高分语法讲解 Q,[rrG;?@
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第一章 名词 N{?Tm`""
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 [d!Af4
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第一节 可数名词 sV9{4T~#|
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考点一 单复数 'DaNR`9
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 H}u)%qY+~
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 <) >gg!
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) v*vub#wP
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 8eg2o$k_,#
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: ;j[q?^ b
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes :X1`wBu
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories {[(W4NAlH
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives 7v4-hfN
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs $g}/T_26
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例题: i]hR7g<
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. Zp% ""
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答案:A ynOc~TN
应改为:Flowers +E""8kW- Z
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 Px^<2Q%Fs
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic A7I8Z6&
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pain.
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答案:A EP%
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应改为:Doctors /M{)k_V
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 :#"OCXr
考点二 复数形式特例 e-T9HM&%P
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 pqNoL*
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1.单复数词形相同 B=nx8s
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 (t]R#2{
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: a7 '\*
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises 0 ^-b}
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula "p_[A
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena E Zu
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如:
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clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), h^3Vd K,
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), T=)L5 Vuq<
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: H6+st`{
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) Yh!\:9@(
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5 不规则的名词复数 {UjIxV(J
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice ,'@ISCK^
tooth - teeth foot - feet 'XjHB!!hU
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 ?(XX
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例题: Y{\2wU!Isn
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading 9=;g4I
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. '"NdT7* +
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(2) 4iB)oR
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed |x~ei_x7.p
A B C ;?[ +vf")
feet. D_`)T;<Sp
D *xX0]{49q
答案:D I2!&=" 7@
应改为:foot nT6iS}h
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 Vam8NnZ|r
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 Le+8s LE`Y
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第二节 限定词 [}Yci:P_ +
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: Y@xeyMzE
1.之后肯定接单数: yH0ZSv
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. N1zrfn-VU
例句: Each of them has two books. [IX!3I[J]
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) &_TjRj"
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2.之后肯定接复数: {@`Uf;hPAX
these, those, many, such, other, C)dYAq3,8
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), H_^u_%:e
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several 'wHkE/83
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of bGLp0\0[
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc U-N/Z\QD
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 Ol^EQLO
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考点一 否定限定词no tUnVdh6L.B
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: L*Cf&c`8r
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. \d`Sz
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No one is here. X+BSneu
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: T`G"2|ISS
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; `h]f(
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 ^aMdbB
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例题: X Y?@^
(1) C
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The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. H!=BjU1Pmg
(A) none fL:Fn"Nv
(B) no |`/uS;O
(C) not ?V)6`St#C
(D) nor (`xnA~BN
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答案: C a^,RbV/
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 Jp0.h8i
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(2) 9mm(?O~'p
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. 9\2&6H
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答案: A Awh)@iTL
应改为: No A@r,A?(
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 `Mg
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考点二 their等物主代词 \eCdGx?
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars "N_?yA#(j
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 g~b'}^J
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. 7&1: ]{_
这里用their 而不用 the sP%.o7&
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例题: &@+;]t
(1) @T"385>
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten $P_Y8:
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the lives. M;R>]wP"V
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答案: D hkG<I';M?M
应改为: their `Ec+i
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 ]Ea-?IhD
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(2) szHUHW~;J
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any F<[8!^l(z
A B C d<o
specific way. xlAaIo)T
D U N/.T
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答案: B kVY@q&p
应改为: its 0W)_5f&
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 N@}U ;x}
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 '5%DKz
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 yAOC<d9 E
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例题: -}%zus5
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or N`M5`=.
A B C \ys3&<;b
relating those objects. cMj<k8.{
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答案: B |^ qW
应改为: is a set tQ/U
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解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 _Qv4;a
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(2) !MbRI
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. vjHbg#0 %
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答案: D xe5>)\18-
应改为: responses ? f%@8%px
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few bc+'n
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 a
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The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) rP*?a~<
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, )
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第三节 冠词作限定词 77)C`]0(
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 Cu0 /TeEM
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考点一 不定冠词a / an _Wgg=A"G
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: ~V (WD;Mk
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university P*\.dAi
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour f9;M"Pd
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). 6}[W%S]8
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例题: nL\BB&
(1) 4O2O0\o:
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever x H\5T!
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. + -U7ogs
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答案: B有错 e;,D!
应改为: puzzle. {G_ZEo#x8,
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle \
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(2) &d=j_9
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a |]^OX$d
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question of physiology and of culture. OSxr@
答案: D有错 nT9B?P>
应改为: day Q
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解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day M~=9ym
(3) Yaht<Hy
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the :,% vAI
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nonprofessional metal worker. an
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答案: C w
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应改为: still a practical hr(E,TAe
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 i_Ab0vye
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 GeD^-.^
例题: )u`q41!
(1) EE=!Y NP]
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. ??Q'| r
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答案: A @))PpE`co8
应改为: An emotion :'|%~&J
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an k|'{$/n
(2) >/9f>d?w^
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine q ^Un,h64t
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chemically with other atoms. 8GgZAu'X
D
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答案: A w9Bbvr6
应改为: an atom %\IB_M
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an a<*q+a(*W
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考点二 定冠词the V{+'(<SV
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: E<]O,z;F
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: #eadkj#;
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower 589hfET
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: ?5-Y'(r
the first woman, the nineteenth century BJC$KmGk
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby z-ns@y(f@X
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: !Lkk1zo
the largest city, the most advanced technology Uq/FH@E=
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: :+#$=4
the development of the watch, p?rh+0wgX
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: PgHe;^?j
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun tZ
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在下列情况下,一般不用the: %n?_G|
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: 0+S ;0
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) )<YfLDgTs
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the s R/z)U_
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) +;,65j+n
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: 7]sRHX0o%
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) CZZwBt$P
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: vo(riHH
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… Ln
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(4) 一些固定词组中,如: Q rBb!.r
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed uvG'Kx
乘车的词组: ( fNG51h!
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), ~cr##Ff5
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) E)>.2{]C>
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), u~c75Mk_v
打球的词组: i8w/a
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball ?i{/iH~Sf
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. Phq"A[4=O
例题: MD9 8N{+[|
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used.
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(A) it was the D?.H|%
(B) that the
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(C) there was a '[Zgwz;z
(D) the :X*$U
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答案:D t p<v
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 T{So2@_&
(2) ^]5^p9Jt"e
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of {nPiIPH
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Alaska and a territory of the Canada. i&
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C D RNo~}#
答案:D u|"y&>!R-
应改为:of :i3
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解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 7#&e0fw/I
(3) mCe"=[
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to
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nineteenth century. o<gK"P
D )g?ox{Hol
答案:D k:F{U^!p|
应改为:to the nineteenth |%oI,d=ycv
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the cd|/4L6
第四节 不可数名词 )(9[> _+40
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 O"X:3srJ`
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抽象名词如: v\@pZw=x
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: $V !25jQ
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), }eF
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English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), .D;6
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enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) h=qT@)h1>
还有表达学科类的名词如: @+0dgkJ
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, "Zy:q'`o
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) CpB,L
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物质名词如: c39j|/!;Y
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), *\@RBJGF
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) `8r$b/6
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 _Hd|y
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, =j{tFxJ
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), [?hvx}
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) 4"H*hKp
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 zVa&4 T-
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice
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3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, <f`n[QD2z
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 {F2Rv
例题: Te[v+jgLY,
(1) nF_q{e7
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and L N
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A B C D 3y+~l
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trade. S0Io$\ha
答案:C @HiGc^X(
应改为:advertising M.6uWwzQR
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 [^?i<z{0C
词汇:barter: 实物交易 ;[UI]?A%
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考点二 限定词 [qW%H,_
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: !'~L dl
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) rAAx]nQ@
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 vPGUE`!D+
例题: ||Owdw|{
(1) [5p 3:D
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear !L8q]]'XM
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image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. %3~miP
D [uHU[
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答案:D f|M^UHt8*
应改为:little. v@ OELJX
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little C4$P#DZT^
(2) Pg8boN]}
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge vD9\i*\2
A B W{.:Cf9
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. p0 X%^A,4
C D
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答案:B fo+s+Q|Y
应改为:much evidence x}pH'S7
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 gJr)z7W'8
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 XJPIAN~l
例如: $)"T9$>$
a lot of students , a lot of money z^`4n_(Ygu
the rest of the students, the rest of money H[p~1%Lq
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. -rI7ihr*
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第五节 所有格及of结构 DvQV_D
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考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 *5BVL_:~J
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, SF*mY=1
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office 4cSs=|m?+
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , CHv
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如: the students' union, the ladies' room *~
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例题: w9GY/]
(1) EiC["M'}
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. ]kmAN65c
(A) of the drop "?6*W"N9
(B) the drop's *vRHF1)L
(C) drop of
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(D) drops their .O0eSp|e
答案: (B) KYB3n85 1
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 GYIQ[#'d7
(2) jWxa
[>
Over a very lar {`2 0'
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. 4IfkYM
(A) occurs V4"o.G3\o
(B) will occur adoK-bS t
(C) can occur
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(D) occurring xP1D 9
答案:D #oEtLb@O
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 !?i9fYu
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考点二 of结构 %`G}/"
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) l@UF-n~[
如: the title of the passage lp$,`Uz`
例如: e
jk?If 07
(1) E]a,2{&8<
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names fF/;BSq'
A B C U.^%7.
of some works years after their completion. C\C*@9=&x
D 4yxf/X)
答案: C YL;*%XmAG
应改为: paintings #CeWk$)m
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 0_>1CW+X
(2) Pa\yp?({q
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and W}(xE?9&
A B C D yq[CA`zVN
spinal cord. q4/P'.S
答案: B &s.-p_4w^D
应改为: stimulation LGRhCOP:
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 'OYnLz`"6
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 H0lAu]~R_W
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 NTM.Vj
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填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 .YS48 c
例题: ^j_t{h)W(0
(1) Wzh#dO?7
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. #k)J);&ZA
(A) was a major collection eNt1P`2[
(B) that a major collection ?
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(C) a collection was major nfr..4,:
(D) a major collection 2mvp|<"
答案: (D) +-:G+9L@
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 SC0_ h(zb,
(2) iJ`v3PP
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of z"@UNypc,
A B C D G-T2b,J
[
medieval alchemists. 3)py|W%X$
答案:A ATU] KL!{
应改为:beginnings. %?:eURQ
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 {B6tGLt#bf
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考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 <NX6m|DD
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 ZNbb8v
例题: NA8$G|.?
(1) SE!0f&
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. -jsk-,
(A) new dance, the twist 6/ thhP3`-
(B) twist, was the new dance rv97Wm+
(C) twist, the new dance that
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(D) new dance is the twist .Cf`D tK
答案: (A) H#j Z'I
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 )y}W=Q>T
(2) T]Eg9Y:+v
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep >)PcK
A B U*6)/.J
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. +gOv5Eno-
C D ep2#a#&'
答案: D <jvSV5%
应改为: promise. n XOJ
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 :|?nz$
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考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 IvyBK]{|
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, 5b2_{6t
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. 9n${M:F
例题: z!GLug*j`
(1) L(2KC>GvA
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. AG$S;)Yl9c
(A) that institutes _# /zH~V%
(B) while instituted yJ&`@gB
(C) was an institution MZX-<p+
(D) an institute v}$KlT
答案: (D)
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解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 9_z u*
(2) Q~A25Jf.
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. Uva
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(A) is the great modern choreographer i<*{Z~B
(B) one of the great modern choreographers f"j
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(C) that the great modern choreographers '@ym-\,
(D) the modern choreographers were great 9w Pc03a
答案:B e.<$G'
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句