名词性从句相当于名词,可用作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。引导名词性从句的连接词有:连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which,有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等;连接副词:when, where, why, how,有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语;连接词:that, whether, if, as if,if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分;that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。 )2IH
5
今后对名词性从句的考查仍将集中在关联词的选用上,特别石堆what引导的名词性从句的考查。名词性从句与其他从句的混合考查将在今后高考中占据一席之地。易混句型的辨析,比如it作形式主语,主语从句后置的句型与强调句型的辨析将仍作为高考考查的重点。 N$>^g"6o
【知识点归纳】 A/7{oB:a
名词性从句的用法 -G7TEq)
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 @.Icz
一、引导名词性从句的连接词 @Fp_^5
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连词:that(无任何词意);whether, if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性);as if ,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)。 6Orum/|h
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 -i yyn^|
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. Whichever, whomever anMF-x4/*q
连接副词:when, where, how, why H,nec<Jp
不可省略的连词: {(U %i\F\
1. 介词后的连词 scLn=
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 }XO K,Hw
That she was chosen made us very happy. InXn%9]p]
We heard the news that our team had won. =
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比较: p$O
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Whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代: AP77a*@8
1. Whether引导主语从句并在句首; n8*;lK8
2. 引导表语从句 MjlP+; !
3. Whether从句作介词宾语; x8S7oO7
4. 从句后有"or not" vVE2m=!v
Whether he will come is not clear. ]QzGE8jp*
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。 MrZh09y
It is not important who will go. UfN&v >8f
It is still unknown which team will win the match. d&ex5CU5
二、具体分类 > ;/l)qk,
1.主语从句 r E}%KsZ
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如: yE}}c{hSn
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 )+:EJH~
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 #Q2Y&2`yGT
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 {
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Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 DRcNdO/1E
【典例1】It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over. 28 ?\
A. since B. what C. when D. whether SHe49!RA'{
【答案】D V5UF3'3;}
【解析】考查主语从句的用法。该句的意思时:经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示,不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一实践状语。 Vh_P/C+
【典例2】_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. Zl^\Q=*s
A. It B. This C. What D. As \O2Rhz
【答案】C x[a<mk
【解析】she told me是插入语,可删除。what引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语。 7pe\M/kl
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
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(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 kqFP)!37
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 G3Z)Z)N
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 be.*#[
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 vSEuk}pk
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有: #d6)#:uss
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … ynthDEo
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… Z&1\{PG3*
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… 4y|BOVl
【典例】It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future. PvPOU"
A. as B. which C. whether D. that =l+yA>t|
【答案】D pH9VTM.*
【解析】考查名词性从句。本空格处应是一个主语从句的引导词,因该主语从句不缺成分,且句意完整,故应用不作任何成分的连词that。 `sn^ysp
2.宾语从句 k>;`FFQU>
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 Q'=x|K#xj
(1) 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 y
[}.yyye
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: H?yK~bGQ
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 GeH#I5y
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 8\+uec]k
注意:在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: Cd#(X@n
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 <^#,_o,!
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 LSL/ZvSP
(2)用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:
(C\]-E>
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 +$ 'Zf0U
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 E(>=rD /+
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 gb[5&>(#
【典例1】The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. =^M/{51j
A. which B. that C. what D. who 'j#*6xD
【答案】C fK>L!=Q
【解析】create后为宾语从句,从句中they hope是插入语,可删除。因为从句中缺少主语,所以用what引导该从句。 Cio
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【典例2】Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? 0q()|y?}
A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever \V;F/Zy(
【答案】C
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【解析】 考查名词性从句。题干中介词to后面为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,因此填whoever。 /6)<}#
(3)用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: WlOmJtt4)
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: Vh
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Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 P78g/p T
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? KI"#f$2&
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 l{*@v=b(
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 qU \w=
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? 5AFJC?
(4)注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 ? >7[7(|
不同时态。例如: =Qy<GeY
he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) G<L;4nA)
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) <
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I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) /:cd\
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he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) {i;r
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: hZ|z|!g0
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
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(5)think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: fBU`k_
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 =>m<GvQz
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 VF+KR*
3.表语从句 xVw9v6@`h
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如: sU=H&D99
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 D,k6$`
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 GV1pn) 4
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 0HZ{Y9]
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 ]}V<*f
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 8=!D$t\3
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: XgZD%7
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . R!HXhQ
【点拨】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 [CY9^N
【典例1】The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother. pJ>P[
A. where B. what C. how D. who
,>:U2%
【答案】A W<'m:dq
【解析】remain是系动词,后加表语从句,由句意可知,从句缺地点状语,所以选A。 \UA[
【典例2】The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park. ."g`3tVK
A. where B. how C. when D. why ::`HQ@^
【答案】C gM&{=WDG6
【解析】was后为表语从句,此处when与the last time相呼应,根据句意可排除其他选项。 p#-Z4- `
4. 同位语从句 1Yq!~8
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。例如: e+EQ]<M
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 ?d* z8w
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 "MeVE#O
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 "69s)~
【典例】We should consider the students’ request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science. /'SNw?&
A. that B. when C. which D. where $t+,Tav
【答案】A _;"il%l=1
【解析】考查名词性从句。根据题意知,空格处是同位语从句的引导词,修饰中心名词request,且在句子中不充当成分,故用that。这句话的意思是我们应该考虑学生的这个要求,即学校图书馆应该多提供一些大众科学方面的书籍。 }{Pp]*I<A
三、对比与用法 gb1V~
1.同位语从句和定语从句的区别: {p2!|A&a
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。 <)Dj9' _J
试比较下面两个例句: g&L!1<,
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I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略) Z-%\
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Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略) b`Zx!^
2.that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末。 38B2|x
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: vO^m;['
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 yX>K/68
It is necessary that… 有必要…… [(i
It is important that… 重要的是…… B`)BZ,#p
It is obvious that… 很明显…… [>I<#_^~
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 J3V=
46Yc
It is believed that… 人们相信…… ,Zx0%#6
It is known to all that… 从所周知…… Y(ykng
It has been decided that… 已决定…… au(D66VO
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 ktXM|#
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 l'rja.\
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… o'aEY<mZ7
It is a fact that… 事实是…… 1ba~SHi
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 QO:!p5^:
It appears that… 似乎…… d'gfQlDny
It happens that… 碰巧…… NN{?z!
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… .NC!7+1m
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 4"(Bu/24
很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。 }-{H Y
It's a pity that you should have to leave. oCv.Ln1;Z
你非走不可真是件憾事。
C==hox7b
3.否定转移 &m7]v,&
(1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 sE<V5`Z=
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 !*&V-4
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 FX&~\kmV'j
注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 EJ.SW5
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 !-x$L>1$
(2)将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 4Z=_,#h4.
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
DPxM'7
看来他们不知道往哪去。 H2
\;%K 2
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. :r,pqnH_
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 eK=xrk
【备考策略】 2]jn '4
考生对于名词性从句的复习和应试关键要把握每个引导词的意义,因为在对于名词性从句的考查中,引导词在句子中都起作用,有意义,因此在分析句子结构,对比辨别名词性从句、状语从句、强调句式后,最后还是要选择引导词;另外还要注意以下几点: ]cWUZ{puRB
1.what 引导词的考查,尤其位于介词后引导的宾语从句以及引导名词性从句时的双重作用。 ek\ xx
2.Whether和if 的区别,尤其注意他们的不同之处。 8W(*~}ydYY
3.名词性从句和其它从句的兼容结构测试。 /SR*W5#s
4.句子语序和时态。 Fnv;^}\z
具体说: ~
'cmSiz-
1.掌握名词性从句的分类功能 \ a<h/4#|
名词性从句根据其在主句的功能作用又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 jD]~ AwRJ
(1) 若从句在句中作主语为主语从句 ]@c+]{
(2) 若从句在句中作宾语为宾语从句 GW@;}m(
(3)若从句在句中作表语为表语从句 N,AQsloL7
(4) 若从句在句中作同位语为同位语从句 hbDXo:
2.掌握连词的含义及分类 x,+{9
绝大多数名词性从句的连词都有其实在意义,称为有义连词,如what表“……的内容”,when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地点”,why表“……的原因”,how表“如何;怎样”,who表“谁”,if, whether表“是否”;没有实在意义的连词叫无义连词,无义连词只有that一个。 -UEZ#Q
3.掌握名词性从句的语序 HYZ5EV
名词性从句用陈述语序。 ]=I@1B;_m
4.掌握名词性从句和其它从句之间的关系 #e1>H1eU
有些连词除引导名词性从句外还可引导其它从句,应掌握它们之间的关系。 .
B9iLI
(1) if ,whether表"是否"时引导名词性从句;if表“如果”时引导条件状语从句;whether表“无论是否;不管是否”时引导让步状语从句。 Ecefi
pG
(2) when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地方”时引导名词从句;when表“当……的时候”引导时间状语从句,where表“……的地方”,且修饰行为动词时,引导地点状语从句;when, where从句作定语修饰先行词时引导定语从句。 YeL#jtC
【专题巩固】 AaOuL,l
1. A warm thought suddenly came to me _______I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday . M61xPq8y5
A. if B. when C. that D. which $E~`\o%Ev
2. See the flag on top of the building ? That was _______ we did this morning. L|:`^M+^w
A when B. which C. where D. what =E4LRKn
3. The government has announced that a modern city will be set up in _______is still a wasteland now. "Mn6U-
A. what B. which C. that D. where Qf+\;@
4.Many people wrote articles on _______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event . -t'jNR'
A. why B. what C. who D. that -q1??u
5.The couple are spending their holiday on _______is described as one of the most beautiful islands. Tod&&T'UW
A. that B. what C. which D. where O!#g<`r{K
6.The book is meant to _______needs it . 9G#n 0&wRJ
A. who B. whoever C. whomever D. whom @[<><uTH
7. In his speech, Premier Wen Jiabao points out that creativity is_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive. +>{2*\cZ5}
A. how B. what C. which D. that x(6SG+Kr
8.The experience of the Chinese nation attests to a truth_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress. .m,_N@,
A. that what B. what C. that D. what that mbTEp*H
9._______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people ,a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem . %KhI
>O<
A. That B. What C. In spite of what D. Though what X::JV7hu
10. _______is certain is _______prevention is more important than treatment. @s;;O\
A. It; that B. What; that C. As; what D. What; what !mJ"gg
11. Nobody would stand out admitting the fact, for some reason, _______they lost the game. XkE`U5.
A. that B. which C. what D. why xQ-<WF1i
12.—The patient looks much better. _______is it that has made him_______he is today? ?W?c1>
—Perhaps the special medicine and his family’s patient care. @sW24J1q+
A.What; that B.That; that C.What; what D.What; which &tLgG4pd
13. After three hours’ climbing , they reached _______ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of . XH 4
A.what B.which C.where D.that r1`x=r
14. A plan has been put forward _______more graduates should go to work in the country rxvx
A. when B. that C. whether D. how KK
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15.It is pretty well understood _______controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. 7Jyy z,!5
A. that B. when C. what D. how a
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【参考答案及解析】 'j8:vq^d
1. C 句意:我脑海中突然出现一个温情的念头,用我的零花钱给妈妈买些鲜花作为她的生日礼物。本题考察名词性从句用法。I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday .做A warm thought 的同位语从句。中间被suddenly came to me隔开,增加了试题难度。此外,部分考生由于对同位语从句和定语从句不分,故错选D为答案。 # Yj 1w
2. D 表语从句中缺did的宾语。 Ha0M)
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3. A “_______is still a wasteland now .”做介词in的宾语从句,从句中缺主语句意为:政府已经宣布一座现代化的城市将在这片现在仍是废墟的地方建成。 T= y}y
4. A“_______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event.”做介词on的宾语,宾语从句中不缺主干,故排除B和C。另外that不引导介词的宾语从句(固定搭配除外),所以排除D。 UJAv`yjG
5. B “_______is described as one of the most beautiful islands .”宾语从句,从句中缺少主语, ]b:Lo
6. B whoever在宾语从句中做主语,部分学生,因为只看到介词to,误认为要添whomever做介词的宾语。 %A9NB!
7. B “_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive.”做表语从句,从句中缺少takes的宾语,构成 it takes sth to do sth 结构。 )np:lL$$
8. A本题句子结构比较复杂,“_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress”做a truth的同位语从句,同位语从句中_______ a nation loses in times of disaster为主语从句。本句共有两个从句,故有两个引导词。句意为“中华民族的经验证明了一个真理,即,一个民族在灾难中失去的,必将从民族的进步中得到补偿。 z1 |TC
9. C “_______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people”在句中做让步状语,而D. Though what错误, 因为, 一个单一的从句不能用两个连词引导.句意: 尽管在为人们提供更多公交车这件事上, 投入了很多, 但是公交工具的缺乏, 仍然是个问题. ?4#Li~q
10.B “_______is certain”在句中做主语,主语从句缺少一个主语,需要用What; “_______prevention is more important than treatment .”系表语从句,句意与结构完整,只有that,可以这样用。 G#q@v(_b
11.A“_______ they lost the game.”在句子中做the fact 的同位语从句,从句意思结构完整,结构完整。 i4Q@K,$
12. C先将句子结构理清楚,it is _______that has made him _______he is today 就可以判断,第一个空是考察强调句型的特殊疑问形式;第二个空则是表语从句,表语从句中缺少he is的表语。句意:病人好多了,是什么使得他成为现在这个样子。 5,lEx1{_
13. A考生误以为是地点状语从句,误选C.where。而reached是及物动词,后边接的是宾语从句,宾语从句除去插入语they thought,应该缺主语。 *MFIV02[N
14.B 考察同位语从句,表达A plan的具体内容,has been put forward将名词与从句隔开,加大了难度。 ed{ -/l~j
15.C 主要测试主语从句。分析句子结构可知:句子属于形式主语格式;另外主句中缺少主语。双重作用的引导词只能是what。例如:It is still doubtful what he said at the meeting yesterday。昨天他在会上说的话仍然值得怀疑。 5FPM`hLT