改错题常考要点 %
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一、代词 CLN+I'uX0
代词中主要讲解六个问题 9#rt:&xo0
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 \!H{Ks{#R.
主格、宾格、所有格 Dg2uE8k
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) @ls.&BHUP
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(二) 反身代词 HomN/wKh
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 &1Fply7(Ay
He killed himself. (他自杀了)
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He killed him. (他杀了他) 8D~x\!(p\
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating 9*}gl3y
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a series of indicators that could help TzM=LvA
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themselves to predict earthquakes. [Ox(.
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 d6.}.*7Whc
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 =!<G!^
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 ^
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在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 h<3p8eB
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies +1@AGJU3
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the xm^95}80yh
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Pacific. 9<cOYY
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 e@jfIF0=}
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 r_2btpL^
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: - ]Y wl
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 qrDcL>Hrn
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined `clB43i
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the word“normalcy”to express social and %h+uD^^$
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economic conditions they promised the nation. C1QWU5c v
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 =Ahw%`/&}]
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important rJ(OAKnY
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John {A3m+_8
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Keats, published the year of her death. 0<&M?^
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. Mi74Xl i
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(四) Who和which的区别 BKA]G)G7u!
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 EUZq$@uWL
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 J @B4
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who #!d]PH746
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. R3G@G
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 xjrlc9
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 stXda@y<p
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(五) that和which的区别 wlVvxX3%
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 sVoR?peQ
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it %uuH^ A
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. 2 `&<bt[g
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 Y)OBTX
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 2O
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Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, m&cvU>lC
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 5Hy3\_ +
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. ~oFh>9u
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which %`oHemSy
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly >KHp-|0pv
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. - p^'XL*Z
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 @Wz%KdXA
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has 19&)Yd1
affected the way people in the United States----. _'
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(A) living and working j%u8=
(B) they live and work OF-WUa4t
(C) live and work &L'6KEahR
(D) to live and to work e3pnk
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分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 H\d;QN9Q;
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二、介词 vgN@~Xa
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 v!KJ|c@m
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(一) 介词搭配 wO89&XZ<
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those s_S$7N`ocS
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. |lY`9-M`I
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 _V&x`ks
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. =~
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分析:B错改为be rich in !L/tLHk+
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the d
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. /K[]B]1NE
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 URk$}_39
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 X:DMT>5k
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 M *v^N]>"G
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. sFC
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 i:;$oT
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has 2UQN*_
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on [1e.i
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. g^qz&;R]
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 w' .'Yu6
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2、介词by 9+W!k^VWq
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by Q=^ktKMeR
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing ZBPd(;"x+
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States b!0'Qidh0
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. 4fZY8
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 6\%r6_.d
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils USlF+RY@3L
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to lp IteZw:
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supply moccasins and field rations. +8L(pMI4
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 nh _DEPMq
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with n$XMsl.>
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements
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that are often represented at symbols. p.6$w:eV
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 M Ak-=?t
三、谓语动词 MAm1w'ol"
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 (mD-FR@#
①、主谓分割原则 r[C3u[
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, tJ(c<:zD
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. l%-67(
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 .{'Uvn
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②、与后者一致原则 )A>U<n $h
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, :IP;FrcMP
not only…but also ~pX(w!^
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③、与前者一致原则 U5@TaGbx
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, iOX4Kl
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 {WM&
例:The athlete, together with his coach and `JY>v io
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. 5'{qEZs^QU
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is k#IS,NKE
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④、就近原则 Xn
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or, either…or, neither…nor, e GqvnNv
单数名词+or+复数名词+are lD;,I^Lt6
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is tLoD"/z
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 *$4A|EA V
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 `DWi4y7
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are Jegx[*O>b
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. LBbo.KxAe3
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 q _T?G e
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 3>@qQ_8%~
There are five apples that are red. 4MF}FS2)
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 wTMHoU*>
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets N`|Ab(.
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. 8)q]^
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 qY~$wVY(
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 M5ySs\O4
The rich are not always happier than the poor. x}8T[
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 T>uWf#&pjs
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 @IyH(J],h
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: TLL[F;uZ
a. there be 句型 {+UNjKQC
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 _]~
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b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 eS@!\Hx
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. Hb AMoow!
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is I.
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific `@.s!L(V
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 @Jn:!8U0
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分析:倒装句,are改为is 'hi\98y
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and =5=Vm[
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. [dF=1E>W_J
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 ]3y5b9DuW
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 *_K-T#
fifty percent of + 名词 ?*mbce[
one percent of + 名词 |mE+f]7$
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: <