独立主格特征
`@MY}/
o. 1. 充当句子的状语。
^+CTv 2. 有自己的主语，同句子的主语不一致。
IaDc hI 3. 名词（代词，形容词，副词，介词）+ 分词
ZJz6 {cY 4. With + 名词 （代词） + 分词 (形容词）
o,a 3J:j] 例：a) It being raining, I decided to stay at home.
@}&o(q1 M0 b) Speech having been delivered, discussion started.
Hd(|fc{2 c) he entered the room, with his hands open（holding a rifle).
{9wBb`.n^ 真题剖析
Snx_NH#tA (1995) 45 cliffs no longer crumbling, the beaches are 46 of the material which would 47 feed them.
{5}UP@h 45. A. For B. As C. With D. Because
} 5#<`8 练习：Do what you need to do to keep the wolf __7__ from the door, the world __8__ your thesis adviser, team leader, or laboratory director. Then use the rest of your time, perhaps at night or on the weekends, to do __9__ you really want to do.
j'lfH6_')e 8. A. is B. having C. being D. be
$N[-ks2 {@ 虚拟语气
7[ )4k 7 虚拟语气（2）
"y@B| 1. （should）+动词原形
|1`|E- S= It +be动词+形容词(-able)(essential, odd, vital, absurd, regrettable, desirable…)+that从句
6yZfV 7I It +be动词+名词(pity,shame…)+that从句
W.h6g8|wx It +be动词+过去分词(ordered, begged, voted, moved…)+that从句
aagN-/ mgm 部分名词/动词(表示建议，劝告，决定等) +that从句
jdxw S 2. It’s (high, about) time that +动词过去式
@A(*& PU>j would rather +动词过去式
Y=
JfV 真题剖析
o $I% 1 (1997) … I wouldn’t be truthful if I 47 say that teaching is hard work . …
OF^v;4u 47. A. do B. did C. don’t D. didn’t
mx s=< (1993)…The Cairo newspapers the next day carried banner headlines about the student demonstration 52 , and they 53 that the professor be sent home.
b!VaE K 53. A. ordered B. pleaded C. decided D. demanded
T
'p
X)ZH 练习：Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time that we__15__ this message to heart.
FJl#NOp& 15. A. took B. would take C. will take D. should take
xcfE L_'o (2003.3) It is edifying, and it is a source of inner satisfaction even __54__ other facets of life prove disappointing.
"`Q~rjc$2 (even if other facets of life should prove disappointing.)
qn}w]yGW 54.A. shall B.will C.would D.should
Jvt| q5 非谓语动词
d 0YN :lJc 动名词、分词、不定式。
`(A>7;]: 主动或被动。(doing/done, to do /to be done)
#N\kMJ l$l 发生在谓语动词之前还是之后。(doing/ having done /having been done, to do/to have done /to have been)
e_6VPVa To在什么情况下作介词，什么情况下作不定式引导词。
uNe5Mv|} 真题剖析
U-(2;F) (2000) … In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.
/I|.^ Id| 60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D.drops
4PUSFZK? (2001.3) A heroin addict, for instance, leads a 59 life: his increasing need for heroin in increasing doses prevents him from working, from maintaining relationships, from developing in human ways.
5tI4m#y2 59. A. destructive B. dissatisfied C. damaged D. derivative
GEU:xn 主谓一致
ehQ"<.sQ 1. 整体及抽象概念作主语，谓语通常用单数形式。
!|K~)4%rj How you got there doesn’t concern me.
-.=
q6N4 Growing vegetables needs constant watering.
+9db1:
2. 表示时间、距离、重量、容量、价值等概念作主语，谓语多用单数。
q B-9&X Eight hundred dollars is enough to live on.
L<bZVocOb_ 3. 以-s结尾的专有名词（linguistics, economics, measles, diabetes等），谓语通常用单数形式。
)3g7dtq} 4. “分数或百分数+主语”，谓语跟主语保持一致。
)2T 1g~8 Two thirds of the villages are flooded (the area is under water).
"TB4w2?= 5. 不定代词(one, each, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something等)作主语，谓语用单数。
u*u>F@C8 Everyone knows that you’ve come here.
'
vKB] /e; If anybody wants to see me, let them wait till I come back. (--thing 的情况例外)
hXr`S4aJ 6. 谓语同并列主语的第一部分保持一致（as well as, with, along with, together with, as much as, accompanied by, besides, but, except, in addition to, like, more than, no less than, rather than, including等）
:Z|lGH
= He no less than John is interested in literature.
jT/SZ|S 7. 谓语同最贴近的主语保持一致。(or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, not…but, partly…partly等)
http://www.free kaobo.com
??tyz4$; Either my father or my brothers are coming.
$ c4Q6w 8. each,every,many a, no …+主语，谓语用单数。
w5uOi}T\ Many a student and teacher has been to the Great Wall.
WK5~"aw
真题剖析
QA
_SS'* (2000) …Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, 54 of urbanization ever recorded.
\q#s/&b 53. A. none B. few C. any D. some
5HP6o 倒装
hYRG Ipu5 全部倒装
]eA< 1. “There (Here) +be+主语”
-FA]%Pl<' There stand big buildings in this district.
]Hk8XT@Q+ Here on the desk lies a pile of books.
NQefrof 2. 单个副词(in, out, now, up, down, away, off, then)位于句首(短语动词不可拆，如it blew up.)
`F <)6fk In came the boss. / Ahead sat an old man.
w$ Lpuu n{ 3. 介词短语作状语位于句首
UEm NT9 V In the middle of the room stood the naughty boy.
zA [6rYXY 4. 表语位于句首
k]FP1\Y Especially remarkable was his flat nose.
pQr `$:ga Not far from here is a famous university.
<-uE pF 5. so,nor, neither, no more 位于句首,代表前文
9u<4Q_I` She wasn’t angry, and neither was I.
XE);oL2xP Peter doesn’t like pop music. No more does his brother.
Q: ?]:i/* 6. 分词短语位于句首（分词+be +主语）
wWm 1G) Gone forever were the days that we depended on foreign oil.
Th,15H
DA 部分倒装
e|Iylv[3 1. 疑问句
hKv3;j cd 2. 否定副词(seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, never, few, not until, not only) 位于句首（作形容词时例外）
^G'8!!ys Never did John speak rudely to his parents.
b*=eMc
d 3. “only+状语”位于句首
wic"a
Y<m Only when he comes back can be leave.
w^tNYN,i 4. “hardly…when”, “scarcely…when”, “no sooner…than”, “not only…(but also)” 位于句首
vtw{
A} No sooner had he got into the classroom than the class began.
)M(; :#l e 5. not,no组成的词组位于句首(in no way, under no circumstances, on no account…)
lot
7S XvK By no means should you break the rules.
E>~DlL% At no time should we give in to difficulties.
?
2h oY 6. 虚拟倒装(had, were, should放到句首)
v>zeK 7. “形容词/名词/动词+as/though（尽管,虽然）+be动词”
!7ct=L Small though the room is, it can hold more than twenty people.
QXx<Hi^ / Search as they would, they could find nothing in the house.
WCxt-+# 真题剖析
qk~ ni8 (2000) Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 .
]~~PD?jh 46. A. way B. life C. area D. people
& UH .e 限定词的用法
7z!|sPW](b 1. Both, each, either, neither (只指两个)
5D0O.v 2. All, every, each, some, any, no (指两个以上)
uP bvN[~t 3. Some, any, more, (the) most, all, a lot, lots, enough, none (复数可数或不可数)
6jjmrc[#}X 4. Much, (a) little, a good/great deal, less, (the) least (不可数)
a$!|) + eg. “Got any money?” “None at all.”
bqpy@WiI S eg. “Does either side of this street get more sun that the other?” “No, neither side is sunnier than the other.”
b%<-(o/ 从句为考察重点
"PH}\Dl= (1999) …The answers given by 200 women to those intimate open-ended questions made me realize that 51 was wrong could not be related to education in the way it was then believed to be. …
9`kxyh</ 51. A. which B. what C. it D. that
,Cx @]] (1998) They learned to 51 their farming habits to the climate and soil. 52 they selected the fourth Thursday of November for their Thanksgiving 53 , they invited their neighbors, …
n'a= @/ 52. A. While B. When C. So D. If
Ft)7Wx"
S (1993) In the United States a commentator remarked that 45 Japan apparently still used some “primitive tools”, 46 a Japanese commentator expressed astonishment that the American pens wrote so poorly they could safely be used only once and then discarded.
V+My]9ki 46. A. though B. when C. while D. and that
9^ITP!~e* Hq'mv_}qG omitting the subject
lA}(63j+b Rather formal use
Vg 9n b 让步状语从句以 although, though, while, or whilst 开头时通常与主句共享主语, 从句谓语用分词形式。
xu9K\
/{7 Whilst he liked cats, he never let them come into his house.
*'D(
j#& Whilst liking cats, he never let them come into his house.
*aF
#on{ Both the journalists, though greeted as heroes on their return from prison, not long afterwards quietly disappeared from their newspapers. 这四个词还可用在名词、形容词或副词词组前，如： It was an unequal marriage, although a stable and long-lasting one.
5, Though not very attractive physically, she possessed a sense of humour.
k?-GI[@X WHILE
?v8.3EE1\o 1. He stayed with me while Dad talked with Dr. Smith.
l1*
qDzb 2. I often knit while watching TV.
SSH ))zJ 3. While I have some sympathy for these fellows, I think they went too far.
e7X#C) AND
07pASZ;~ 1. often used to link clauses
:t?Z I came here in 1922 and I have live here ever since.
z|,YO6(L 2. When you are giving advice or a warning, you can use “and” to say what will happen if something is done.
z0=(l ?)# Go by train and you’ll get there quicker.
:&*Y
Io Do as you’re told and you’ll be all right.
Mrpz (}) WHERE
>fG=(1" 1. She was standing exactly where you are standing now.
\*] l'> x1 2.In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.
CG@3z@*?. 3.The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.
45g:q 4.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.
(I(?oCQ 5.Now, where were we? Oh yes, we were talking about John.
)UBU|uYR\ 6.Where others might have been satisfied, Dawson had higher ambitions. (difference)
P`ZzrN WHICH
c8uFLM j (本身无意义，必须接在名词或代词后面)
]B8`b 1.定语从句引导词 Did you see the letter which came today?
=j ,2 Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
}_,\yC9F 2.分割句子，补充说明 The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.
m
ab921- n He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.
!e>+ O^ She may have missed the train, in which case she won't arrive for another hour.
6-"@j@l5< THAT 多用于同位语从句和－thing的定语从句中。
&6 ymGo WHAT
-"Mq<XO&51 (有实际意义，可用于宾语从句和主语从句)
q<Tx'Y a 1. No one knows exactly what happened.
80(Olf@PE 2.It is not clear to what extent these views were shared.
b'x26wT? 3.I could get you a job here if that's what you want.
J d]kg,/ 4. What that kid needs is some love and affection.
Sj=x.Tr\ 5. What matters is the British people and British jobs.
!TNp|U! AS
%XF>k)
1.比较
h7 r *5E His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as popular./ They want peace as much as we do.
`kE ;V!n? 2.作为，正如… We'd better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
#)3luf3G
David, as you know, has not been well lately.
7~zd
%
o
3.看作，看待
dG8_3 T}i The result of last week's election will be seen as a victory.
Jy^.L$bt 4.当…时候= while or when
_%R]TlL I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
1 eP` 5.原因 As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.
4D'AAr57 6.让步= though Try as she might, Sue couldn't get the door open.
Lg%3M8-W~ The bag has narrow straps, so it may be worn over the shoulder or carried in the hand.
If>bE!_BO I'd be in trouble if I let on. So I kept mum.
_O,k0O
When the meal was finished, Rachel washed up and made coffee.
W1;QPdz: I would have liked to have learnt French, but I was denied (=not given) the opportunity.
\rpXG9 The opportunity was denied (to) me at school.
0 s$;3qE The prestige is denied (to) the classroom teacher.
6 l,8e
v The classroom teacher is denied the prestige.
v\Y8+dD 过去分词与形容词的语义差：
4'~z uUs 1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things
L*#W?WMM
v the destructive power of modern weapons
GBY-WN4sc[ Damaged: being in a bad state
A8X3|<n= emotionally damaged children
agGgj>DDd
2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements
Tlm::S
He's one of the most respected managers in the game.
}&LVD$Bz Respectful: feeling or showing respect
po!bRk[4 They listened in respectful silence.
;XIDu6 3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides.
#&}j'oD|N Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby.
HcQ)XJPK Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment.
$%6.lQ 4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights.
w9w=2 * Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative.
/ # d^ 5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother.
_Ie?{5$ng` Lovable: a sweet lovable child
R > [2*o" Lovely: We had a lovely holiday.
7 <ZGNxZ~ 6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone.
c'INmc
I| Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds
