改错题常考要点 I=3q#^}[
一、代词 ,:L}S03k
代词中主要讲解六个问题 wh~~g
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(一) 掌握代词的几种格 VVe>}
主格、宾格、所有格 JL(*peeu3
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) <edAWc+
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(二) 反身代词 a.]
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当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 -<s?`Rnk
He killed himself. (他自杀了) BtqJkdK!;1
He killed him. (他杀了他) k|
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating #lB[]2]N
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a series of indicators that could help 2?}(
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themselves to predict earthquakes. MA1,;pv6
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。
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Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 h+Z
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 &[s^`e
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 I &m~ cBj<
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies MWB uMF
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ga,yFw
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Pacific. <"\K|2Sg
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 gB0)ec 0
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 }U
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Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如:
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Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 yDyq. -Q
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 3s|tS2^4
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the word“normalcy”to express social and w6E?TI
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economic conditions they promised the nation. PDir?'
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 wo_FM
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important fx}R7GN2
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John (nc fR
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Keats, published the year of her death. `n %~#TJ
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. +g.WO5A
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(四) Who和which的区别 mj,r@@k:=+
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 l,/5$JGnk
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 :4Y|%
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. %\^x3wP&o\
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 B02~/9*Y"
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 Xr~r`bR=
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(五) that和which的区别 @&~BGh
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 OI-%Ig%C#l
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it Te.hXCFD
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. rLVAI#ci=
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 Qvq
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 \"lzmxe0p
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, )GR^V=o7,Y
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when jK{C
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I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. INkrG.=u
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which v` B_xEl
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly c8yD-U/-
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. &B3kzs
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 8C
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has ?+TD2~rD(
affected the way people in the United States----. *
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(A) living and working (_W[~df
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(B) they live and work |6uEf/*DX
(C) live and work 9np<r82
(D) to live and to work mq
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分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 1%+0OmV&
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二、介词 mhs%b4'>
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 "=RB
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(一) 介词搭配 ,<[os
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those wbpxJtJB
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. k'\RS6M`L
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 0(..]\p^d
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. n%O`K{86
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分析:B错改为be rich in -~xd-9v?
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the < ^&'r5H
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. _%
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 7eO8cPy
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 Tu"yoF
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 D QRt\!
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. =];FojC6I
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 <&NR3^Eq
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on _6|b0*jv'&
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. d
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 duM>(y
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2、介词by WT0U)x( m5
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by B>'\g
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另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing abF_i#
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States %URyGS]*
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. 1wq6E
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 Av
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils m3,v&Z
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to "B\qp "N
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supply moccasins and field rations. `fL$t0"
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 "{&!fD~w
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with U"ZDt
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements oZIoY*7IrQ
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that are often represented at symbols. 9iv!+(ni
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 jbG #__#_
三、谓语动词 Va{`es)hky
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 u6D>^qF}@'
①、主谓分割原则 :*\JJ w
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Bq\%]2;eo{
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. {>syZZ,h
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 B>JRta
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②、与后者一致原则 _RAPXU~ 6-
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, `~gyq>Ik2
not only…but also \[Q,>{^
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③、与前者一致原则 KecR jon ~
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, X62GEqff
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 rBT#Cyl
例:The athlete, together with his coach and qA5tMZ^w
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. pYH#Vh
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ]^E<e!z={$
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④、就近原则 m{;2!
or, either…or, neither…nor, e'p'{]r<w
单数名词+or+复数名词+are ljQru ^(u
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is R>yoMk/u
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 R8sj>.I9j
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 Ic P]EgB
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. !0i
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 `8/K+ e`
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 I r]#u]Ap
There are five apples that are red. j]Kpwf<NS
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 0Q`Dp;a5&
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets &e0BL z
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. ;SnpD)x@)
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 > mk>VM
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 + Nn
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The rich are not always happier than the poor. D~P3~
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The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 D`d*bNR
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 g\%;b3"#
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: :8h\x
a. there be 句型 v]{F.N
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 1*U)\vK~
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 .Q!_.LX
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. RRRF/Z;))
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is &X3G;x2;
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ^#( B4l!
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 {'#1do}{
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miles in width. 2JdzeJb
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分析:倒装句,are改为is \<ko)I#%
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 8NnGN(a*D
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film - f?8O6e
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. 5bB\i79$
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 fV#,<JG
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 _jb'HP
fifty percent of + 名词 a`e'HQ
one percent of + 名词 -1{f(/
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 4aP 96
one percent of my students + are LD*XNcE
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. ;9CbioO
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这里要强调两个结构 C:AD ZJL
half of =fifty percent "4IrW6B$9
most of + 可数名词 + are w/z o
most of + 不可数名词+ is "T$LJ1E
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been Sse%~:F
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found in central and eastern Canada. /a*8z,x
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 |<