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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 ^]R0d3?>\  
一、代词 A^p $~e\)  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 xf]4!zE  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 5PL,~Y  
  主格、宾格、所有格 c\b>4 &n  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) ;W*$<~_  
%-'U9e KN  
(二) 反身代词 7:j #1N[p  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 QF>[cdl?8  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) 6kuSkd$.  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) YWZF*,4  
x/S%NySG  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating   Fszk?0T  
    A                 B    >PJ-Z~O'   
  a series of indicators that could help Le'\x`B  
             C      PYf`a`dH  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. *sG<w%%  
    D ?hu 9c  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 X>6a@$MxP  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 z} \9/`  
e4b~s  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 Jr9} 'l8  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 W*m[t&;  
s?E:]  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies !T{g& f  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the `+o.w#cl  
     A   B      C          D FTfA\/tl(;  
  Pacific. VfwD{+ 5  
Nw2 bn  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 7. .vaq#  
_2Z3?/ Y  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 F%d"gF0qu  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: YeLOd  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 +CT$/k  
? ^CGJ1  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined (O2HB-<rY  
                       A   tl5IwrF6;  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and RKkI/Z0  
             B !f-o,RJ  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. A*~1Uz\t  
   C       D %} ,G(>  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 I uj=d~|>  
B7MW" y  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important 5ba[6\Af  
        A     i t@}dZ  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John 0s""%MhFI  
   B        C      {7>CA'>  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  !(K{*7|h  
      D !<zzP LC  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. d$rUxqB.  
78CJ  
X,+}sy K  
(四) Who和which的区别 c dbSv=r  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 kO_XyC4(  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 "%Ana=cc  
G5#}Ed4  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who E 'JC  
              A            B pEj^x[b`^  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. MlK`sH6  
   C                  D 4t Nvq  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 !u { "] T:  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 nQ17E{^pR  
C%_  
(五) that和which的区别 ,&&M|,NQ&s  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 V<2fPDZ  
MJKl]&  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it U+PCvl=x  
              A        B n_aNs]C9R  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. %7>AcTN~  
      C              D CQjZAv  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 s"' ,370  
fb"J Bc}X  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 *rn]/w8ZW  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, uOl(-Zq@  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when 3Wb2p'V7$?  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. H*{k4  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which `e?;vA&  
Q5y q"/=[a  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly `Ix s7{&jU  
              A         B   6I&j cHH  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. S@c\|  
         C      D 4", )zDk  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 o9 i#N  
V Z2.w4b  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  =s0g2Zv"\  
  affected the way people in the United States----. 2~M;L&9-  
   (A) living and working &$m=^   
   (B) they live and work ]HyHz9QkL  
   (C) live and work MOP]\ypn  
   (D) to live and to work abICoP1zQ  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 KP=D! l&q  
m|[\F#+C  
二、介词 {5QosC+o6Q  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 J[}gku?C;  
Ii~; d3.  
(一) 介词搭配 [|a( y6Q  
k;;nE o~6  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those d& aBs++T  
    A         B   C      t7|MkX1  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. m\6SG' X  
                D m x3}m?WQ  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 uX[O,l^}  
 ]`zjRRd  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. *>e~_{F  
A       B     C  D cP*c(k~N  
分析:B错改为be rich in rD0k%-{{  
AA))KBXq  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the !Z U_,[  
    A         B      C Az  U|p  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. 4id3P{aU  
             D CxJfrI_W  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 #mgA/q?A  
QjQ4Z'.r>  
G $cxDGo  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 8W-]t1O%!  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 \4OK!6LkI  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. M'^(3#ZU  
          A      B  C     D +->\79<#V(  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 65lOX$*{-  
-{!&/;Z  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has  "\`>2  
                 A  B     kfVZ=`p}  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on PT mf  
      C r k@UsHy  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 9#u}^t  
      D w]n 4KR4  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 * !X4&#xP  
Y\.DQ  
2、介词by {n\6BTs  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ^Ss<X}es-  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 77``8,  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States 9 >%+bA(  
    A         B       /n(9&'H<  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. ,`<]>;s  
   C     D NNgK:YibD  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 THJ 3-Ug  
S:#e8H_7m]  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils 'X54dXS?l  
   A                      ^ZR8s^X  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to gNTh% e  
     B    C       D +1x)z~q=  
   supply moccasins and field rations. pOKeEW<q  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 au}s=ua~i  
t |.Ft<c#  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with ><X $#  
        A                0F1u W>D1  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements GJvp{U}y9I  
        B          C   V#NtBreN  
  that are often represented at symbols.  b)Tl*  
              D X>}@EHT  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 )&Mq,@  
三、谓语动词 9Yn)t#G'`F  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 o~;M"  
①、主谓分割原则 0TmZ*?3!4  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, &5d\~{;  
     A     "ct58Y@   
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ^( DL+r,  
        B      C      D C;ptir1G;  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 {<!hlB  
??j&i6sp  
②、与后者一致原则 n7S; Xve#  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, 6^ab@GrN\  
not only…but also K'V 2FTJI  
[1U{ci&=p  
v1h.pbz`w  
③、与前者一致原则 ~U3S eo }  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, &//2eL  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 Sk$KqHX(  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and J)KnE2dw5  
     A      B  C     ) P%4:P  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. fdLBhe#9M  
         D Q vJZkGX  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is Z vRxi&Z{?  
*E7R(#,yC  
④、就近原则 >: $"a  
or, either…or, neither…nor, !=y Q)l2  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are j76%UG\Ga  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is &Sa~/!M  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 ]Zk}ZG>6  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 _ Mn6L=  
Si R\a!,C  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are B!uxs  
        A      B        _A3X6  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. ST% T =_q  
    C              D _#vGs:-x&  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 SBL+e]P  
0 u2Ny&6w  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 ju.OW`GM  
There are five apples that are red. |]tZ hI"3<  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 ,J& 9kYz  
zR/IqW.`9  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets gwq`_/d}  
      A            #g{Mne  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. LD_M 3 P  
   B   C    D ,Z5Fea  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 u# 3)p  
Km"&mT $  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 Y;g% e3nu  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. 3a^)u-9,x  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 h1c{?xH2r  
x{?sn  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 }H2#H7!H  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: J'Gm7h{   
a. there be 句型  Oq}ip  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 B.RRdK+:  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 9t0Cj/w}  
W #47Cz  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 3sb 5E]P  
   A     B      C    D    l1DI*0@  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is j-6v2MH  
pALJl[Cb  
m/{Y]D{2  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific ,jTPg/r  
             A     B    Pa[?L:E  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 s6/cL|Ex  
     C         u uSHCp  
  miles in width. {6:& %V  
     D  m#;.yR  
分析:倒装句,are改为is ,H@TY w  
NA\x<  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and NZfd_? 3  
   A    B       C         ET3 ,9+Gj  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film 0JyqCb l  
                    D 5!8-)J-H  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. W#V fX!~  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 O/$ v69:  
DP0Z*8Ia  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 @BXaA0F4  
fifty percent of + 名词 Lg b  
one percent of + 名词 HwM /}-t  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如:  K)Ge  
  one percent of my students + are B]i+,u  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. D"'#one  
N 4s $.`  
这里要强调两个结构 /CbkqNV  
half of =fifty percent WFXx70n  
most of + 可数名词 + are  *6'_5~G  
most of + 不可数名词+ is H&9wS G`  
D8W(CE^}  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been 8`6 LMQ  
   A       B         C   RR8U Cv  
  found in central and eastern Canada. dfnX!C~6\  
           D 4U:DJ_GN  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 H9/XW6W,"w  
ud 5x$`  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized o K%K+h  
                 A   B  {3jm%ex  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. N <ja6Ac  
              C     D H)-L%l|9  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 m21QN9(i%  
I):m6y@  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 i_'|:Uy*F  
①、主要考察时间状语 G;87in ,}  
-(`K7T>D.  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. H rM)jC<~  
   A        B  C     D mOABZ#+F k  
a>#d=.  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was aU,0gvI(}  
KBp!zSl  
o%y+Y;|?J  
②、For和since的区别 ,K"r:)\  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 P TfN+  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 wR`w@ 5,d  
  I has been a teacher for three years. g6tWU  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. &6=TtTp"9  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 +Y_Q?/M@8  
)m$1al  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became lyMJW }T+>  
   A      B              TZvBcNi   
  the primary responsibility of the president. G FSlYG  
     C    D z/Mhu{ttL  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 oRtY?6^$  
f z/?=  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of fS8XuT  
             A  B  C   k}+MvGq  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. ePIly)=X  
            D soFvrl^Ql+  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 ^"6D0!'N  
?trt4Tbe/  
"OlI-^y  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  GSUOMy[M-  
   A       B        C     D c DEe?WS  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live ~]i]kU   
pE YrmC  
(三) 谓语的语态 lhW#IiX  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 :*w:eKk  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: T{v<  
①、prove |tolgdj  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 % 'D:bi5  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; t0AqGrn  
"8C(_z+]K`  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming :Brn RW64  
                      A   2kmna/Qa6  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be aS1P]&  
    B                  C +'YSpJ  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. *|.yX%"k  
                  D e4NX\tCpw  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 X G@>1/  
?6l,   
MM58w3Mz  
②、Locate,Situate ~]t2?SqNm  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 qT-nD}  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 A5>gLhl7  
这两个词也可以用作被动 kosJ]q'U  
  My school was located near the river. bU g2Bm!y  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 BOl$UJ|K  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. J|64b  
   (A)locates @0@'6J04  
   (B)locating fN? Lz%z3  
   (C)to locate `a1R "A  
   (D)is located 1_E3DXe  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 ~4 xBa:*z  
#L*@~M^]  
③、表示需要概念的动词 KL_}:O68  
need, want, require等 V/[,1W[B  
<?va) o u  
My watch needed repairing EA{*%9 A  
My watch needed to be repaired. ;cHI3V  
l?<z1Acd&  
④、表示人的情感的动词 k^%ec3l  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 >yHnz?bf@  
7~9f rW<K  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 Xq)%w#l5?  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 &^D@(m7>{K  
}c#/1J7  
主动和被动技巧总结: r0uXMr=Z96  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 jHw2Q8s|R  
=Bqa <Js  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the \B ^sJ[n  
                 A      hBSJEP  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, RvZ-w$E&?  
                 B YqCK#zT/  
  power structures, and flood-control works along |(ju!&  
                    C _5`S)G{  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. M@@O50~  
                D ? Z fhz   
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 AF JY!ou~6  
1>{-wL4rc  
四、非谓语动词 O}!@28|3"  
&/ FwV'  
(一) 分词 :R\v# )C  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 :Aiu!}\  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 &nw ~gSe  
9yAu<a  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then r@UY$z  
   A PzkXrDlB7  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. .g?,:$`0D?  
     B      C            D o_m.MMEU  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning &JM;jS z  
dV  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 rL"k-5>fd  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in a/#,Y<kJ  
      A               B   n9-[z2n  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. uNBhVsM6<  
               C         D Ls*=mh~IY  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living +N_%|!F-c  
qEz'l'%(  
A@'W $p?5r  
一些动词后面必须用doing 6LQO>k  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 XLxr~Yo  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, *4y r7~S5  
 advocate, suggest #ySx$WT;  
 delay, quit ir#^5e @  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, KL`>mJo$  
 avoid, escape(逃避) e[!>ezaIY  
 spend+名词+doing; )>p6h]]a  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing "FS.&&1(  
 Z.JTq~`I  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their TD7ONa-,  
   A     B    C              D *JXJ 2  
  crops. `_`,XkpzCJ  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 9Z 4R!Q  
6'zy"UkH  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, 6B{Awm@v}X  
               A        B X9HI@M]h  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. FoQk  
        C          D Ls{fCi/2F  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing wQc  w#  
p2K9R4  
(二) 不定式 1-#tx*>AY  
A. 动词不定式的省略 GZo4uwG@a  
①、help后面可以省略to W]OT=6u8o  
  help to do +|;IIwo  
  help sb. to do 7F4]EA ^  
s-B\8&^C  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid n6f|,D!?  
              A      B   R7i*f/m  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. 0"N %Vm  
         C     D '\Ub*m((1O  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 /v[- KjTj7  
_c 2#  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 cx|j _5%i  
  make, ]O."M"B  
  let, O u^dI  
  have sb. do sth D }\`5L<  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. _,^sI%  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians ,n*.Yq  
        A               B Y"@kvd  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. }W<L;yD  
   C     D ]^y}}y  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know ZeO>Ag^  
[H6>] &  
③、感官动词 DQ)SMqOotw  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe oC [g  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 oZ}e w!V  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 I9 E@2[=!  
OjN]mp-q  
[Z 0 e$  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 ^{w&&+#,q  
(1)表示第一人 ')BQ 0sg  
the first woman to do sth. ld $`5!Z  
Y'-Lt5SCS  
(2)表示迫使的动词 4g 1h:I/  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do ?]t8$^m,;  
` G'V9Xs(  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis *%O1d.,  
     A                 B    ^Z*_@A_v  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. =4zsAa  
       C           D 9K49<u0O  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 '/j`j>'!^  
3t,SXI @  
"\9@gfsp)  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 v zn/waw  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 .JiQq]  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 DirWe  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 ,Xn%-OT  
  be apt to do ,y0kzwPR1  
w Bl=]BW!%  
(4)表示目的的名词, NlKnMgt~  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 ;02lmpBj  
固定的句式: < W?,n%  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. \z_@.Jw{  
the objective 目标 d1,azM  
aim C{c (K!  
goal u4S3NLG)  
reason理由 hE=cgO`QU  
function功能 xpV8_Gz;  
intension意图 ?FA:K0H?zl  
SQeQ"k|P%  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing I[&!\Me[+w  
                       A  Fc=8Qt^  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. t HGK<rb  
           B          C     D x[vX |oE!A  
分析:the function to provide, A错 ) QX9T  
6@T_1  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure 97 1qr  
                  A       )ow3Bl8w  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds cJqPcCq(wn  
     B  ic3qb<2  
  that make up various components of a living cell. eQ*gnV}rE%  
    C    D 7Fq|Zc`P  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 akNJL\b  
 ztTpMj  
(5) 其他同根名词 xUG|@xIwc  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 g]3-:&F{c  
 attempt to do 企图 H(0d(c1s  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 M HgS5b2  
 ambition, "['YMhu_  
 be ambitious to do  "r[Ea|  
 effort 02SUyv(Mt  
ok7DI  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation !x,3k\M  
  A                    B   Q,s,EooIx  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. : \.v\.wm  
          C       D (Q\w4?ci  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 D]4?UL  
U_14CLs dG  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great /R^!~J50  
  A                   B   6jKM,%l  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. PZ"xW0"-  
       C            D 0ai4%=d-  
分析:efforts to register, C错 >(\[$  
TsR20P@  
J,E&Uz95%  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 L:'Y#VI{  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 RzyEA3L'  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. J H$  
:pNZQX  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 60hf)er  
I am glad to see you. 8l?]UFM>C  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. {Q4=GrS  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. u |#ruFR  
J :,  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 X5)>yM^N`  
It is difficult to decide. + J_W}G  
!&#CEF@J  
$'e.bh  
五、句子的结构 ujwI4oj" c  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 +LrW#K;  
s2v\R~T  
(一) 主语的重复 %zY3,4~  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 ^B5Hjf9  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any ~-.q<8  
          A      B      L9G=+T9  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the NbgP,-  
          C          D !M}&dW2  
  League of Nations. 0E++  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 &(wik#S  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson $|A vT;4  
=. OW sFv  
$KtMv +m"  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are 'd/A+W  
        A        B  >R.~'A/$F  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. > a^H7kp  
    C         D !a1jc_  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 1q/z&@+B  
c*LnLK/m  
(二)谓语的重复 qB"y'UW8  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 r\L:JTZ$  
4?8GK  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  _pk=IHGsB  
    A            B    E6BW&Xp  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. !$Mv)c/_u  
         C   D Cvi-4   
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 JCE364$$"  
NW^}u~-f  
(三)谓语的缺少 d6~wJMFl  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body |RHX2sso  
          A     B    4|x5-m+T  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. {"s9A&  
         C               D ]}C#"Xt  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 [gD02a: u  
>e8 t  
(四)主句的重复 G=\rlH]N  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 +Hv%m8'0|  
awMm&8cIM  
YW>|gE  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite .LV=Z0ja  
      A         B        C   !/Hln;{  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. (S1$g ~t;  
     D %`%1W MO  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 D[yaAG<  
| u36-  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow nL@P {,J  
        A   B       9?l( }S`  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. w QwY_ _  
      C    D =yfr{5}R  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 0+M1,?+GfF  
u~% m(  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided \-`L}$  
   A                     B  NAHQ:$  
  names for towns, only George Washington Mx0c # d.  
      C ,tmo6D62  
  is remembered in the name of a state. z{;W$SO 2  
          D }evc]?1(  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 o %Pi;8  
六、比较级和最高级 < _c84,[V  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 [,xFk* #  
$F;$-2  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 v#=WdaNz  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which _/ P"ulNb  
      A               z[] AH#h  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. eAm7*2  
     B       C           D @DY0Lz;  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 q>!T*BQ  
7s>d/F3*  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 (Q#ArMMORI  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. K ,+`td#  
     A      B     C  D &=@ R,  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 rx|/]NE;  
- stSl*  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere 75I* &Wl  
     A       B     C   D \ 1ys2BX  
  is the grizzly bear. q2&&n6PYW  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 - V_e=Y<J/  
HgduH::\#  
!OC?3W:^_  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 C @hnT<e  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 $N:m 9R  
u&2uQ-T0  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with ag[yM  
   A           B  JFR,QUT  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. |44CD3A%  
   C                 D o6Vc}jRH  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 'Kp|\T r  
w4RP*Da?:  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 $].< /  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as [G t|Qp[   
vJ mE}  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 ]5rEwPB  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 u+XZdV  
the taller boy U%w ?muJW  
X(g<rz1J]  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 y4 P mL  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed @i6D&e=  
          A            B 5 F H#)  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is |CStw"Fog  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. i#(T?=VPcy  
    C          D \T<?=A  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they p A1Tod  
_g$6vx&  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 ]U' KYrh  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, !mq+Oz~  
  A  B         C     wQ4/eQ*  
  the Navajos form largest group. z`f1|Ok  
         D R &T(S  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 d}ue/hdw  
8Qek![3^  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, LI"ghz= F  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language @/B&R^aVZ  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the \BUr2]  
uK3,V0 yz  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many Dgp"RUP  
            A      B         C AdR}{:ia  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. O6l j^  
            D Fag%#jxI  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 ~Ci|G3BW  
OpUC98p?@  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the tE=P9 \4  
例如:my best friends }(20MW8rMc  
yC6XO&:g  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial I>b!4?h  
            A    B     C MXSPD# gN  
  and banking center. YYZE-{ %  
        D |*i0h`a  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 ;r"YZs&Xd  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 Nt'(JAZ;  
$IUT5Gia`  
ORyFE:p$  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary !T#~.QP4  
                 A         egK,e?~  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. .@gv }`>  
    B   C     D BC 9rsb  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语  Fp'k{  
}{J<Wzw  
七、平行结构 vp{jh-&  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 Wg3y y8vIW  
B9&"/tT  
$*\[I{Zau}  
(一) 对等连接词 )F8G q,  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 ^Z$ %OM,  
单一式: and, or ,but >Ke4lO"  
相关式: both…and, not … but, /60 8P:U  
     either …or, neither…nor 2$V]XSe  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as Rs$k3   
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, kid3@  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also "W?<BpV~@!  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, t,gKN^P_  
se:]F/  
短语式: as well as w4\b^iJz  
     rather than (而不是) 7q&Ru|T33  
     other than (除…之外) dq+VW}[EO  
     instead of (代替) K?+iu |$ &  
-NHA{?6r  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 xc7Wk&{=  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  \DI%/(?  
       A     B   =;#+8w=^  
  but he is now living in Detroit. h:\WW;s[B  
       C   D j"{|* _6E_  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 hsr,a{B%$  
;7Cb!v1  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics D[yOFJ~p)  
       A         B `CP# S7W^  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford `irz'/"p  
  remained active in city and regional planning. =+HMPV6yg7  
          C    D  }SpjB  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 E&ou(Q={  
(二)平行的内容 YC+}H3 3  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 \X1?,gV_  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of ^NwXvp>7-  
             A         B   AJ1(q:P  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, Z Z|a`U  
         C            D +ExXhT  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. y;aZMT.YI  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 B7HNNX  
0wL-Ak#v  
/<ODP6Yy;  
第二、名词单复数的平行 0*G =~:  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 [HNWM/ff7+  
TrA&yXXL  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, ;>%@  
  A     B          C   "*E06=fiG  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. 6_xPk`m  
                 D   O.OPIQ=?:w  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 jFAnhbbCE  
e\o>(is  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, %#7NCd k;S  
                   A         B }C6RgE.6<  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. vxN,oa{hf  
      C          D /O@TqH  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have u Uy~$>V  
$Sg5xkV,a  
第三、时态的平行 *SP@`)\D  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated _6O\*|'6  
                A     VH*4fcT'D  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops ^)wTCkH&y  
                   B  }wY6^JF  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. St`3Z/|h  
          C    D L_ &`  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 A.[~}ywH  
CRpMpPi@}  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- a%FM)/oI|T  
  spread from its home in Central America and Y:;]qoF  
  now grows throughout the tropics. 6 +2M$3_U  
   (A) to be    (B) it   1\XR6q:2  
   (C) the     (D) its 1ha 8)L  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? "bhF`,V  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow Y<vHL<G  
39!$x[  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- !Au @\/}  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. s+omCr|H;A  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised gL/D| =  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised iCZuE:I1K,  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 Lo{g0~?x*  
/ %9DO  
第四、排列位置的平行 @,\J\ rb  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. Ow3t2G  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode g##yR/L  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  kM JA#{<  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes 7A=*3  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes aS  $ J `  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 xj#anr  
j=U^+jAn  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: mzGMYi*  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 *K'_"2J  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 c|2+J :}p  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 ahmxbv3f=5  
"?n ;dXYSi  
八、词序的颠倒 t3VZjO  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 CU+H`-+"J  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 \&,{N_G#L.  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage N2Q b+  
              A    B        G pC*w ~  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. jiGXFM2  
      C       D    b.#0{*/G  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 zPyN2|iFah  
 % s),4  
3jzmiS]  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 m.b}A'GT  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only {;^GKb+  
          A      B     zS/1v+  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. =>Q$S  
    C         D !S}d?8I6  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 CYn56eRK  
N;|:Ks#!  
 h~-cnAMt  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 8k9q@FSln  
D0*+7n3  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were &j!q9F  
          A   B     C   l", X  
  in what is now the United States. F [S'l  
    D <o"2z~gv  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 ^EZ?wdL  
`+]e}*7$f  
所有的系动词分为三大类: ~@%#eg  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, -40s  
    is, remain, keep, stay, y*vg9`$k  
    lie, exit(表示位于) !vGJ 7  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 .gs:.X)TG9  
    become, turn, grow, 30<3DA_P  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) 5 ]F4.sa  
x#jJ 0T  
第三种,感官动词 &2//\Qz  
    seem(好像是) m* rw?nLZ  
    look(看起来好像是) wak`Jte=}m  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste =(Pk7{  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 &]jCoBj+_  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe miEf<<L#z  
    A               B     .&;:X )  
   to cause numerous deaths. ]>oI3&6s  
        C   D  3fq'<5 ^  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 t6! B  
TSKR~3D#  
九、词性的混用 x%OJ3Qjj=  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 =g<Yi2  
yq,%<%+  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 ~09kI O)  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; TykY>cl   
y7-dae k  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high TF-a 1z  
          A        B      1)!?,O\ey  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and =:(<lKf,<F  
              C 0wZAsG"Bg  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. cW?~]E'<  
          D (k24j*1e$  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) 0s%]%2O N  
&D#B"XI  
2hFOwI  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 F?hGt]o  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 != u S  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds %)PQomn?  
         A       B      3y]rhB  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to 0&2eiMKG?n  
          C        +YnQOh%v0s  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. &d&nsQ  
            D L; 'C5#GN  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 QI{<q<  
&8@ a"  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, *}Nh7 >d(  
            A       \!!1o+#1j  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of ~)%DiGW&  
      B      C @j+X>TD  
   urban Black people in the United States. wZ\% !# }7  
   D kf2e-)uUs  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 X2to](\% X  
Wm>AR? b  
iMXK_O%  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 ljRR{HOl  
表示时间有两种可能, B(U0 ~{7a  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 e \ rb  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, G?QU|<mj<  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 fE&wtw{gi  
1$a dX  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence ?L~Z]+-  
       A     B     y6 !Zt}m  
  were made while the American Civil War. |? l6S  
   C    D 6 &)fZt  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 =*?2+ ;  
{ei, >5K  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the _Q3Ad>,U  
   A      B           C    Al(u|LbQ  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. ;Z(~;D  
          D k 1   
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 ,-[dr|.  
6X.lncE@p  
4$<-3IP,  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 WxF rqUz  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 k(v8zDq*  
3e.v'ccK&  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social 'hM?J*m  
                   A     &]2z)&a  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. e!(0y)*  
     B   C    D Rtl;*ZAS  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。  *R6n+d  
@#%rTKD9F  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples $N#f)8v  
   A        B   C      Ur]~>-Z  
  easily under the stress of compression. |,ZmRW^2K  
   D Y+#e| x  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 `[;b#.  
+{j? +4(B  
sy Yg, G[  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 <(Wa8PY2(  
ZN2g(  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine qK4E:dD  
    A         B !t["pr\ ?  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. {q1&4U~'>O  
          C            D O\  T  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 {37DrSOa  
w49Wl>M  
.6[xX?i^T  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, WG;1[o&  
         A Tv0|e'^  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. hgE!) UE  
   B      C      D (9BjZ&ej  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 '?5=j1  
X9nt;A2TU+  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 OxqbHe  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; r6Z&i^cMe  
two hundred diligent students
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