改错题常考要点 ^]R0d3?>\
一、代词 A^p $~e\)
代词中主要讲解六个问题 xf]4!zE
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 5PL,~Y
主格、宾格、所有格 c\b>4 &n
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books)
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(二) 反身代词 7:j #1N[p
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 QF>[cdl?8
He killed himself. (他自杀了) 6kuSkd$.
He killed him. (他杀了他) YWZF*,4
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating Fszk?0T
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a series of indicators that could help Le'\x`B
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themselves to predict earthquakes. *sG<w%%
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 X>6a@$Mx P
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 z} \9/`
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Jr9}
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在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 W*m[t&;
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies !T{g& f
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the `+o.w#cl
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Pacific. VfwD{+5
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 7. .vaq#
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 F%d"gF0qu
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: YeLOd
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 +CT$/k
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined (O2HB-<rY
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the word“normalcy”to express social and RKkI/ Z0
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economic conditions they promised the nation.
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 I uj=d~|>
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 5ba[6\Af
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John 0s""%MhFI
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Keats, published the year of her death. !(K{*7|h
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. d$rUxqB.
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(四) Who和which的区别
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which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 kO_XyC4(
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 "%Ana=cc
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who E ' JC
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. MlK`sH6
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 !u{"] T:
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 nQ17E{^pR
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(五) that和which的区别 ,&&M|,NQ&s
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 V<2fPDZ
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it U+PCvl=x
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. %7>AcTN~
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 s"'
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 *rn]/w8ZW
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, uOl(-Zq@
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 3Wb2p'V7$?
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. H*{k4
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which `e?;vA&
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly `Ixs7{&jU
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. S@c\|
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 o9
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has =s0g2Zv"\
affected the way people in the United States----. 2~M;L&9-
(A) living and working &$m=^
(B) they live and work ]HyHz9QkL
(C) live and work MOP]\ypn
(D) to live and to work abICoP1zQ
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 KP=D! l&q
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二、介词 {5QosC+o6Q
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 J[}gku?C;
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(一) 介词搭配 [|a(
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those d&
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. m\6SG' X
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 uX[O,l^}
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. *>e~_{F
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分析:B错改为be rich in rD0k%-{{
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the !Z
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. 4id3P{aU
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 #mgA/q?A
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 8W-]t1O%!
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 \4OK!6LkI
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. M'^(3#ZU
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 65lOX$*{-
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has "\`>2
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on PT mf
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 9#u }^t
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 * !X4P
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2、介词by
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一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ^Ss<X}es-
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 77``8,
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 9 >%+bA(
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. ,`<]>;s
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 'X54dXS?l
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to gNTh% e
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supply moccasins and field rations. pOKeEW<q
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 au}s=ua~i
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with > <X $#
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements GJvp{U}y9I
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that are often represented at symbols. b )Tl*
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 )&Mq,@
三、谓语动词 9Yn)t#G'`F
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 o ~;M"
①、主谓分割原则 0TmZ*?3!4
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, &5d\~{;
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ^(DL+r,
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 {<!hlB
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②、与后者一致原则 n7S;
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not…but, 强调but后面的名词, 6^ab@GrN\
not only…but also K'V 2FTJI
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③、与前者一致原则 ~U3Seo }
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, &//2eL
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 Sk$KqHX(
例:The athlete, together with his coach and J)KnE2dw5
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. fdLBhe#9M
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is Z vRxi&Z{?
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④、就近原则 >:$"a
or, either…or, neither…nor, !=y Q)l2
单数名词+or+复数名词+are j76%UG\Ga
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is &Sa~/!M
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 ]Zk}ZG>6
如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 _ Mn6 L=
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are B!uxs
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ST%
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 SBL+e]P
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 ju.OW`GM
There are five apples that are red. |]tZ hI"3<
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 ,J&9kYz
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets gwq`_/d}
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. LD_M 3
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 u#3)p
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 Y;g% e3nu
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 3a^)u-9,x
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 h1c{?xH2r
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 }H2#H7!H
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: J'Gm7h{
a. there be 句型 Oq}ip
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 B.RRdK+:
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 9t0Cj/w}
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 3sb 5E]P
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is j-6v2MH
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ,jTPg/r
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 s6/cL|Ex
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miles in width. {6:&
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分析:倒装句,are改为is ,H@TY
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and NZfd_? 3
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film 0JyqCbl
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. W#VfX!~
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 O/$ v69:
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 @BXaA0F4
fifty percent of + 名词 Lg b
one percent of + 名词 HwM/}-t
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如:
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one percent of my students + are B]i+,u
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. D"'#one
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这里要强调两个结构 /CbkqNV
half of =fifty percent WFXx70n
most of + 可数名词 + are *6'_5~G
most of + 不可数名词+ is H&9wS
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 8`6
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found in central and eastern Canada. dfnX!C~6 \
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 H9/XW6W,"w
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized o
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 m21QN9(i%
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 i_'|:Uy*F
①、主要考察时间状语 G;87in ,}
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. HrM)jC<~
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was aU,0gvI(}
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②、For和since的区别 ,K"r:)\
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 PTfN+
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 wR`w@5,d
I has been a teacher for three years. g6tWU
I has been a teacher since 1996. &6=TtTp"9
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 +Y_Q?/M@8
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became lyMJW}T+>
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the primary responsibility of the president. GFSlYG
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 oRtY?6^$
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of fS8XuT
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. ePIly)=X
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 ^"6D0!'N
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. GSUOMy[M-
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live ~]i]kU
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(三) 谓语的语态 lhW#IiX
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 :*w:eKk
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: T{ v<