名词性从句相当于名词,可用作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。引导名词性从句的连接词有:连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which,有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等;连接副词:when, where, why, how,有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语;连接词:that, whether, if, as if,if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分;that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。 M9f?q.Bv
今后对名词性从句的考查仍将集中在关联词的选用上,特别石堆what引导的名词性从句的考查。名词性从句与其他从句的混合考查将在今后高考中占据一席之地。易混句型的辨析,比如it作形式主语,主语从句后置的句型与强调句型的辨析将仍作为高考考查的重点。 16EVl~LN
【知识点归纳】 ,j ',x\
名词性从句的用法 W85@v2b
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 z6~
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一、引导名词性从句的连接词 J3b4cxm
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连词:that(无任何词意);whether, if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性);as if ,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)。 OR Wm
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以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 [;oCYb$9
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. Whichever, whomever Grz 3{U
连接副词:when, where, how, why #W2[
不可省略的连词: A+wv-~3
1. 介词后的连词 Xvok1NM,
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 4^'3&vu
That she was chosen made us very happy. rf9_
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We heard the news that our team had won.
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比较: ZRUhAp'<qj
Whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代: x2#qg>`l
1. Whether引导主语从句并在句首; 2~p[7?sp'
2. 引导表语从句 ZDYJhJ.
3. Whether从句作介词宾语; k)FmDX
4. 从句后有"or not" yWHiw<
Whether he will come is not clear. QI[}(O7#6
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。 MuEy>dl
It is not important who will go. N(3R|Ii
It is still unknown which team will win the match. td -3h,\\
二、具体分类 dYojm1MQ
1.主语从句 y466A]|
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如: `
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What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 d2ENm%q*PX
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 6a>H|"PNE
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 h:Ndzp{
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 gKb0)4 AK
【典例1】It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over. xwzT#DXGJ
A. since B. what C. when D. whether @#b0T:+v'
【答案】D r7!J&8;{K
【解析】考查主语从句的用法。该句的意思时:经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示,不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一实践状语。 eE/%6g
【典例2】_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. azb=(l-
A. It B. This C. What D. As K{}4zuZ
【答案】C 2Q$\KRE
【解析】she told me是插入语,可删除。what引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语。
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有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: .)8
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 Inuc(_I
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 .Tm- g#
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 de-0?6
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 ~%q7Vmk9
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有: Q59/ex
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … 6;uBZ&g
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… It
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It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
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【典例】It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future. "jU
A. as B. which C. whether D. that 4NVgOr:
【答案】D W<gD6+=8
【解析】考查名词性从句。本空格处应是一个主语从句的引导词,因该主语从句不缺成分,且句意完整,故应用不作任何成分的连词that。 z(d4)z 8'6
2.宾语从句 K
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名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 $ WFhBak8
(1) 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 *t=i
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: KHJ=$5r)
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 q lY\*{x4
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 &y3B)#dIJ
注意:在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: >1XL;)IL>
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 <jL#>L%%
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 m0iV m|
(2)用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: Pt3[|4L
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 z`9l<Q/
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 <<BQYU)Ig
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 mSj76'L#
【典例1】The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. uf0^E3H
A. which B. that C. what D. who (j`l5r#X#/
【答案】C }@4|7
【解析】create后为宾语从句,从句中they hope是插入语,可删除。因为从句中缺少主语,所以用what引导该从句。 & ^!v*=z
【典例2】Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? ,yi2O]5e>!
A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever 0XQ-
【答案】C ^k9rDn/AW
【解析】 考查名词性从句。题干中介词to后面为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,因此填whoever。 ]*h&hsS0
(3)用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: iDvpXn
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: [b pwg&Oo
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 f8F1~q
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? c( 8W8R
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 x_pMG!2
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 z7$}#)Z7
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? Uc>LFX&
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(4)注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 DwC@"i.
不同时态。例如: =1&}t%<X
he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) 92NC]_jw
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) Fj48quW1\P
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) pJ$(ozV
he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) aliQ6_
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: >R) F}
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. ,$SkaTBe
(5)think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: y>&VtN{E
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 +&zb^C`J
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 lP-kZA!
3.表语从句 U0ns3LirP
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如: vJzx Py|
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 -!JlM@
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 FK?mS>G6
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 CrT2#h 1#
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 fjF!>Dy
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 'XG:1Bpm
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: x*
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The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . `8qT['`#R
【点拨】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 f45;fT>
【典例1】The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother. LJ:mJ
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A. where B. what C. how D. who P((S2"D<4
【答案】A `mh-pBVD1
【解析】remain是系动词,后加表语从句,由句意可知,从句缺地点状语,所以选A。 B=r]_&u-u
【典例2】The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park. wGZ>iLe:
A. where B. how C. when D. why -O>^eMWywo
【答案】C Mt]=v}z
【解析】was后为表语从句,此处when与the last time相呼应,根据句意可排除其他选项。 3W%f#d$`
4. 同位语从句 ..v@Q%
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。例如: .eZPp~[lAN
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 mdmZ1:PBM
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 Ac*B[ywA3
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 3Qm
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【典例】We should consider the students’ request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science. -k|g04Q?
A. that B. when C. which D. where ~4p]E'b
【答案】A Rh05W_?Js
【解析】考查名词性从句。根据题意知,空格处是同位语从句的引导词,修饰中心名词request,且在句子中不充当成分,故用that。这句话的意思是我们应该考虑学生的这个要求,即学校图书馆应该多提供一些大众科学方面的书籍。 ;p?42rCIcl
三、对比与用法 [MSDk"o&