名词性从句相当于名词,可用作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。引导名词性从句的连接词有:连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which,有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等;连接副词:when, where, why, how,有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语;连接词:that, whether, if, as if,if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分;that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。 tYjG8P#
今后对名词性从句的考查仍将集中在关联词的选用上,特别石堆what引导的名词性从句的考查。名词性从句与其他从句的混合考查将在今后高考中占据一席之地。易混句型的辨析,比如it作形式主语,主语从句后置的句型与强调句型的辨析将仍作为高考考查的重点。 t'44X
【知识点归纳】 {ZeY:\G~
名词性从句的用法 {5 dVK
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses)。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 p(F@lL-
一、引导名词性从句的连接词 ktyplo#F
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连词:that(无任何词意);whether, if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性);as if ,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)。 j<^!"_G]*?
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 o5Oig
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. Whichever, whomever K6v~!iiK$
连接副词:when, where, how, why ^+(5
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不可省略的连词: SEgw!2H
1. 介词后的连词 b**vUt\
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 lNe4e6
That she was chosen made us very happy. 2!%)_<
We heard the news that our team had won. FvsVfV U
比较: 6P{bUom?
Whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代: :w8{BIUN)
1. Whether引导主语从句并在句首; X'OpR
2. 引导表语从句 ".}R$W
3. Whether从句作介词宾语; I0
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4. 从句后有"or not" t'_EcYNS
Whether he will come is not clear. _ZRmD\_t
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。 *R6lK&
It is not important who will go. 6J;!p/C8E
It is still unknown which team will win the match. YnpN
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二、具体分类 u|<?mA!
1.主语从句 b!H1|7>
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如: ;lmg0dtJ
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 19fa7E<
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 X;LYGJ{Xk
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 h3F559bw/<
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 s9C^Cy^su
【典例1】It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over. i[z 2'tx4
A. since B. what C. when D. whether OP!R>|
【答案】D Oti;wf G7o
【解析】考查主语从句的用法。该句的意思时:经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示,不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一实践状语。 u(zgKoF9A
【典例2】_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. nf
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A. It B. This C. What D. As [P}Bq6;p
【答案】C QN8+Uj/zx
【解析】she told me是插入语,可删除。what引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语。 M8H hjoo
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: !w
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(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句 @Z/jaAjUC
(2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 6vNW)1{nn
(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 -UEi
(4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 4`?PtRX
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有: co,0@.i
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … g:uVl;>
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
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It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… /US% s
【典例】It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future. ;8[VCU:
A. as B. which C. whether D. that pnu?=.O
【答案】D IWYQ67Yj
【解析】考查名词性从句。本空格处应是一个主语从句的引导词,因该主语从句不缺成分,且句意完整,故应用不作任何成分的连词that。 o"Xv)#g&
2.宾语从句 pwMA,X/{
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 +1#oVl
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(1) 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 lAnOO5@8
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: 7mSNz.
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 [%^0L~:
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 l|+$4 Nb2
注意:在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: wHbmK
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 a;5clonB
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 <<
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(2)用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: p7AsNqEp
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 =WUNBav
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 kmW/{I9,ua
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 Yv=L'0K&
【典例1】The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. (J4( Ge
A. which B. that C. what D. who J#:`'eEG
【答案】C 3` IR
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【解析】create后为宾语从句,从句中they hope是插入语,可删除。因为从句中缺少主语,所以用what引导该从句。 m>Z3p7!N}
【典例2】Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? qJ5b;=
A. who B. what C. whoever D. whatever <c5g-*V:
【答案】C %>/&&(BE
【解析】 考查名词性从句。题干中介词to后面为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,因此填whoever。 [.Fm-$M-
(3)用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: Tcv/EST
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:
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Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 HjzAFXRG
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? KtJc9dnX
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 V(;T{HW&
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 8 # BR\
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? >KQ/ c
(4)注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 SnX)&>B
不同时态。例如: Hi2JG{i
he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) v6wg,,T
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) `*0VN(gf'
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) -1hCi!
he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) C
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当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: -|u
yJh
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. U:@tdH+A7
(5)think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: ?N9Z;_&^.
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 PB*G#2W
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 vo:h"ti
3.表语从句 h'GOO(
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如: 4Q1R:Ra
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
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That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 !]fSS)\H
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 1Ke9H!_P
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 M@G\b^ "
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 LEN=pqGJ.
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: `H9+]TWj<
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . a*&&6Fo
【点拨】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 n``9H91
【典例1】The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother. BaUuDo/ZO
A. where B. what C. how D. who hpbi!g
【答案】A {wk#n
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【解析】remain是系动词,后加表语从句,由句意可知,从句缺地点状语,所以选A。 6Hy_7\$(-
【典例2】The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park. u|\?6fz
A. where B. how C. when D. why xh#pw2v7V
【答案】C CbxWK#aMmB
【解析】was后为表语从句,此处when与the last time相呼应,根据句意可排除其他选项。 ~e)"!r
4. 同位语从句 w /PE )xA
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。例如: g HxR w
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 8}AWU
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 3 _!MVT
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 P0sAq7"
【典例】We should consider the students’ request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science. c4Q9foE
A. that B. when C. which D. where WjSu4
【答案】A =\MAz[IDj
【解析】考查名词性从句。根据题意知,空格处是同位语从句的引导词,修饰中心名词request,且在句子中不充当成分,故用that。这句话的意思是我们应该考虑学生的这个要求,即学校图书馆应该多提供一些大众科学方面的书籍。 5G`fVsb
三、对比与用法 bI(8Um6m
1.同位语从句和定语从句的区别: k!bJ&} Q(b
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。 1_;{1O+B
试比较下面两个例句: *5hbD-a:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略) @SaxM4
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略) vl+bc[ i~
2.that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末。
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用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: 9x8Vsd
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 (J%>{?"ij
It is necessary that… 有必要…… ( *K)D$y
It is important that… 重要的是…… to1r
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It is obvious that… 很明显…… >Y+m54EE
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 DWCf+4
It is believed that… 人们相信……
B[#n,ay
It is known to all that… 从所周知…… "3a}~J<g
It has been decided that… 已决定…… s5Wb iOF
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 |b^UPrz)VS
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 }s6Veosl
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… vM$hCV~N
It is a fact that… 事实是…… SkCux
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 !;d>}iE
It appears that… 似乎…… wf\7sz
It happens that… 碰巧…… iC>%P&|-)|
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… TiG?r$6v%
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. >El]5M7h7
很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。 nII#uI/!q
It's a pity that you should have to leave. $<&_9T#&w
你非走不可真是件憾事。 K)+]as
3.否定转移 M&gi$Qs[E
(1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 x(4"!#
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 '=\>n(%Q
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 ,S<) )
注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 /` nkz
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 :*DWL!a
(2)将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 1w7XM0SHcn
It doesn't seem that they know where to go. q4G$I?4
看来他们不知道往哪去。 W\5 -Yg(@
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. ])%UZM6
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 ]\oT({$6B
【备考策略】 4GG
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考生对于名词性从句的复习和应试关键要把握每个引导词的意义,因为在对于名词性从句的考查中,引导词在句子中都起作用,有意义,因此在分析句子结构,对比辨别名词性从句、状语从句、强调句式后,最后还是要选择引导词;另外还要注意以下几点: q8;MPXSG3
1.what 引导词的考查,尤其位于介词后引导的宾语从句以及引导名词性从句时的双重作用。 JP5en
2.Whether和if 的区别,尤其注意他们的不同之处。 a\oz-`ESa
3.名词性从句和其它从句的兼容结构测试。 ^8]7
4.句子语序和时态。 J4U_utp
具体说: , /jHhKW
1.掌握名词性从句的分类功能 |:4?K*w",
名词性从句根据其在主句的功能作用又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 &5bIM>)v
(1) 若从句在句中作主语为主语从句 uudd'L
(2) 若从句在句中作宾语为宾语从句 quC$<Y
(3)若从句在句中作表语为表语从句 _*8 6
(4) 若从句在句中作同位语为同位语从句 Bt5
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2.掌握连词的含义及分类 yJO Jw o^
绝大多数名词性从句的连词都有其实在意义,称为有义连词,如what表“……的内容”,when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地点”,why表“……的原因”,how表“如何;怎样”,who表“谁”,if, whether表“是否”;没有实在意义的连词叫无义连词,无义连词只有that一个。 >, 'guaa
3.掌握名词性从句的语序 Qp)?wny4
名词性从句用陈述语序。 tX@y ]"
4.掌握名词性从句和其它从句之间的关系 VAUd^6Xdwx
有些连词除引导名词性从句外还可引导其它从句,应掌握它们之间的关系。 m_Z(osoE#W
(1) if ,whether表"是否"时引导名词性从句;if表“如果”时引导条件状语从句;whether表“无论是否;不管是否”时引导让步状语从句。 3O1Lv2)_
(2) when表“……的时间”,where表“……的地方”时引导名词从句;when表“当……的时候”引导时间状语从句,where表“……的地方”,且修饰行为动词时,引导地点状语从句;when, where从句作定语修饰先行词时引导定语从句。 x
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【专题巩固】 IR:{ { (
1. A warm thought suddenly came to me _______I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday . *8;<w~
A. if B. when C. that D. which zSk`Ou8M
2. See the flag on top of the building ? That was _______ we did this morning. ad47 42
A when B. which C. where D. what ? u".*!%
3. The government has announced that a modern city will be set up in _______is still a wasteland now. '@w'(}3!3R
A. what B. which C. that D. where cXf/
4.Many people wrote articles on _______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event . 7bRfkKD
A. why B. what C. who D. that
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5.The couple are spending their holiday on _______is described as one of the most beautiful islands. #Cy3x-!
A. that B. what C. which D. where #Dz"g_d
6.The book is meant to _______needs it . V*(x@pF
A. who B. whoever C. whomever D. whom >+.GBf<E
7. In his speech, Premier Wen Jiabao points out that creativity is_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive. G/fBeK$.
A. how B. what C. which D. that ,O-_Pv
8.The experience of the Chinese nation attests to a truth_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress. 6GVAR
A. that what B. what C. that D. what that 4${3e
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9._______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people ,a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem . matm>3n
A. That B. What C. In spite of what D. Though what <
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10. _______is certain is _______prevention is more important than treatment. 5!$sQ@#}D
A. It; that B. What; that C. As; what D. What; what _dCDT$^&r
11. Nobody would stand out admitting the fact, for some reason, _______they lost the game. }U5$~,*p
A. that B. which C. what D. why 'NfsAE
12.—The patient looks much better. _______is it that has made him_______he is today? ,3MHZPJ?k]
—Perhaps the special medicine and his family’s patient care. q+<,FdG
A.What; that B.That; that C.What; what D.What; which '/9MN;_
13. After three hours’ climbing , they reached _______ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of . 0c!^=(
A.what B.which C.where D.that Bj><0
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14. A plan has been put forward _______more graduates should go to work in the country q(hBqU W
A. when B. that C. whether D. how WS.g`%
15.It is pretty well understood _______controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. 1tiOf~)
A. that B. when C. what D. how ^4Xsd h5
【参考答案及解析】 i!3*)-a\~`
1. C 句意:我脑海中突然出现一个温情的念头,用我的零花钱给妈妈买些鲜花作为她的生日礼物。本题考察名词性从句用法。I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday .做A warm thought 的同位语从句。中间被suddenly came to me隔开,增加了试题难度。此外,部分考生由于对同位语从句和定语从句不分,故错选D为答案。 T3S
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2. D 表语从句中缺did的宾语。 /?XI,#j3kM
3. A “_______is still a wasteland now .”做介词in的宾语从句,从句中缺主语句意为:政府已经宣布一座现代化的城市将在这片现在仍是废墟的地方建成。 h&d"| <
4. A“_______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event.”做介词on的宾语,宾语从句中不缺主干,故排除B和C。另外that不引导介词的宾语从句(固定搭配除外),所以排除D。
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5. B “_______is described as one of the most beautiful islands .”宾语从句,从句中缺少主语, *mWl=J;u
6. B whoever在宾语从句中做主语,部分学生,因为只看到介词to,误认为要添whomever做介词的宾语。 h4hp5M
7. B “_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive.”做表语从句,从句中缺少takes的宾语,构成 it takes sth to do sth 结构。 y\-iGKz{0
8. A本题句子结构比较复杂,“_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress”做a truth的同位语从句,同位语从句中_______ a nation loses in times of disaster为主语从句。本句共有两个从句,故有两个引导词。句意为“中华民族的经验证明了一个真理,即,一个民族在灾难中失去的,必将从民族的进步中得到补偿。 EK0~3HSZ
9. C “_______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people”在句中做让步状语,而D. Though what错误, 因为, 一个单一的从句不能用两个连词引导.句意: 尽管在为人们提供更多公交车这件事上, 投入了很多, 但是公交工具的缺乏, 仍然是个问题. `ZM$\Q=:
10.B “_______is certain”在句中做主语,主语从句缺少一个主语,需要用What; “_______prevention is more important than treatment .”系表语从句,句意与结构完整,只有that,可以这样用。 vJVh%l+
11.A“_______ they lost the game.”在句子中做the fact 的同位语从句,从句意思结构完整,结构完整。 `Eu,SvkF w
12. C先将句子结构理清楚,it is _______that has made him _______he is today 就可以判断,第一个空是考察强调句型的特殊疑问形式;第二个空则是表语从句,表语从句中缺少he is的表语。句意:病人好多了,是什么使得他成为现在这个样子。 |F<iu2\
13. A考生误以为是地点状语从句,误选C.where。而reached是及物动词,后边接的是宾语从句,宾语从句除去插入语they thought,应该缺主语。 HUCJA-OZGL
14.B 考察同位语从句,表达A plan的具体内容,has been put forward将名词与从句隔开,加大了难度。 ]F>#0Rdc
15.C 主要测试主语从句。分析句子结构可知:句子属于形式主语格式;另外主句中缺少主语。双重作用的引导词只能是what。例如:It is still doubtful what he said at the meeting yesterday。昨天他在会上说的话仍然值得怀疑。 Mk973'K'