独立主格特征
_>&zhw2 1. 充当句子的状语。
?M\ 3n5; 2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。
=" >O;L.xj 3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词
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@7}Y( 4. With + 名词 （代词） + 分词 (形容词）
$7 PFos%@ 例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.
WO_cT26Y b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started.
6)DYQ^4y c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle).
G?8,&jP~T 真题剖析
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Ch (1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would 47 feed them.
< @5# 45. A. For B. As C. With D. Because
3}n=o d= 练习：Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do.
`%F.]| Y0 8. A. is B. having C. being D. be
7P:0XML} 虚拟语气
j:$2 ,?|5 虚拟语气（2）
GeZwbJ/?B 1. （should）+动词原形
p;Bd zV> It +be动词+形容词(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that从句
(/ Z~0hA[Q It +be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句
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x It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that从句
#y}@F G 部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句
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\bS6w* 2. It’s (high, about) time that +动词过去式
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bT*cgD{ would rather +动词过去式
g|e^}voRM 真题剖析
NZ9`8&93 (1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I 47 say that teaching is hard work . …
Joq9.%7Q 47. A. do B. did C. don’t D. didn’t
=<O{ (1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration 52 , and they 53 that the professor be sent home.
,N <;!6e 53. A. ordered B. pleaded C. decided D. demanded
]n\WCU ]0 练习：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to heart.
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15. A. took B. would take C. will take D. should take
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z58,hv (2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing.
tNmH*"wR< (even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.)
w&`gx6?-na 54.A. shall B.will C.would D.should
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fm\kV 非谓语动词
1\kOjF)l 动名词、分词、不定式。
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HZ8G 主动或被动。(doing/done, to do /to be done)
`S{< $:D 发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been)
?VS {,"X To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。
Z UAWSJ,s 真题剖析
0ydAdgD (2000) … In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.
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Nd^9.6,JU (2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a 59 life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways.
zrRt0}?xl 59. A. destructive B. dissatisfied C. damaged D. derivative
Q*( ]&qr"E 主谓一致
')Ozz<{ 1. 整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。
$ax a I$bE How you got there doesn’t concern me.
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XE Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
1fViW^l_ 2. 表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。
n_.2B $JD Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on.
UFouIS #L 3. 以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。
h8u(lIRHQ 4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。
- NiFO Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water).
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9Sqo7 5. 不定代词(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主语，谓语用单数。
H,:Cg:E/^ Everyone knows that you’ve come here.
7{v0K"E{ If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back. (--thing 的情况例外)
{~b]6}O 6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等）
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qS-0U2 He no less than John is interested in literature.
V <:kS 7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等)
http://www.free kaobo.com
*~prI1e ( Either my father or my brothers are coming.
T/)$}#w0i 8. each,every,many a, no …+主语，谓语用单数。
=f.f%g6 Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall.
> ~>=[M0 真题剖析
? u'JhZ (2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, 54 of urbanization ever recorded.
7bQ#M )} 53. A. none B. few C. any D. some
!CO aPrg 倒装
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<Tbo| 全部倒装
yr [iAi" 1. “There (Here) +be+主语”
a!Z,~ V8 There stand big buildings in this district.
,UH`l./3DX Here on the desk lies a pile of books.
xfos>|0N 2. 单个副词(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.)
xg. d)n In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man.
|~8iNcIS 3. 介词短语作状语位于句首
goIn7ei92 In the middle of the room stood the naughty boy.
sJt&`k Z 4. 表语位于句首
1,,o_e\nn3 Especially remarkable was his flat nose.
TcO@q ]+S Not far from here is a famous university.
OHp 121 5. so,nor, neither, no more 位于句首,代表前文
fVb&=%e She wasn’t angry, and neither was I.
~Jmn?9 3 Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his brother.
3::DURkjf 6. 分词短语位于句首（分词+be +主语）
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Q9 Gone forever were the days that we depended on foreign oil.
!<((@*zU 部分倒装
]*[S# Jk 1. 疑问句
E-.M+[ 2. 否定副词(seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, never, few, not until, not only) 位于句首（作形容词时例外）
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s8S^77 Never did John speak rudely to his parents.
-.ha\ t0J 3. “only+状语”位于句首
@x SS`&b Only when he comes back can be leave.
)Qp?N<&' 4. “hardly…when”, “scarcely…when”, “no sooner…than”, “not only…(but also)” 位于句首
'WxcA)z0cQ No sooner had he got into the classroom than the class began.
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5. not,no组成的词组位于句首(in no way, under no circumstances, on no account…)
3MNo&0M9 By no means should you break the rules.
| 1T2<ZT At no time should we give in to difficulties.
+\\,FO_ 6. 虚拟倒装(had, were, should放到句首)
q`"gT;3S 7. “形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”
?9 :{p Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people.
&AZr (> Search as they would, they could find nothing in the house.
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| 真题剖析
"Z& { (2000) Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 .
T AwA)Zg 46. A. way B. life C. area D. people
zRL[.O9 限定词的用法
m~(]\ 1. Both, each, either, neither (只指两个)
Y>R|Uf.o z 2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指两个以上)
O292 JA 3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (复数可数或不可数)
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4. Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (不可数)
.Rd@, 3 eg. “Got any money?” “None at all.”
xzz[!yJjG eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No, neither side is sunnier than the other.”
) $#o v-] 从句为考察重点
VbKky1a@ (1999) …The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that 51 was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. …
vd9l1"S 51. A. which B. what C. it D. that
j42U|CuK (1998) They learned to 51 their farming habits to the climate and soil. 52 they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving 53 , they invited their neighbors, …
US t Z3A' 52. A. While B. When C. So D. If
,l. O @ (1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that 45 Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”, 46 a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.
vz#rbBY*; 46. A. though B. when C. while D. and that
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>k n/=&?#m}d omitting the subject
* G.6\ Rather formal use
m!$"-nh9 让步状语从句以 although, though, while, or whilst 开头时通常与主句共享主语, 从句谓语用分词形式。
c03A_2% Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his house.
PHyS^J` Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house.
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Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their return from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared from their newspapers. 这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如： It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and long-lasting one.
zq8 z#FN Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour.
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y\ 1. He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smith.
8]YFlW9 2. I often knit while watching TV.
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"rvw;R 3. While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I think they went too far.
CD +,&id AND
V=H8 7 ^b 1. often used to link clauses
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2] I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since.
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dXC 2. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use “and” to say what will happen if something is done.
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TA> <a Go by train and you’ll get there quicker.
v< xe(dC Do as you’re told and you’ll be all right.
S_y!4;]ox WHERE
|z<E%`u% 1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.
N FDi2L>Ba 2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.
A %Pjg1(uX 3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.
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Nb^ R 4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.
qq]ZkT} 5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John.
IR;lt 3 6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference)
Q$iYhR WHICH
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(本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)
SaH0YxnY+ 1.定语从句引导词 Did you see the letter which came today?
~gNa<tg"1 Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
ULIbVy7Y 2.分割句子，补充说明 The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.
lM3UjR|@ He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.
I0h/x5 She may have missed the train, in which case she won't arrive for another hour.
oP$NTy[ THAT 多用于同位语从句和－thing的定语从句中。
}oIA*:5 WHAT
4GH?$p|LX (有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)
Z!0D97^ 1. No one knows exactly what happened.
xL3-(K6e 2.It is not clear to what extent these views were shared.
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3.I could get you a job here if that's what you want.
qgbp-A!2zF 4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.
Wf^6: 5. What matters is the British people and British jobs.
ne4j_!V{Mf AS
_5uz u6:y 1.比较
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;y N His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as much as we do.
vn}:$|r$J 2.作为，正如… We'd better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
d[;S n:B David, as you know, has not been well lately.
J+ r\EN^9 3.看作，看待
6}ct{Q The result of last week's election will be seen as a victory.
qn}4P Vn4 4.当…时候= while or when
`bw>.Ay I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
'!>LF 1W= 5.原因 As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.
GLrHb 3@"N 6.让步= though Try as she might, Sue couldn't get the door open.
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The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the shoulder or carried in the hand.
_]E H~; I'd be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum.
bq#*XCt# When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee.
FJDx80J I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was denied (=not given) the opportunity.
{gT2G*Ed^Z The opportunity was denied (to) me at school.
pT\>kqmj The prestige is denied (to) the classroom teacher.
c193Or'6Y The classroom teacher is denied the prestige.
[}Vne ;V 过去分词与形容词的语义差：
4n_f7'GZg 1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
&~Qi+b0! the destructive power of modern weapons
(!`TO{ !6P Damaged: being in a bad state
BM9J/24 emotionally damaged children
is @8x!c 2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements
{}!`v% z He's one of the most respected managers in the game.
VL4ErOoZ Respectful: feeling or showing respect
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X&R ,-^ 3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
fR[kjwX)<1 Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
Hq=5/ N Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
67<Ym0+ = 4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
rBR,lS$4 Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.
Fv_rDTo 5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
-;rr! cQ? Lovable: a sweet lovable child
(prqo1e@ Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
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6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
i` #5dIb Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
