独立主格特征
."PR Z, 1. 充当句子的状语。
+*d,non6v 2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。
=6q?XOM 3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词
* "ER8\ 4. With + 名词 （代词） + 分词 (形容词）
=2)5_/9au 例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.
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8F\ c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle).
9.lS F 真题剖析
/[GOs*{zB (1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would 47 feed them.
#:vos VqG 45. A. For B. As C. With D. Because
W2yN EiH 练习：Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do.
=1^Ru*G 8. A. is B. having C. being D. be
q uv`~qn 虚拟语气
/!JpmI 虚拟语气（2）
FD#?pVyPn^ 1. （should）+动词原形
doP4N6 It +be动词+形容词(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that从句
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o-T#~i It +be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句
L,waQk / @ It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that从句
(bH " x 部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句
W}WGg|ug 2. It’s (high, about) time that +动词过去式
zBB4lC{q would rather +动词过去式
>B skw2 真题剖析
Puily9# (1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I 47 say that teaching is hard work . …
> g8;x# 47. A. do B. did C. don’t D. didn’t
\KLWOj% (1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration 52 , and they 53 that the professor be sent home.
*FK!^Y 53. A. ordered B. pleaded C. decided D. demanded
wR nt$ 1 练习：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to heart.
M `Y~IG} 15. A. took B. would take C. will take D. should take
D D"]as"# (2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing.
F FR_1V f (even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.)
U,[vfSDGr 54.A. shall B.will C.would D.should
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]=P : 非谓语动词
;8|uY% ab 动名词、分词、不定式。
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主动或被动。(doing/done, to do /to be done)
4}W*,&_ 发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been)
&=<x&4H+ To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。
]hS4' 9lD 真题剖析
9{'GrL (2000) … In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.
,k pk XK 60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D.drops
~>k<I:BtrT (2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a 59 life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways.
&Jk0SUk MP 59. A. destructive B. dissatisfied C. damaged D. derivative
2?z3s|+[ 主谓一致
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1. 整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。
VI74{='= How you got there doesn’t concern me.
|k^'}n Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
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cu# T] 2. 表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。
CDK0 $W n Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on.
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3. 以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。
!0z bWB 9 4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。
AT<K>&) Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water).
g1@ zk $ 5. 不定代词(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主语，谓语用单数。
Mi%i_T^i Everyone knows that you’ve come here.
IGV @tI If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back. (--thing 的情况例外)
=kp #v 6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等）
-y5^xR He no less than John is interested in literature.
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/] 7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等)
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aHNR0L3$}{ Either my father or my brothers are coming.
v*Ds:1"H-I 8. each,every,many a, no …+主语，谓语用单数。
d&BocJ Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall.
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kn~oy 真题剖析
{F6>XuS=u (2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, 54 of urbanization ever recorded.
Y,w'Op 53. A. none B. few C. any D. some
cXU8}>qY7 倒装
"(zvI>A 全部倒装
x' >Nz{B,P 1. “There (Here) +be+主语”
Veo*-sl There stand big buildings in this district.
\X.C YkgK Here on the desk lies a pile of books.
cyrVz4_ a 2. 单个副词(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.)
F*m^AFjs In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man.
*j5>2-C & 3. 介词短语作状语位于句首
!~Vo'ykwx' In the middle of the room stood the naughty boy.
l r80RL'_ 4. 表语位于句首
x\PZ.o Especially remarkable was his flat nose.
mApn[)?tv Not far from here is a famous university.
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c 5. so,nor, neither, no more 位于句首,代表前文
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) She wasn’t angry, and neither was I.
^*s DJ # Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his brother.
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mc< n 6. 分词短语位于句首（分词+be +主语）
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="&r Gone forever were the days that we depended on foreign oil.
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" 部分倒装
5OEo(& 1. 疑问句
YcQ$n ZAU 2. 否定副词(seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, never, few, not until, not only) 位于句首（作形容词时例外）
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')R+Z/hG. 3. “only+状语”位于句首
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q+iG:B /Z 4. “hardly…when”, “scarcely…when”, “no sooner…than”, “not only…(but also)” 位于句首
,LE 15}, No sooner had he got into the classroom than the class began.
TxJoN]Z. 5. not,no组成的词组位于句首(in no way, under no circumstances, on no account…)
)Ehi 8 By no means should you break the rules.
u+/Uc:XK) At no time should we give in to difficulties.
Pj-.oS2dA 6. 虚拟倒装(had, were, should放到句首)
R$XHjb) 7. “形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”
ai7R@~O:_k Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people.
Bd 'X~Vj< Search as they would, they could find nothing in the house.
?^whK<"] 真题剖析
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(2000) Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 .
@T"-%L8PL 46. A. way B. life C. area D. people
S j ly] 限定词的用法
_<E.?K$gbU 1. Both, each, either, neither (只指两个)
^B_SAZ&%% 2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指两个以上)
$:?Dyu(Il 3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (复数可数或不可数)
.FN;3H U 4. Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (不可数)
qzj.N$9] eg. “Got any money?” “None at all.”
4s e6+oJe eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No, neither side is sunnier than the other.”
i]#"@xQ 从句为考察重点
XU`ly3 ! (1999) …The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that 51 was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. …
\.aKxj5 51. A. which B. what C. it D. that
<~*[OwN (1998) They learned to 51 their farming habits to the climate and soil. 52 they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving 53 , they invited their neighbors, …
LOgFi%!6: 52. A. While B. When C. So D. If
z cC:b4 (1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that 45 Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”, 46 a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.
Z2L7US - 46. A. though B. when C. while D. and that
_!_^B f}~=C2R1<! omitting the subject
&mW7FR'( Rather formal use
;PB_ @Zg 让步状语从句以 although, though, while, or whilst 开头时通常与主句共享主语, 从句谓语用分词形式。
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ik.' Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his house.
}= wor~ Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house.
d-C%R9 Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their return from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared from their newspapers. 这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如： It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and long-lasting one.
{{Qbu }/@ Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour.
#K`0b $ WHILE
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`c 1. He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smith.
!MrQ-B ( 2. I often knit while watching TV.
@U4hq7xzV2 3. While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I think they went too far.
Ud Vf/ PGx AND
mlCBstt{ 1. often used to link clauses
IRdR3X56 I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since.
S8B?uU 2. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use “and” to say what will happen if something is done.
BsA'r+ho?H Go by train and you’ll get there quicker.
ZW9O P wV Do as you’re told and you’ll be all right.
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mBJr*_p 1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.
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%ok 2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.
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< 3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.
zd) QCq 4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.
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yJbhk 5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John.
BdiV 6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference)
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^ WHICH
)`(]j x! (本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)
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:Q 1.定语从句引导词 Did you see the letter which came today?
7)Vbp--b# Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
$i6z)]rjg 2.分割句子，补充说明 The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.
rX /' He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.
;1PJS_@rX She may have missed the train, in which case she won't arrive for another hour.
\lm ]G 7h THAT 多用于同位语从句和－thing的定语从句中。
ZZZ9C#hK^9 WHAT
+0z7}u\x (有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)
&^DVSVqs^ 1. No one knows exactly what happened.
__Ksn^I 2.It is not clear to what extent these views were shared.
}zf!mlk 3.I could get you a job here if that's what you want.
DBB&6~;? 4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.
CxjB9# 5. What matters is the British people and British jobs.
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~ =iH*AQR 1.比较
% g His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as much as we do.
^}p##7t [ 2.作为，正如… We'd better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
hEu_mw# David, as you know, has not been well lately.
sAqy(oy#M 3.看作，看待
.4[3r[ The result of last week's election will be seen as a victory.
QCb%d'_w+ 4.当…时候= while or when
QJ4$) Fr( I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
~Ay)kv; 5.原因 As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.
[ UI>SN 6.让步= though Try as she might, Sue couldn't get the door open.
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DK The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the shoulder or carried in the hand.
jL^@;"/XhC I'd be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum.
A8vd@ 0 When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee.
X\ P% C I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was denied (=not given) the opportunity.
~ W8X g) The opportunity was denied (to) me at school.
xt?-X%oY8 The prestige is denied (to) the classroom teacher.
=;uMrb4 The classroom teacher is denied the prestige.
h>\C2Q 过去分词与形容词的语义差：
gPMfn:a-8 1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
z eT`kZ the destructive power of modern weapons
n >y,{"J{ Damaged: being in a bad state
OA3J(4!"W emotionally damaged children
y ;[~(Yg[ 2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements
kx;X:I(5&P He's one of the most respected managers in the game.
.u&xo{$'dS Respectful: feeling or showing respect
Bgm8IK)6 They listened in respectful silence.
?^%[*OCCC! 3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
uxU -N Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
'OtT q8G Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
1PwtzH .w 4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
X#&5?oq` Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.
LBy`N _@ 5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
pKc!sd C Lovable: a sweet lovable child
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&E> Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
o& 1mX 6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
<\^o Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
