英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: rn9n _)
倍数增加 o
^ zrF
Kt#_Ln_6
(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①) 0;Oe&Y
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) |W#(+m
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) h4#y'E!,Z
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. >'1[Bh
9,wD
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. teKx^ 'c'
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 )UCc!
J6I:UML
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 \47djmG-
f
OasX!=
(二)increase to n times(④) dfP4SJqq
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) =%ok:+D]
increase by n times(⑥) 6Hp+?mmh
increase by a factor of n(⑦) \(A
A|;
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 g\% Z+Dc
9{wRqY
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. R4y]<8}
The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986. ;_=N
YG.
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 2
EWXr+IU.
That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. Vw|P;LLl`
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 `Gj(>z*
The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four. ;1HzY\d%<
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 H$+@O-
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 ) ViBH\.*p
-.Blj<2ah
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧) wRvh/{xB
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: " Lh&s<[
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. v\[+
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 UE{$hLI?g
* bd3^mP
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) g)5mr:\
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. oOLey!uZw
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 V2!0),]B
64mg :ed&
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: drMMf[
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) *E
*oWb]H
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 $&=xw _
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. :\vs kk),
【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11) W|D
kq
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 #1/~eIEY
\"1>NJn&k)
倍数减少 m`9nDiV
r=&,2meo
(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12) 0:`|T jf_
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) HeO:=OE~>
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 =KUmvV*\
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. 8[KKi ~A
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 UWF
\Vx*)b
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. >;^/B R=
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 >Jmla~A
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 F?|Efpzow?
|ZL?Pqki
(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14) Wk<fNHg
decrease by n times(15) _"ciHYHBQ
decrease by a factor of n(16) B=!!R]dxA
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 D xV=S0P
b)<WC$"
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 1o`1W4
Q
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.
/[<F
f
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 &t^*0/~
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. nbF<K?
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 J,
-.5
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. y#j7vO
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 . vb##D
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… >$JE!.p%o
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) 1zPS#K/3
这个句型还有其它一些形式, C2}y#A I
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. J'}+0mln
发现迅速减少到1/7。
1.du#w
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. wa8jr5/k"
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 QPVi& *8_
h$&Tg_/'#D
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。 O>' }q/