名词性从句相当于名词,可用作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。引导名词性从句的连接词有:连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which,有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等;连接副词:when, where, why, how,有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语;连接词:that, whether, if, as if,if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分;that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。 (3
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今后对名词性从句的考查仍将集中在关联词的选用上,特别石堆what引导的名词性从句的考查。名词性从句与其他从句的混合考查将在今后高考中占据一席之地。易混句型的辨析,比如it作形式主语,主语从句后置的句型与强调句型的辨析将仍作为高考考查的重点。 81GQijq
【知识点归纳】 V";mWws+?#
名词性从句的用法 On#;)35M
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 q';&SR#"`K
一、引导名词性从句的连接词 ; c
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引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连词:that(无任何词意);whether, if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性);as if ,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)。 0LetsDN7I
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 D:=t*2-Iv
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. Whichever, whomever cC^W2\
连接副词:when, where, how, why ]i-P-9PA4
不可省略的连词: S5uJX#*;
1. 介词后的连词 x&at^Fp
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 2 ]L=s3
That she was chosen made us very happy. fv|]= e
We heard the news that our team had won. TQ;
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比较: r
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Whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代: {DU"]c/S
1. Whether引导主语从句并在句首; 3^{8_^I
2. 引导表语从句 >BBl7
3. Whether从句作介词宾语; ,mB Z`X@N
4. 从句后有"or not" BbFa=H.
Whether he will come is not clear. Eu|sWdmf
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大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。 2b5 #PcKa
It is not important who will go. J0=7'@(p
It is still unknown which team will win the match. xdPcsox~
二、具体分类 VM7 !0
1.主语从句 >QXzMN}o
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如: |+98h&U~
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 cv2]*
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 hR-K@fS%l'
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 %dc3z
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Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 {V}qwm?
【典例1】It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over. `ruNA
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A. since B. what C. when D. whether |XRImeF'd
【答案】D _pW_G1U
【解析】考查主语从句的用法。该句的意思时:经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示,不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一实践状语。 P|N2R5(>T
【典例2】_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. 6JhMkB^h
A. It B. This C. What D. As L7]]ZAH!1
【答案】C ^-h
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【解析】she told me是插入语,可删除。what引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语。 /%!~x[BeJ>
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: F?9SiX[\
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 Ry?4h\UX5
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
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(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 nU2V]-qY
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 \:Za[6
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有: ,X68xk.'
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … w~|1Wd<v
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… "k:=Y7Dx
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… G(/D
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【典例】It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future. !77NG4B
A. as B. which C. whether D. that @E%DP9.I
【答案】D /aY pIMi9}
【解析】考查名词性从句。本空格处应是一个主语从句的引导词,因该主语从句不缺成分,且句意完整,故应用不作任何成分的连词that。 e"k/d<
2.宾语从句 ^2S# Uk
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 +BL{@,zr
(1) 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 wfR&li{
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: /:Lu_)5
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 Qs9OC9X1
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 }Cj8
注意:在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: UV AJxqz%}
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 I[d]!YI
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The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 QA?oJ_}y
(2)用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: ;b0NGa(k
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 ? mv:neh
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 V5p0h~PK
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 8 lT{1ro
【典例1】The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.
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A. which B. that C. what D. who taWqSq!
【答案】C +v7) 1y
【解析】create后为宾语从句,从句中they hope是插入语,可删除。因为从句中缺少主语,所以用what引导该从句。 r.yK,
【典例2】Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? $_Nf-:D*
A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever 6RoAl$}'
【答案】C w7TJv4_
【解析】 考查名词性从句。题干中介词to后面为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,因此填whoever。 B&0;4
(3)用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: >IfV\w32
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: ,$lemH1d
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 "ju'UOcS/
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? F@YKFk+a
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 B?bW1
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 r!
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Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? K > g[k_
(4)注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 7[pBUDA
不同时态。例如: $IQw=w7p
he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) d+eZub94U
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) iUi>y.}"P
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) (Z]HX@"{J
he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) >l']H*&B<
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: IxZb$h[
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. i1lBto[
(5)think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: u\yVR$pQ
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 yLE7>48
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 &ANP`=
3.表语从句 dt@P>rel
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:
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The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 V~G`kkNy
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 `l;n:]+
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 b?X.U}62_
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 '7^M{y/dU
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 S-Y=-"
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: *a
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The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . IYn]U4P.
【点拨】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 Q_-_^J
【典例1】The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother. ^hNgm.I
A. where B. what C. how D. who [qUN 4x5b
【答案】A '. Ed`?<p
【解析】remain是系动词,后加表语从句,由句意可知,从句缺地点状语,所以选A。 h,aA w#NE*
【典例2】The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park. LEMfG~Czq
A. where B. how C. when D. why Unj.f>U
【答案】C x3jb%`o#!
【解析】was后为表语从句,此处when与the last time相呼应,根据句意可排除其他选项。 {"oxJ`z4
4. 同位语从句 Nkxmm/Z
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。例如: _vSn`
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 ?0?
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I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 L
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The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 @KX
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【典例】We should consider the students’ request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science. x~xa6
A. that B. when C. which D. where { eCC$&"
【答案】A ?]D"k4
【解析】考查名词性从句。根据题意知,空格处是同位语从句的引导词,修饰中心名词request,且在句子中不充当成分,故用that。这句话的意思是我们应该考虑学生的这个要求,即学校图书馆应该多提供一些大众科学方面的书籍。 .CL^BiD.D
三、对比与用法 ~U;rw&'H
1.同位语从句和定语从句的区别: IDnC<