过去分词与形容词的语义差： &a tyDFJ'
1.Destructive:causing damage to people or things sBU_Ft
the destructive power of modern weapons z+
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Damaged: being in a bad state e^8BV;+c
emotionally damaged children 7E\g
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2.Respected:admired by many because of achievements #|?8~c;RWG
He’s one of the most respected managers in the game. 7h`^N5H.q
Respectful: feeling or showing respect $''UlWK
They listened in respectful silence. \7 Gz\=\LR
3. Preferred : Her own preferred methods of exercise are hiking and long cycle rides. ' %&z.{
Preferable: A big earthquake a long way off is preferable to a smaller one nearby. x[x
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Preferential: Bank officials denied giving the senator any preferential treatment. #w|5 jN?
4. Unimagined:Others see a new golden age of business and technology that will lift the market to unimagined heights. Zi*% *
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Unimaginative:That means the traditional office layout of lined-up cubicles and work stations is seen as rigid and unimaginative. P#;Th8k{K2
5.Loving: She was a devoted wife and a very loving mother. zN")elBi
Lovable: a sweet lovable child (A4&k{C_
Lovely: We had a lovely holiday. =?/&u<
6. Tolerated: While Patches are generally well tolerated they are not always suitable for everyone. T,OS 0;7O
Tolerant: trees that are tolerant of salt sea winds V{ |[ oIp
Tolerable: All in all, it was better to have a tolerable tenement than the ideal which no one could afford. O aaH$B
虚拟语气 ,v7Q *3
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。 aq$q
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1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别 hZU 1O
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。 ]r959+\$
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) $ >r5>6
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体) U&W"Ea=R/
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。 F#|Z# Mu
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。 no&-YktP}
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验) MI*Sq\-i
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验) K*+6`z#fMF
（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。 LGVlc@0'
It took me only five minutes to finish the job. $^h?:L:1n
2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别 -Qb0:]sV#
(1)不定式作表语 V 3uXan_
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。 Z@M6!;y#
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。 ,g|2NjUAc
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。 _ECB^s_
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。 D#0O[F@l##
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 y6%<zhs
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。 5[R?iS GL1
3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 j^ EbO3
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。 >>7aw" 0
The function of Louis Sullivan’s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. (U9a@ 1
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant． h (N=V|0
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。 GOVAb'
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。 z<<Tk.65
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。 sfI N)jh
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。 E {>`MNj
People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake. e{!vNJ0`
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected． (oYW]c}G,
(3)分词作表语 0p3vE,pF
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有： o^GC=Aca`
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的 D^$OCj\
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的 ~ 5"J(
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的 a5V=!OoMk
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 @a(oB. i
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 gp/YjUH7k8
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 8*Zvr&B,G
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的 SRf5W'4y
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的 * nCx[
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的 ^'W%X
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的 $?f]ZyZr.
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。 sN]Z
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The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。 `qu] Pxk
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。 MaErx\
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。 & +- e
3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 ]^ 'ZiyJX
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求： Vp7b 4n<
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语 |yv]Y/ =
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语 rzT{-DZB[4
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视 Ja [#[BJ?
afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望 ImHU:iR[J-
arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 qTy v.#{y
begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 Cuv|6t75 '
appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法 o 9+Q{|r
cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装 Z =
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ask问 dread害怕 need需要 O 6]u!NqG
agree同意 desire愿望 love爱 AT y mKJ
swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 8&?p
bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 G?ZC 9w]rA
beg请求 fail不能 plan计划 Gh+f1)\FA"
bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿 }.t^D|
care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备 -XW8 LaQB
decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾 =mLeMk/7 w
choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明 qK-qcPLsl
claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许 S}mm\<=1
start开始 undertake承接 want想要
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consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝 #G~wE*VR$
decide决定 learn学习 vow起 Gym#b{#":
contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议 `#p< rfe
