南开考博英语部分真题解析

南开大学考博英语部分真题解析
Ⅰ LISTENING TEST (20 points)
(略) 客观题部分
请用铅笔将此部分的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效!
Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)
Part A (5 points)
Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are
four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes
the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar
across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ. Example:
She prefers foreign wine to that produced ________.
A. previously B. virtually C. primarily D. domestically
The sentence should read, “She prefers foreign wine to that
produced domestically.”
Therefore, you should choose D. Sample Answer [A][B][C][D]
1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations,
but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages
________patriotism.
A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable
2. One can understand others much better by noting the immediate
and fleeting reactions of their eyes and ________ to expressed
thoughts.
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A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions
3. People innately ________ for superiority over their peers
although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.
A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere
4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or
wildlife ________ for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness
areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally
while we observe them.
A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. reserve
5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence ________
a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.
A. soared B. mutated C. plummeted D. fluctuated
6. Melissa is a computer ________ that destroyed files in
computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world. A.
genius B. virus C. disease D. bacteria
7. The ________ emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form
of competition in schools.
A. negligent B. edible C. fabulous D. disproportionate 8. The
boy seemed more ________ to their poverty after seeing how his
grandparents lived.
A. reconciled B. consolidated C. deteriorated D. attributed
9. During his two-month stay in China, Tom never ________ a chance
to practice his Chinese.
A. passed on B. passed up C. passed by D. passed out
10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ________
can be distributed.
A. paradoxes B. legacies C. platitudes D. analogies
Part B (5 points )
Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word
or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A,
B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined
part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the
square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.
Example: The secretary is very competent; she can finish all
these letters within one hour.
A. careful B. industrious C. clever D. capable
In this sentence, “competent” is closest in meaning to
“capable”. Therefore you should choose D. Sample Answer
[A][B][C][D]
11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in
traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.
A. depict B. advocate C. criticize D. analyze
12. They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic
to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly
rival.
A. confirm B. achieve C. match D. exaggerate
13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic
industrial wastes. A. imminent B. recyclable C. smelly D. poisonous
14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate
that guns would not be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N.
sanction.
A. allies B. delegates C. voters D. juries
15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our
children's college and our own retirement security is chilling.
A. frightening B. promising C. freezing D. revealing
16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy
against the British Crown.
A. secret plan B. bold attack C. clever design D. joint effort
17. Evidence, reference, and footnotes by the thousand testify
to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full
range of different theoretical and political positions.
A. trustworthy B. intelligent C. diligent D. meticulous
18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no
stories of women being raped orwanton violence against civilians in
the region.
A. intriguing B. exasperating C. demonstrative D. unprovoked
19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and
blacked up faces for nocturnalraids in the forest.
A. illegal B. night-time C. brutal D. abusive
20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda
has a more avidfondness for the limelight.
A. mercurial B. gallant C. ardent D. frugal
Ⅲ Cloze (10 points )
Directions: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for
each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single
bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.
Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an
idea, __21__ into a hobby and lately has __22__ into a full-time
passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph.
D candidates __23__ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University,
started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep __24__ of their
personal interest on the Internet. Before long they __25__ that their
homebrewed lists were becoming too long and __26__. Gradually they
began to spend more and more time on Yahoo.
During 1994, they __27__ yahoo into a customized database
designed to __28__ the needs of the thousands of users __29__ began
to use the service through the closely __30__ Internet community. They
developed customized software to help them __31__ locate, identify
and edit material __32__ on the Internet. The name Yahoo is __33__
to stand for “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Orale”, but Filo
and Yang insist they selected the __34__ because they considered
themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first __35__ on Yang's workstation,
“akebono”, while the search engine was __36__ on Filo's computer,
“Konishiki”.
In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication
in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their
files __37__ to larger computers __38__ at Netscape. As a result
Stanford's computer network returned to __39__, and both parties
benefited. Today, Yahoo __40__ organized information on tens of
thousands of computers linked to the web.
21. A. became B. grew C. turn D. intend
22. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned
23. A. in B. on C. about D. for
24. A. touch B. contact C. track D. record
25. A. founded B. found C. argued D. reported
26. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D. invaluable
27. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted
28. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate
29. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly
30. A. relative B. interactive C. bound D. contacted
31. A. fluently B. efficiently C. exactly D. actually
32. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D. stored
33. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed
34. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand
35. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched
36. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked
37. A. over B. away C. inside D. beneath
38. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. hidden
39. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal
40. A. attains B. detains C. maintains D. contains
Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (20 points)
Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one
of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished
statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single
baracross the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET I.
Passage 1
Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for
how to break habits.
One application of the threshold method involves the time young
children spend on academic activities. Young children have short
attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one
activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer
than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year,
attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To
apply Guthrie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year,
limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the
teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on
a single activity.
The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and
handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their
movements are awkward and they lack fine motor coordination. The
distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can
fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially
introduced, students' etters would spill over the borders and
students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters
within the larger bordens, they can use paper with smaller borders
to help them refine their skills.
The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive
students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The
teacher can remove the students from the classroom, give them a large
stack of paper, and tell him to start making paper airplanes. After
the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose
its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.
Some students continually race around the gym when they first
enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method,
the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few
more laps after the class has begun.
The incompatible response method can be used with students who
talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with
talking. The media center teacher might ask the students to find
interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that
the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over
time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for
talking with other students.
In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep.
The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while
lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other
elements into each lesson, such as experiments, and debates, in an
attempt to involve students and raise their interest in the course.
41. The purpose of this passage is to ________.
A. inform B. persuade C. debate D. narrate
42. Guthrie identified three methods for ________.
A. educating students B. altering bad habits
C. avoiding undesired action D. forming good hobbies
43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the
threshold method?
A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food
that the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to
eat it.
B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time
for young children and gradually increase session length but not to
where students become frustrated or bored.
C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow
lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and
handwriting.
D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fun
by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing
toys.
44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should
keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles,
and so forth. Over time, watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in
an activity other than snacking. What method is used in this example?
A. The threshold method. B. The fatigue method.
C. The incompatible response method. D. The punishment method.
45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that ________.
A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make
unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she
becomes exhausted
B. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior
with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they
cannot be performed simultaneously
C. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is
transformed into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full
strength so it becomes a cue for not performing it
D. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers
have child make response incompatible with unwanted response
Passage 2
The increase in global trade means that international companies
cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be
competitive.
Understanding the language and culture of target markets in
foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international
marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign
markets with embarrassing results.
Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in
international advertising.
General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when
it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova”
is Latin for “new(star)” and means “star” in many languages, but
in spoken Spanish it can sound like “nova”, meaning “it doesn't
go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When
GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically.
Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage
companies. One American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant”
(for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when
it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.
When translated into German, Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive
with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”. No
wonder customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.
Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good
translations—other aspects of culture must be researched and
understood if marketers are to avoid blunders.
When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values,
tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of
a culture, they fail to capture their target market.
For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume
into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest.
The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally
used for funerals in many South American countries.
Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising,
companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations
and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.
The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators
who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use
a technique called “back translation” to reduce the possibility of
blunders.
The process used one person to translate a message into the target
language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim
to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a
word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended
meaning and often causes misunderstandings.
In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need
to be short and simple.
They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in
one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.
46. The best title of this passage might be ______.
A. Culture Is Very Important in Advertising
B. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations
C. Overcome Cultural Sock in Different Countries
D. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles
47. What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage?
A. hesitation B. mistake C. stutter D. default
48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize
the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?
A. Cultural shocks B. Faulty translations
C. Avoid cultural oversights D. Prevent blunders
49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word
“camellia” most probably mean ______.
A. an animal used in perfume for its smell
B. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals
C. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for
funerals
D. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals
50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different
countries is to ______. A. fire the translators who don't know the
target language
B. use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the
possibility of blunders
C. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokes
D. explain in details when designing advertisement for other
countries
Passage 3
It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of
dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen
years, while executive remuneration rose, taxed in the highest income
bracket went down. Millionaires are now commonplace.
Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there
are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers.
It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his
subordinates although the man with many enemies will be swept out more
quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about. His business
savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of his company
and the industry so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase. At
the very top-and on the way up—executives are exceedingly dedicated.
The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to
get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably
not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual. Although his wife
may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little
time for such pursuits. His reading may largely concern business and
management, despite interests in other fields. Golf provides him with
a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.
These day, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to
“keep the old heart in shape” and for the same reason goes easy on
butter and alcohol, and substances thought to contribute to taking
highly stressed executives out of the running. But his doctor's
admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf ears. He likes to work.
He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.
Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search
firms,” is a growing industry. America has great faith in individual
talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that
companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.
51. We can infer from the second paragraph that ______.
A. promotion depends on amiability
B. chief executives do not work hard enough at the to level
C. it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the
well-being of his subordinates
D. a chief executive is expected to know more about his company
and the industry
52. The term “aerobic exercise” (first line in second last
paragraph) is a kind of ______.
A. hallucination exercise
B. physical exercise
C. meditation exercise
D. entertainment
53. From the last paragraph we can gather that ______.
A. there are too many aggressive executives
B. individual talent is not essential for a company
C. the job of an “executive search firm” is corporate
head-hunting
D. it is not common for companies to undermine each other's
managerial ranks
54. For executives, according to the article, a golf course is
a place where ______.
A. they can conduct their business
B. they can indulge themselves
C. they can cultivate their mind
D. they can exercise as well as socialize
55. What is NOT true according to the article?
A. Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.
B. Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger
generation.
C. All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.
D. Executives are careful of what they eat.
Passage 4
In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together with some of his
fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society which
he had founded in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern
Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides,
tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be
assembled to hear a speech. Mishima addressed the troops for ten
minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional government
imposed by the United States that had, in his words, “turned Japan
spineless.” Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the
general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes,
proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the traditional
samurai ritual of seppuku. After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into
left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword. The aide
likewise killed himself and was beheaded; the others surrendered.
In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally
unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive regime of General
Tojo that was to stage the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That earlier
revolt is the one referred to in “Patriotism,” one of Mishima's most
powerful stories. Here life and fiction become joined. The act of
seppuku was for Mishima a fulfillment, “the ultimate dream of my
life.” Born of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's
death in accordance with the ancient samurai code; but his weak body
kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through
body building (he became expert at karate and kendo) and, most
important, through the discipline of writing. In his short lifetime
he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays, many essays, and more than
eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and
even sang on stage. His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower,
appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask (1948), dealing with
the meditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive
society, that brought him fame.
Mishima has been called “Japan's Hemingway,” while others have
compared him to “aesthetic” writers like Walter Peter and Oscar
Wilde.
56. The article implies that ______.
A. Mishima refused to join the army when he was young
B. Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writer
C. Mishima is a person who is hard to define
D. Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer
57. The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was ______.
A. to capture the commanding general
B. to urge the government to declare a war against America
C. to incite the soldiers to rebel against the constitutional
government
D. to force the Emperor to give up the throne
58. In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima ______.
A. was well received by the soldiers
B. was laughed at by the soldiers
C. impressed the commanding general
D. left a deep impression to the soldiers
59. What is true according to article
A. The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.
B. The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide
attempt.
C. Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.
D. One of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.
60. Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ______.
A. written “Patriotism,” one of his most powerful stories
B. written eighty short stories
C. published “A Forest in Flower”
D. published “Confession of a Mask”
主观题部分
请用钢笔或圆珠将此部分的答案做在答题纸二上，否则无效!
Ⅴ Translation (20 points)
Part A. (10 points)
Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your
ANSWER SHEET.
One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real
a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform
useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster
entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an
actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would
probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action could not
be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in
some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price
down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When
speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also
helping to conserve the present supply. As the price goes up, less
of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to
economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more,
thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.
Part B. (10 points)
Directions: Translate the following into English on your ANSWER
SHEET.
中国已经发展成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。世界各国和
地区不少有远见卓识的企业家，都将目光投向了中国，并从投资活动中获得
了丰厚的回报。我相信，中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国投资活动的机
会将越来越多，自身发展的空间也越来越大。在中国的投资活动一定能成为
沟通世界各国和地区的企业家与中国市场的一座桥梁，促进中国和世界经济
共同发展、共同繁荣。
Ⅵ Writing (20 points)
Directions: Write an essay in no less than 250 words with the title
“My Understanding of Globalization”. Your essay should be written
on the Answer Sheet.
参考答案
Ⅰ LISTENING TEST (20 points) (略)
Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points)
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. D 8. A 9. B 10. B
11. A 12. C 13. D 14. C 15. A 16. A 17. D 18. D 19. B 20. C
Ⅲ Cloze (10 points)
21. B 22. D 23. A 24. C 25. B 26. A 27. D 28. B 29. B 30. C
31. B 32. D 33. D 34. C 35. B 36. B 37. A 38. A 39. B 40. A
Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (20 points)
Passage 1
41. A 42. B 43. D 44. C 45. C
Passage 2
46. A 47. B 48. B 49. C 50. C
Passage 3
51. D 52. B 53. C 54. D 55. C
Passage 4
56. C 57. C 58. B 59. B 60. D
Ⅴ Translation (20 points)
参考译文
既然投机有很大的带来损失的风险，我们可能要问为什么还会允许进行
投机呢。根本原因在于投机能在经济发展中发挥有益的功能。由于相信价格
会上涨从而买商品或期货加快了市场均衡，并能鼓励更多的供应商更快地进
入市场。如果价格变化滞后到商品短缺真正出现时才发生，那么价格波动很
可能更为剧烈、突然。采取补救措施增加供应将刻不容缓。类似的，如果投
机者预见到某商品将过剩，他们就会卖出期货，这样做有助于在过剩真正发
生之前在一定程度上降低价格。而当投机者预见到将会出现短缺的时候，就
会哄抬物价，这样做也有助于保存当前的供给。物价上涨时，商品购买量就
会变少，因为价格上涨将促使消费者节约。同样的，物价下跌将促使消费者
增加购买，这样就有助于将正在增加的过剩商品出售出去。
参考译文
China has developed into a big, extremely attractive and
realistic market in the global context. Many farsighted entrepreneurs
from countries and regions all over the world have paid their
attention to China and got generous profits in return from their
investment activities. I believe that, after China's entry into WTO,
more opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign
entrepreneurs in the investment activities in China and lager space
for their own development. The investment activities in China will
surely serve as a bridge connecting entrepreneurs from all the
countries and regions in the world and the Chinese market, and promote
the common economic development and prosperity of China and the world.
Ⅵ Writing (20 points)

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