改错题常考要点 (@?PN+68|
一、代词 P/FO, S-V
代词中主要讲解六个问题 F/w!4,'<?5
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 Iih~rWJ
主格、宾格、所有格 "-TIao#
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) <%Re!y@OL
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(二) 反身代词 T=2 91)@
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 ?<slB>8
He killed himself. (他自杀了) ]E)gMf
He killed him. (他杀了他) -K)P|'-?m
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating /Et:',D
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a series of indicators that could help #.%;U' #O
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themselves to predict earthquakes. :U<`iJwY
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 lG;sDR|)(
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 [ua{qJ9
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 b07 MTDFH7
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 X4Eq/q"
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies >+f
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that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the q=E<y
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Pacific. #Gs] u
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 hHdH#-O:4"
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 !["WnF{5eC
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Q5/".x^@
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 \
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 2RidI&?c<
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the word“normalcy”to express social and U*=ebZno
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economic conditions they promised the nation. > c?Z.of
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 Id(L}i(X
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 3Qfj=;
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John uMtq4.
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Keats, published the year of her death. hdp;/Qz&
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. =U!M,zw4
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(四) Who和which的区别 [*Nuw_l
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 9"KEHf!
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 <T+)~&g$
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ;tP-#Xf
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. 1WRQjT=o
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 9aFu51
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 Tz[ck'k
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(五) that和which的区别 m-4P*P$X
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 V}o`9R@tx}
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it O%L]*vIr
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. >7i&(6L
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 ,RjE?M%
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 viB'ul7o
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, .}!"J`{W
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when =?]H`T:
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. @yp#k>
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which -5vg"|ia,
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly vZMb/}-o
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. s^f7w
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 w5fVug/;P
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has &:Q^j:
affected the way people in the United States----. XhEZTg;
(A) living and working Wh).%K(t
(B) they live and work R!&9RvNw
(C) live and work [B~*88T
(D) to live and to work ;wGoEN
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 2{U5*\FhVX
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二、介词 (KG2
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介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 wrP3:!=
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(一) 介词搭配 &t)$5\r
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those \/XU v(
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. DpCe_Vb%M
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 tJe5`L
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. \jmT#Gt`9
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分析:B错改为be rich in &s#O iF8
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the `}:pUf
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. /+wCx#!
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 Z-j?N{3&
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 %)ri:Q q
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 dvE~EZcS
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. TO&^%d
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 wZ5k|5KtW
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has <S^Hy&MD>
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on WN $KS"b6}
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. `z^50Vh|
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 (M?VB*sm0
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2、介词by 5g`J}@"k
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by Sim$:5P
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing dy ~M5,zn
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 4j}.=u* X7
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. D;h JK-Y
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 E9 w"?_A)
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils _&N:%;9uD
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to P_P~c~o
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supply moccasins and field rations. hXD`OlX
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 b)>l7nOc
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with <'
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements *l@T
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that are often represented at symbols. z<s~`
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 vos-[$
三、谓语动词 b%X<'8z9Z
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 u$
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①、主谓分割原则 SbobXTbG
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, SwO8d;e
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. &!*p>
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 tbB.
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②、与后者一致原则 '<wZe.Q!
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, _Ry
not only…but also ZO \bCrk
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③、与前者一致原则 8WwLKZ}
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, 3H5<w4yk
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 i,
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例:The athlete, together with his coach and ~gEd(
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. D|8h^*Ya
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is rzKn5Z
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④、就近原则 &wB?
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or, either…or, neither…nor, j2:A@a6
单数名词+or+复数名词+are zQx7qx
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is t2z@"e
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 R(A"6a8*
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 Q#I?nBin
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are h!1CsLd[
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. "cX*GTNi8
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 gx6$:j;
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 qgsKbsl
There are five apples that are red. b~m|mb$
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 !CuLXuM
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets iLG~_Ob:
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. m_1BB$lyP2
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 L-(.v*
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 u:D,\`;)
The rich are not always happier than the poor. .TetN}w
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 [O(8izv
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 Sj<WiQ%<
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: ,_2ZKO/k$
a. there be 句型 Ta3qEV s
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 @s;qmBX4
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 o Kfm=TbY
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. =%V(n{7=
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ix]t>2r
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific "?UBW5nM#
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 &{c.JDO
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miles in width. 8=U0\<wT
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分析:倒装句,are改为is 54%@q[-
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and Nf<mgOAT1
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film x$;I E
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. fvDt_g9 oI
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 z
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 #ONad0T;
fifty percent of + 名词 5
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one percent of + 名词 O#g'4 S
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: #MyR:V*a
one percent of my students + are T5g}z5~"
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. i*Wekr3Wo
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这里要强调两个结构 1gwnG&
half of =fifty percent H<|ilL'fX
most of + 可数名词 + are `5V=U9zdE
most of + 不可数名词+ is 8T7E.guYr
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been ,dTRM
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found in central and eastern Canada. ETw7/S${
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 _.9):i2<SF
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized h%9>
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. u3"0K['3
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 x)Y?kVw21"
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 O_zW/#
①、主要考察时间状语 \~sc6ho
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. 7#~v<M6
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was :y/1Jf'2f
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②、For和since的区别 I~^t\iujs
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 DFgQ1:6[
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 Dq [f
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I has been a teacher since 1996. rr@h9bak;g
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 (yx^zW7
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became 1^f7
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the primary responsibility of the president. N)I9NM[
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 @
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