr.
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: Qx!Bf_,J
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes '%*hs8s
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories ymqn1ja1
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives IEJ)Q$GI#
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs wGIRRM !b
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例题: YWV)C?5x&
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. _ |HA\!
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答案:A Ip8:~Fl]
应改为:Flowers G2@'S&2@s
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 CR#-!_=4
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic 6ZjY-)h
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pain. w^3S6lK
答案:A puEu)m^
应改为:Doctors X;vUz
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 #X'su`+
考点二 复数形式特例 +9<:z\B|
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 4)L};B=
1.单复数词形相同 FS('*w&bP
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 -G=.3
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: !)}z{,Jx
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises 7s}F`fjKP
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula nKTi"2dm
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena !l6ht{
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: cVm
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clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), N7X(gh2h
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), -Wre4^,v
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: $8[JL\
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) jpMMnEVj6P
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5 不规则的名词复数 Vk76cV
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child - children mouse - mice louse - lice cBCC/n
tooth - teeth foot - feet W3R43>$
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 wDBU+Z
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例题: C
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading D8$4P T0u
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. $:vS_#
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(2) ydE}.0zN
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed 9*r
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feet. aQj6
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答案:D #aKUD
应改为:foot Y{X%C\
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 j`MK\*qmz
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 Z)}2bJwA
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第二节 限定词 -L
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名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: k<rJm
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1.之后肯定接单数: mdcsL~R
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. ]Z[0xs
例句: Each of them has two books. B}N1}i+
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) FrV8_[
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2.之后肯定接复数: ]Z*B17//
these, those, many, such, other, TW1#'G_#
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), nrbP3sf*
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several $A T kCO
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of :_o^oi7G
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc ylQ9Su>o
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 A5sz[k
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考点一 否定限定词no ciFqj3JS
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: (?"z!dg c
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. Au:R]7
No one is here. D?4bp'0 3
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: #WAX&<m
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; sFsf~|
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 S,vdd7Y
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例题: i4&V+h"
(1) D
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The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. [ B*r{
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(B) no 8i)9ho<
(C) not 1X9J[5|ll
(D) nor vb}c)w
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答案: C S
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解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 F@zTz54t
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(2) ES8(:5
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when <5}j(jxz}
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. pWP1$;8
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答案: A NQqNBI?cr
应改为: No M }q;\}
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词
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考点二 their等物主代词 ?Mn~XN4F_
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars bW=3X-
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 ,t:P
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. mIqm/5
这里用their 而不用 the 0Ng?U+6
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例题: #M5d,%?+#[
(1) uZ'Z-!=CL
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten 4:pgZz!
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the lives. radP%W-U
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答案: D S?J(VJqE
应改为: their XXA]ukj;r
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 9)o@d`*
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(2) *ZFF$0}
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any H)EL0
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specific way. p<}y'7(
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答案: B UUb0[oy
应改为: its $5&~gHc,
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 *'aouS/?<6
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 '
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例题: s S#/JLDx]
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or hvNK"^\p
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relating those objects. :FtV~^Z
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答案: B Xw<
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应改为: is a set )b>misb/
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 r
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(2) y
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At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. b=pk;'-
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答案: D ztX$kX:_m
应改为: responses 9#&H'mG
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 a`#lYM%(>
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) l'wu-
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) q oi21mCn
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第三节 冠词作限定词 eA-oqolY
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 qTdwi?j_
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考点一 不定冠词a / an /_{ZWLi(
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: S2*sh2-&6
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university Uuu2wz3O0
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour c!7WRHJE_a
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). M."/"hV`-
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例题: iCg%$h
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How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever Q8m%mJz~]
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. W&|?8%"l]
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答案: B有错 ly[dV.<P
应改为: puzzle. !<=zFy[J.9
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle UhS:tT]7
(2) md'wre3
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a O(8CrKYY
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question of physiology and of culture. g1[BrT,
答案: D有错 _!DH/?aU
应改为: day r1<*=Fs=>>
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day PN]hG,q*4O
(3) a<r,LE
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the [j'!+)>_
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nonprofessional metal worker. 7UW\|r
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答案: C AJ*17w
应改为: still a practical Fd<Ouyxqe
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 B?8*-0a'[
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 c8uw_6#r(D
例题: L k
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A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world.
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答案: A {u1|`=;
应改为: An emotion }>BNdm"Er
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an
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If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine
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chemically with other atoms. qF bj~ec
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答案: A \X*y~)+K`
应改为: an atom ,S`n?.&& 7
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an i&6U5Va,G
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考点二 定冠词the 7_s+7x =
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: d"-I^|[OM
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: tUULpx.h
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower 8/)\nV$0Y
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: u,8)M'UU
the first woman, the nineteenth century RDDA^U7y#
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby nsi?.c&0!
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: ZXb{-b?[`
the largest city, the most advanced technology )HE{`yiLL
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: %zGv+H?
the development of the watch, 7M~ /
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(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: *Xk5H,:
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun l([aKm#
在下列情况下,一般不用the: BSHS)_xs
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: HJg&fkHn1
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) \f4rA?+f
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the qQ)1+^
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) %b*N.v1+
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: em,1Yn?
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) 8~Zw"
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: +i!HMyM
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… %"(HjanH
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: qVfn(rZ
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed zT)cg$8%fY
乘车的词组: z0+JMZ/
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), r@r*|50
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) /# Jvt
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), y[l{
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打球的词组: dO2?&f
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball I^f|U
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. u(1m#xr8$
例题: bK#ZY
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. /dg?6XT/
(A) it was the j~\FDcG*ed
(B) that the ;rT/gwg!
(C) there was a /y{fD
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(D) the V2?{ebx`
答案:D "4WnDd5"
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指
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