考点四 名词(词组)作定语 f3 v
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名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 $''UlWK
这样的词语有：word order（词序）， taxi driver（出租车司机）等 :BD>yOlG
例题: ,rai%T/rL
(1) ~j"3}wXc5
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, g YUTt
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is a prosperous trading and distribute center. n}OU Y
C D 'yr{ ^Pek
答案: D |'$ l7
应改为: distribution/ distributing. +GeWg`
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解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center，可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 Mq'I kSt'
(2) 9go))&`PJL
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. O| e}
A B C D ``4?a7!!
答案: D QNpu TZn#Q
应改为: color WFDCPQ@
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 9!#EwPD$#
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第二章 形容词 Mk5RHDh
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇，在句中主要作定语修饰名词，同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 no&-YktP}
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 0T9. M(
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词，如：modern art, electric current, great responsibility；这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例，几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词，主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 0Oap 39
例题： ^l(^z fsZ
(1) t$I
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The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. "~\ *If
A B C D Mudrg[@ `
答案：C a+
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应改为：certain. GFL-.?
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解释：certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 J-XTN"O
(2) ch })ivFP[
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. "b%FmM
A B C D s
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答案：C d G0 VBE
应改为：visual. |Gu EGmR
解释：vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 9@y3IiZ"}
注意1：大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话： 9o_- =>(
The man was awake. hW'
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There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) c0[k T
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable ~g dd cTp
例题： `{}@@]
(1)
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Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 8&.-]{Z
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of on-the-spot, alive reports. o ,
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D j)L1H*
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答案： D w+_Wc ~f
应改为：live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) Tl 3"PIb
解释：alive不能做定语, 只能做表语，所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) D9o*8h2$
(2) aQ|hi F}
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also dtTlIhh 1V
A B C woau'7}XOu
gather data from documentary and oral sources. !<r8~ A3!(
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答案： A 5;Ia$lm=y
应改为：like !n
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解释：alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 >EIrw$V$
注意2：形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 4B$bj `h
如：a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等， & +- e
注意3：形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, ]^ 'ZiyJX
一般来说：这个排序的规则是: Vp7b 4n<
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 |yv]Y/ =
如: two young American students 7K :FeW'N
my three red pencils }
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第二节 比较级 8ds}+TtbY
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级，主要有两种形式： S Q <f
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词)，如：fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等； e & R b
或在词前加more (多音节形容词)，如：more useful, more complex等 UA BbcNW
少数词比较级形式特殊，如：good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的)， M Yx88y
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考点一 含有标志词than ]_ #SAhOR)
1．最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象， iNLDl~uU
如：It takes less time to go there by air than by train. rKI RNc#d
She possesses more books than I do. XtzOFx
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He is more intelligent than I expected. 9b%j.Q-W
than可视为比较级的标志词，在填空题中， FfSI n3
空后含有than的， 通常空格处需要填比较级， zq=&4afOE
空格前含有比较级的，通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 {*fUJmao"
例题： 5Pqt_ZWy
(1) xT=ySa$|>
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. K0 QH?F
(A) coolest %I}'Vb{C
(B) the coolest Q@Dkl
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(C) cooler #G~wE*VR$
(D) the cooler Gym#b{#":
答案：A -;ER`Jqs,
解释：标志词than意味着应用比较级，A, B可先排除；D多the; 只有A正确 Yx 3| G
(2) ]CIe~q
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. ?sE@ ]]z
A B C D J@gm@ jLc
答案：A ->3uOF!q
应改为：more KG-y)qXu
解释：标志词than表明此句应用比较级，而不是最高级 R`
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2．为避免重复，than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略，只把相比的部分突出出来: W[fT
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情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, T;J7+0
如：The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. n fa_8
(that 指代the population) zF?31\GOX
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. qL,ka
(those 指代 designs) Yfe'#MKfL
情况2: 在省略的过程中，若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 9p4%8WhJ
如：The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may 4?v$<=#21*
probably contribute more to the success of a play. !"`Jqs
例题： C_-%*] *,j
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. m^'~&!ba
(A) than do Ca
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(B) that are having 1z 3]PA!R
(C) which have PP],HB+*[
(D) that do ^] i"
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答案：A qg|Ox*_od"
解释：空格前出现了形容词比较级，空格后是比较对象，应由than连接，选项中只有A符合条件，其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 MCM/=M' y
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考点二 (not) so /as…as KM 5jl9Vv
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思，其结构和than句式相仿，但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形，而且as…as必须搭配使用， q ?(A!1(u
如：It is as good as it looks. "oHp.$+K
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. k]t,q$Vd
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as)，要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as)，一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 u2 Y N[|V
例题： P
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(1) ]F
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The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. JR] )xPI`
(A) possibly little nourishment @5 1z-T
(B) nourishment possibly little K!9y+%01
(C) little as possible nourishment [?A&x
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(D) little nourishment as possible yq1Gq
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答案：D _cR6ik zW(
解释：空格处需要动词have的宾语，同时包含as…as句式，A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构，C语序有误，均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. ?Y%}(3y
(2) LFl2uV"
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. !&qx7eOSpP
(A) so early 4
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(B) the earliest 52da]BW<
(C) as early as mp!YNI
(D) so early that km9Gwg/zT
答案：C ~azF+}x90N
解释：依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达，只有C符合题意，用的是比较级特殊句式as...as o^8*aH)I>Y
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考点三 the same…as 9
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此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”，the same和as既可连用，也可分开使用， #E*@/ p/
如：She looks just the same as before. J>&[J!>r
I got the same feeling as you did. &\JK%X.Jlt
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 mfj4`3:N V
例题：
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(1) ` 52% XI
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, ~D<7W4c
A B C P]|J?$1K
shorter tails, and longer bills. 1[26w_B3
D >L#];|
答案：B b\ k
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应改为：as. "2*G$\
解释：the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与．．．一样” 3?! G-
(2) JQ~y- lt
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of u)<Ysx8G
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perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. szf"| k!
C D ?| D$#{^
答案：D l t@
应改为：as 5}v Ro;-
解释：与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 ;k9
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考点四 the more…，the more… ^VSt9 &
此句式常表示“越……越……”，more在此处泛指比较级，此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开，句子结构平行，而且谓语动词一致时，为避免重复常进行省略， #pS]k<o%1
如：The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. \(.nPW]9
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. 4 ^ d+l.F
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一，因此看到the more结构，要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 }"F
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例题： Qv9*p('~A
(1) -@EBbM&
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
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(A) the greater the need there is A)b)ff ,
(B) greater need ET >S
(C) is there great need />dB%*
(D) the great need +-Z"H)
答案：A Cfv L)f
解释：这是典型的 “the more…, c!'A)JD@
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. tnQR<
(2) / |4Q9=
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. R&u)= ~O\5
(A) the stress it is greater N<#S3B?.
(B) greater is the stress nUI63?
(C) greater stress is 9%p7B ~}E
(D) the greater the stress .u&&H_ UmE
答案：D T..N*6<X
解释：此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行，当谓语一致时，后面的可省略，符合要求的只有D fP^W"y
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer c]AKeq ]
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, N>&{Wl'y \
如：He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer.
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注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用，no more /not…any more同理，这一句式在改错题中出现。 I3}HNGvU
例题： J)7,&Gc6
(1)
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Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio r+{!@ `dYi
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continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. JEK%y
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答案：A Q{H!s_6iyv
应改为：no longer. hQg,#r(JE4
解释：根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ．．．”，英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
