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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 (@?PN+68|  
一、代词 P/FO,S-V  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 F/w!4,'<?5  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 Iih~rWJ  
  主格、宾格、所有格 "-TIao#  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) <%Re!y@OL  
5ff66CRw  
(二) 反身代词 T=2 91)@  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ? <slB>8  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) ]E)gMf   
  He killed him. (他杀了他) -K)P|'-?m  
'%R Yo#  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  /Et:',D  
    A                 B    &`63"^y  
  a series of indicators that could help #.%;U' #O  
             C      I=pT fkTT  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. :U<`iJwY  
    D QSy=JC9  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 lG;sDR|)(  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 [ua{qJ9  
j4Cad  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 b07 MTDFH7  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 X4Eq/q"  
9[B*CD |  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies >+f et ,  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the q=E<y  
     A   B      C          D 1< ;<?  
  Pacific. #Gs] u  
? S>"yAoe  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 hHdH#-O:4"  
j#0@%d  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 !["WnF{5eC  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Q5/".x^@  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 \ M8;CN  
x2[A(O=  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 2RidI&?c<  
                       A   =ex71qj)  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and U*=ebZno  
             B Y_)!U`>N?  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. >c?Z.of  
   C       D '$PiyM|V  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Id(L}i(X  
&mKtW$K` q  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 3Qfj=; 4  
        A     ] 4yWcnf  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John uMtq4.  
   B        C      U`D/~KJ{Y  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  hdp;/Qz&  
      D r'uD|T H  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. =U!M,zw4  
g>A*kY  
)Y+n4UL3NK  
(四) Who和which的区别 [*Nuw_l  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 9"K EHf!  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 <T+)~&g$  
h W6og)x  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ;tP-#Xf  
              A            B @-Tt<pl'L  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 1WRQjT=o  
   C                  D 5fMVjd  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 9aFu51  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 Tz[ck 'k  
-/Pg[Lx7Pb  
(五) that和which的区别 m-4P*P$X  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 V}o`9R@tx}  
9AO`Zk{/Ez  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it O%L]*vIr  
              A        B mN?y\GB  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. >7i&(6L  
      C              D Fcz 7   
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 ,RjE?M%  
t% Sgw%f  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 viB'ul7o  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, .}!"J`{ W  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when =?]H`T:  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. @yp#k>  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which -5vg"|ia,  
g2 7 iE  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly vZMb/}-o  
              A         B   N~H!6N W  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. s^f7w  
         C      D >NLG"[\  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 w5fVug/;P  
{txW>rZX  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  &:Q^j:  
  affected the way people in the United States----. XhEZTg;  
   (A) living and working Wh).%K(t  
   (B) they live and work R !&9RvNw  
   (C) live and work [B~*88T  
   (D) to live and to work ;wGoEN  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 2{U5*\FhVX  
`q oRnG  
二、介词 (KG2 X  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 wrP3:!=  
M./1.k&@  
(一) 介词搭配 &t)$5\r  
t@X{qm:%Z  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those \/XU v(  
    A         B   C      J:Mn 5hdK=  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. DpCe_Vb%M  
                D Z.}Z2K  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 tJe5`L  
%Ev)Hk  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. \jmT#Gt`9  
A       B     C  D @\U;?N~k  
分析:B错改为be rich in &s#OiF8  
D :)HK D.  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the `}:pUf  
    A         B      C cqYMzS t  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. /+wCx#!  
             D ]qb>O:T  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 Z-j?N{3&  
b.q/? Yx  
q# 6|/R*  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 %)ri:Qq  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 dvE~EZcS  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. T O&^%d  
          A      B  C     D [jz@d\k$_  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 wZ5k|5KtW  
RD6>\9  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has <S^Hy&MD>  
                 A  B     Zd| u>tn  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on WN $KS"b6}  
      C }#q0K  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. `z^50Vh|  
      D ~OMo$qt`lP  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 (M?VB*sm0  
)gx*;z@  
2、介词by 5g`J}@"k  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by Sim$:5P  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing dy~M5,zn  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 4j}.=u*X7  
    A         B       i# fvF)  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. D;hJK-Y  
   C     D bZ#KfR  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 E9w"?_A)  
g,G{% dGsk  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils _&N:%;9uD  
   A                      , {}S<^?]  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to P_P~c~o  
     B    C       D jgqeDl\=+  
   supply moccasins and field rations. hXD`OlX  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 b)>l7nOc  
#<@_mbQ@|K  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with <' j ygZ(  
        A                C,8@V`  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements *l@T 9L[M'  
        B          C   VrKLEN\  
  that are often represented at symbols. z<s ~`  
              D P@<K&S+f  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 vos-[$  
三、谓语动词 b%X<'8 z9Z  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 u$ vLwJ|o  
①、主谓分割原则 SbobXTbG  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, SwO8d;e  
     A     P#/s5D8  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. &!*p> Ns)e  
        B      C      D C@MJn)$4  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 tbB. n  
>qdRqy)DC  
②、与后者一致原则 '<wZe.Q!  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, _Ry  
not only…but also ZO\bCrk  
gT|&tTS1@  
?`B6I!S0[  
③、与前者一致原则 8WwLKZ}  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 3H5<w4yk  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 i, /Q.XL  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ~gEd (  
     A      B  C     s=XqI@  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. D|8h^*Ya  
         D :5zO !~\  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is rzKn5Z  
jAD{?/RB}  
④、就近原则 &wB? ks  
or, either…or, neither…nor, j2:A@ a6  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are zQx7qx  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is t2z@"e   
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 R(A"6a8*  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 Q#I?nBin  
ptpu u=3"  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are h!1CsLd[  
        A      B        jF%l\$)/  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. "cX*GTNi8  
    C              D p:qj.ukw  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 gx6$:j;   
b%I2ig  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 qgsKbsl  
There are five apples that are red. b~m|mb$  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 !CuLXuM  
MXuiQ;./  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets iLG~_Ob:  
      A            nYO4J lNP  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. m_1BB$lyP2  
   B   C    D (:T\<  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 L-(.v*  
ZfN%JJOz(  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 u:D,\`;)  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. .TetN}w  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 [O(8iz v  
@I|gA  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 Sj<WiQ%<  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: ,_2ZKO/k$  
a. there be 句型 Ta3qEVs  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 @s;qmBX4  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 o Kfm=TbY  
]J7.d$7T  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. =%V(n{7=  
   A     B      C    D    \4OX]{  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ix]t>2r  
^5 sO;vf  
f?A1=lm~  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific "?UBW5nM#  
             A     B    X]OVc<F  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 &{c.JDO  
     C         GF-\WD  
  miles in width. 8=U0\<wT  
     D  AsW!GdIN  
分析:倒装句,are改为is 54%@q[-  
[Q2"OG@Q  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and Nf<mgOAT1  
   A    B       C         /RzL,~]  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film x$;I E  
                    D ;5bzXW#U  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. fvDt_g9oI  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 z Mf .  
Is $I;`  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 #ONad0T;  
fifty percent of + 名词 5 DEK`#*  
one percent of + 名词 O#g'4 S  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: #MyR:V*a  
  one percent of my students + are T5g}z5~"  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. i*We kr3Wo  
wMB. p2  
这里要强调两个结构 1gwnG&  
half of =fifty percent H <|ilL'fX  
most of + 可数名词 + are `5V=U9zdE  
most of + 不可数名词+ is 8T7E.guYr  
D+Ke)- /  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been ,dTRM  
   A       B         C   )]/gu\90  
  found in central and eastern Canada. ETw7/S${  
           D G234UjN%  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 _.9):i2<SF  
6`>WO_<z  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized h%9> js^~  
                 A   B  yJCqP=  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. u3"0K['3  
              C     D 1G0U}-6RH  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 x)Y?kVw21"  
#Jm Vq-)  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 O_zW/#  
①、主要考察时间状语 \~sc6ho  
DChqcdx~~  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 7# ~v<M6  
   A        B  C     D WrA!'I  
"!ZQ`yl  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was :y/1Jf'2f  
#\|Ac*>  
 n[vwwY  
②、For和since的区别 I~^t\iujs  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 DFgQ1:6[  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 Dq [ f  
  I has been a teacher for three years. L}~"R/iWCT  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. rr@h9bak;g  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 (yx^zW7  
q9e(YX>  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 1^f7  
   A      B              * ~D|M  
  the primary responsibility of the president. N)I9NM[  
     C    D x0KW\<k  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 @ 0'j;")XV  
lm;Dy*|<  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of B\73 Vf  
             A  B  C   i/C`]1R/  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. \aN*x  
            D `!udU, |N  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 AV>_ bw.  
L">\c5ca  
fT2F$U  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  xekU2u}WE  
   A       B        C     D o=nF.y  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live tD~ n PbbB  
t/wo G9N  
(三) 谓语的语态 aw923wEi  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 w;{=  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: 57K\sT4[  
①、prove fTOGW`s^  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 /szwVA  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ;e"dxAUe!^  
'8yCwk  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming q^DQ9B  
                      A   : 5X^t  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be dC<2%y  
    B                  C TE5J @I  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. LPeVr^  
                  D iG ,z3/~v  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 _ P` ^B  
<t&Qa~mA  
cy(4g-b]@e  
②、Locate,Situate B k*Rz4Oa  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 jL7r1pu5  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 `6P2+wf1j~  
这两个词也可以用作被动 R.\]JvqO  
  My school was located near the river. z1^3~U$}  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 8OMMV,QF  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. vGnFX0?h  
   (A)locates  0R,.  
   (B)locating s f.z(o  
   (C)to locate |)C #  
   (D)is located !' 0PM[  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 gt9(5p  
NM9,AG  
③、表示需要概念的动词 {;|pcx\L6~  
need, want, require等 D59q/@  
ZWni5uF-c  
My watch needed repairing ts% n tnvI  
My watch needed to be repaired. m] yUcj{F  
U)M&AYb  
④、表示人的情感的动词 lcLDCt ?  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 t Davp:M1v  
,zuS)?  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 $e2+O\.>  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 B9Mp3[   
=''WA:,=h  
主动和被动技巧总结: Qv`: E   
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 MkHkM  
*~YdL7f)J  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the t%G.i@{pkp  
                 A      )o~/yB7  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, ~1E!Co  
                 B :?j=MV  
  power structures, and flood-control works along nW*cqM%+  
                    C pg!MtuC}  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. B=;kC#Emtf  
                D kYWnaY ^F  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 \NMqlxp2  
9-V'U\}L  
四、非谓语动词 @87Y/_l  
#rF`Hk:  
(一) 分词 N*hV/"joZ  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 *r[V[9+y-D  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 DQ3 L=  
S9r?= K  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then W7'<Jom|?  
   A 99`w'Nlk  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. mv#hy  
     B      C            D 37kVJQcA1  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning hSw=Oq82  
~-6_-Y|  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 vpf.0!zh  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in $pAJ$0=sw  
      A               B   U;WwEta ]  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. \QC{38}  
               C         D -e}(\  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living J,)ytw]  
x55W"q7  
_~;%zFX  
一些动词后面必须用doing 7@>/O)>(AS  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 fn,hP_  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, B7[d^Y60B  
 advocate, suggest bA,Zfsr6#  
 delay, quit X*@ tp,t  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, Pb>/b\&JS  
 avoid, escape(逃避) 64mEZ_kG,  
 spend+名词+doing; z,ERq,g+L  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Nz.X$zUmY  
5Y^"&h[ /  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their FMeBsI9pL  
   A     B    C              D u-,}ug|  
  crops. aH{)|?  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 J??AU0 vh  
9/{zS3h3  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, `8W HVC$  
               A        B [z2UfHpt~  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. Kus=.(  
        C          D 0GrM:Lh y  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing c**&,aL  
WM ?a1j  
(二) 不定式 `L`+`B  
A. 动词不定式的省略 zZCRej  
①、help后面可以省略to `T[@-   
  help to do Mz6(M,hkq  
  help sb. to do Z)W8Of_  
1}DA| !~  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid oM~y8O  
              A      B   B]"`}jn  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. TR0y4u[  
         C     D /=/ Ki%hh  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 R}=5:)%w  
8~o']B;lJ  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 C.92FiC  
  make, H>EM3cFU  
  let, SU~a()"  
  have sb. do sth yQ[;y~W  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. /IUu-/ D  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians c 3QgX4vq  
        A               B 1XSnnkJm  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. ?J\&yJ_B  
   C     D Q4"\k. ?  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ^ F]hW  
r<+C,h;aww  
③、感官动词 2!/Kt O)i^  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe lhN@ ,q  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 K|7"YNohfG  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 ,&t+D-s<f  
x4'@U<  
b& z#ZY  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Uk?G1]$mL  
(1)表示第一人 XQ]K,# i  
the first woman to do sth. OM\J4"YV$  
~R!1{8HP  
(2)表示迫使的动词 l76=6Vtb  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do #aP#r4$  
_gT65G~z  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis o^"+X7)  
     A                 B    g&Vhu8kNIA  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 7OV^>"S  
       C           D ;p(h!4E  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 ')uYI;h9  
HGQ</5Z  
FZe/3sY  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 :5t4KcQ  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 !7N:cx'Qy  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 NdXHpq;  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 8?yIixhw  
  be apt to do O =Z}DGa+  
dfDjOZSL  
(4)表示目的的名词, jl,gqMn"V  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 HsCL%$k  
固定的句式: O=0p}{3l  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. L AQ@y-K3  
the objective 目标 Wg-mJu(  
aim k<9,Ypa  
goal _}l(i1o,/  
reason理由 X|of87  
function功能 ?%O>]s  
intension意图 0Wr<l%M)+  
(}A$4?  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing '}OdF*L  
                       A  Hv/C40uM-  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. x ytrd.  
           B          C     D i$Y#7^l%k  
分析:the function to provide, A错 &CG 94  
@2Z|\ojJ  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure Ac_P^  
                  A       +ai3   
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds UylIxd  
     B  (hc!!:N~q  
  that make up various components of a living cell. Ws2q/[\oz  
    C    D 5_^d3LOT0x  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 H1N@E}>|  
4 ]oe`yx  
(5) 其他同根名词 (B#FLoK  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 _S_,rTf&  
 attempt to do 企图 eaRa+ <#u  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 rJ /HIda  
 ambition, `I7s|9-=  
 be ambitious to do  <@J$hs9s  
 effort %|jS`kj  
=Uk #7U"P  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ,2AulX 1  
  A                    B   e1[ReZW  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. )Kx.v'  
          C       D {aE[h[=r  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 M^ * ~?9  
imOIO[<;  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great N[@ ~q~v  
  A                   B   d.}65{F,x  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. C6ql,hR^h`  
       C            D +[}y` -t  
分析:efforts to register, C错 tGOJ4 =  
%)V=)l.j  
t__f=QB/  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 xWLZlUHEu  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 B1X&O d  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. #8jiz+1 _  
W~H`{x%Av>  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 Q`i@['?p  
I am glad to see you. oDS7do  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. Bc!<!  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. {X?Aj >l  
9#[,{2pJr  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 n\9IRuYO  
It is difficult to decide. m 70r'b]  
R1JD{  
#Q2s3 "X[  
五、句子的结构 -s HX   
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 b!t[PShw^  
P}'B~ ~9W  
(一) 主语的重复 \<I&utn  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 `C_qqf  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any -[!t=qi  
          A      B      FVNTE +LW  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the E$_z BD%  
          C          D a /]FlT  
  League of Nations. 0fj C>AS  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 T5`ML'Dej  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson #6~KO7}  
/IcGJ&;  
w\[l4|g `  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are 7oZPb  
        A        B  ^EN )}:%Z  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. `]]5!U2  
    C         D l4mRNYv)z  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 nGX3_-U4  
d<Lc&wlP  
(二)谓语的重复 1mHS -oI9J  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 pC,Z=+:  
k|>yFc  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  L!Tvz(_7f6  
    A            B     7L:Eg  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. bD/ZKvg  
         C   D tKyGD|g S  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 Q "NZE  
A ?tna6W:  
(三)谓语的缺少 Mb"y{Fox  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body jLn#%Ia}  
          A     B    k$5l kP.  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. C}uzzG6s  
         C               D FS)# v  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 \7h>9}wGf  
J9t?;3  
(四)主句的重复 I *N v|HST  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ^B%ki  
y:Gn58\o  
i/C% 1<  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite E_'H=QN c  
      A         B        C   R#YeE`K  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. OqRRf   
     D !#%>,X#+  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 / ~".GZ&29  
RcJtVOrd  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow KkTE -$-  
        A   B       #Vmf 6  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. ~ a4Y8r  
      C    D ~uq010lMno  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 $nW9VMa  
U8NX%*oW  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided m3o -p   
   A                     B  g yV>k=B  
  names for towns, only George Washington &uc`w{,Zs  
      C NZZy^p&O  
  is remembered in the name of a state. Sx J0Y8#z  
          D X=1o$:7  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 __7}4mA  
六、比较级和最高级 ~@6l7 H6{  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 W 2[]m>;  
_()1 "5{  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 hQY`7m>L  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 'Nt)7U>oC9  
      A               z k}AGw  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. ilK*Xo  
     B       C           D iSoQ1#MP)2  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 vOz1& |;D  
[mjie1j/<  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 >w7KOVbN3  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. Xj{fM\,"9  
     A      B     C  D GrJLQO0$N  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 .1;UEb|T  
itirh"[  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere *IWW,@0  
     A       B     C   D <,GVrVH=t"  
  is the grizzly bear. m }HaJ  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 =c*l!."0  
F{a;=h#@Q  
>O24#!9XW  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 7pY :.iVO  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 O8bxd6xb  
J=$\-  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with <C(o0u&/  
   A           B  T{3nIF  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. YVDFcN9v  
   C                 D ;T WLo_  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 /IRXk[  
_,T 4DS6  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 %Rn*oV  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 9|}Pf_5]%[  
Yjjh}R#  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 [A,^ F0:h  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 rjK`t_(=  
the taller boy 4_=2|2Wz[  
X^ Is-[OvE  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 XhM!pSl\  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed s4"Os gP+  
          A            B @ps(3~?7  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is bu]"?bc  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. =otO@22Np  
    C          D 3@gsKtA&H4  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they O[C4xq  
RTm/-6[N  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 + GI906K  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, V9<`?[Usv  
  A  B         C     @m#OhERv  
  the Navajos form largest group. ai/|qYf  
         D *i]?J  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 cgMF?;V  
9RJF  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, Kgu8E:nL  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language (.ir"\k1(  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the u S1O-Q>  
3#>W\_FY*D  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many 43PLURay  
            A      B         C "B_3<RSL  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. 7 $e6H|j@  
            D C!VhVOy>d  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 K($l>PB,y@  
K oJ=0jM#  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the $a M5jH<  
例如:my best friends 0<uek  
Wo 1x ZZ  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial X7},|cmD_  
            A    B     C $4nAb^/  
  and banking center. =nhY;pY3u  
        D dHc\M|HCC  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ("9bV8:@B  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 .^Sgl o  
7IX8ck[D  
wFJf"@/vJ  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary ?QOU9"@+B  
                 A         } oPO`  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. V`Cy x^P  
    B   C     D DB/~Z  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 7Sx|n}a-3  
?jmP] MM  
七、平行结构 M@Th^yF+8H  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 5\+*ml  
Q|' f3\  
bA^uzE  
(一) 对等连接词 e"E8BU  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 #e' >9T  
单一式: and, or ,but K./qu^+k  
相关式: both…and, not … but, |N )Ik8  
     either …or, neither…nor J(7#yg%5  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as daE.y_9y  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, lvW T  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also YX$(Sc3.6  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, xl&@g)Jj  
O$*lPA[  
短语式: as well as D=e*rrL7a  
     rather than (而不是) }]x \ `}o  
     other than (除…之外) }Fe6L;^;  
     instead of (代替) ~; 9HG tg  
Z-iU7 O  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 +A}t_u3<  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  aI=p_+.h  
       A     B   ,P eR}E;c  
  but he is now living in Detroit. thjr1y.e  
       C   D 'RjEdLrI  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 wvv+~K9jq  
k2}DBVu1  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics %e iV^>  
       A         B %2QGbnt_*  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford @6;OF5VsQ  
  remained active in city and regional planning. B/a gW  
          C    D  m{IlRf'  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 `B %%2p&  
(二)平行的内容 F2N"aQ&  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 ~74Sq'j9Wt  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of 7-744wV}Z  
             A         B   5CI {&E  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, _Ewh:IM-  
         C            D KuR]X``2  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. cv'8_3  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 2S8;=x}/  
}U}zS@kI  
hK?GIbRZ  
第二、名词单复数的平行 a%%7Ew ?  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 f^p BXz9&=  
]it. R-  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, =xk>yw!O)  
  A     B          C   72l:[5ccR  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. j4X Vk@'OX  
                 D   #9GfMxH  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 vHi%UaD-y  
t|U5]$5  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, 3@~a)E}T  
                   A         B [RBSUOF  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. pA8bFtt  
      C          D |k}<Zz1UM  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have %bw+>:Tr  
An_(L*Qz  
第三、时态的平行 YP,,vcut  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated ! $JX3mP  
                A     C@a I*+@-"  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops .>W [  
                   B ;Z*rY?v  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. %oiF} >  
          C    D %U{6 `m  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 >vD}gGBe  
[W )%0lx  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- k[*9b:~  
  spread from its home in Central America and 3w^W6hN)  
  now grows throughout the tropics. h1S)B|~8  
   (A) to be    (B) it   b'pwRKpx  
   (C) the     (D) its y],op G6  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? = cRmaD  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow e!J5h <:  
B-g-T>8  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 'A|c\sy  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. (-yif&  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised \JPMGcL  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised OGcdv{ ,P  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 rOOo42Y W`  
 IZrcn  
第四、排列位置的平行 Lu^uY7 ?}  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. X.{xH D&_  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode z:S:[X 0  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes   ,7:GLkj  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes {;Hg1=cm  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes l`~$cK!  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 rXmrT%7k  
L [PqEN\i  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: q5Zu'-Cx@  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 Fep@VkN  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 47Vt8oyh%  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 #&uajo  
)J]NBE:8  
八、词序的颠倒 BO}IN#  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 ?r =`Kl  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 /Gnt.%y&  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage JK,^:tgm  
              A    B        [Cd#<Te3  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. n[y=DdiKGS  
      C       D    &OFVqm^  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 7#"y mE  
D]d! lMK/  
p\I3fI0i  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 U1 3Lsky%  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only -mO<(wfV>  
          A      B     StR)O))I  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. IecD41%  
    C         D I _Z? 'M  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 gzK/l:  
ku57<kb  
1IgTJ" \  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 L kafB2y  
4`5W] J]6  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were  j AoI`J  
          A   B     C   \p\p~FVS  
  in what is now the United States. <Qbqxw  
    D u ?F},VL;  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 O d6'bO;G  
T z:,l$  
所有的系动词分为三大类: _MQh<,Z8  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, d]_].D$  
    is, remain, keep, stay, j$u  
    lie, exit(表示位于) 4*n1Xu 7^x  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 f/kYm\Zc  
    become, turn, grow, ,o `tRh<  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 55y}t%5  
0ly6  |:  
第三种,感官动词 MD 0d  
    seem(好像是) d n%'bt  
    look(看起来好像是) _ s=<Y^l%x  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste |e+r~).4B  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 *|+$7j  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe L]X Lv9J0  
    A               B     6!U~dt#a  
   to cause numerous deaths. ! OVi\v 'm  
        C   D  rd(-2,$4  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 xy)W_~Mk  
JV;VR9-l  
九、词性的混用 p8CaD4bE  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 $reQdN=~  
Ko0T[TNkh  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 pL.~z  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; WK SWOSJ  
`1 Tg8  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high Nc(A5*  
          A        B      Vx n-  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and _2})URU< S  
              C 2ZxZ2?.uJ  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. HM\}C.u  
          D ?zXlLud8  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) *ul-D42!U  
y$|O E%S  
H//,qxDc  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 `LWbL*;Y0  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 I]~UOl  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds pWGIA6&v(  
         A       B      LC/%AbM  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to *_uGzGB&G  
          C        XCO;t_%  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. -fx$)d~  
            D ]u >~:  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 )9rJ]D ^B  
mLeK7?GL  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, 2MKB (;k  
            A       K~\Ocl  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of DIc -"5~  
      B      C k`,> 52  
   urban Black people in the United States. 2o`L^^  
   D Al}%r85  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 A!`Q[%$  
)L7h:%h#  
i}LVBx"K(  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 m3Rss~l  
表示时间有两种可能, n]WVT@  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 E$E #c8I:  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, .|3&lb6  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 A]s|"Pav,  
agPTY{;  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence a.s5>:Ct  
       A     B     .d%CD`8!  
  were made while the American Civil War. rW0-XLbL5H  
   C    D &BJ"T  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 7F wo t&  
CR'1,  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the 77p8|63  
   A      B           C    pK@8= +  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. jB%aHUF;  
          D UrEfFtH'  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 PFPZ]XI%F  
1gDsL  
[$%O-_x  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 qO}Q4a+  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 J'Y;j^  
) i=.x+Q  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social ])NQzgS  
                   A     o0:RsODl  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. $irF  
     B   C    D `ehcj G1nY  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 :"I!$_E'  
X6SWcJtSw  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples /V$U%0  
   A        B   C      Y2Y)|<FH  
  easily under the stress of compression. |58xR.S'g  
   D /m CE=  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 =WM^i86  
6g&Ev'  
$u P'>  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 ,v$Q:n|  
=C 7WQ  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine +Fa!<txn  
    A         B u4vyj# V  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. T1#r>3c\  
          C            D Bvsxn5z+:  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 lgQ"K(zY  
~EtwX YkRZ  
]+A%3 7  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, #.j}:  
         A 7m:ZG  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. D1R$s*{  
   B      C      D ^xm%~   
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 3t9Weo)  
~sT1J|  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 ACOn}yH  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; ->L>`<7(  
two hundred diligent students
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