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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 I=3q#^}[  
一、代词 ,:L}S03k  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 wh~~g qi9  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 VVe>}  
  主格、宾格、所有格 JL(*peeu3  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) <edAWc+  
-rH3rKtf~  
(二) 反身代词 a .] !  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 -<s?`Rnk  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) BtqJkdK!;1  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) k| jC c  
:*oI"U*f  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  #lB[]2]N  
    A                 B    J'7){C"G$  
  a series of indicators that could help 2?}(  
             C      i_=P!%,  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. MA1,;pv6  
    D ,,G0}N@7s  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 }e@j(*8  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 h+Z |s  
[M;P :@  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 &[s^`e  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 I &m~ cBj<  
4wBCs0NIm  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies MWB uMF  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the ga,yFw  
     A   B      C          D Nf;vUYP  
  Pacific. <"\K|2Sg  
V K NCK  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 gB0)ec 0  
:s$9#}hw,  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 }U #S*  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: Cw+ (,1  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 yDyq. -Q  
D &oC1  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined 3s|tS2^4  
                       A   t>25IJG  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and w6E?TI  
             B C&;'Pw9H  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. PDir?'  
   C       D  E t- .[  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 wo_FM `@  
-9Can4  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important fx}R7GN2  
        A     vw(};)8  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John (ncfR  
   B        C      i/$lO de  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  `n%~#TJ  
      D  GN>T }  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. +g.WO5A  
]>AW  
;0BCM(>Wo  
(四) Who和which的区别 mj,r@@k:=+  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 l,/5$JGnk  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 :4Y|% 7[  
bk7miRIB  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who \(z)]D  
              A            B ,sc>~B@Q  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. %\^x3wP&o\  
   C                  D I%(+tJ  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 B02~/9*Y"  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 Xr~r`bR=  
MdyH/.Te  
(五) that和which的区别 @&~BGh  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 OI-%Ig%C#l  
~k J#IA  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it Te.hXCFD  
              A        B {<_}[} XY  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. rLVAI#ci=  
      C              D Lr+2L_/v`  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 Qvq BT  
l p?  h~  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 \"lzmxe0p  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, )GR^V=o7,Y  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when jK{C jfCNz  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. INkrG.=u  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which v` B_xEl  
{6KU.'#iF  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly c8yD-U/-  
              A         B   )HU?7n.{  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. &B3kzs  
         C      D mtF&Z\ag  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 8C YJR/  
@Xh 4ZMyEx  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  ?+TD2~rD(  
  affected the way people in the United States----. * JDc1$H0  
   (A) living and working (_W[~df 4  
   (B) they live and work |6uEf/*DX  
   (C) live and work 9 np<r82  
   (D) to live and to work mq "p"iI  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 1%+0OmV&  
k%LE"Q  
二、介词 mhs%b4'>  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 "=RB #  
L,:U _\HQ  
(一) 介词搭配 , <[os  
0lBl5k e  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those wbpxJtJB  
    A         B   C      wUSWB{y  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. k'\RS6M`L  
                D v<-D>iJ  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 0(..]\p^d  
]-q:Z4rb  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. n%O`K{86  
A       B     C  D y"]> Rr  
分析:B错改为be rich in -~xd-9v?  
!7w-?1?D  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the <^&'r5H  
    A         B      C g>Z1ZK0;M  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. _% >.t  
             D Vt&I[osC  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 7eO8cPy  
:DZiDJ@  
j9,X.?Xvx  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 Tu"yoF  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 DQRt\!  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. =];FojC6I  
          A      B  C     D j@:L MR>  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 <&NR3^Eq  
MRa>@Jn??A  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has  Wi|.Z/  
                 A  B     BU)4g[4  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on _6|b0*jv'&  
      C ;xRy ONt  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. d EXw=u  
      D x^ Wgo`v)  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 duM>( y  
i.#s'm.9  
2、介词by WT0U)x( m5  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by B>'\g O\ 2  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing abF_i#  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States %URyGS]*  
    A         B       6tJM*{$$H  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. 1wq 6E  
   C     D qzH97<M}T  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 Av wX 2?tc  
1\3n   
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils m3,v&Z  
   A                      w,P2_xk`  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to "B\qp"N  
     B    C       D 'Kq%t M26!  
   supply moccasins and field rations. `fL$t0 "  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 "{&!fD~w  
J4JKAv~3  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with U"ZDt  
        A                S4\T (  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements oZIoY*7IrQ  
        B          C   a~{mRh  
  that are often represented at symbols. 9iv!+(ni  
              D 8L&#<Ol  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 jbG #__#_  
三、谓语动词 Va{`es)hky  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 u6D>^qF}@'  
①、主谓分割原则 :*\JJ w  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, Bq\%]2;eo{  
     A     khyV uWN  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. {>syZZ,h  
        B      C      D $cYh X^YG.  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 B>JRta ;hj  
Bf8 #&]O  
②、与后者一致原则 _RAPXU~ 6-  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, `~gyq>Ik2  
not only…but also \[Q,>{^  
k3u3X~u  
Qxt ,@<IK  
③、与前者一致原则 KecRjon~  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, X62GEqff  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 rBT#Cyl  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and qA5tMZ^w  
     A      B  C     7hQrL+%q8  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. pYH#Vh  
         D va| 1N/&  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is ]^E<e!z={$  
*ewE{$UpK  
④、就近原则 m{;2!  
or, either…or, neither…nor, e'p'{]r<w  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are l jQru ^(u  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is R>yoMk/u  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 R8sj>.I9j  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 Ic P]EgB  
;&oS=6$  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are VMZ\9IwI  
        A      B        9-5H~<}fF  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. !0i  
    C              D <Y9%oJn%  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 `8/K+ e`  
")}^\O m  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 I r]#u]Ap  
There are five apples that are red. j]Kpwf<NS  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 0Q`Dp;a5&  
.nl!KzO6g  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets &e0BL z  
      A            C0(?f [/(M  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. ;SnpD)x@)  
   B   C    D r$T\@oTL  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 > mk>VM  
]Dec/Nnj  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 +N n $  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. D~P3~ ^  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 D`d*bNR  
t/%{R.1MN  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 g\%;b3"#  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: : 8h\x  
a. there be 句型 v]{F.N  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 1*U)\vK~  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 .Q!_.LX  
&tVIl$e  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. R RRF/Z;))  
   A     B      C    D    v'RpsCov  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is &X3G;x2;  
3']a1\sy^  
vbBNXy/  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ^#( B4l!  
             A     B    9[2qgw\D  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 {'#1do}{  
     C         d?ru8  
  miles in width. 2JdzeJb  
     D  #)r^ZA&E  
分析:倒装句,are改为is \<ko)I#%  
IN8G4\r  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and 8NnGN(a*D  
   A    B       C         z`}z7e'>  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film - f?8O6e  
                    D ]J1oY]2~  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. 5bB\i79$  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 fV#,<JG  
m>{a<N  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 _jb' HP  
fifty percent of + 名词 a`e'HQ  
one percent of + 名词 -1{f(/  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: 4aP 96  
  one percent of my students + are LD*XNcE  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. ;9CbioO  
G! Y l0Zr  
这里要强调两个结构 C: AD ZJL  
half of =fifty percent "4IrW6B $9  
most of + 可数名词 + are w/z o  
most of + 不可数名词+ is "T$LJ1E  
vM'!WVs  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been Sse%~:F L  
   A       B         C   K0WX($z~;  
  found in central and eastern Canada. /a*8z,x  
           D SBy{sbx4&F  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 |<Y~\ |  
w@"Zjbs`  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized - {}(U  
                 A   B  L +mE&  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. IL` LI J:O  
              C     D ,.kmUd   
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 <5E)6c_W)  
2$o#b .  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 $Zr \$z2  
①、主要考察时间状语 sib/~j  
rd>>=~vx=/  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. `YUeVz>q?  
   A        B  C     D &zd@cr1  
lN&+<>a  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was `ZZ3!$czR  
_Ss}dU9  
k.7!)jL7  
②、For和since的区别 <"K2t Tg.  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 S|xwYaoy%  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 ZeY|JH1  
  I has been a teacher for three years. Ml9m# c  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. '%ByFZ zi  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 [ #ih o(/  
JB%_&gX)v  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became V FM!K$_  
   A      B              "uP*pR^  
  the primary responsibility of the president. T{2)d]Y  
     C    D FGPqF;  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 dGj0;3FI%  
+=Q:g,kP  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of .%dGSDru  
             A  B  C   r*8a!jm?  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. Z"'*A\r2  
            D r\#nBoo(  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 gG@4MXq.  
j!kJ@ lbP  
:/%Y"0  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  u,nn\>Y  
   A       B        C     D tBfmjxv  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live ',!jYh}Uxk  
vE8BB$D  
(三) 谓语的语态 tl{{Vc[  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 -9 .lFuI  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: hr&&b3W3p  
①、prove livKiX`  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 5-ED\-  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; _ yJz:pa  
&o7PB` (l  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming ^fe,A=k~1  
                      A   UCjx   
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be MRXw)NAw  
    B                  C &]LpGl  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. - AgD  
                  D ja~Dp5  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 R&6@*Nn  
JNXzZ4U  
@[?ZwzY:9  
②、Locate,Situate F .Zk};lb  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 ~]RfOpq^w  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 -0 <vmU  
这两个词也可以用作被动 4i{Xs5z k  
  My school was located near the river. G1w$lc  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 ,wM}h  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. yQ[;.<%v  
   (A)locates 8x)i{>#i  
   (B)locating vdvnwzp!l  
   (C)to locate Yq51+\d  
   (D)is located t3?I4HQ  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 2)}*'_E9  
mRC3w(W  
③、表示需要概念的动词  z8'zH>  
need, want, require等 o+x! (  
%L]sQq,  
My watch needed repairing ,D*bLXWh  
My watch needed to be repaired. wMN{9Ce3j  
Ns1n|^9  
④、表示人的情感的动词 K-\wx5#l/  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 VVAcbAGJ  
@:PMb Ub  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 ;b=diZE  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 ^o _J0 ]m  
aACPyfGQ  
主动和被动技巧总结: o938!jML_  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 6@/k|t>OT  
MG.c`t/w  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the ?)(/SZC0  
                 A      @{fwM;me]P  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, bcy  
                 B U7jDm >I  
  power structures, and flood-control works along Rrry;Hr  
                    C oVZzvK(zR  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. gy,)% {,G  
                D pGR3  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 G;vj3#u?  
65O 8?I  
四、非谓语动词 O%>*=h`P  
i?M-~EKu  
(一) 分词 <Fx%P:d  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 bfncO[Q,?  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 xYv;l\20.  
;8&/JSN M  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ~XWBLU<  
   A LprGsqr:  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. )7+z/y+[n  
     B      C            D {Y2 J: x  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning (2L mu[  
^W@8KB  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 {j`8XWLZZN  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in P`Now7! GW  
      A               B   *JFkqbf  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. T!9AEG  
               C         D v%2Dz  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living oidK_mU9q  
w{L 9-o3A  
D~i5E9s5  
一些动词后面必须用doing pRE^; 4}z  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 hPz=Ec<zW  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, L'KKU4zj  
 advocate, suggest 0$-|Th:o  
 delay, quit f2o6GC_  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, "bRjY?D  
 avoid, escape(逃避) LQ%QFfC  
 spend+名词+doing; n=~!x  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing eE .wnn  
1oiSmW\  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their - uO(qUa#  
   A     B    C              D L ..  
  crops. b~* iL!<  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 I!9>"s12  
#Q["[}flVv  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, %WR"qd&HSh  
               A        B H$^9#{  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. Fz<1xyc(  
        C          D kRwY#  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing dD39?K/  
$ \] Mvd  
(二) 不定式 Dt7z<1-)l  
A. 动词不定式的省略 0(u}z  
①、help后面可以省略to {0fQE@5@  
  help to do 'ta&qp  
  help sb. to do 7 u Q +]d  
$K\e Pfk  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid W;!V_-:  
              A      B   T 8 ]*bw  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. @Ss  W  
         C     D uhaHY`w  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 _^RN$4.R>  
"mU2^4q  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 RHvK Wt  
  make, n,-*$~{  
  let, %M8Q6  
  have sb. do sth ei1;@k/  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. @J^ Oy 3z  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians gwB0/$!4"  
        A               B #ifjQ7(:  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. , .=7{y~  
   C     D f` -vnh^+  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know &"Cy&[  
apM)$  
③、感官动词 +m~3InW q  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe SjA'<ZX>TM  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 &:g1*+  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 &K=) YpT  
O\]{6+$fm!  
# M3d=  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 E2.!|u2  
(1)表示第一人 37tJ6R6[  
the first woman to do sth. 4@ny%_/  
`t Ks|GQf  
(2)表示迫使的动词 A~0yMww:$  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do Pum&\.l  
bG.`>   
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis { Rxb_9  
     A                 B    L1@<7?@X  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. _a`/{M|  
       C           D dd6l+z  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 =6fJUy^M\  
UhU+vy6)/  
):L0{W{  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 YXU2UIY<~  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 x;STt3M~  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 =C)2DWJ1  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 H:16aaMn(  
  be apt to do { "f} }}l  
uXG$YDKqC  
(4)表示目的的名词, C,<FV+r=^  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 cj#.Oaeq*  
固定的句式: @ 'J[T:e  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. 7$"5qJ{s  
the objective 目标 A- #c1KU!  
aim -Ji uq  
goal ]q k`Yi  
reason理由 p%\&M bA  
function功能 dA(+02U/.  
intension意图 k/Ao?R=@gI  
Y)AHM0;g  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing "Z-YZ>2  
                       A  --7@rxv  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. Ui"3'OU'  
           B          C     D sA,2gbW  
分析:the function to provide, A错 ~yRKNH*M  
-x>2Wb~%  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure M(Yt9}Z%Y  
                  A       x^YsXzu  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds srS5-fs  
     B  [O3)s]|  
  that make up various components of a living cell. *!}bU`  
    C    D c 1{nOx  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 19\ V@d^  
<x:^w'V_b  
(5) 其他同根名词 wJWofFz  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 Y0o{@)Y:  
 attempt to do 企图 ebf/cC h  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 A4TW`g_zm  
 ambition, #sf1,k5'  
 be ambitious to do  D [K!xq  
 effort VO,F[E~_  
>ti)m > f  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation f;3k Yh^4  
  A                    B   @F!oRm5  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. zIc_'Z,b  
          C       D V6^=[s R  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 )1Z @}o 9  
n,b6|Y0  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great pT<I!,~  
  A                   B   TA!6|)BUW  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. $8NM[R.8^4  
       C            D 6JE_rAab  
分析:efforts to register, C错 ~4`3p=$  
%ERR^  
\|C~VU@  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 5DVSaI$ =  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 c^}DBvG,  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. 23P7%\  
4-W~ 1  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 @eN,m {b  
I am glad to see you. eZmwF@  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. x{$/|_  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. [g$IN/o%  
\NQ[w7  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 QzV%m0  
It is difficult to decide. v=x)]<E" _  
lO8GnkLE  
[ lE^0_+  
五、句子的结构 (xMq(g  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 /Ca M(^W   
C@9K`N[*  
(一) 主语的重复 ^AR kjYt  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ]N6UY  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any P B{7u  
          A      B      *I`Eb7 ^  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the Cuo"6, M  
          C          D sJm v{wM  
  League of Nations. *):s**BJ$  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 <|VV8r93  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson UW-` k1  
6\6g-1B`  
#QiNSS  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are WWv.kglz  
        A        B  )?k~E=&o  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. xhncQhf\  
    C         D J&;' gT  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 68nPz".X  
2o~UA\:+=  
(二)谓语的重复 gX/?  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 >&)|fV&4  
k(_^Lq f-  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  &}FWpo!  
    A            B    CZ ,2Rq  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. ~oeX 0l>F  
         C   D #x(3>}  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 mxTuwx   
D^A#C<Gs  
(三)谓语的缺少 &M2fcw?  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body VQn]"G( `  
          A     B    3s_$.  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. OdtS5:L  
         C               D EK zYL#(i  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 .'S_9le  
LO)p2[5#R  
(四)主句的重复 Lg+cHaA  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 me@EKspX  
IUQYoKz4}A  
[k7 ;^A5/  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite &u~%5;  
      A         B        C   XF99h&;9  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. +=(@=PJ6  
     D L7s _3\  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 ivPX_#QI  
kj '  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow }K9Ji]tOK:  
        A   B       vPx#TXY=b}  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. CV *  
      C    D $ZnVs@:S  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 iI!g1  
2G }@s.iE  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided G3de<?K.[V  
   A                     B  p *GAs C  
  names for towns, only George Washington vXibg  
      C s7:w>,v/  
  is remembered in the name of a state. c_syJ<  
          D ]H=P( Z -  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 WFMQ;  
六、比较级和最高级 M[KYt"v  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 5z 9'~Gfb  
l6HT}x7OiH  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 q4ej7T8  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which ;Yn_*M/*  
      A               8YkCTJfBGu  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. _O"C`]]  
     B       C           D [ jgC`  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 G>W:3y  
scR+F'M  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 |sV@j_TX  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. H9rZWc"*  
     A      B     C  D Oa -~}hN  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 $ q$\  
e}q!m(K]e-  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere `;#I_R_K  
     A       B     C   D pqxBu  
  is the grizzly bear. jX 6+~  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 T!gq Z  
q|.K& @_'K  
j:'!P<#  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 He)dm5#fg  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 z;[Z'_B  
C~:!WRCz  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with wq`\p['Q,  
   A           B  ED R*1!d  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. S[o R q  
   C                 D QzA/HP a  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 K6z-brvw "  
1F }mlyS  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 [:C!g#o  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as MA5BTq<&  
3 Ho<4_I ,  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 \m;"KyP+  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 S)d_A  
the taller boy 2d Px s:8&  
Uw5`zl  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 gAgP("  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed j (maj  
          A            B ;l6tZ]-"  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is E-q*u(IW  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. p6'wg#15  
    C          D -N[Q*;h|  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they E64d6z^7u  
>HXmpu.O  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 x=(cQmQ  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, 13nXvYo'  
  A  B         C     o-jF?9m  
  the Navajos form largest group. P$=Y5   
         D "cUCB  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 e.|_=Gd2/  
s) vHLf4T  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, IL]VY1'#  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language Jh'\ nDz@e  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the VfiMR%i}  
H `V3oS~}  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many V3u[{^^f  
            A      B         C MMfcY 3#%  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. zU'\r~c  
            D 6h|@Bz/A  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 v @0lTl_  
N@>,gm@UU  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the Sh=Px9'i  
例如:my best friends o0p%j4vac  
A qKl}8  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial v^h \E+@  
            A    B     C H3"[zg9L:a  
  and banking center. o[bG(qHZ  
        D < }3c%Q1  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 _|S>, D'  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 >Udb*76 D  
7)IB IlV  
\ :8eN}B  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary FBM 73D@`  
                 A         bc"E= z  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. .-;K$'YG  
    B   C     D s7C oUd2  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 \*H/YByTb  
mN^92@eebC  
七、平行结构 n<p`OKIV3  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构  I)E +  
EdA_Hf  
~y}M GUEC  
(一) 对等连接词 2h V#3i  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 22\Buk}?  
单一式: and, or ,but (XJehdB0  
相关式: both…and, not … but, jK#y7 E  
     either …or, neither…nor c h<Fi%)  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as ]<q{0.  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, ?#xNz=V  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also 13.v5v,l  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, y6'Fi(2yw  
kwdmw_  
短语式: as well as .b]g# Du=  
     rather than (而不是) Phl't~k  
     other than (除…之外) |H5){2V>K  
     instead of (代替) FpE83}@".w  
]DdD FLM  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 Mk= tS+  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  R! ?8F4G  
       A     B   kf0zL3|   
  but he is now living in Detroit. m?xzx^xs/  
       C   D mwCNfwb:  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 \SnW(,`oX  
O{&5/xBA  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics %p"x|e  
       A         B Q <zL;AJ  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford zY(*Xk  
  remained active in city and regional planning. a9"x_IVU  
          C    D  eg) =^b  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 K8{ j oh  
(二)平行的内容 b ^ ly  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 zUXqTcj  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of s>~!r.GC  
             A         B   G?e,Q$  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, CBs0>M/  
         C            D sL~TV([6/  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. +uKlg#wqc  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 ;Y j_@=   
 o9#  
nBaY|  
第二、名词单复数的平行 Q)C#)|S  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 <QugV3e  
^] Lr_k  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, -}MWA>an8  
  A     B          C   @&S4j]rq  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 1*[h$Z&H?  
                 D   _V1O =iu-  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 iwJBhu0@#  
x7t<F4  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, {LbcG ^k  
                   A         B SvAz9>N4  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. l\ts!p4f$  
      C          D ]"q)X{G(+  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have P_z3TK  
O!hg@[\B+  
第三、时态的平行 )|XmF4R  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated /wKW  
                A     Ii,e=RG>  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops {Rc/Ten  
                   B 6s Rn_y  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. 4G;+ETp  
          C    D G=jdb@V/?  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 DCPK1ql  
.D-}2<z  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- H(lq=M0~  
  spread from its home in Central America and ^a[7qX_B  
  now grows throughout the tropics. kmi[u8iXD_  
   (A) to be    (B) it   y"]?TEd  
   (C) the     (D) its "e6 9aAA,  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? >O&(G0!N+}  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow k*J}/HO  
z~L4BY@z  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 54JZEc  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. z. VuY3  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised <dV|N$WV  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised sw[1T_S>  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 6|V713\  
8do]5FE  
第四、排列位置的平行 Y 1rU  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. Cl7IP<.  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode mEa\0oPGB  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  D(Pd?iQIO  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes ^+F@KXn L  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes L~"~C(g  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 ` Xhj7%>  
ax[-907  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: )-xx$0mL-  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 >)=FS.?]  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 Fx0E4\-  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 rZLTai}`>  
v,bes[Ik  
八、词序的颠倒 ()6(eRGJ  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 &?" (al?  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 "^fcXV9Wp  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage JfxD-9U^>u  
              A    B        ]OL O~2j  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. 0UB)FK ,9  
      C       D    ry\Nm[SQ  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 c~3OK_k  
sWX iY  
kO{A]LnAH  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 \HF|&@}hU  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only y2;uG2IS_g  
          A      B     =e=sK'NvD  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. @d:TAwOI'  
    C         D VI: !#  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 &}_ $@  
R*VRxQ,h6+  
9gVu:o 1/  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 I(y:Td  
.;&c<c|  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were ZjF5*A8l  
          A   B     C   :c[iS~ ~Y  
  in what is now the United States. P&@ 2DI3m  
    D 1O3"W;SR<:  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 %MGbIMpY  
.Y|5i^i9{  
所有的系动词分为三大类: g\^7Q  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, r#hA kOw  
    is, remain, keep, stay, Ox9WH4E  
    lie, exit(表示位于) @c,Qj$\1  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 p?F%a;V3  
    become, turn, grow, '*gY45yT`  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) !o+[L  
3H"bivK  
第三种,感官动词 U?BuV  
    seem(好像是) }\Kki  
    look(看起来好像是) OwRH :l  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste L *",4!  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 ]$7dkP  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe +9Vp<(  
    A               B     L WwWxerZ  
   to cause numerous deaths. %49 ^S &  
        C   D  cl3@+v1  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 BhFyEY(  
wX?< o  
九、词性的混用 fu 0]BdM  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 9qe<bds1  
J+IkTqw  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 D X|yL!4[  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; 8<#S:O4kA  
2$S^3$k'  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high #ArMX3^+w7  
          A        B      w+ MCOAB  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and [*i6?5}-  
              C GJLe733o  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. DMeP9D  
          D zI$24L9*  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) HzuB.B<  
(A<'{J#5,  
??MF8 uv  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 I{rW+<)QGC  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 )cF1?2  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds 4I %/}+Q  
         A       B      L~Hgf/%5  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to ZA;VA=)\8  
          C        )U$]J*LI  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. PR{y84$  
            D WZ#|?pJ  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 moe5H  
VlLc[eVV  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's,  oJ<Wh @  
            A       wlY6h4c  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of !uno!wUIYd  
      B      C y%9Q]7&=  
   urban Black people in the United States. "-tTN  
   D lMcSe8LBQa  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 ^mNPP:%iN  
a%h'utF{[  
Qey6E9eCA  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 Ob|[/NN  
表示时间有两种可能, lvyD#|P  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 $!msav  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, cv'Fc  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 FyZiiH4|  
l imzDQ^  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence -6()$cl}0  
       A     B     !iOuIYjV  
  were made while the American Civil War. T21SuM  
   C    D &M," %w!  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 ItoSORVV  
 })l+-H"  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the YS_9M Pi  
   A      B           C    UJ0Dy ` f  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. L-ZJ[#D  
          D b=#3p  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 n.m6n*sf7  
g>[|/z P  
LRhq%7p7   
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 KAg<s}gQJ  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 6g , U+~  
r|Y|u v0  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social ,x+_/kqx  
                   A     {C%/>e2-%  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. 7eh|5e$@  
     B   C    D y>S.B/ d  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 t9&z|?Vz  
J! 4l-.-  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples dt"[5;_P`  
   A        B   C      's{-1aW  
  easily under the stress of compression. o8P 5C4y  
   D u.gh04{5  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 sz.(_{5!  
(n-8p6x(  
_"Q +G@@  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 LnJ/t(KV  
B{ N KDkDH  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine Vgs( feGs  
    A         B ^zGgvFf>  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. |}*k|  
          C            D )o[ O%b  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 >taS<.G  
l;L&ijTQD  
p5C sw5  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, &86km FA  
         A CF^7 {g(y_  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. q*A2>0O  
   B      C      D ',0~\V  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 v,RLN`CID  
@yaBtZUp3  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 o lNL|WJ`w  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; H/Goaf%  
two hundred diligent students
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