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主题 : 2021年考博英语语法讲解之名词性从句用法
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楼主  发表于: 2021-02-22   

2021年考博英语语法讲解之名词性从句用法

 名词性从句相当于名词,可用作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。引导名词性从句的连接词有:连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which,有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等;连接副词:when, where, why, how,有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语;连接词:that, whether, if, as if,if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分;that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。 M9f?q.Bv  
  今后对名词性从句的考查仍将集中在关联词的选用上,特别石堆what引导的名词性从句的考查。名词性从句与其他从句的混合考查将在今后高考中占据一席之地。易混句型的辨析,比如it作形式主语,主语从句后置的句型与强调句型的辨析将仍作为高考考查的重点。 16EVl~LN  
  【知识点归纳】 ,j ',x\  
  名词性从句的用法 W85@v2b  
  在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 z6~ H:k1G%  
  一、引导名词性从句的连接词 J3b4cxm  
  引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连词:that(无任何词意);whether, if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性);as if ,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)。 ORWm C!  
  以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 [;oCYb$9  
  连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. Whichever, whomever Grz 3{U  
  连接副词:when, where, how, why #W2[  
  不可省略的连词: A +w v-~3  
  1. 介词后的连词 Xvok1NM,  
  2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 4^' 3&vu  
  That she was chosen made us very happy. rf9_ eP  
  We heard the news that our team had won.  (|fm6$  
  比较: ZRUhAp'<qj  
  Whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代: x2#qg>`l  
  1. Whether引导主语从句并在句首; 2~p[7?sp'  
  2. 引导表语从句 ZDYJhJ.  
  3. Whether从句作介词宾语; k)FmDX  
  4. 从句后有"or not" yWHiw<  
  Whether he will come is not clear. QI[}(O7#6  
  大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。 MuEy>dl  
  It is not important who will go. N(3R|Ii  
  It is still unknown which team will win the match. td-3h,\\  
  二、具体分类 dYojm1MQ  
  1.主语从句 y466A]|  
  作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如: ` e{BId  
  What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 d2ENm%q*PX  
  Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 6a>H|"P NE  
  It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 h:Ndzp{  
  Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 gKb0)4 AK  
  【典例1】It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over. xwzT#DXGJ  
  A. since B. what C. when D. whether @#b0T:+v'  
  【答案】D r7!J&8;{K  
  【解析】考查主语从句的用法。该句的意思时:经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示,不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一实践状语。 eE/%6g  
  【典例2】_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. azb=(l-  
  A. It B. This C. What D. As K{ }4zuZ  
  【答案】C 2Q$\KRE  
  【解析】she told me是插入语,可删除。what引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语。  td(M#a-  
  有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: .)8   
  (1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 Inuc(_I  
  (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 .Tm- g#  
  (3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 de-0?6  
  (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 ~%q7Vmk9  
  另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有: Q59/ex  
  It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … 6;uBZ &g  
  It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… It 2U fW  
  It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… '=TTa  
  【典例】It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future.  "jU  
  A. as B. which C. whether D. that 4NVgOr:  
  【答案】D W<gD6+=8  
  【解析】考查名词性从句。本空格处应是一个主语从句的引导词,因该主语从句不缺成分,且句意完整,故应用不作任何成分的连词that。 z(d4)z 8'6  
  2.宾语从句 K M]Wl_z  
  名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 $ WFhBak8  
  (1) 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 *t =i  
  由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: KHJ=$5r)  
  He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 q lY\*{x4  
  We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 &y3B)#dIJ  
  注意:在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: >1XL;)IL>  
  I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 <jL#>L%%  
  The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 m0iV m|  
  (2)用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: Pt3[|4L  
  I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 z`9l<Q/  
  She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 <<BQYU)Ig  
  She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 mSj76' L#  
  【典例1】The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. uf0^E3H  
  A. which B. that C. what D. who (j`l5r#X#/  
  【答案】C }@4| 7  
  【解析】create后为宾语从句,从句中they hope是插入语,可删除。因为从句中缺少主语,所以用what引导该从句。 & ^!v*=z  
  【典例2】Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? ,yi2O]5e>!  
  A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever 0XQ-   
  【答案】C ^k9rDn/AW  
  【解析】 考查名词性从句。题干中介词to后面为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,因此填whoever。 ]*h&hsS 0  
  (3)用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: iDvpXn  
  a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: [b pwg&Oo  
  Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 f8F1~q  
  The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? c( 8W8R  
  Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 x_pMG!2  
  I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 z7$}#)Z7  
  Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? Uc>LFX& -B  
  (4)注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 DwC@"i.  
  不同时态。例如: =1&}t%<X  
  he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) 92NC]_jw  
  he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) Fj48quW1\P  
  I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) pJ$(ozV  
  he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) aliQ6_  
  当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: >R) F}  
  The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. ,$SkaTBe  
  (5)think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: y>&VtN{E  
  We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 +&zb^C`J  
  I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 lP-kZA!  
  3.表语从句 U0ns3LirP  
  在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如: vJzxP y|  
  The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 -!JlM@  
  That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 FK?mS>G6  
  This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 CrT2#h 1#  
  That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 fjF!>Dy  
  It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 'XG:1Bpm  
  需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: x* k65WO\  
  The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . `8qT['`#R  
  【点拨】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 f45;fT>   
  【典例1】The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother. LJ:mJ #  
  A. where B. what C. how D. who P((S2"D<4  
  【答案】A `mh-pBVD1  
  【解析】remain是系动词,后加表语从句,由句意可知,从句缺地点状语,所以选A。 B=r]_&u-u  
  【典例2】The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park. wGZ>iLe:  
  A. where B. how C. when D. why -O>^eMWywo  
  【答案】C Mt]=v}z  
  【解析】was后为表语从句,此处when与the last time相呼应,根据句意可排除其他选项。 3W%f#d$`  
  4. 同位语从句 ..v@Q%  
  同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。例如: .eZPp~[lAN  
  The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 mdmZ1:PBM  
  I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 Ac*B[ywA3  
  The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 3Qm t]q  
  【典例】We should consider the students’ request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science. -k|g04Q?  
  A. that B. when C. which D. where ~ 4p]E'b  
  【答案】A Rh05W_?Js  
  【解析】考查名词性从句。根据题意知,空格处是同位语从句的引导词,修饰中心名词request,且在句子中不充当成分,故用that。这句话的意思是我们应该考虑学生的这个要求,即学校图书馆应该多提供一些大众科学方面的书籍。 ;p?42rCIcl  
  三、对比与用法 [MSDk"o&  
  1.同位语从句和定语从句的区别: K{eqB!@j  
  that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。 24.7S LXO  
  试比较下面两个例句: bahc{ZC2  
  I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略) i`ZHjW~`  
  Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略) )l 4>=y  
  2.that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末。 p4<M|1Z&  
  用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: E#&c]9QM75  
  a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 r P<d[u  
  It is necessary that… 有必要…… l>[QrRXiSN  
  It is important that… 重要的是…… p: Q%Lg_I  
  It is obvious that… 很明显…… Ot4;,UZ  
  b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 ;OT#V,}r  
  It is believed that… 人们相信…… y~#R:&d"  
  It is known to all that… 从所周知…… nEa'e5 lg  
  It has been decided that… 已决定…… Pv/%s) &y&  
  c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 NXV~[  
  It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 ~8n~4  
  It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… (dGM;Dq8  
  It is a fact that… 事实是…… y[ rB"  
  d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 JE8p 5WaR  
  It appears that… 似乎…… J9KLO=  
  It happens that… 碰巧…… }s)&/~6  
  It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… ~ dI&> CL  
  It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. gm%bxr@X~  
  很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。 BNKo6:wy  
  It's a pity that you should have to leave. i!+3uHWu`)  
  你非走不可真是件憾事。 5Z>pa`_$2  
  3.否定转移 +\(ay" + d  
  (1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 $\J9F=<a  
  I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 OB I8~k  
  I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 g(}8n bTA  
  注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 5]n<%bP\  
  I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 lIc9, |FL  
  (2)将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 z o))x(  
  It doesn't seem that they know where to go. GWE0 UO}  
  看来他们不知道往哪去。 M[3w EX^  
  It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. */dsMa  
  看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 z?> y  
  【备考策略】 Mh/>qyS *2  
  考生对于名词性从句的复习和应试关键要把握每个引导词的意义,因为在对于名词性从句的考查中,引导词在句子中都起作用,有意义,因此在分析句子结构,对比辨别名词性从句、状语从句、强调句式后,最后还是要选择引导词;另外还要注意以下几点: X\)KVn`  
  1.what 引导词的考查,尤其位于介词后引导的宾语从句以及引导名词性从句时的双重作用。 Am`A [rV0  
  2.Whether和if 的区别,尤其注意他们的不同之处。 2bG4 ,M  
  3.名词性从句和其它从句的兼容结构测试。 + T-zf@j  
  4.句子语序和时态。 >nW}zkfn  
  具体说: 3&Zx*:  
  1.掌握名词性从句的分类功能 ] Sx= y<  
  名词性从句根据其在主句的功能作用又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 nKJ7K8)  
  (1) 若从句在句中作主语为主语从句 F,2#;t4  
  (2) 若从句在句中作宾语为宾语从句 NcMq>n  
  (3)若从句在句中作表语为表语从句 %1+~(1P  
  (4) 若从句在句中作同位语为同位语从句 2*DS_=6o  
  2.掌握连词的含义及分类 >}(*s^!k  
  绝大多数名词性从句的连词都有其实在意义,称为有义连词,如what表“……的内容”,when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地点”,why表“……的原因”,how表“如何;怎样”,who表“谁”,if, whether表“是否”;没有实在意义的连词叫无义连词,无义连词只有that一个。 9NXiCP9A  
  3.掌握名词性从句的语序 ,$ret@.H  
  名词性从句用陈述语序。 4$w-A-\ t  
  4.掌握名词性从句和其它从句之间的关系 #;\;F PuZ  
  有些连词除引导名词性从句外还可引导其它从句,应掌握它们之间的关系。 t|"d#5'  
  (1) if ,whether表"是否"时引导名词性从句;if表“如果”时引导条件状语从句;whether表“无论是否;不管是否”时引导让步状语从句。 m:<3d]L  
  (2) when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地方”时引导名词从句;when表“当……的时候”引导时间状语从句,where表“……的地方”,且修饰行为动词时,引导地点状语从句;when, where从句作定语修饰先行词时引导定语从句。 vXZz=E AH  
  【专题巩固】 0|vWwZq  
  1. A warm thought suddenly came to me _______I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday . = +\oL!^  
  A. if B. when C. that D. which j!n> d  
  2. See the flag on top of the building ? That was _______ we did this morning. ")buDU6_  
  A when B. which C. where D. what )BrqE uX@"  
  3. The government has announced that a modern city will be set up in _______is still a wasteland now.   `.-C6!  
  A. what B. which C. that D. where \{mJO>x  
  4.Many people wrote articles on _______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event . )fr\ V."  
  A. why B. what C. who D. that WF0>R^SpZ  
  5.The couple are spending their holiday on _______is described as one of the most beautiful islands. e@VRdhb  
  A. that B. what C. which D. where U<gw<[>f  
  6.The book is meant to _______needs it . 9?6$ 2I  
  A. who B. whoever C. whomever D. whom Z%Kj^ M  
  7. In his speech, Premier Wen Jiabao points out that creativity is_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive. cv 1L!Ce,  
  A. how B. what C. which D. that AV! cCQ  
  8.The experience of the Chinese nation attests to a truth_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress. ?J-KB3Uv3  
  A. that what B. what C. that D. what that YT8` Vz$+  
  9._______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people ,a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem . [%Xfl7;Wh  
  A. That B. What C. In spite of what D. Though what ?F v(4g  
  10. _______is certain is _______prevention is more important than treatment. WLb7 ]rCTp  
  A. It; that B. What; that C. As; what D. What; what $!w%=  
  11. Nobody would stand out admitting the fact, for some reason, _______they lost the game. 6 [E"  
  A. that B. which C. what D. why 4Rq"xYGXh  
  12.—The patient looks much better. _______is it that has made him_______he is today? !}?]&[N=  
  —Perhaps the special medicine and his family’s patient care. Yw0@O1Cel  
  A.What; that B.That; that C.What; what D.What; which *1Q?~  
  13. After three hours’ climbing , they reached _______ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of . P])O\<)J  
  A.what B.which C.where D.that @}:(t{>;e7  
  14. A plan has been put forward _______more graduates should go to work in the country %3wK.tR  
  A. when B. that C. whether D. how J%'|IwA  
  15.It is pretty well understood _______controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. 3( kZfH~  
  A. that B. when C. what D. how A\>qoR!Y  
  【参考答案及解析】 %VCHM GP=  
  1. C 句意:我脑海中突然出现一个温情的念头,用我的零花钱给妈妈买些鲜花作为她的生日礼物。本题考察名词性从句用法。I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday .做A warm thought 的同位语从句。中间被suddenly came to me隔开,增加了试题难度。此外,部分考生由于对同位语从句和定语从句不分,故错选D为答案。 NG ~sE&,7  
  2. D 表语从句中缺did的宾语。 cqDnZ`|6  
  3. A “_______is still a wasteland now .”做介词in的宾语从句,从句中缺主语句意为:政府已经宣布一座现代化的城市将在这片现在仍是废墟的地方建成。 fqxMTTg@  
  4. A“_______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event.”做介词on的宾语,宾语从句中不缺主干,故排除B和C。另外that不引导介词的宾语从句(固定搭配除外),所以排除D。 (#~063N,#  
  5. B “_______is described as one of the most beautiful islands .”宾语从句,从句中缺少主语, p6p_B   
  6. B whoever在宾语从句中做主语,部分学生,因为只看到介词to,误认为要添whomever做介词的宾语。 Zr3KzY9  
  7. B “_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive.”做表语从句,从句中缺少takes的宾语,构成 it takes sth to do sth 结构。 3 }XS| Y  
  8. A本题句子结构比较复杂,“_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress”做a truth的同位语从句,同位语从句中_______ a nation loses in times of disaster为主语从句。本句共有两个从句,故有两个引导词。句意为“中华民族的经验证明了一个真理,即,一个民族在灾难中失去的,必将从民族的进步中得到补偿。 P$Nwf,d2u  
  9. C “_______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people”在句中做让步状语,而D. Though what错误, 因为, 一个单一的从句不能用两个连词引导.句意: 尽管在为人们提供更多公交车这件事上, 投入了很多, 但是公交工具的缺乏, 仍然是个问题. SX#ATf6#  
  10.B “_______is certain”在句中做主语,主语从句缺少一个主语,需要用What; “_______prevention is more important than treatment .”系表语从句,句意与结构完整,只有that,可以这样用。 7y!{lr=n  
  11.A“_______ they lost the game.”在句子中做the fact 的同位语从句,从句意思结构完整,结构完整。 5K0Isuu>>  
  12. C先将句子结构理清楚,it is _______that has made him _______he is today 就可以判断,第一个空是考察强调句型的特殊疑问形式;第二个空则是表语从句,表语从句中缺少he is的表语。句意:病人好多了,是什么使得他成为现在这个样子。 h8Gp>b  
  13. A考生误以为是地点状语从句,误选C.where。而reached是及物动词,后边接的是宾语从句,宾语从句除去插入语they thought,应该缺主语。 F{v+z8nW  
  14.B 考察同位语从句,表达A plan的具体内容,has been put forward将名词与从句隔开,加大了难度。 x(A .^Yz  
  15.C 主要测试主语从句。分析句子结构可知:句子属于形式主语格式;另外主句中缺少主语。双重作用的引导词只能是what。例如:It is still doubtful what he said at the meeting yesterday。昨天他在会上说的话仍然值得怀疑。 B--`=@IRf"  
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