考点四 名词(词组)作定语 -mw`f)?Ev
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 \gR%PN
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 bW^C30m
例题: il% u)NN
(1) CN:z
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Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, B}0!b7!
A B V6Y0#sTU
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. n&3}F?
C D ym_p49
答案: D Vrs?VA`v$
应改为: distribution/ distributing. v1z
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解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 Q2[;H!"
(2) 9;NXzO27
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. **JBZ \'
A B C D VS@e[,
答案: D #mkf2Z=t-
应改为: color qP]1}-
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 q _Z+H4
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第二章 形容词 (eSsx/
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 T^vhhfCUr
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 [iZH[7&j
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 iBI->xU[U
例题: :$0yp`k
(1) h'?v(k!
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. .N( X.C
A B C D XJ5@/BW
答案:C TD%&9$F
应改为:certain. qsQ{`E0
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 GUZ.Pw
(2) k||dX(gl
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. KA{&NFx
A B C D 9p{n7.
答案:C ,J,Rup">h
应改为:visual. F]D{[dBf
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 (Ldvx_
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: HNCu:$Wr@
The man was awake. xy
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There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) Tgax ZW
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable +80bG(I_
例题: |'z24 :8
(1) = pn;b1=
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means mt$rjk=
A B C [NAfy~X
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of on-the-spot, alive reports. )
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答案: D q/@+
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应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) }X?#"JFX?
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) g'b|[ q
(2) ('7$K
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also w%s];EE
A B C dW%t ph
gather data from documentary and oral sources. 1Acs0`3
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答案: A i@.Tv.NZ
应改为:like mvK^')
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 } 6!/Nb
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. /AADFa
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, ) WbWp4
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, !u@P\8M}
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: r
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冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 r'j88)^
如: two young American students Vj 9X6u}{
my three red pencils JPAjOcmU/
第二节 比较级 +/Y2\s
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: JJ7A`
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在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; 'fl< ac,.
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 7)V"E-6h
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), F5RL+rU(h
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考点一 含有标志词than o=_7KWOA
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, %]&$VVVh
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. $uDgBZA\
She possesses more books than I do. U,#x\[3!Jt
He is more intelligent than I expected. BYX c
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than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, 6!"wiM"]
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, cyJ{AS+
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 h8asj0
例题:
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(1) >-I <`y-H
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. B223W_0"o
(A) coolest O'wmhLa"W
(B) the coolest ]}!@'+=
(C) cooler z1Bi#/i
(D) the cooler S[3"?$3S
答案:A {IJ;)<>&VE
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 49Jnp>h
(2) s6 g"uF>k
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has.
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A B C D lf7bx}P*
答案:A ce\d35x!
应改为:more %m
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解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 _J!^iJ
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: dR]-R/1|
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, UA8hYWRP
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. nU>P%|loXx
(that 指代the population) C K7([>2
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. rpRyB9
(those 指代 designs) ;bB#Pg
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) r&
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如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may R|C`
probably contribute more to the success of a play.
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例题: |ky40[C
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. }N[X<9^Z
(A) than do UUV5uDe>i
(B) that are having 9S|sTf
(C) which have }#ZRi}f2VJ
(D) that do VC88re`
答案:A >)ekb7
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 h
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考点二 (not) so /as…as TWp w/osW
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, [Y](Y3 /.N
如:It is as good as it looks. -O *_+8f
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. S $p>sItO
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 ;_bRq:!j;
例题: ST?{H SCz
(1) r
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The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. S&!(h
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(A) possibly little nourishment uBRlvNJ
(B) nourishment possibly little |c/=9Bb
(C) little as possible nourishment u4Nh_x8\Nr
(D) little nourishment as possible
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答案:D WA(x]""
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. Lm4`O%
(2) dkw.o.e
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. ;TJpD0
(A) so early +c~&o83[
(B) the earliest R0RxcBtG
(C) as early as Q6HJ+H-Ub
(D) so early that \|0z:R;X
答案:C -hXKCb4YU
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as E]mm^i`|
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考点三 the same…as R/oi6EKv
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, r:bJU1P1$s
如:She looks just the same as before. $P{`-Y }a
I got the same feeling as you did. J%CCUl2
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 +.!D>U$)}
例题: _Tj&gyS
(1) %R>n5m
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, NBPP?\1
A B C `6~0W5
shorter tails, and longer bills. zr|DC]
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答案:B i% 1UUI(W
应改为:as. bG]0|
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” :IZAdlz[@
(2) +Vk L?J
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of -$:;en?
A B
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perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. AIg4u(j
C D blQ&QQL
答案:D gF,=rT1:>r
应改为:as ^s{F f+]W
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 f]r*;YEc4
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考点四 the more…,the more… ~LS</_N
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, JN/=x2n.
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. DC h
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The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. y$%oR6K7-
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 <YW)8J
例题: K;6#v%
(1) Ikdj?"+O
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. `^[k8Z(
(A) the greater the need there is 0''p29
(B) greater need A1prYD
(C) is there great need 2jyWkAP'
(D) the great need HS<Jp44
答案:A /Z6lnm7wJ
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, @/:4beh
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. WJD2(el
(2) K[icVT2v~
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. >+J}m
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(A) the stress it is greater ee?
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(B) greater is the stress FygNWI '
(C) greater stress is tM]Gu?6
(D) the greater the stress {rcN_N%
答案:D $sY'=S
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D ``CM7|)>`
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer ]owgsR
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, 7<)H?;~;
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. cjN)3L{
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 Ga5s9wC
例题: a_c(7
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(1) NWn*_@7;
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio %Lh%bqGz
A B trDw|WA
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. )l`Ks
C D lW?}Ts~'
答案:A ]t)N3n6Bc
应改为:no longer. >>T7;[h
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer