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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 zLc.4k  
一、代词 N5#qox$D  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 d%Jl9!u  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 iaQ[}'6!$  
  主格、宾格、所有格 p/ pVMR  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) x=Qy{eIe  
w5gN8ZF3  
(二) 反身代词 91r9RG>  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 EXH{3E54)`  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) Qh%/{6(u  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) iC?s`c0B  
DalQ.   
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  ~QFD ^SoK  
    A                 B    3H%R`ha  
  a series of indicators that could help >"jV8%!sM  
             C      O_K@\<;~  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. \#1!qeF  
    D "h_]it};C  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 Fkuq'C< |Y  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 Hj |~*kG  
8A"[n>931  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 aO.'(kk8  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 OHssUt  
)b m|],'  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies ?=jmyDXH!  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the =x> z|1  
     A   B      C          D r /HKxXT  
  Pacific. L$zT`1Hy  
l~Kn-S{  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 , M/-lW  
2n?\tOm(V  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 IE$x2==)  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: ZB:Fjq  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 j$T2ff6  
WEqHL,Uh]  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined L'6_~I  
                       A   D4s*J21)D  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and yZHQql%J O  
             B |O\(<n S  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. $ 8_t.~q  
   C       D 4S  2I]d  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 ?XsL4HI x  
L}nj#z4g  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important lcJ`OLG  
        A     vMzR3@4e  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John I-kM~q_  
   B        C      zVxiCyU  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  dLD"Cx  
      D aP8Im1<A  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. `C=!8q  
9`dQ7z.8t  
LN?T$H  
(四) Who和which的区别 }O2hhh_  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 IAnY+= ^  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 8f,jC+(  
bT[Q:#GL  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 5PKv@Mk  
              A            B Se"\PxBR  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. !\ y_ik  
   C                  D Q ;m .m2  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 t=XiSj\n  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 DbPw) aCj  
b ";#qVv C  
(五) that和which的区别 #A:I|Q1$g  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 .a=M@; p  
eqeVz`  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it )KXLL;]  
              A        B Esw&ScBOP  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. a2dF(H  
      C              D (~}l?k  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 He#+zE ;  
Q=e?G300#L  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 'QCvN  b6  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, Ao{wd1  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 3XL0Pm  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. CXUNdB  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which !Toq~,a8?  
y;<jE.7>  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly z W+wtYV4  
              A         B   /&kZ)XOi  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. :+E>Uz T  
         C      D _;'}P2&Q  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 /x$jd )C  
/3Se*"u  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  0Fbq/63  
  affected the way people in the United States----. UKX'A)$  
   (A) living and working [;|g2\  
   (B) they live and work UK _2i(I"e  
   (C) live and work z#,?*v  
   (D) to live and to work &m Y<e4  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。  #lJF$  
g1&GX(4[  
二、介词 -Ep-v4}  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 ](T*f'LN  
&3u* zV$  
(一) 介词搭配 V]vk9M2q[l  
;| \Ojuf  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those  ?+5K2Zk  
    A         B   C      0D.YO<PU  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. i(U*<1y  
                D { 0Leua  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 b,SY(Ce~g  
%PkJ7-/b|^  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. a<vCAFQ  
A       B     C  D nnr(\r~  
分析:B错改为be rich in h?$4\^/  
m _:ib}  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the vk[Km[(U'  
    A         B      C 2abWIw4  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. BJ{mX>I(  
             D 53l9s <bOQ  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 K3\U'bRO  
uFECfh  
Soop)e   
(二) 最重要的两个介词 A:;KU  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 ]LP&v3  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. >gVR5 o  
          A      B  C     D *+ Q,b^N  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 "CLd_H*)c  
Zx`hutCv  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has tR2IjvmsX  
                 A  B     ^#"!uCq]gM  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on _>&zhw2  
      C qY0GeE>N  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. N5oao'7|A  
      D KZ<zsHX8H  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 5z#>>|1>#  
Y MJjO0  
2、介词by tQUp1i{j\  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by WFLT[j!1  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing }R.cqk\qa^  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States |4 wVWJ7   
    A         B       KVqQOh'_T  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. %.[GR  
   C     D | \Qr cf  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 spn1Ji  
*gZ4Ub|O  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils xOD;pRZQ  
   A                      W^al`lg+y  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to ^=Up U B  
     B    C       D Z.VVY\  
   supply moccasins and field rations. [nYwJ  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 J&Le*R'  
'du:Bxl`d4  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with bxEb2D  
        A                bg[q8IBCd  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements UHweV:(|T  
        B          C   rN} {v}n  
  that are often represented at symbols. 0(- 'L\<>x  
              D Q_LPLmM  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 =^=9z'u"=  
三、谓语动词 )" |g&=  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 u[PO'6Kzd  
①、主谓分割原则 ]@M$.msg@  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, z`5+BL,|ND  
     A     g :e|  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ~"brfjd|  
        B      C      D >0:h(,?V  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 $U"/.Mh\  
"uqa~R{  
②、与后者一致原则 u ldea)  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, VLu_SXlo*  
not only…but also duV|'ntr  
pShSK Rg  
cd*y{Wt  
③、与前者一致原则 Af ^6  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, =<O{  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 ,N <;!6e  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and cV)fe`Gg  
     A      B  C     E=s Bcb/v  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. _6^vxlF  
         D L.l%EcW=,  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is +7N6]pK|"  
T* -*U /  
④、就近原则  @*%Q,$  
or, either…or, neither…nor, CHN!o9f  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are `k^ i#Nc>  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is Y@M=6G  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 ^ylJ_lN&=1  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 B~u{Lv TE  
3f eI   
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are pWbzBgM?nU  
        A      B        E J q=MP  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. K]N^6ome  
    C              D QbxjfW"/+  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 hY-;Wfg  
uC 5mxZ  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 1g2%f9G  
There are five apples that are red. )1~4Tl,S  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 vb{& T<  
Rk2ZdNc\  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets ehO F@IA_  
      A            zu*0uL  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. l \xIGs  
   B   C    D 8kH'ai  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 AN$}%t"  
}Jjq ]lW  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 N#Qby4w >  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. xO"5bj  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 czdNqk.kh  
PX\}lTJ  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 Rj^bZ%t  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: XHlPjw  
a. there be 句型 v;?t=}NwF  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 pjIXZ=  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 7 82NiVed  
&q``CCOF&  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 7KuTC%7  
   A     B      C    D    Zo-s_6uC  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is Uu }ai."iB  
<`H:Am`  
&P[eA u  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 1wE~dpnx  
             A     B    }4A+J"M4y  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 +)L 'qbCSM  
     C         M2my>  
  miles in width. .CQ IN]iD  
     D  1UyI.U]  
分析:倒装句,are改为is IUbYw ~f3  
X/2Xr(z"k  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and ,K3)f.ArYc  
   A    B       C         5s;HF |2x  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film 2@uo2]o)  
                    D Mf/zSQk+  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. 0K@s_ C=n#  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 h+t{z"Ic=  
5~aSkg,MD  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 \iSa xwU_  
fifty percent of + 名词 L*D-RYW  
one percent of + 名词 C;G~_if4PR  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 6b6}HO  
  one percent of my students + are T% Kj >-  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. d]0fgwwGC  
QVb @/  
这里要强调两个结构 "_}Hzpy5k  
half of =fifty percent  Q.DtC  
most of + 可数名词 + are '7u#uL,pa1  
most of + 不可数名词+ is $X WJxQRUv  
0p*(<8D}  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been C.}Z5BwS  
   A       B         C   1Xu\Tm\Ux  
  found in central and eastern Canada. :@`Ll;G  
           D >C*q  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ALiA+k N  
z5=&qo|f9l  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized 15)=>=1mR.  
                 A   B  I8Y[d$z  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. yCf*ts1  
              C     D BikmA a  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 QDzFl1\P  
P2_JS]>  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 S_y!4;]ox  
①、主要考察时间状语 |z<E%`u%  
NFDi2L>Ba  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. d?$ FAy'o5  
   A        B  C     D 17a'C  
:K#'?tH  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was '&I.w p`^  
?}D@{%O3T  
|O%`-2p]p  
②、For和since的区别 ssoIC  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 &y[Od{=  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 Hq?-e?Nc  
  I has been a teacher for three years.  5%mc|  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. lM3UjR|@  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 I0h/x5  
oP$NTy[  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became < S:SIaf0  
   A      B              -fI-d1@  
  the primary responsibility of the president. gI~R u8  
     C    D _Y4%Fv>@  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 ypM0}pdvTp  
 )`!i"  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of cT'D2Yeq  
             A  B  C   EtjN :p|$  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. IGeXj%e  
            D nsQx\Tnhx  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 CvW*/d q  
_&_#uV<WG0  
Z& e_yl  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  $TyV< G  
   A       B        C     D ln-+=jk  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live 2fM*6CaS  
@iWql*K;m  
(三) 谓语的语态 5TqB&GP0  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 )F Q '^  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: N=]2vyh  
①、prove atR WKsY<  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 \ws<W 7  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; ,) ^4H>~V  
[}Vne;V  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming 4n_f7'GZg  
                      A   &~Qi+b0!  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be c `C /U7j  
    B                  C { ,61V;Bpm  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked.  0IO#h{t  
                  D 4d~Sn81xW  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 `IL''eJug_  
F)rU* i7  
3 .,O7 k7y  
②、Locate,Situate Gzy"$t  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 &!7{2E\7C  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 #;,dk(URo  
这两个词也可以用作被动 Qv=F'  
  My school was located near the river. CJ0{>?  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 y!JZWq%=  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. DMO8~5  
   (A)locates =To}yJ#  
   (B)locating h2M>4c  
   (C)to locate 2eNA#^T=  
   (D)is located 1C) l) pV  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 o9&&u1`M/  
-UD^O*U  
③、表示需要概念的动词 UOh % "h  
need, want, require等 CF"u8yE  
L O)&|9xw  
My watch needed repairing  0Bbno9Yp  
My watch needed to be repaired. PU| X+V>  
7Uy49cs,  
④、表示人的情感的动词 X'BFR]c m  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 ibe#Y  
-1^dOG6*  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 C9+`sFau@  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 )q xZHV  
f;";P  
主动和被动技巧总结: osB8 '\GR  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 +-8S,Rg@   
?"23XKe  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the 0xv@l^B  
                 A      iIZDtZFF  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, WKjE^u  
                 B Rn] `_[)*~  
  power structures, and flood-control works along `R\aNgCS}  
                    C G.ag$KF  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. bU3e*Er  
                D 7t8[M(  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 I.V?O}   
a!OS2Tz:  
四、非谓语动词 a?635*9K  
>j&+mii  
(一) 分词 m6'VM W  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 2;!,:bFb  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 OHEl.p]|  
uL.)+E  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then pb>TUKvT&  
   A cM' \u~m{  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. ly!vbpE_  
     B      C            D %Y0,ww2  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning m {dXN=  
xEULV4Qw  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 MM+x}g.?  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in H%`$@U>  
      A               B   G=1&:nW'  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. D9hV`fA  
               C         D F_<n8U:Y  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living %A]?5J)Bi  
-^R6U~  
eUY/H1  
一些动词后面必须用doing ~2HlAU))<&  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 b8QQS#q)V  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, d*}dM "  
 advocate, suggest =sp5.-r  
 delay, quit [osIQ!u;:  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, _S$ SL%;\  
 avoid, escape(逃避) +n'-%?LD&  
 spend+名词+doing; <6!;mb ;cX  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing h?8I`Z)h  
aa-{,X "MF  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their ryC7O'j_P  
   A     B    C              D KxA ^?,t[  
  crops. B_kjy=]O.  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 /s/\5-U7q  
6d# 7  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, .kl.awT  
               A        B uV|%idC  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. -;1nv:7Z3  
        C          D ],W/IDv  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing 'joc8o sS  
]ChGi[B~9  
(二) 不定式 ?D\6@G:,#@  
A. 动词不定式的省略 lihV! 1  
①、help后面可以省略to E!s?amM4  
  help to do ##\ <mFE  
  help sb. to do U+4W9zhw o  
K(: _52rt  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid ^*$lCUv8p  
              A      B   I'%\ E,  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. n>o0PtGxC  
         C     D 1y{@fg~..  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 Y CBcyE}p  
9aa cW  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 &OXWD]5$6  
  make, !l7D1i~  
  let, V."qxKsz  
  have sb. do sth .wPu #*  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. %"gV >E_u  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians o_#F,gze)S  
        A               B vw'BKi F  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. FWb`F&  
   C     D (oG-h"^/  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know cg| C S?  
LvcGh  
③、感官动词 >&-" X# :  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe rP<S =eb  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 pN-c9n4#j  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 qCUn. mI  
Ed ,O>(  
,f3Ck*M  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法  1cvH  
(1)表示第一人 /t;Kn m  
the first woman to do sth. >ZjGs8&  
>SSRwYIN  
(2)表示迫使的动词 /2jw]ekQ'  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do d2=Z=udd  
4.o[:5'  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis U|YIu!^  
     A                 B    lRr={ >s  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. ry[NR$L/m  
       C           D qR>"r"Fq  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 =0gfGwD{  
-< RG'I~  
[;*Vm0>t  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 |d0,54!  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 mO~A}/je  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 iTpU4 Qsj  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 :f|X$> b  
  be apt to do 1}>uY  
}ki}J>j|f  
(4)表示目的的名词, >~)IsQ*%  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 du0]LiHV  
固定的句式: ^V5g[XL2  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. yD n8{uI  
the objective 目标 $Afw]F$  
aim B6hd*f  
goal ^+)q@{\8Y  
reason理由 )VoQ/ch<  
function功能 wn-{V kpm  
intension意图 .)Af&+KT  
~3F\7%Iqc  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing }?vVJm'  
                       A  v@KP~kp  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. ( 8}'JvSu  
           B          C     D -'jPue2\  
分析:the function to provide, A错 w6w'Jx  
{ 95u^S=  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure +&:?*(?Q  
                  A       .xIu  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds b}OOG  
     B  LtDQgel"  
  that make up various components of a living cell. _ o-lNt+  
    C    D m=7Z8@sX},  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 eJm7}\/6`  
RaNz)]+7`  
(5) 其他同根名词 6QC=:_M;  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 3>I   
 attempt to do 企图 0-9.u`)#yu  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 D]UqM<0Rz  
 ambition, P4~=_Hh  
 be ambitious to do  & K*x[  
 effort hDf|9}/UQd  
nHB=*Mj DV  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation Wveba)"$  
  A                    B   /#,3JU$w  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. G\U'_G>  
          C       D eyiGe1^C  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 UI,i2<&  
{MaFv  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great =`l).GnN2`  
  A                   B   ,z1fiq  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. ,VM)ZK=Tr  
       C            D !w[io;  
分析:efforts to register, C错 -p:X]Ov  
> WsRCBA  
0K&\5xXM  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 l-N4RCt h  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 sPee" 9%,  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. g`skmHS89  
{[&_)AW6m%  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 Wy'H4Rg8  
I am glad to see you. 1f"LAs`%  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. +P&;cCV`S3  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. #\[((y:q  
l&z)Q/>?pZ  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 5 E%dF9q  
It is difficult to decide. ?}N@bsl08w  
<V3N!H_d  
@CSTp6{y  
五、句子的结构 ZjE!? '(ef  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 amL8yb  
Q &Rj)1!  
(一) 主语的重复 s ^/<6kwO  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 uM8YY[b  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any FuZ7xM,  
          A      B      p2|BbC\N  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the TB]B l.  
          C          D N{ ]|!#  
  League of Nations. QES[/i +  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 y7 I')}SC  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson C ^@~  
"RG.27  
< t{T]i+  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are zS*X9|p  
        A        B  2WjQ-mM#  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. MorR&K  
    C         D p;!'5 f  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 Bv^{|w  
PrIS L[@  
(二)谓语的重复 .[1"Med J  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 #Nt? 4T<  
af]&3(33  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  V4GcW|P4y  
    A            B    5$Yt@8;  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. & p 1Et  
         C   D I=VPw5"E  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 %C%~f {4  
FO{K=9O  
(三)谓语的缺少 NTk"W!<Cl2  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body *yqEl O  
          A     B    DfFsCTu  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. Qo{Ez^q@J  
         C               D d18%zY>  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 9l?#ZuGXp  
B:=*lU.n  
(四)主句的重复 m!s/L,iJJ  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 83UIH0(  
'vT XR_D  
\?-`?QPux  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite ajuwP1I  
      A         B        C   Z |uII#lq  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. /#M|)V*wn  
     D le%_[/_I|  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 D}l^ow  
}tT"vCu  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow [G^ir  
        A   B       Q_'3}:4  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. 0"$Ui#r`  
      C    D |a#4  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 Sc;WraEn2  
r*<)QP^B~  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided x|G# oG)_  
   A                     B  2xH9O{  
  names for towns, only George Washington Pp1HOJYJp0  
      C MK 7S*N1  
  is remembered in the name of a state. oop''6`C%  
          D Bo8+ uRF|  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。   ] L4B  
六、比较级和最高级 XX",&cp02V  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 RG|]K t8  
iy Zs:4jkc  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 ipnvw4+  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which ma>{((N  
      A               )s(J8J[b*L  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. Z3Os9X9p  
     B       C           D $}r*WZ  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 fD#|C~:=  
cAIMt]_  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 9'C kV[  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. )e|Cd} 2  
     A      B     C  D FW(y#Fmqs  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 1tU}}l  
#~%tdmGuL  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere T (]  
     A       B     C   D {;]:}nA  
  is the grizzly bear. 7$x~}*u  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 [R-4e; SRh  
5f PYtVm  
My0h 9'K  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 ^%wj6  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 [4sI<aH  
,A9pj k'  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with VQV7W  
   A           B  ork/:y9*y  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. U .~, Bwb  
   C                 D ]8KAat~J  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 )[Bwr bn  
eW#U<x%P  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 Z<6xQTx  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as b}4k-hZL  
3>q UYxG8  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 2)]C'  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 TtEc~m  
the taller boy ?F'gh4  
<r]7xsr  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 /'?Fz*b  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed z5I HcZ  
          A            B un0t zz  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is 6J0HaL  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. 6#VG,'e3  
    C          D %:^,7 .H@  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they vr5 6 f1  
H pXMPHd  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 iA*Z4FKkT  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, Rro|P_  
  A  B         C     @>f]0,"(  
  the Navajos form largest group. 0-cqux2U  
         D 5 zG6V2  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 = aSHb[hO  
_l]`Og@Y  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, > kOca  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 3n9$qr= '  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the NhQIpzL)  
X&DuX %x0  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many G3&ES3L  
            A      B         C +:1ay ^YI  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. \W;~[-"#  
            D ElAJR4'{*i  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 J411bIxD+q  
3=~"<f l  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the 0?l|A1I%   
例如:my best friends H4 Y7p  
)a,-Hc:Vz  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial !3Fj`Oh  
            A    B     C */xI#G,O+  
  and banking center. 9oS\{[x.  
        D 3P Twpq1  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 0X+Jj/-ge  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 6,M>'s,N  
#G{}Rd|!  
wE3^6  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary K,tmh1  
                 A         ;+K:^*oJ  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. gwQL9 UYx  
    B   C     D 7>xxur&  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 mn\e(WoX  
',8]vWsl  
七、平行结构 $f>Mz|j  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 u(02{V  
/a17B  
s2g}IZ fo  
(一) 对等连接词 +^<CJNDL9  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 )z3mS2  
单一式: and, or ,but :Y y+%  
相关式: both…and, not … but, N::_JH? ^=  
     either …or, neither…nor !l~tBJr*sB  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as )=9\6zXS  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, *kgbcUf8  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also .Xo, BEjE/  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, s \#kqw\x  
(rt DT  
短语式: as well as j9%u&  
     rather than (而不是) rj$u_y3S*  
     other than (除…之外) )H S|pS:  
     instead of (代替) R_uA!MoLs  
{i~qm4+o  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 P\iw[m7O  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  :~:(49l  
       A     B   +%eMm.(  
  but he is now living in Detroit. >2Al+m<w  
       C   D !rb)Y;WQt  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 {4CkF \  
>~TLgq*  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics ]5x N^7_!j  
       A         B o?$D09j;;  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford V.'EP  
  remained active in city and regional planning. | g> K$m^  
          C    D  r&0v,WSp&S  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 7 -gt V#  
(二)平行的内容 J.?6a:#bU/  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 t=iy40_T  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of O9=vz%  
             A         B   n8A*Y3~R  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, >\^:xx Tf  
         C            D (Pin9^`ALc  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. d;:+Xd `  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 DWHl,w;[z`  
+x-n,!(  
Ts|&_|  
第二、名词单复数的平行 4ZQX YwfC|  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 fwf]1@#   
 PZf^r  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, 2y,NT|jp  
  A     B          C   J ;i/X;^  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. -_%n\#  
                 D   W _yVVr  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 U:#9!J?41  
(4>k+ H  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, :p=IZY  
                   A         B Qi w "x,  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. SH<Nt[8C  
      C          D +K; X$kB  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have qI) Yzc/  
|bO}|X  
第三、时态的平行 p3\F1](Z  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated i?A4uyYwS  
                A     k,0JW=Vh>|  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops 5WP) na6"  
                   B b=wc-n A  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. GW]Ygf1t  
          C    D SYw>P1  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 :,fs' !  
1Vp[' &  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- bsmZR(EnU  
  spread from its home in Central America and @v2_gjRe  
  now grows throughout the tropics. ]KA|};>ow  
   (A) to be    (B) it   f2`[ skNj  
   (C) the     (D) its uv%T0JA/  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? ?R(fxx  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow ]t=m  
,gVA^]eDh  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- @a'Rn  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. H!y1&   
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised 'P0:1">  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised [i== Tp  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 F/ tGk9v  
^":UkPFCx:  
第四、排列位置的平行 xA& tVQ2!  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. 6 6(|3DX  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode *39Y1+=)$$  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  vO`~rUA  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes U>H"N1  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes LUc!a4i"fO  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 P(a!I{A(  
Ngi] I#V z  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种:  O{R)0&  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 `d2 r5*<  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 " R!,5HQF;  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 mE=%+:o.  
lHerEv<ja  
八、词序的颠倒 1Bp?HyCR  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 6|:K1bI)  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 bWWZGl 9  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage ; l` us  
              A    B        iga.B  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. =hFIH\x  
      C       D    5QN~^  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 w_qX~d/  
o-i9 :AHs  
CGw,RNV  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 qQjd@J}^  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only 0OCmyy  
          A      B     xnP@ h  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. = sZ58xA  
    C         D rf?%- X(V  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 Xna58KF/  
.w,$ TezGP  
=$mPReA3v  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 8ShIn@|32  
ba-4V8w  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were U45kA\[bZ  
          A   B     C   2$r8^}Nj?  
  in what is now the United States. r)S:-wP  
    D L:j3  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 :A7\eN5  
|PtfG2Ty?  
所有的系动词分为三大类: rjK]zD9  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, 36e  
    is, remain, keep, stay, TB}6iIe  
    lie, exit(表示位于) @eJ6UML"  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 p<[MU4  
    become, turn, grow, Vx z`  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) E/V_gci  
`^ZhxFX  
第三种,感官动词 O!!N@Q2g  
    seem(好像是) xv"v='  
    look(看起来好像是) NX4G;+6  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste ! \VzX  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 ]"/SU6# 4:  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe ayI<-s-  
    A               B     )S ZzA'  
   to cause numerous deaths. EHy15RL  
        C   D  !(Ymc_s  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 7Kf  
oam$9 q  
九、词性的混用 0!-'4+"  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 E{0e5.{  
+ -uQ] ^n  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 5,-g^o7  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; yAAV,?:o[  
uI$n7\G!  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high DKJ_g.]X  
          A        B      Nw9@E R  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and OK)>QGl  
              C #|K{txC   
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. \=D+7'3  
          D >?1GJ5]\s  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) O:sqm n  
cRH(@b Xr  
<THw l/a  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 dG7d}0O u'  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 ;O1jf4y  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds #8sy QWlG  
         A       B      r95 ,X!  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to Auc&dpW  
          C        `v@Z|rv,  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. TE;f*!  
            D !zt>& t  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 J90:c@O"w  
|||m 5(`S  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, wh8;:<|  
            A       bDIhI}P  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of p#Po?  
      B      C n $N M  
   urban Black people in the United States. ygV_"=+|N  
   D 0FE_><e  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 6w?  GeJ  
~:k r;n2  
'v^shGI%Ht  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 c%O97J.5b  
表示时间有两种可能, `n-/~7  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 N t]nwae>A  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, ~3Pp}eO~V  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 wSCI?  
]K8G}|Wy6  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence R\X;`ptT  
       A     B     ]l h=ZC  
  were made while the American Civil War. 8 %?MRRK  
   C    D zt9A-% \R  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 =O"l/\c^  
Pzd!"Gl9  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the ReD]M@;  
   A      B           C    yMM2us#*+q  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. ]8OmYU%6V  
          D /&G|.Cx  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 8-H:5E 4Y  
gBWr)R  
^~TE$i<   
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 ZybfqBTD&c  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 |7n%8JsY!"  
_,v?rFLE  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social -qvMMit%7  
                   A     X{i>Q_8>  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. R=48:XG3/K  
     B   C    D )+Z.J]$O-  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 SYQP7oG9oQ  
vA Z kT"  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples 90Sras>F  
   A        B   C      -$#2?/uqC  
  easily under the stress of compression. t>LSP$  
   D O[L#|_BnEO  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 ~,)D n  
I`jG  
%qE"A6j  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 VK,{Mu=.9  
9M1DE  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine Wlq3r#  
    A         B _\,lv \u  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. _*{Lha  
          C            D 9&Y|,&W  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 rK}sQ4z=  
c3 c3T`B  
ypemp=+(r  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, *wd=&Z^19  
         A m!^$_d\%~  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. gcO$T`  
   B      C      D <s|.2~  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 ,z`D}< 3  
%BMlc m7Ec  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 tu{paQ  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; f w)tWJVD  
two hundred diligent students
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