英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下: H3-hcx54T
倍数增加 \1M4Dl5!
")p\q:z6
(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①) *MW\^PR?
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) ((%?`y
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) Q^^niVz
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. ~WF\
$U-0)4yf
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. Z*6IW7#
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 &m;*<}X
42ge3>
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 -M#Wt`6A
p!AAFmc
(二)increase to n times(④) 6j|{`Zd)G
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) 0jWVp-y
increase by n times(⑥) ;5( UzQU
increase by a factor of n(⑦) {?7Uj
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 0JujesUw(
\o3gKoL%
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. <9b&<K:
The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986. sV*H`N')S
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 n~Lt\K:
That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. WUTowr
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 )fAUum
The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.
;-Aa|aT!
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 >+T)#.wo&
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 }Ou}+^Bc
u)Whr@m
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧) ]hV*r@d
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式:
iH'p>s5L
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported. w&.aQGR#
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 AQ^u
b\,+f n
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) cm+P]8o%{
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. b7ZSPXV
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 tO&^>&;5
86H+h(R/
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: 7uk[Oy<_
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) K@
%].:
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 !H\F2Vxs
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. 1xx}~|F?|
【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11) .jK4?}]
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 Rk8P
ax/JK
lmhLM. 2
倍数减少 dD@(z:5M\
*=xr-!MEk
(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12) {\\Tgs
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) -ze J#B)C
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 e~(5%CO>#j
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. &6k3*dq
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 ,tRj4mx
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper. .c c
p
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 :MDKC /mC
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 /<BI46B\
d0 /#nz
(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14) .o}v#W+st
decrease by n times(15) a09<!0Rp
decrease by a factor of n(16) >5SSQ\ 2~a
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 \.}c9*)
Wn}'bqp
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 YA5g';$H*
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. [1H^3g
'
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 AT|3:]3E
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. -H-~;EzU
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 uXl3k:_n
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. 3irl
(;v
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 {+ b7sA3
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… Mrb)
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) _h1mF<\ X^
这个句型还有其它一些形式,
@9|hMo
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. |(^PS8wG
发现迅速减少到1/7。
@`Su0W+.
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. f(7GX3?
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 8*a&Jl
Yu2Bkq+
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。 uFga~g