高分语法讲解 %BKR
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第一章 名词 F]dd>#
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 !lt\2A
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第一节 可数名词 4Q`=t&u
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考点一 单复数 5LhJ8$W
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 >w]k3MC
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 BF1O|Q|d6
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) L]L~TA<D9i
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 @y~BYiKs
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: #K,qF*
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes z"P,=M6De
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories zN8V~M;
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives r#6l?+W ;
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs 'i h
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例题: GYb2m"a)
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. *O}'2Ht6\
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答案:A z1@sEfk>
应改为:Flowers pi l*/&pB
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 B|
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic ]v,y(yl
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pain. g2b4 ia!L
答案:A q D>Y}Z!
应改为:Doctors .=w`T
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解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 4.kkxQR7r
考点二 复数形式特例 D~ `YRbv
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 /z- C
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1.单复数词形相同 $Qc%9p
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如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 XxU}|jTO#
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: e$+? v2
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basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises 1bAp{u&
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula $MEbePxe
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena qmeEUch`
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: GKDG5u;
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), gwjv&.T6^
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部),
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4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: +fR`@HI
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) w8@|b}
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5 不规则的名词复数 V1V4 <Zj
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice (c7{dYV
tooth - teeth foot - feet ^[NmNi*
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 g}j>;T
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例题: W@}5e-q)O
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading f6C+2L+Hr
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. 'bO
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(2)
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Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed ~ +$><qj
A B C ?m^7O_1
feet. c$z_Zi!g#
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答案:D iKKWn*u
应改为:foot Om~C0
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 e28#Yh@U
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 wfzb:Aig`
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第二节 限定词 VlNzm
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: 03;(v%
1.之后肯定接单数: b)@x@3"O
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. Or|LyQU
例句: Each of them has two books. tB7aHZ|
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) GTvb^+6
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2.之后肯定接复数: B!anY}/U
these, those, many, such, other, K.7gd1I
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), ~?r6Ax-R
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several df\>-Hl
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of Z%=E/xT
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc ma~`&\xE
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 F6/bq/s
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考点一 否定限定词no /2q
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: ;7hr8?M|
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. @P?*<b{
No one is here. k6\c^%x
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: fkM4u<R^
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; P+a&R<Dj4
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 7=9jXNk Y
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例题: *h1@eJHMz
(1) |u[gI+TUE
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. r%4:,{HF
(A) none CAO$Z
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(B) no (TPD!=
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(D) nor Qi M>59[
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答案: C A}8U;<\I
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解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 &oBJY'1
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(2) O1A*-G:X
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when !jm
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. [0$Y@ek[
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答案: A 8cHZBM7'
应改为: No I('l)^m%
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 LxbVRw
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考点二 their等物主代词 *UTk. :G5
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars ,AJd2i x
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 eWFl
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例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. X@s s d
这里用their 而不用 the R
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例题: _&T$0SZco
(1) TZ/u"' ZS
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten BjShK+Y
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the lives. tIg_cY_y
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答案: D v>,XJ 7P
应改为: their
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解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 <fP|<>s$@1
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(2) u+ -}|
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any Wg#>2)>
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specific way. GhX>YzD7
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答案: B
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应改为: its #
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解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 3t8VH`!mL{
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 XXO
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 1B 2>8N
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例题: h]I ^%7
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or g$uj<"^
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relating those objects. [V
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答案: B \:8
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应改为: is a set O
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解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 |
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(2) b0t/~]9G
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. ',~,
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答案: D ]%pr1Ey
应改为: responses x= X"4Mj0)
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few JZB7?@h%
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 FbhF45H
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) ^-Bx zOp
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) JYc;6p$<i
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第三节 冠词作限定词 WS6'R
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 aYW9C<5
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考点一 不定冠词a / an ~Z-o2+xA
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: 4h~CDy%_
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university 4j_\_:$w<
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour PUcxlD/a}
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). #83`T&Xw*
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例题: <<w*_GM
(1) sBm)D=Kll
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever Q?xA))0
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. ?*LVn~y
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答案: B有错 "rA-u)Te
应改为: puzzle. fQQj2>3w
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle ghU~H4[x D
(2) {f"oq
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Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a m9
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question of physiology and of culture. j[CXIz?c
答案: D有错 +R"Y~
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应改为: day V!\'7-[R
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day |W*#N8IP
(3) *47HN7
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the 7y
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nonprofessional metal worker. zb3,2D+P
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答案: C uA
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应改为: still a practical =O%'qUj`q
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 mor[AJ
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 [2{2w68D!
例题: ka/>jV"
(1) m$bYx~K
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. !&},h=
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答案: A MzMVs3w|
应改为: An emotion T]x]hQ
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an _Un*x5u2O
(2) ^+w1:C 5
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine )>tT""yEl
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chemically with other atoms. s.^+y7$
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答案: A FqZD'Uu7
应改为: an atom (coaGQ@d
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an YZAQt*x
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考点二 定冠词the ^fV-m&F)K*
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: {]%7-4E
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: XZ2 ji_D
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower PZY6
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(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: tkmzOc H
the first woman, the nineteenth century 1)5/a5
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby 7[0<,O6Q
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: vXZ
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the largest city, the most advanced technology ^9]g5.z:
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: _88X-~.
the development of the watch, nchpD@'t
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: x_9#:_S'
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun s)Xz}QPK.
在下列情况下,一般不用the: qC-4X"y+
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: sX]gL
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) :QF`Orb!^
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the ,."wxP2u
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) TEbIU8{Y
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: g-H,*^g+
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) );?tGX
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: wc#k@"2AZb
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… $h}w:AV:
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: BjHp3-A'
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed 7q{yLcC"
乘车的词组: p} JGx^X~
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), YDZB$?&a
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) <dAxB$16sT
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), EWq
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打球的词组: o}D
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play tennis, play baseball, play basketball
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注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. F6\4[B
例题: =4L%A=]`
(D) @:@5BCs<
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. ;iQw2XhT
(A) it was the : GFK
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(B) that the q"WfKz!U
(C) there was a wod(P73?
(D) the 5g;mc.Cvt
答案:D zm_8{Rta}
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 jthyZZ
(2) XsSDz}dg
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of TkIiO>
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Alaska and a territory of the Canada. KM[&WT
C D `=kiqF2P}
答案:D 1\AcceJ|(w
应改为:of 1c*:"
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解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 H`yUSB
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(3) &V%faa
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The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to $O fZp<M
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nineteenth century. AmUH]+5KT
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答案:D !<F5W<V
应改为:to the nineteenth i&<@}:,
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the ;Y`8Ee4vH
第四节 不可数名词 9niffq)h
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 J:I As:e`
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抽象名词如: q6o}2<T@
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: '*`1uomeo
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), 2ppJ;P{k
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), c'Q.2^w^
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) E};1
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还有表达学科类的名词如: ;0Ih:YY6
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, ZfS"
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) _+Uf5,.5yU
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物质名词如: %4/X;w\3
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), aq9Ej]1b
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) Re1}aLd
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 J$(79gH{
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, l HZ4N{n
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), &hWYw+yH\
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) }dEf |6_
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 =[)2DJC
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice vfh\X1Ui}
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, B^j(Fq
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 :x!'Eer
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例题: <fDbz1Q;l
(1) c}2"X,
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and hM8FN
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trade. %,udZyO3uR
答案:C ItG|{Bo
应改为:advertising X-SR0x
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 J^mm"2
词汇:barter: 实物交易 ahw0}S
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考点二 限定词 ?9z1'6
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: }vW3<|z
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) .j`8E^7<
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 ^C{?LH/2
例题: W\z<p P
(1) ;{"uG>#R
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear QaAMiCZFR
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image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment.
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答案:D 'WoB\y569
应改为:little. \6,Z<.I
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little %?z;'Y7D
(2) o6S`7uwJ*/
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge `Ro>?H
A B l4q7,%G
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. T`) uR*
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C D E>qe hs,g
答案:B Y\{lQMCy
应改为:much evidence /S%!{;:
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 5$
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另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 ZmJHL
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例如: ^Kh>La:>O
a lot of students , a lot of money '8f
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the rest of the students, the rest of money 2pAshw1G
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. r7N%onx
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第五节 所有格及of结构 ZQrgYeQl"
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考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 SlUt
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所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, 0d=<^wLi^
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office gPWl# 5P:
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , .s<tQU
如: the students' union, the ladies' room .#ATI<t
例题: ]mvVX31T
(1) dLTA21b#
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. &SK=ZOKg^
(A) of the drop *g/@-6
(B) the drop's f= l*+QY8f
(C) drop of Voc&T+A m
(D) drops their N
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答案: (B) 9
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解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 MBH/,Yd
(2) &,@wLy^T
Over a very lar J'y*>d
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ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. f7QX"p&P
(A) occurs _a,XL<9 I
(B) will occur Sf0[^"7
(C) can occur Q CB~x2C
(D) occurring H@WQO]PA
答案:D 7%4@*
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 v;@-bED(Qs
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考点二 of结构 lb('=]3
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所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词)
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如: the title of the passage MhpR^VM'.
例如: vXM``|
(1) L&nGjC+Lr
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names K06/ D!RD4
A B C "ci<W_lx
of some works years after their completion. %lU$;cY
D ,FPgbs
答案: C VSkx;P
应改为: paintings BDg6ZI<n
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 o^!
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(2) *7I=vro
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and 7M1*SC
A B C D rkl/5z??
spinal cord. J)n g,i
答案: B S-h1p`
应改为: stimulation ASLRP
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 5\tYs=>b<
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 n6nwda
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 T+2I:W%
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 1W
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例题: 6#5@d^a
(1) hk&p+NV!
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. zq]V6.]J
(A) was a major collection *.EtdcRo[
(B) that a major collection @Cm"lv.hz
(C) a collection was major a(8]y.`Tv
(D) a major collection 'eqvK|Uj:
答案: (D) AJ:@c7:eS
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 $X~=M_W
(2) ,lA J{5\#
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of Ze Shn
A B C D M7,|+W/RK
medieval alchemists. jO:<"l^+u
答案:A qm]ljut
应改为:beginnings. K{>O.5
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 3[aJ=5
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考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 -07(#>
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 |klL KX&
例题: F<-Pbtw
(1)
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In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. 3y 3
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(A) new dance, the twist nNilTJ
(B) twist, was the new dance "v*RY "5#
(C) twist, the new dance that <O\z`aA'q
(D) new dance is the twist ,}FYY66K
答案: (A) ={L:q8v)
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 )If[pw@j
(2) l1W5pmhK]'
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep `XWxC:j3%
A B UN>hJN;c
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. !^
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C D /
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答案: D Bxa],inuZ
应改为: promise. <&L;9fr
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词
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考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 WX\%FJ
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, T:!sfhrZ~<
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. %ri4nKGS
例题: E$ngmm[
(1) <hK$
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In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. %MjPQ
(A) that institutes %*19S.=l
(B) while instituted } 1XLe
(C) was an institution X
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(D) an institute Maa.>2v<
答案: (D) _N-7H\hF
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 KqS
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(2) ,jt098W
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. OUdeQO?
(A) is the great modern choreographer
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(B) one of the great modern choreographers }DM2#E`_
(C) that the great modern choreographers AngECkF-
(D) the modern choreographers were great @B'Mu:|f
答案:B R Nv<kw
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句