英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在 表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下:
@eWx4bl
倍数增加 &@-glF5
%-CC_R|0$
(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①) ?#m5$CFp
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②) YSi
f`W!
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③) *93 N0m4Rl
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍]. DBRJtU!5x
r
N7"%dx
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one. rge/jE,^~Z
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。 ?da 3Azp
kZNZ?A<D
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。 %ZK}y{u\
rGWTpN
(二)increase to n times(④) 7@
?b _
increase n times/n-fold(⑤) =F4}
increase by n times(⑥) UsTPNQj
increase by a factor of n(⑦) Ipe; %as#
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。 vkK+
C~"
5hAg*zJb5o
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year. p* @L1
The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986. q}jf&xUWzH
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。 -)@.D>HsOt
That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. %04n,&mg
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。 ;
F=_ozWV*
The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.
CvN~
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。 Tx5L
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。 ,#G@ri:B
5
Jhl4p}w
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧) d,77L
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式: VsC]z,
oV
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.
-AX3Rnv^!
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。 bA)Xjq)Rr
RA6D dqT~
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨) !4E:IM63
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled. jK =[
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。 bbJa,}R
b Y>Ug{O;
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如: W.a/k7 p
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩) O v-I2
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。 +FiV!nRkZ
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. V/Q6v
YX
【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11) P}5aN_v\
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。 B;m18LDu
#xc[)Y,W
倍数减少 M(|gfsD
s+[=nau('w
(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12) `9ieTt
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13) rdb%/@.-
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。 U0rz 4fxc
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom. ;cO0Y.V9l
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。 bfJDF(=h
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.
@.})nU
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。 O7.Is88!
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。 =y':VIVJC
=3"Nn4Z
(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14) O^f@ g l
decrease by n times(15) 5}m2D='
decrease by a factor of n(16) |!}$V
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。 &EQov9P7
MT9a 1 >
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。 0QGl'u{F
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times. H`y- "L8q
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。 j#*K[
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times. 'g^]ZTxb
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。 EGs z{c[8@
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5. 34oC285yc
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。 cZw
Q{9>
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction… m:h]nm
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17) sST6_b
这个句型还有其它一些形式, !PO(B
fd
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed. aqMZ%~7
发现迅速减少到1/7。 Jjy}m0)#W_
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight. ;w1h)
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。 S`J_}>
'aCnj8B
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍 数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。 4
Hu+ljdjB