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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 3|++2Z{},  
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第一章 名词 dgbq Mu"  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 =74yhPAW  
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第一节 可数名词 Y8i'=Po%,  
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考点一 单复数 qoZUX3{  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 S/?!ESW6  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 fx74h{3u  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) 6gy; Xg  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 QmiS/`AAv  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: NzBX2  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes mMt~4(5  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories PR+L6DT_  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives l|jb}9(J  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs a_V.mu6h6p  
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例题: 1EmZ/@k/Y  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. wJ>.I<F6B  
   A         B           C       D n/ m7+=]v  
答案:A 6'a 1]K  
应改为:Flowers x2M{=MExE.  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 uP.[,V0@^  
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic <c!I\y  
   A               B   C          D \L5h&  
pain. Cn"L*\o  
答案:A J_@`:l0,z  
应改为:Doctors Su>UXuNdE#  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 wM0P#+bA\  
考点二 复数形式特例 r>kDRIHB  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 41s[p56+@  
1.单复数词形相同 O8<@+xlX  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 dt1,! sHn  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: K[Ao_v2g  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises ;Y@"!\t}  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula R1/87eB  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena A6AIkKjzq  
`7o(CcF6H  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: O~u@J'4  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), ]>"q>XgnI  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), [*2|#KSCX  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: P%^\<#Ya7  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) W:XN!  
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5 不规则的名词复数 FK!UUy;  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice 3!<} -sW4  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet ]Yd7  
N \Wd 0b  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 ypA)G/;  
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例题: ;x~[om21;  
,Z 1W3;O  
(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading 'h~I#S4!  
       A            B           C J`@#yHL  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. G ?&T0  
            D jpW(w($XL  
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(2) },'Ij; %%Q  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed !YJ^BI    
  A      B           C           ko<iG]Dv'  
feet. TPeBb8v 8D  
 D -a(\(^NW  
答案:D B%e#u.'6  
应改为:foot B,dHhwO*l  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 05>xQx?"m4  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 gc6T`O-_;  
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第二节 限定词 ml mXFEC  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: =*u:@T=d5  
1.之后肯定接单数: VSI.c`=,  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. nPj/C7j  
例句: Each of them has two books. 2r]!$ hto  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) dGb]`*E  
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2.之后肯定接复数: U.@j !UrZ  
these, those, many, such, other, G2x5%`   
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), L'JEkji"  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several K)`\u7Bu  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of G* f5B  
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc )n[ oP%  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 N!e?K=}tL  
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考点一 否定限定词no Bkn- OG  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: fQ&:1ec  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. gJy Ft8Z<  
No one is here. !S/hH%C  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: 2wWL]`(E  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; COw]1 R  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 `ecuquX'  
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例题: j${:Y$VmE  
(1) W"rX$D [Le  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. <%JRZYZ  
(A) none `F>1xMm  
(B) no &Z+a (  
(C) not [|2uu."$  
(D) nor [H#I:d-+\  
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答案: C x7J|  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 UcMe("U  
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(2) i4.s_@2Y  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Uq/(xh,t5  
A                B           C *g5df[  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. Kbc-$ oneR  
        D jow^~   
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答案: A Vzz0)`*hQ  
应改为: No 0x0.[1mB  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 1+o>#8D  
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考点二 their等物主代词 K+H?, I  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars U;KHF{Vm  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 E]_lYYkA  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. b0E(tPw5c  
这里用their 而不用 the @?K(+BGi  
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例题: bqf=;Nvog  
(1) '[5tc fG#z  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten +F 6KGK[  
              A      B        C 7z=Ss'O]  
the lives. [ne4lWaE<y  
 D oL X6w  
QsDa b4  
答案: D BD=;4SLT  
应改为: their wGISb\rr  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 J;"XRE[%5  
X.Z?Ie  
(2) ?b8NEVjw  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any f*5=,$0  
      A        B              C &r DOqj  
specific way. )_.@M '?  
    D |EU}&k2  
3u{[(W}08  
答案: B kHz3_B9 [  
应改为: its [(ty{  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 A7|"0*62  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 92 Pp.Rh  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 mW8CqW\Q5  
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例题: 8%`Sx[  
(1) {_[l,tdZ  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or i,4JS,82I  
        A        B        C R>gj"nB  
relating those objects. g4Hq<W"  
 D 0^[ " &K/  
*[yCcqN.  
答案: B L9r 3jz  
应改为: is a set $(zJ  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 f4g(hjETbu  
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(2) g_n=vO('X  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. j./bVmd.  
A       B     C           D &S|laq H  
5@Py`  
答案: D ~s5Sk#.z5  
应改为: responses cJ[n<hTv  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few Y$Uvt_  
&F.lo9JJ  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 Nz:   
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) Vq<|DM3z<  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) 7<1Y%|x`  
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第三节 冠词作限定词 +[F9Q,bH@b  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 ZcdS?Z2k  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an A6UtpyS*'  
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: foJ|Q\Z,T  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university f%|g7[  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour ix$+NM<n  
D l"y|  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). .#Sd|C]R7  
Y*AHwc<w`  
例题: "thu@~aC  
(1)       m[8#h(s*t  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever TLV)mCZ  
   A                 B           C ev@1+7(  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. }5S2v+zE  
                 D )O+9 v}2  
答案: B有错 RE7[bM3a  
应改为: puzzle. $qEJO=v  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle +V7p?iEY  
(2) B}!n6j`  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a |LjCtm)@+  
   A        B       C          D '"KK|]vJ  
question of physiology and of culture. WW_X:N~~e\  
答案: D有错 -+4$W{OK*0  
应改为: day ![V<vIy   
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day p1D-Q7F  
(3) K:{Q~+   
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the 6D+k[oHZm  
  A      B       C Y/ h ay[6  
nonprofessional metal worker. Xgl>kJy<#  
    D fklM Yu4:n  
答案: C npe*A  
应改为: still a practical @z,'IW74V  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 Gmc"3L  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 q)vD "{0.  
例题: un/R7 "  
(1) M6I1`Lpf  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. N; hq  
   A     B    C           D - Z|1@s&  
答案: A 4 I~,B[|  
应改为: An emotion rm cy-}e  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an n/6A@C  
(2) C6Mb(&  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine zz9.OnZ~  
   A    B                       C ?+!KucTF  
chemically with other atoms. C&SYmYj^c  
         D vxm`[s|QC  
答案: A *rbH|o8  
应改为: an atom ~<eiWDf  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an 8R z=)J  
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考点二 定冠词the ;L`'xFo>>  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: vZKo&jU k  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: %iGME%oXr  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower $`Ou*  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: wVPq1? 9  
the first woman, the nineteenth century #Q{6/{bM&J  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby <E ^:{J95  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: (u*]&yk  
the largest city, the most advanced technology -8o8l z  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: kSJWQ  
the development of the watch, %1 v)rg y  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: s4Wk2*7 Mq  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun |hpm|eZG"h  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: a@7we=!  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: w&H ?;1  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) kY|_wDBSb\  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the S:5Nh^K  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) `)%eU~  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: $0 l i"+  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) ;6]+/e7O  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: s<5t}{x  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… C*KRu`t  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: >Z3}WMgBN  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed bH = 5[  
乘车的词组: 1{,WY(,c  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), X{ Nif G  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) F;z FKvn  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), ML R3 A s  
打球的词组: 4Q]+tXes  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball kL&^/([9  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. B!Qdf8We  
例题: b\^.5SEw  
(D)       xLGAP-mx]  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. 2L,e\]2Z  
(A) it was the YsTfv1~z#  
(B) that the #v`G4d  
(C) there was a }R>g(q=N  
(D) the Z| ~<B4#c  
答案:D *mBEF"  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 `*~:n vU  
(2) bg$e80  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of 8gx^e./  
           A            B E-Mp|y/V  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. 9(H8MUF0{  
     C      D mp5]=6 ~:m  
答案:D D m5UQe  
应改为:of !,1~:*:  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 1 ltoLd\{  
(3) #4|?;C)u\  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to 21;n0E  
  A      B              C    ;id  
nineteenth century. ZLO _5#<  
  D hup] Jk  
答案:D ,>Yz1P)L  
应改为:to the nineteenth ^beW*O!  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the 1~_]"Y'  
第四节 不可数名词 1W-!f%  
GHoPv-#  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 AU >d1S.  
TX 12$p\  
抽象名词如: N-5lILuJJ  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: 8Y4YE(x5  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), 7-(tTBH  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), $YW z~^f  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) D @f%&|IZ  
还有表达学科类的名词如: 8IVKS>  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, ZL@7Mr!e  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) 2sf/^XC1  
[y'jz~9c  
物质名词如: S__ o#nf`%  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), ";xG[ne$Be  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) _tYt<oB~%  
ku\_M  
;B tRDKn  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 fOrqY,P'  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, lMlXK4-  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), {U&Mo97rzX  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) ,Kdvt@vle  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 8;+t.{  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice 5vY1 XZt{  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, Inr ~9hz  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 T0Y=g n  
例题: ZLBfQ+pM)  
(1) II),m8G  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and `yc .A%5  
       A      B    C          D $yOfqr  
trade. b7HS 3NYk  
答案:C e}aD <E G  
应改为:advertising 2,dG Rf  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 }1'C!]j  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 {iHC;a5gb$  
w_eLas%  
考点二 限定词 AvhmN5O =  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: 00<iv"8  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) Jw9|I)H  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 XnV|{X%]U  
例题: G4ZeO:r  
(1) \@gs 8K#  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear HQTB4_K\  
        A              B         C 2}+V3/  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. IOt!A  
                     D hm?-QVRPV  
答案:D 7?B]X%  
应改为:little. R (4 :_ xc  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little o^_z+JFwb  
(2) )%WS(S>8  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge F|Jo|02  
      A                    B R6CxNPRJ  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn.  8tLkJOu  
           C         D ;nSaZ$`5  
答案:B "l2_7ZXsPT  
应改为:much evidence 0Tg/R4dI  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 "'dt"x)  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 F5{~2~Cw(  
例如: A5B  5pJ  
a lot of students , a lot of money sR'rY[^/|  
the rest of the students, the rest of money ]-["sw  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. T?NwSxGo  
8_mdh+  
第五节 所有格及of结构 aW$7:<A{  
0t6s20*q  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 dt^yEapjM  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, cfa#a!Y4  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office x w]Zo<F  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , RhXX/HFk  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room e 2k!5O S  
例题: % UY=VE\F  
(1) IiS1ubNtZ  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. `L7 cS  
(A) of the drop '+Ts IJh  
(B) the drop's k7f[aM5]  
(C) drop of sm4@ywd>  
(D) drops their U/wY;7{)#  
答案: (B) IcI y  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 rOS fDv  
(2) \d]&}`'4{f  
Over a very lar ^L<1S/~)  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 9O~1o?ni  
(A) occurs l4v)tV~  
(B) will occur V]`V3cy1+3  
(C) can occur , N5Rdgzk  
(D) occurring M'R^?Jjb  
答案:D 5H""_uw  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 nU||Jg  
%U-KQI0  
考点二 of结构 MoO jM&9  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) ,dK%[  
如: the title of the passage =DG aK0n  
例如: (gs"2  
(1) >x (^g~i  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names /p?h@6h@y  
          A     B     C ~$YFfv>  
of some works years after their completion. V92e#AR  
       D (y=P-nm  
答案: C Kc}FMu  
应改为: paintings ?v8B;="#w  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 OfbM]:}<3  
(2) @;JT }R H-  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and `b# w3 2  
      A         B     C         D Gk'J'9*  
spinal cord. X;6&:%ZL@^  
答案: B p+#uPY1#  
应改为: stimulation  Z:u7`%  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 V)_mo/D!D  
{*yhiE,  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 qwiM .b5  
gMFTZQsP  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 s{Ryh.IyI  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 \6 2|w HX  
例题: "e@JMS  
(1) CdC&y}u  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. RVlC8uJ;P  
(A) was a major collection oypX.nye_  
(B) that a major collection .y#@~H($  
(C) a collection was major KR ?-<  
(D) a major collection L&.9.Ll  
答案: (D) $l7 <j_C  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 Y{f;qbEQH'  
(2) -YJ7ne]  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of AW%^Xt  
    A         B        C     D Jd7+~isu~  
medieval alchemists. bt-y6,> +E  
答案:A 'HH[[9Q  
应改为:beginnings. k`'^e/  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 6rq:jvlx$  
bX=A77  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 SB:-zQ5  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 Go= MG:`  
例题: gG&2fV}l6  
(1) z|< 6y~5,  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. p*8=($j4  
(A) new dance, the twist _r?H by<b  
(B) twist, was the new dance ?qO_t;:0>  
(C) twist, the new dance that )8!""n~  
(D) new dance is the twist Nw/4z$].J  
答案: (A) +YI/(ko=  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 j[F\f>  
(2) Z[[q W f  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep dNUi|IYm$  
     A                B        6`J*{%mP  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. [?Cv^t${+  
 C               D pW2NrBq@w  
答案: D U_K"JOZ  
应改为: promise. RpOGY{[)[  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 sC(IeGbX  
N^*%{[<5  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 bqWo*>l  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, &5h{XSv  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. nQy.?*X  
例题: #^|y0:  
(1) PzMJ^H{  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. U0 nSI  
(A) that institutes :PE{2*  
(B) while instituted U*!q@g_  
(C) was an institution #^4p(eZ[}  
(D) an institute SR!EQ<  
答案: (D) v[{g "C  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 K|, P  
(2) #.L9/b(  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. b"H c==`  
(A) is the great modern choreographer f>!)y-7  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers U*(/eEtd-  
(C) that the great modern choreographers C~-x637/  
(D) the modern choreographers were great {R H&mu  
答案:B 10R#} ~D  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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