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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 a3DoLq"/  
一、代词 N6-2*ES  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 kM6 EZ`mj  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 f@,hO5h(_|  
  主格、宾格、所有格 &@`H^8  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) Q>#)LHX  
Ugee?;]lu  
(二) 反身代词 g&5pfrC [  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 y .TdWnXx  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) ^*4(JR   
  He killed him. (他杀了他) x 1 R!  
ocDVCCkxg  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  0t/z "  
    A                 B    CC]@`R5  
  a series of indicators that could help m+G0<E%  
             C      2#Q"@  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. &<[]X@ bY  
    D =*U%j  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 lD+y, ";  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物  joSr,'x  
 nd*!`P  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 S+bWD7  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 RQ$o'U9A  
]#Z$jq{,  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies bvxxE/?Ni  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the D%";!7u  
     A   B      C          D =[CS2VQ'  
  Pacific. #Z3I%bkw H  
L-oPb)  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。  p% YvP  
;*$8i wBQ_  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 1(\I9L&J   
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Ee?K|_\${  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 MRY)m@*+6  
36Fa9P FCc  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined Dg2#Gv0B  
                       A   2/<WWfX'  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and W$ d{  
             B ;@;ie8H  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. 07WIa@Q  
   C       D sN \}Q#:8  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 CIs1*:Q9  
\crb&EgID  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important ."@a1_F|  
        A     >C d&K9H  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John /JY ph^3][  
   B        C      wP *a>a  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  {m*J95[   
      D t6>Q e  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. d4=u`2w  
5r}(|86O/  
~$&r(9P  
(四) Who和which的区别 #i#.tc  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 )k<~}wvQ0  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 xg%]\#  
(Y@|h%1W  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who T{J`t*Ym  
              A            B 'C4Ll2  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. &=t(NI$  
   C                  D H" g&  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 v7I*W/  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 ^RDXX+  
I 6 Q_A  
(五) that和which的区别 g. VIe  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 0'2{[xF  
rnr8t]  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it >$9yQ9&|  
              A        B @Sd:]h:f-  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. f9bz:_;W_  
      C              D b4OR`dd*J  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 I*ni)Px  
Nm.>C4  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 P9chRy  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, fmN)~-DV9`  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when &H>dE]Hq,  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. j %0_!*#3  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which Qz$Dv@*y\  
uzA'D~)P  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly DfFPGFv  
              A         B   +W4g:bB1  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. "x^bl+_"  
         C      D N UtyUv  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略  aj B  
$yK!Q)e:  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  X'4 Yofs  
  affected the way people in the United States----. D/`E!6Fk=  
   (A) living and working &4FdA|9T  
   (B) they live and work Br!&Y9  
   (C) live and work <\mc|p"  
   (D) to live and to work ?{IvA:   
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 6p{x2>2y[  
8;NO>L/J]i  
二、介词 =*U24B*U93  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 JwczE9~o  
h;M2yl Ou.  
(一) 介词搭配 #4u; `j"4=  
AUV$ S2  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those Tq8r SZi  
    A         B   C      S7Fxb+{6D  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. 'b,D;'v  
                D r&DK> H  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 /XB1U[b  
4UkLvL1x  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. X_F=;XF/  
A       B     C  D 9@B+$~:}7  
分析:B错改为be rich in V:J6eks_  
I,;)pWX=@  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the <|iU+.j\  
    A         B      C +p m8;&  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. =x}/q4}L  
             D -~k2Gy;E  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 Wg1WY}zG  
3!L)7Z/  
KK?~i[a L  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 uzsN#'7=  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 cD6o8v4] ]  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. "/"k50%  
          A      B  C     D {xX|5/z  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 `39U I7  
x{}m)2[Y  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has HPQ,tlp6j  
                 A  B     @C2<AmY9q*  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on 9[*kpMC  
      C 6>Y}2fT}o3  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. K\q/JuDfc  
      D eC-TZH@  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 s7?kU3 y=s  
Mi/_hzZ\  
2、介词by ,3j*D+  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by _xUXt)k  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing oCrn  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 0)NHjKP  
    A         B       eD3F%wxz  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. f2=s{0SX0  
   C     D [xC (t]S-  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 w  <ID<  
k#.co~kS  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils QEPmuG  
   A                      /iK )tl|X  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to ) l)5^7=W  
     B    C       D 6 D O E6  
   supply moccasins and field rations. 8yo9$~u;  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 Du/s  
+*dJddz   
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with oOlI*/OMb  
        A                &~& i >  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements }Z6/b _kV  
        B          C   pkoHi'}}$  
  that are often represented at symbols. P7o6B,9  
              D 38#(ruv  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 SnqLF /d  
三、谓语动词 01Aa.i^d(  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 QWoEo  
①、主谓分割原则 0kkiS 3T  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, n'gfB]H[  
     A     R Q 8okA  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. MS b{ve_  
        B      C      D v=4TU \b%  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 W% P&o}'  
V)]&UbEL|  
②、与后者一致原则 VltWY'\Wu;  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, 5&>(|Y~I  
not only…but also @dXf_2T v=  
Jx}5`{\  
mVkn~LD:0  
③、与前者一致原则 u/zC$L3B(  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, E'ZWSpP  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 23=;v@  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and ReRRFkO"2  
     A      B  C     > }9TdP/oT  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. \DHCf 4,  
         D >GcFk&x  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is %:y-"m1\u$  
T/3UF  
④、就近原则 f`cz @  
or, either…or, neither…nor, fSTEZH  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are KDhHp^IXQ  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is o ZAjta_4  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 Ne[O9D 7  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 @|^C h+%@  
x:2_F oQ  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are cmI8Xf]"P-  
        A      B        M$GD8|*e  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. _% P%~`?!  
    C              D FYj3! H  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 qEpBzQ&gX6  
ZN?(lt)u9  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 X6;aF ;"5  
There are five apples that are red. ir m8z|N-  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 YK-R|z6K  
*qqFIp^  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets b:JOR@O  
      A            1Zecl);O{  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. CV6H~t'1  
   B   C    D I2 Kb.`'!  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 OlK2< <  
^KlOD_GN|  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 3S9~rLrn?  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. <Du*Re6g  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 94R+S-|P  
g %Am[fb  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 }_;nl n?t(  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: c;e ,)$)-|  
a. there be 句型 (UM+?]Qwy  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 pr?/rXw  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 ?{2-,M0  
l ghzd6  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. k (R4-"@  
   A     B      C    D    X*~YCF[_  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is ,..b)H5n  
#7>CLjI  
)Ga6O2 :  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 1-n0"lP~4  
             A     B    }u&JX  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 9p.>L8  
     C         g:EU\  
  miles in width. E=E<l?ob  
     D  $Yka\tS'  
分析:倒装句,are改为is pIXQ/(h31  
.DQ]q o]OG  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and Ixw,$%-]y6  
   A    B       C         B]vj1m`9  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film 8M|Q^VeT,1  
                    D u v5@Alm  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. fCfY.vd5  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 |`nVr>QF&  
<wC1+/]  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 KkY22_{ac  
fifty percent of + 名词 U*@_T3N  
one percent of + 名词 *l//r V?l  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: NEk [0  
  one percent of my students + are rXPXO=F1/  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. 4pqZ!@45|  
N[-)c,O  
这里要强调两个结构 bhmjH(.t  
half of =fifty percent S\A[Z&k 0  
most of + 可数名词 + are Oq5k4  
most of + 不可数名词+ is A=K1T]o  
yKJ^hv"#  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been r . ^&%D  
   A       B         C   MeX1y]<It  
  found in central and eastern Canada. 67x^{u7  
           D vknFtpx  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 @Hh"Y1B  
e=jO_[  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized `t6L'%\  
                 A   B  iE(grI3  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. S41>VbtEp  
              C     D DF2&j!  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。  ZsZ1  
qgNK!(kWpr  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 4)I#[&f  
①、主要考察时间状语 mI#; pO2  
:8rCCop Uv  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. #9OP.4  
   A        B  C     D m12 B:f  
|U $-d^ZJ  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was `x)bw  
+`-a*U94  
"M^W:4_  
②、For和since的区别 uszSFe]E  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 -QDgr`%5  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 uW=NH;u  
  I has been a teacher for three years. C&kl*nO  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. !`o:+Gg@  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 ZnLk :6'  
.N &}<T[  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became ]xEE7H]\h  
   A      B              A'iF'<%  
  the primary responsibility of the president. +z0}{,HX  
     C    D 9PK-r;2  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 DAHf&/J K  
jSp&mD*xv  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of @n* D>g  
             A  B  C   fMPq  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years.  O'|P|  
            D ^jjJM|a  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 )+4}Ix/q  
'. Hp*9R  
 vx }Z  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  9w;J7jgOT!  
   A       B        C     D .y9rM{h}b  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live $1zeY6O  
PJ'lZu8?x  
(三) 谓语的语态 3(})uV  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 [j]J_S9jJ  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: {-N90Oe  
①、prove )]?egw5l  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 p UMB)(<k  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; 3hf ;4Mb  
3k*:B~1  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming *8X9lv.Z  
                      A   =>}.W:=  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be PT@e),{~o9  
    B                  C ]n]uN~)9  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. -C-OG}XjI  
                  D ?V)C9@bp  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 tZu*Asx7  
v7<S F  
{_toh/8)r  
②、Locate,Situate CpRu*w{  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 +.(}u ,:8  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 56=K@$L {F  
这两个词也可以用作被动 3pTS@  
  My school was located near the river. yEpN,A  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 B==a  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. |IX` (  
   (A)locates e8ULf~I  
   (B)locating cbu nq"  
   (C)to locate ?dKa;0\  
   (D)is located FJd8s*  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 6a%:zgkOpu  
#7~tL23}]  
③、表示需要概念的动词 \at-"[.  
need, want, require等 3KZ y H  
]D ?# \|  
My watch needed repairing BbXU| QtY  
My watch needed to be repaired. yxG:\y b  
QxL@'n#5   
④、表示人的情感的动词 cZaF f?]k  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 Esz1uty  
zM_DE  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 |.Nr.4Yp  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 $^vp'^uW>  
@z r8%8n  
主动和被动技巧总结: 7wiK.99  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 #aitESbT  
5:*5j@/S  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the ERfd7V<c>  
                 A      /FP~jV!z  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, qPXANx<^  
                 B 2I]]WBW#:  
  power structures, and flood-control works along :u >W&D  
                    C bK$/,,0=X/  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. j<l#qho{h  
                D :b<-[8d&  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 3AdP^B<  
E1c>nrnh*  
四、非谓语动词 [<D+p qh  
kF(Ce{;z  
(一) 分词 +Fk4{p  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 F1 <489  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 Q?* nuE  
?*CRa$_I|  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then **T:eI+  
   A 2-8YSHlh  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. }Q`/K;yq  
     B      C            D 4|zd84g  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning m5e\rMN~>\  
!?BW_vY  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 536^PcJlN  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in 5>'?:jY  
      A               B   ZvUp#8x(3  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. (YAI,Xnw  
               C         D x HY+q ;  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living  C}Rs[  
l!\1,J:}Z  
"w;08TX8  
一些动词后面必须用doing vAi"$e  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 Mx^y>\X)v  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, US E   
 advocate, suggest cE^kpnVq|<  
 delay, quit ?x:m;z/  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, +<gg  
 avoid, escape(逃避) DD2a du^  
 spend+名词+doing; \'[3^/('  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing Z#CxQ D%\  
+IvNyj|  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their V:(y*tFA  
   A     B    C              D :){)JZ}-95  
  crops. N"S3N)wgd  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 g&Z"_ 7L~  
_jW>dU^B  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, B@d1xjp)']  
               A        B 5;}2[3}[  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. 6Ux[,]G K  
        C          D 1bd$XnU  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing U4]30B{;H  
|ribWCv0  
(二) 不定式 !-7_ +v>  
A. 动词不定式的省略 s} s|~  
①、help后面可以省略to )u<eO FI+  
  help to do <&` :&7  
  help sb. to do 2.ew^D#  
7aV$YuL)X~  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid 7q!?1 -?8R  
              A      B   axtb<5&  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. ,'u*ZB;  
         C     D d bCNhbN(  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 w\Iqzpikr  
"sD1T3!\)Q  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 p=H3Q?HJ}  
  make, d @m\ f  
  let, BGN9, ii  
  have sb. do sth X{`1:c'x  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. =PZWS& (L  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians EZ/ ^nG  
        A               B Xo\S9,s{  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. VtWT{y5Ec  
   C     D nZxSMN0]  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know NZ+7p{&AN  
bJwc1AJgH  
③、感官动词 L:pUvcAc?  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe =DC 3a3 &%  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 x}|+sS,g  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 +j.qZ8  
T<6GcI>A  
ke\[wa_!6b  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 I|T7+{5z  
(1)表示第一人 kM;o0wi  
the first woman to do sth. Im+ 7<3Z  
BPewc9RxV  
(2)表示迫使的动词 A? r^V2+j  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do 6OtVaT=}<O  
1O0X-C,wo$  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis nmg{%P  
     A                 B    VE$t%QT  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. zSXA=   
       C           D iD714+N(  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 (;ADW+.`J  
'yr{^Pek  
|'$ l7  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 +GeWg` \=  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 ;A"\?i Q  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 9go))&`PJL  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 > c:Zx!  
  be apt to do D5L{T+}Oi%  
M4:s;@qZ.  
(4)表示目的的名词, aq$q ~,E  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 hZU 1O  
固定的句式: BIj   
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. #xp(B5  
the objective 目标 }#/l N  
aim q3+8]-9|5  
goal %*K;np-q{  
reason理由 6$RpV'xz  
function功能 0T9. M(  
intension意图 $.8 H>c  
0Oap39  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing E1(1E?}!  
                       A  HeozJ^u\?  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. WcEt%mGQ,  
           B          C     D (Ilsk{aB;A  
分析:the function to provide, A错 S>t>6&A  
h<NRE0-  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure ;?~ 9hN!  
                  A       MLS;SCl  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds "8/dD]=f^a  
     B  BY( eV!  
  that make up various components of a living cell. s|2}2<+  
    C    D %5Rq1$D  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 RxG^  
Gr u ALx7  
(5) 其他同根名词 <|H ?gfM  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 z_l. V/G)  
 attempt to do 企图 }N,>A-P  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 ])N%^Qe$U  
 ambition, l &Z(K,6  
 be ambitious to do  c #pj:f*H  
 effort o;QZe&  
Ef,Cd[]b  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation 7zGMkl  
  A                    B   @]?R2bI  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. *h:kmT  
          C       D qd(hQsfqYU  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 sFElD ]|  
)4uq iA6  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great H\+-cvl  
  A                   B   'vlrc[|/  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. d?7BxYaa  
       C            D 6LM9e0oxy  
分析:efforts to register, C错 =]b9X7}  
W ~NYU  
wPH+n-&e  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 3;Hd2 ;G  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 #r}uin*jD  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. SRWg[H  
Z4@y?f v7s  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 ZNL5({lv  
I am glad to see you. >76 |:Nq  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. ]!aUT&  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. \Tkp  
}]GbUC!Zb  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动  XhA4:t  
It is difficult to decide. $W,zO|-  
ZIW7_Y>_  
"dq>) JF\  
五、句子的结构 Yb9cW\lr  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 8A4TAT4,  
Wr#~G Fg  
(一) 主语的重复 {aIZFe}B  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ?i%nMlcc  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any acae=c|X  
          A      B      +7Rt{C,  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the W5X7FEW  
          C          D +f]u5p[  
  League of Nations. KBj@V6Q  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 r\RFDj  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson kQ[Jo%YT?E  
%ET # z!  
OPLl*bnf  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are 6VFirLd  
        A        B  kyu2)L2u  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. B,MQ.|s[  
    C         D QH:>jmC{1h  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 '}CN?f|.  
C$_G'XI  
(二)谓语的重复 A$ J9U3+O  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 BjB&[5?z  
sX!3_ '-  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  (H2ylMpQt  
    A            B    i0b.A A  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. zF?31\GOX  
         C   D qL,ka  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 Yfe'#MKfL  
|SxMN %M!  
(三)谓语的缺少 4?v$<=#21*  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body 2'Y{FY_Z  
          A     B    blUY.{NN3  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. ^K"ZJ6?+1  
         C               D L,WkJe3  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 1z3]PA!R  
PP],HB+*[  
(四)主句的重复 */4tJ G1U  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 %n4@[fG%K  
vUqe.?5  
lQh~Q<[ge  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite \|blRm;  
      A         B        C   k&yQ98H$K"  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. .l7j8 }  
     D zf`5>h|  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 uW ) \,  
!;TR2Zcn  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow gAj0ukX5  
        A   B       Y$>+U  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. *3 !(*F@M,  
      C    D c$.UE  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 0 4P.p6  
y:~eU  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided s;anP0-O  
   A                     B  K1/ U (A  
  names for towns, only George Washington 3(MoXA*  
      C >y]?MGk  
  is remembered in the name of a state. 9*BoYFw92*  
          D W&HF?w}s  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 )t*S 'R  
六、比较级和最高级 km9Gwg/zT  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 ~azF+}x90N  
f#*h^91x  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 Tw2Xe S  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which cR,'o'V/  
      A               S4;wa6  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. 8w03{H 0  
     B       C           D c$@`P  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复  C/SapX  
xylpiSJ  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 f+*J ue  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. x*NqA( r  
     A      B     C  D Tm (Q@  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 v]B0!k&4.  
='7er.~\  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere qlz( W  
     A       B     C   D N7d17c. 5  
  is the grizzly bear. W Atg  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 %M|Z}2qv  
MDMtOfe|  
i58ZV`Rk`  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 ?|D$#{^  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 mle_*Gy8  
LEYWH% y  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with clh3  
   A           B  >t 1_5  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. Gg 7Wm L  
   C                 D *>H M$.?Q  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 l=oN X"l=  
XkMs   
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 1Z^`l6|2  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as w$w>N(e  
b@nri5noBm  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 Wl^prs7}c  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 ,Y+r<;  
the taller boy 8>C; >v  
AzLbD2Pl  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 }-REBrb-  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed v#Cz&j  
          A            B c8 bca`  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is QU-7Ch#8  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. g@S@d&9  
    C          D 5}.,"Fbr  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they no~OR Q  
e67c:Z  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 Nz(c"3T;  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, uR06&SaA>  
  A  B         C     EIq{C-(  
  the Navajos form largest group. x&hvFG3  
         D RZ#alFL,  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 ..P=D <'f  
+z]:CF   
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, 8! |.H p  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language ZI2K-z'e  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the \N# HPrv}  
J[j/aDdP  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many _Ewy^;S%L  
            A      B         C ! /|0:QQi  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. B#qL$M,|  
            D IEno.i\  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 Sa h<sb=  
p?Z +z  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the {<- ouD  
例如:my best friends |g7nh[  
r)9i1rI+  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial mC{!8WC@k  
            A    B     C 7.lK$J:  
  and banking center. O" X!S_R  
        D bBeFL~  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。  ?;ALF  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 +YQ)}v  
W G3mQ\k  
}6uV]V{  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary Azq#}Oe)u  
                 A         xVHQ[I%  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. y]E)2:B[d  
    B   C     D !~|"LA!jn  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 Sg_-OX@f  
:N*q;j>  
七、平行结构 J#Ne:Aj_  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 :r vO8.\  
(zM+7tJH  
~Me&cT8  
(一) 对等连接词 d 40'3]/{  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 HAI1%F236  
单一式: and, or ,but lvz:UWo  
相关式: both…and, not … but, 8,H#t@+MT  
     either …or, neither…nor nI|Lx`*v  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as }'w^<:RSy  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, =B o4yN  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also uc"[qT(X  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, Ro3I/NI>  
@WDqP/4  
短语式: as well as 93Ci$#<y  
     rather than (而不是) {6=H/g=:i  
     other than (除…之外)  ZZFI\o  
     instead of (代替) =DF@kR[CH"  
@h7GTA \  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 QLpTz"H  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  /bNVgK`L5  
       A     B   a,0o{* (u$  
  but he is now living in Detroit. 1 Z$99  
       C   D R=Ly49  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 uy*x~v*I]  
B,VSFpPx  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics 4iPua"8  
       A         B kAQ\t?`x  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford >G3 J3P(  
  remained active in city and regional planning. # V9hG9%8  
          C    D  y3 o4%K8  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 ~E6+2t*  
(二)平行的内容 9:Z~}yX  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 )i6U$,]  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of . =foXN  
             A         B   ~PAbLSL*u  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, /qQ2@k  
         C            D 0Eg r Q  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. w-Q 6 -  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 (XIq?c1T  
yNMwd.r[  
[Oy2&C  
第二、名词单复数的平行 KZ >"L  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 K'rs9v"K|  
(lck6v?h  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, u$/2XO  
  A     B          C   Gt%?[  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. I E sD=  
                 D   ,'{B+CHoS  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 T^H) lC#R  
U[ O!&:6  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, OuIW|gIu0  
                   A         B Ecl7=-y  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. b6$A@b  
      C          D t:@A)ip  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have <?@46d?C  
w]YyU5rhS  
第三、时态的平行 Ytnr$*5.  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated ]x{H  
                A     w3|.4hS  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops 3A/MFQ#2  
                   B ZrT|~$*m`  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. WjxBNk'f  
          C    D t"Rf67  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 .{ Lm  
w}<I\*\`!  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- _IGa8=~  
  spread from its home in Central America and WSccR  
  now grows throughout the tropics. r<H^%##,w  
   (A) to be    (B) it   w|*G`~l09  
   (C) the     (D) its 4tu>~ vOE  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? Os]M$c_88  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow =umS^fJ5`  
Z+Zh;Ms  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- .f<,H+m^  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. PEhLzZX+  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised v333z<<S  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised } +Z;zm@/6  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 E*"E{E7  
+ a@SdWf  
第四、排列位置的平行 }i~j"m  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. m5g: Q  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode Cagq0-:(p  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  'v)+S;oB  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes +& Qqu`)?F  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes [$+61n}.12  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 ;!Bkk9r"H  
l8li@K  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: </Lqk3S-!  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 ZXkAw sr  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 nJw1Sl5  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误  .l'QCW9  
`buTP?]4.  
八、词序的颠倒 6?~pjMV  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 |9JYg7<  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 '1 *MiFxKq  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage .=D6<4#t  
              A    B        r73Xh"SL  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. fTcRqov  
      C       D    _en8hi@Z  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 :eO0{JN4T  
G_RK3 E[FK  
yK;I<8+>_  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 KcE=m\h  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only U[u6 UG  
          A      B     -ybupUJcbv  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. d{jl&:  
    C         D &kt#p;/p?  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 g'@+#NMw  
}qg&2M%\  
(C|%@61S  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 7va%-&.&t  
_\zf XHp  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were hCrgN ?M z  
          A   B     C   JJr<cZ4]  
  in what is now the United States. zjS<e XLs[  
    D X;0@41t'  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 *@Z'{V\  
SQ[}]Tm;n  
所有的系动词分为三大类: O)?0G$0  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, el<nY" c  
    is, remain, keep, stay, 'lF|F+8   
    lie, exit(表示位于) 62q-7nV  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 P#C`/%$S  
    become, turn, grow, B^Q#@[T   
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) iJK9-k~  
? "gy`oC v  
第三种,感官动词 ,$Mw/fA  
    seem(好像是) VI4d/2e  
    look(看起来好像是) RL%{VE  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste -llujB%;,e  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 5y)kQ<x"  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe "(5}=T@,  
    A               B     (.cT<(TB  
   to cause numerous deaths. "T'!cy  
        C   D  2;3q](d   
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 F^ f]*MhT"  
n\ZFPXP  
九、词性的混用 <5.{+!BM  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 6 B )   
AxeWj%w@  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 >wn&+%i&  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; $]vR,E  
a7Jr} "B  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high &sW/r::,  
          A        B      Vo\d&}Q  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and q &+GpR  
              C yP@= x!$  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. *6h.#$\  
          D qIk6S6  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) :KFhryN  
3K'3Xp@A  
c/s'&gG33z  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 au8) G_A  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 Qcw/>LaL:  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds `@ObM[0p(  
         A       B      W&"FejD  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to qP"m819m  
          C        XhS<GF%  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. (<f[$ |%  
            D xGA%/dy,;  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 29E^]IL?  
'd28YjtoX  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, "e(N h%t  
            A       |HL1.;1  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of R4o_zwWgPw  
      B      C 0uZHH  
   urban Black people in the United States. d kXK0k  
   D 4g6d6~098;  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 >FY`xl\m}<  
K(_nfE{  
/JvNJ f  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 KQEnC`Nz  
表示时间有两种可能, t]Oxo`h=  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 M[X& Q  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, #"TTI vd0  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 s]}P jh8  
/N~.,vf  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence ^Zg"`&E  
       A     B     VG)kPKoi  
  were made while the American Civil War. l2$6ojpo  
   C    D :V 8 \^  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 b,s T[!X[  
40mgB4I  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the 3^C  
   A      B           C    b1_HDC(  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. bz,C%HFA  
          D 06L/i,  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 3s"x{mtH  
H:2#/1Oz>  
y1z4qSeM  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 fsb _*sh&  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 Y=\;$:L[  
k\I+T~~xD  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social  { |a=  
                   A     ``DS?pUY  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. ^pIT,|myY7  
     B   C    D xXQDHc -Ba  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 9+_SG/@  
 1ti+ Q0~  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples N8_ c%6GE  
   A        B   C      1>|2B&_^  
  easily under the stress of compression. ET.c8K1f  
   D f+d[Q1  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 1U^;fqvja  
kzcl   
N D`?T &PK  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 "Y-_83  
B"P-h^oiV  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine DSf  
    A         B ]rY:C  "#  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. 1 CXO=Q  
          C            D $q%r }Cdg  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 js^+{~  
U|Z Yoc+](  
#2{H!jr  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, jJc:%h$|2  
         A S+9}W/  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. F`))qCgg]  
   B      C      D QmxI ;l  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 s aY;[bz}  
bYt [/K,  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 ~$w9L998+  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; CvkZ<i){  
two hundred diligent students
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