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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 -mw`f)?Ev  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 \gR%PN  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 bW^C30m  
例题: il% u)NN  
(1) CN:z *g  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, B}0!b7!  
 A                       B V6Y0#sTU  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. n&3}F?   
   C         D ym_p49  
答案: D Vrs?VA`v$  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. v1z d[jqk  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 Q2[; H!"  
(2) 9;NXzO27  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. **JBZ\'  
   A  B      C         D VS@e[,  
答案: D #mkf2Z=t-  
应改为: color qP]1}-  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 q _Z+H4  
IKV!0-={!z  
L~AU4Q0o  
第二章 形容词 (e Ssx/  
KwU;+=_.  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 T^vhhfCUr  
nc6PSj X  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 [iZH[7&j  
V-eRGSx  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 iBI->xU[U  
例题: :$0yp`k  
(1) h'?v(k!  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. .N( X. C  
       A  B   C          D XJ5@/BW  
答案:C  TD%&9$F  
应改为:certain. qsQ{`E0  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 GUZ.Pw  
(2) k||dX(gl  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. KA{&NFx  
  A       B         C   D 9 p{n7.  
答案:C ,J,Rup">h  
应改为:visual. F]D{[dBf  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 (Ldvx_  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: HNCu:$Wr@  
The man was awake. xy b=7  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) TgaxZW  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable +80bG(I_  
例题: |'z24 :8  
(1) = pn;b1=  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means mt$rjk=  
     A                 B        C [N Afy~X *  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. ) z\#  
       D v0VQ 4>  
答案: D q/@+ .q  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) }X?#"JFX?  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) g'b|[ q  
(2) (' 7$K  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also w%s];EE  
 A              B               C dW%t ph  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. 1Acs0` 3  
                 D b>VV/j4!/  
答案: A i@.Tv.NZ  
应改为:like mvK^')  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 }6!/Nb  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. /AAD Fa  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, )WbWp4  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, !u@P\8M}  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: r dSL  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 r'j88)^  
如: two young American students Vj9X6u}{  
    my three red pencils JPAjOcmU/  
第二节 比较级 +/Y2\ s  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: JJ7A` ;  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; 'fl< ac,.  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 7)V"E-6h  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), F5RL+rU(h  
j :B/ FL  
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考点一 含有标志词than o=_7KWOA  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, %]&$VVVh  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. $uDgBZA\  
  She possesses more books than I do. U,#x\[3!Jt  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. BYXc 'K  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, 6!"wiM"]  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, cyJ{AS+  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 h8asj0  
例题: ;6P>S4`w  
(1) >-I <`y-H  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. B223W_0"o  
(A) coolest O'wmhLa"W  
(B) the coolest ]}! @'+=  
(C) cooler z1Bi#/i  
(D) the cooler S[3"?$3S  
答案:A {IJ;)<>&VE  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 49Jnp>h  
(2) s6 g"uF>k  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. d j\Z}[  
           A   B              C     D lf7bx}P*  
答案:A ce\d35x!  
应改为:more %m |I=P  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 _J!^iJ  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: dR]-R/1|  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, UA8hYWRP  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. nU>P%|loXx  
   (that 指代the population) CK7([>2  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. rpR yB9  
   (those 指代 designs) ;bB#P g  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) r& a[ ?  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may R|C`  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. [Jt}^  
例题: | ky40[C  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. }N[X<9^ Z  
(A) than do UUV5uDe>i  
(B) that are having 9S|sTf  
(C) which have }#ZRi}f2VJ  
(D) that do VC88re`  
答案:A >)ekb7  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 h ~k<"  
0P5VbDv$r7  
考点二 (not) so /as…as TWpw/osW  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, [Y](Y3/.N  
如:It is as good as it looks. -O *_+8f  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. S $p>sItO  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 ;_bRq:!j;  
例题: ST?{H SCz  
(1) r W`7<3  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. S&!(h {O  
(A) possibly little nourishment uBRlvNJ  
(B) nourishment possibly little |c/=9Bb  
(C) little as possible nourishment u4Nh_x8\Nr  
(D) little nourishment as possible zIrOMh  
答案:D WA (x]""  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. Lm4`O %  
(2) dkw.o.e  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. ;TJpD0  
(A) so early +c~&o83[  
(B) the earliest R 0RxcB tG  
(C) as early as Q6HJ+H-Ub  
(D) so early that \|0z:R;X  
答案:C -hXKCb4YU  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as E]mm^i`|  
f}bq  
考点三 the same…as R/oi6EKv  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, r:bJU1P1$s  
如:She looks just the same as before. $P{`-Y }a  
  I got the same feeling as you did. J%CCUl2  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 +.!D>U$)}  
例题: _Tj&gyS  
(1) %R >n5m  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, NBPP?\1  
         A       B          C `6~0W5  
shorter tails, and longer bills. zr|DC] 3  
            D w-n}&f  
答案:B i% 1UUI(W  
应改为:as. bG]0|  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” :IZAdlz[@  
(2) +VkL?J  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of -$:; en?  
  A                 B     WwB_L.{  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. AIg4u(j  
   C          D blQ&QQL  
答案:D gF,=rT1:>r  
应改为:as ^s{Ff+]W  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 f]r*;YEc4  
GURiW42  
考点四 the more…,the more… ~LS</_N  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, JN/=x2n.  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. DC h !Z{I  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. y$%oR6 K7-  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 <YW)8J  
例题: K;6#v%  
(1) Ikdj?"+O  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. `^[k8Z(  
(A) the greater the need there is 0''p29  
(B) greater need A1prYD  
(C) is there great need 2jyWkAP'  
(D) the great need HS <Jp44  
答案:A /Z6lnm7wJ  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, @/:4beh  
q5_zsUR=  
PRU&y/zZmG  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. WJD2(el  
(2) K[icVT2v~  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. >+J}m o=*  
(A) the stress it is greater ee? d ?:L  
(B) greater is the stress FygNWI'  
(C) greater stress is tM]Gu?6  
(D) the greater the stress {rcN_N%  
答案:D $sY'=S  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D ``CM7|)>`  
~-k , $J?7  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer ]owgsR  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, 7<)H?;~;  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. cjN)3L{  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 Ga 5s9wC  
例题: a_c(7 bQ  
(1) NWn*_@7;  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio %Lh%bqGz  
          A           B      trDw|WA  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. )l`Ks  
    C                           D lW?}Ts ~'  
答案:A ]t)N3n6Bc  
应改为:no longer. >>T7;[h  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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