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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 2'MZ s]??w  
L"Olwwmk  
第一章 名词 ^iw'^6~  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 )*x6 FfTUd  
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第一节 可数名词 dP]\Jo=Yh  
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考点一 单复数 x-.?HS [  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 eu|;eP-+d  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 +8Ymw:D7a  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) o@i#|kx,  
vbe|hO""  
下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 x!58cS*  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: z]`k#O%%)  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes Pax|x15  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories OL,TFLn4  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives V"G*N<q  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs F Yzi~ L  
e-#BDN(O  
例题: .Blf5b  
X1-'COQS%&  
(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. W~9tKT4  
   A         B           C       D ={d>iB yq  
答案:A 8sM|%<$=j  
应改为:Flowers l@+7:n4K0  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 Q&=w_Wc  
,UGRrS  
%Iv,@}kvT+  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic "wn zo,  
   A               B   C          D 5l 2 ?  
pain. mmEYup(l0;  
答案:A VE {3}S  
应改为:Doctors *|C^=*j9  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 >dG;w6y'  
考点二 复数形式特例 X#TQ_T"  
B!_mC<*4`X  
这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 ^O<&f D  
1.单复数词形相同 lpeEpI/gM  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 &c HV7  
s{S4J'VW  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: &d+Kg0:  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises UU mTOJr  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula r1.nTO%  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena gL[yA?GoM  
,)J u[  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: o-{[|/)Tk  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄),  TYmP)  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), s(%oTKjt  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: Hl/ QnI!  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) wNtx]t_M  
$Ifmc`r1  
5 不规则的名词复数  ZP *q4:  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice +!z{5:  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet zb}9%.U  
V\6[}J  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 u7[ykyV  
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例题: `m>*d!h=  
n'01Hh`0  
(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading OCJnjlV%  
       A            B           C B}:(za&  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. x&9hI  
            D m&\h4$[kql  
+~roU{& o  
(2) P  h}|dGb  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed 6s\Kt3=  
  A      B           C           2 :mn</z  
feet. rN<b?KE  
 D `v}%33$hA  
答案:D !Mim@ !5M  
应改为:foot a,+@|TJ,i  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 ZAUQJS 91E  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 8&~~j7p,  
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第二节 限定词 D3^7y.u<)  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: 9Xl5@%uz?z  
1.之后肯定接单数: 13%t"-@bh  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. {g~bQ2wDC  
例句: Each of them has two books. 0i|oYaC  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) Ns0cgCrhX  
WN5`;{\  
2.之后肯定接复数: I} t 3 p|z  
these, those, many, such, other, Cc<,z*T  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), Qb; d:@9  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several VY"9?2?/  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of N, *m ,  
PN<C=gAe  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc Ppt2A6W  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 gE hN3(  
{}m PEd b  
e)IpPTj#  
Ev2HGU[  
考点一 否定限定词no A'K%WW*'U  
j.ldaLdG  
(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: 9cx =@  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. 'K*AV7>E  
No one is here. <zy,5IlD  
;HBC Ue<_  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: TtDg *kZ  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; )wtaKF.-  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 J5[~LZKW  
Q2];RS3.  
例题: Op? OruT[  
(1) !.<T"8BUpv  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. R%H$%cnj  
(A) none ph|ZG6:  
(B) no ia{c  
(C) not qxMnp}O  
(D) nor F;!2(sPS  
G02m/8g3  
答案: C uw7{>9  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 q xJQPz  
%_aMl  
(2) & &<9p;E  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when }2r+%V&4  
A                B           C }T0K^Oe+eS  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. tAFti+Qb  
        D F{\gc|!i  
mN5 8r"!J  
答案: A i~{ _eQV  
应改为: No l??;3kh1  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 :y,v&Kk#T  
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考点二 their等物主代词 3Gr&p6  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars F[7x*-NO-  
$ 'QdFkOr  
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 b}zBn8l  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. :Px\qh}K  
这里用their 而不用 the 4`2$_T$ F  
tllBCuAe  
例题: 9;r? nZT/  
(1) g>7Y~_}  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten )3z]f2  
              A      B        C FX,$_:f6Y  
the lives. X`\:_|  
 D c! H 9yk  
~k4W<   
答案: D WY)^1Gb$ux  
应改为: their o;-<|W>  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 CYB=Uq,  
DQ=N1pft2v  
(2) iTNqWU-o  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any U?U(;nSR\A  
      A        B              C hD 46@  
specific way. liNON  
    D J35l7HH  
#cEq_[yI  
答案: B ix Ow=!@  
应改为: its S[@6Lp3q_  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 4NVgOr:  
W<gD6+=8  
考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 )Ul&1UYA  
K M]Wl_z  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 $k(9 U\y-  
@]3*B %t  
例题: `QCD$=  
(1) -iQsi4  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or urxqek  
        A        B        C `p"U  
relating those objects. RUrymkHFB  
 D "=`~iXT{e  
F> Mr<k=@;  
答案: B fle0c^=  
应改为: is a set ty;o&w$  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 2?*1~ 5~I  
CI1m5g [P  
(2) VEo^ :o)r  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. xucIjPi]  
A       B     C           D '?L%F{g/9  
s{%fi*  
答案: D }` @?X"r  
应改为: responses &1$8q0  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few @{de$ ODu  
j) <[j&OWw  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 R]fYe#!"  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) W.GN0(uG  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) a j_:|]j  
1#kawU6[]  
第三节 冠词作限定词 ~)!VV)  
6A@Lj*:2m  
冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 :EaiM J_=  
zXDd,ltm  
考点一 不定冠词a / an :'b%5/ ^q  
{)jk_&c7  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: n+S&!PB  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university j?d!}v  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour Hm<M@M$aG  
gtl;P_  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). 5]Z]j[8Y  
|4LQ\'N&  
例题: paUyS1i  
(1)       MgSp.<!  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever ge@reGfsB1  
   A                 B           C L_`Xbky  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. 7n$AkzO0  
                 D {m>~`   
答案: B有错 939]8BERt  
应改为: puzzle. hu`L v  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle ejDCmD  
(2) qb 46EZu  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a = ulr_i%Xs  
   A        B       C          D _-YL!oP  
question of physiology and of culture. b"*mi  
答案: D有错 P<TpG0~(  
应改为: day h,Y{t?Of  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day zLE>kK  
(3) 1 yxZ  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the cS. 7\0$  
  A      B       C Y8{T.\%\+  
nonprofessional metal worker. [w+yQ7P  
    D I 0x`H)DA  
答案: C OcyiL)tv5  
应改为: still a practical g!~-^_F  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 <yPq;#z(!  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 Po2_ 0uX  
例题: Y#Sd2h,^X  
(1) 5#N"WHz!  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. tIc0S!H#  
   A     B    C           D _#y(w%  
答案: A n0>5'm%ES  
应改为: An emotion JI{OGr  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an 6&/ Ew4 e  
(2) GgZEg ?@  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine }R?v"6aBS  
   A    B                       C 9Y!0>&o  
chemically with other atoms. cP$wI;P  
         D Azdz3/  
答案: A 6KZ8 .m}:  
应改为: an atom _7t|0aNo\  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an `% #zMS  
f 6dE\   
考点二 定冠词the X=*Yzz}  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: hr$VVbOho  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: 3f7t%  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower K2cpf  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: q:D0$YY0  
the first woman, the nineteenth century _ z"ci$[  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby zd*W5~xKg  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: y<Z#my$`|n  
the largest city, the most advanced technology dmTW]P2  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: jmZ|b6  
the development of the watch, X &;]  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: ,& pF:ql F  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun Ej{eq^n  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: $'I$n  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: y>pq*i  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) [> aoDJ  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the *t]&b ;=gE  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) ^F{)&#4  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: VQW )qOR9  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) cO"Xg<#y  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: =[tls^  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… O ]4 x;`)  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: +ouy]b0`t  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed 9 %.<V_$  
乘车的词组: q.hc%s2?  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), Hh'14n&W  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) dxhjPS~^Q  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), A1s=;qr  
打球的词组: Y_ ;i  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball & b^*N5<Z  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. A%2M]];%X  
例题: Qd)cFL "v  
(D)       kjKpzdbD  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. ,knI26Jh  
(A) it was the (R|FQdH  
(B) that the =K< I)2   
(C) there was a -D^y)  
(D) the r+.4|u  
答案:D :8!3*C-=  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 ^HN  
(2) ?%fZvpn-  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of N(/<qv  
           A            B KJ{F,fr+v  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. 0-; P&m!!  
     C      D  6!D  
答案:D oX~$'/2v  
应改为:of VKJ~ZIO@A  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 xgw)`>p,W  
(3) m~IWazj;A  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to j I@$h_n  
  A      B              C    _*B~ESC0  
nineteenth century. F?AfB[PM  
  D )0V]G{QN  
答案:D v?"ee&Y6  
应改为:to the nineteenth bh6wI%8H  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the ^dKaa  
第四节 不可数名词 }Fe{s;  
~g6[ [  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 z"C(#Y56 x  
&fhurzzAm  
抽象名词如: BU{ V,|10a  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: tpzdYokh >  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), Sq]1SW3  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), Ywq+l]5/p  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) [ +@<T)  
还有表达学科类的名词如: BCB/cBE  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, `mTx tuid{  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) m:<3d]L  
Rk0 rHC6[  
物质名词如: u)]s J 1p  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), &b8D'XQu  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) 9+|,aG s  
(pNng"/  
I<-" J^2  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 e(N <Mf  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, 3goJ(XI  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), L,GtIZkE  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) J0plQDe  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 R7b*(33  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice bx6}zk f&  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, {<BK@U  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 h"S/D[  
例题: 0P >dXd)T  
(1) tTamFL6  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and rnaDo\5  
       A      B    C          D .r"?w  
trade. "VCr^'  
答案:C ["/x~\c'N  
应改为:advertising :]jtV~E\  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 c:TP7"vG  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 DR=1';63  
i i Y[  
考点二 限定词 [i_x 1  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: /Qy0vAvJ  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) ; & +75n  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 Lo4t:H&  
例题: WLb7 ]rCTp  
(1) gV BV@v!W  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear &rKhB-18)  
        A              B         C !y.7"G*  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. _aYQ(FO  
                     D *ni|I@8  
答案:D *^()el,d  
应改为:little. o~p^`5#  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little W kE;tC*  
(2) vD t? N9  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge g= 8e.Y*Fr  
      A                    B 5N0H^  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. <LY+" Y  
           C         D pz+#1=b]  
答案:B tTal<4  
应改为:much evidence 10(N|2'q  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 !WXSrICX[  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 d|3[MnU[a  
例如: cxV3Vrx@A  
a lot of students , a lot of money e6Y0G,K  
the rest of the students, the rest of money tEl_A"^e  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. ="4)!  
gC_U7aw  
第五节 所有格及of结构 fy5)Tih%.*  
%|Vq"MW,I  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 lU maNZ  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, eo !{rs@f  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office pB`<4+"9  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , udMq>s;  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room DwPl,@T_i\  
例题: $|KbjpQ  
(1) kq+L63fZ  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. S:wmm}XQ  
(A) of the drop [LE_lATjU  
(B) the drop's Ad(j&P  
(C) drop of -4.+&'  
(D) drops their U:H*b{`TU  
答案: (B) xp ae0vw  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 ]*).3<Lw  
(2) 8WMC ~  
Over a very lar GKX#-zsh79  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. B--`=@IRf"  
(A) occurs BO^e.iB/  
(B) will occur : 7'anj  
(C) can occur =Z2sQQVS  
(D) occurring uTQ/_$  
答案:D mU;TB%#)  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 HghNI  
 V}&  
考点二 of结构 N G4wtDa  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) >Py=H+d!j  
如: the title of the passage mAz':R[  
例如: l78zS'  
(1) DEIn:d  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names -Y D6  
          A     B     C 9k1n-p o  
of some works years after their completion. E }UlQq  
       D  QHOem=B  
答案: C ? r^+-  
应改为: paintings 0EOpK%{  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 tT'+3  
(2) 7cH[}v`pn  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and VHJOj  
      A         B     C         D HKV]Rn  
spinal cord. nI&Tr_"tm  
答案: B kP3'BBd,  
应改为: stimulation z>~Hc8*]3  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 .M!HVq47m  
ZdfIe~Oni  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 pno]B ld'z  
>O?5mfMK  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 ?J io9Zr  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 Gz@'W%6yaV  
例题: 5 ^+> *z  
(1) &Nl:  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. W&qE_r  
(A) was a major collection 8V?O=3 <a  
(B) that a major collection C[z5& x2  
(C) a collection was major 6x7pqH M  
(D) a major collection '(4$h3-gv7  
答案: (D) =y.?=`"  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 8S R~{  
(2) _Gv n1"l  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of Yjx*hv&?  
    A         B        C     D V*U{q%p(  
medieval alchemists. bVaydJ*  
答案:A ju~js  
应改为:beginnings.  E|P  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 nO.RB#I$F  
9)}Nx>K  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 ))JbROBU,  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 _Z'[-rcXWh  
例题: K =nW|^  
(1) _\uyS',  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. (r78AZ  
(A) new dance, the twist oP vk ^H  
(B) twist, was the new dance pu3ly&T#a_  
(C) twist, the new dance that WCJ$S\#  
(D) new dance is the twist w eu3c`-a  
答案: (A) i^ `]TOP  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 y(!J8(yA  
(2) ) bRj'*  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep bLSXQStB  
     A                B        0@cc XF E  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. 6'E3Q=}d  
 C               D yCC.j%@  
答案: D :56f  
应改为: promise. =GGt:3Kx-  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 CI%4!K;{  
|1M+FBT$w  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 wX7|a/|@  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, ?=C?3R  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. `F)Q=  
例题: 5|I2  
(1) -5v2E-  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. +s(JutC  
(A) that institutes f(H h(  
(B) while instituted ^4D7sS;~3  
(C) was an institution gc%aaYf>  
(D) an institute ,<,ige  
答案: (D) h"b;e2  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 3 M/iuu  
(2) b7X-mkF  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. t")+ L{  
(A) is the great modern choreographer h}vzZZ2,  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers ^\Bm5QkS  
(C) that the great modern choreographers  pt`^4}  
(D) the modern choreographers were great ,d^ze=  
答案:B CA0SH{PdW&  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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