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主题 : 高分语法讲解1
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 v0(_4U]/  
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第一章 名词 ?e\u_3- 9  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 VAp  1{  
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第一节 可数名词 X o[GD`t  
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考点一 单复数 )<$<9!L4x  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 Z&n#*rQ7[  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 p*l=rni4  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) iI3,q-LA  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 !DD4Bqez  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: z'*{V\  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes PbfgWGr  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories 8@ f+?g*i  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives 5lyHg{iqD  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs nd[Ja _h  
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例题: a`zHx3Yg  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. iba8G]2  
   A         B           C       D ?J-D6;  
答案:A +|H,N7a<  
应改为:Flowers |v<4=/.  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 m}f{o  
E,fbIyX  
mex@~VK  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic cH 5RpeP  
   A               B   C          D etQS&YzC  
pain. >qUD_U3A  
答案:A "'XYW\bI  
应改为:Doctors ":qS9vW  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 c:+UC  
考点二 复数形式特例 JSx[V<7m  
c[$i )\0  
这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 f0YBy<a  
1.单复数词形相同 r?dkE=B  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 t gHN\@yj  
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: D |fo:Xp,  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises Q.\vN-(  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula %d<UMbS^  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena ad9u;uS  
/iJsa&W}  
3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: wUfPnAD.'  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), !3o/c w9  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), 8#4Gs Q"  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: lTFo#p_(  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) bjN"H`Q  
CK_\K,xVT  
5 不规则的名词复数 NE3/>5  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice z6 h/C {  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet tf1Y5P$  
?%/*F<UVQ  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 '*t<g@2$  
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例题: .Np!Qp1*  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading 6 \ %#=GG  
       A            B           C @[n%q.|VB  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. QqcAmp  
            D Yi19VU|/  
3ZvQUH/{W  
(2) /)rv Ndn  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed (: mF+%(  
  A      B           C           .tK]-f2  
feet. 0,iG9D 7  
 D h9~oS/%:  
答案:D $us7fuKE  
应改为:foot 59?$9}ob  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 wqyF"^It"  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 T'N/A9{q  
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第二节 限定词 *4l6+#W  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: yWi?2   
1.之后肯定接单数: \x"BgLSE  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. #O7phjzgD  
例句: Each of them has two books. VZ2CWE)t  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) '/X m%S  
yQC8Gt8  
2.之后肯定接复数: 'tVe#oI  
these, those, many, such, other, *C^T CyBK;  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…),  f^[m~  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several kB-<17  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of dAjm4F -  
&3P "l.j  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc )N&95\ u  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 L0ZAF2O  
y"ms;w'z  
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考点一 否定限定词no ,go$ 6   
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: CbT ;#0  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. %v]-:5g'|  
No one is here. gy/bA  
kyUG+M  
(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: \~""<*Hz  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; 'Y>@t6E4  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 4aG}ex-s|  
 .+-7 'ux  
例题: ~gOdK-SV*  
(1) ZZW%6-B  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. Bv}nG|  
(A) none 5K$d4KT  
(B) no kJ B u7  
(C) not e]smnf  
(D) nor !A"-9OS2  
\-:4TuU  
答案: C S!7|vb*ko  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 8' +I8J0l  
D;X/7 p|>  
(2) =OooTZb:x-  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when 2;YL+v2  
A                B           C N`5 mPE  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. {OW.^UIq^  
        D ef -PlGn  
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答案: A UjS,<>fm  
应改为: No f.Ms3))  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 5=P*<Dnj  
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考点二 their等物主代词 g}*F"k4j  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars Bl v @u?  
x=VLRh%Gvl  
2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 LT) G"U~  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. Z=>#|pW,)  
这里用their 而不用 the IHNl`\Le  
TllIs&MCe  
例题: /}RW~ax  
(1) b)@b63P_  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten |1^ !rHg  
              A      B        C f;%\4TH ?  
the lives. % PxJnMb?  
 D _9b;8%? Yf  
 #Up X  
答案: D <LA!L  
应改为: their by0M(h  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 44(l1xEN+  
j_HwR9^fd,  
(2) P+[\9Gg  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any (uskVK>L  
      A        B              C :I^I=A%Pe(  
specific way. %oqC5O6  
    D O #S27.  
qx<h rC0Z&  
答案: B Uk|(VR9  
应改为: its QIZbAnn_  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 e|jmOYWG  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 x*2'I  
6Cd% @Q2cr  
a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 0413K_  
O+Qt8,  
例题: sX$EdIq  
(1) (r+#}z}  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or ]K(>r#'nH  
        A        B        C WGeTL`}dh  
relating those objects.  ^q=D!g  
 D ;.4A,7w#  
251^>x.R  
答案: B 'Bv)UfZ  
应改为: is a set R<jt$--H  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 "]M]pR/j  
) ]x/3J@  
(2) ``p( )^zT  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. rG*Zp7{  
A       B     C           D ;>d uY\$<  
"Wz#<! .r  
答案: D d!i#@XZ^  
应改为: responses }t^N|I  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few oSOO5dk:z  
tgPx!5U  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 |*+f N8  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) cnR.J  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) SXW8p>1Jw  
mu?6Phj  
第三节 冠词作限定词 `N69xAiy  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 i]@QxzCSF  
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考点一 不定冠词a / an lbCTc,xT  
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: &GC`4!H  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university 2$g3ABfV  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour oP$l(k  
c<`Z[EY(t  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). gdu8O!9)  
Aqwjs 3  
例题: *[-% .=[7  
(1)       wIv_Z^% V  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever )Bl0 W  
   A                 B           C |,&5.|E 7  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. yj6o533o  
                 D "t-u=aDl-.  
答案: B有错 }E\ b_.  
应改为: puzzle. #sn2Vmi  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle ^=H. .pr  
(2) [/s^(2%  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a cH&-/|N  
   A        B       C          D P,2FH2Eyj  
question of physiology and of culture. ?Mb 'l4  
答案: D有错 8| 6:  
应改为: day l Ikh4T6i  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day Rn (vG-xQ  
(3) CnJrJ>l  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the wF +9Iu  
  A      B       C 7r`A6 \ !  
nonprofessional metal worker. QJL%J  
    D lG\6z"K  
答案: C woctnT%"Q/  
应改为: still a practical K0|8h!WF+  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 @WV}VKm  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 ZfPWH'P  
例题: (vq0Gl  
(1) y"Fp4$qb  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. ax]Pa*C}  
   A     B    C           D Ow0-}Im~  
答案: A 4z^ ?3@:K  
应改为: An emotion or?@Ti;  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an aZ[ aZU  
(2) *hhPCYOm  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine [Yo3=(7J  
   A    B                       C AY{-Hf&  
chemically with other atoms. }:5_vH0  
         D B0_[bQoc1  
答案: A X @;o<2^  
应改为: an atom MIblx  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an c-|~ABtEpX  
V-#OiMWa~  
考点二 定冠词the IO,ddVO  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: -Wp69DP6q  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: ^Z?X\t  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower 8db J'  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: $$U Mc-Pq  
the first woman, the nineteenth century e,Ih7-=Er,  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby c6IFt4)g  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: }LXS!Ff:  
the largest city, the most advanced technology I) mP ?  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: eBZa 9X$  
the development of the watch, 5|&:l8=  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: X bF;  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun x"hZOgFZ  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: 8vzjPWu  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: d>ltL`xn  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) p& B c<+3e  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the 4vri=P 2%  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) 0_Gi1)  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: ]<9=%m  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) O>zPWVwa  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: ;B%NFvG  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… 6pkZ8Vp:  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: <E2+P,Lgw  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed k+X=8()k  
乘车的词组: )@-v6;7b0  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), Ka[@-XH  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) B{fPj9Y0  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), Wa #!O$u  
打球的词组: 9zdp 8?T  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball 0\ G`AO;D  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. &^ECQ  
例题: +r7uIwi$@  
(D)       gu+c7qe  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. w7b?ve3-  
(A) it was the 't2dP,u<-  
(B) that the wGd4:W  
(C) there was a kV@*5yc ?R  
(D) the :e-&,K  
答案:D Dq/ _#&S  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 p5<2tSD  
(2) TNs0^h)  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of auOYi<<>W  
           A            B jEQr{X7bEL  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. pWo`iM& F  
     C      D 0 S3~IeJ  
答案:D pdnkHR$  
应改为:of \tc`Aj%K  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 ]?P9M<0PM  
(3) vkmTd4g  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to H \ $04vkR  
  A      B              C    RulZh2C  
nineteenth century. TGxspmY6  
  D 'T54k  
答案:D >SJ# r Z  
应改为:to the nineteenth x{u7#s1|/  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the 1gp3A  
第四节 不可数名词 csTX',c  
;^)(q<]  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 HjTK/x'_'L  
y}jX/ Ln  
抽象名词如: q|J3]F !n  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: 4kO[|~#  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), t?^C9(;6  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), E?|"?R,,,  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) y4`<$gL   
还有表达学科类的名词如: z^ +CD-  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, ;czMsHu0X  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) hx$-d}W{  
4ew|5Zex.~  
物质名词如: Yo:l@(  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), Xz5 aTJ&  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) gH- e0134%  
]H7_bix  
POTW+Zq]  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 =flgKRKk.r  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, p8y_uN QE  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), &NV[)6!  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻) J) v~  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 f&t]O$  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice 9}kN9u  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, m` cw:  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 5gW`;Cdbyc  
例题: u8 14ZN}  
(1) IjN3 jU  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and (utm+*V,  
       A      B    C          D 5bFE;Y;  
trade. a>`\^>G4  
答案:C BQ[1,\>  
应改为:advertising PaV[{ CD  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 VB *N;bM^  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 hN c;, 13  
noe1*2*TE  
考点二 限定词 -h*Yd)  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: ([UuO}m-  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) Y+<C[Fiq  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 G ;V@oT  
例题: +] B  
(1) oT&JQ,i[2Q  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear b$[_(QUw  
        A              B         C 7CUu:6%  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. 7Upm  
                     D zy4AFW  
答案:D xq =+M!V  
应改为:little. [e3|yE6  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little ?+GbPG~  
(2) N<hbV0$%  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge yk#yrxM  
      A                    B EVN Tn`J_  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. PTA;a 0A  
           C         D Zqd&EOm  
答案:B *]z.BZI:  
应改为:much evidence :tdx:  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 Q6,rY(b6  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 /`\-.S9  
例如: "+_]N9%)  
a lot of students , a lot of money uByF*}d1  
the rest of the students, the rest of money p$f#W  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. 6\ux;lksn*  
"x9xJ  
第五节 所有格及of结构 Ou2 H~3^PL  
;07!^#:L=Q  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 au"HIyi?k  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, dr~MyQ  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office f*XF"@ZQV  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , -J[zJ4z #  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room gK(E0p"  
例题: l]WV?^*  
(1) P7egT ,Z  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. z mr=iK  
(A) of the drop #Yw^n?~~  
(B) the drop's (ZShhy8g  
(C) drop of FVY,CeA.  
(D) drops their <$ ?:|  
答案: (B) 3Xd+>'H  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 L%B+V;<h3  
(2) 7IK<9i4O  
Over a very lar q{U -kuui  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. ^]U2Jd  
(A) occurs T{uktIO/  
(B) will occur * D AgcB  
(C) can occur Y\+^\`Tqu  
(D) occurring So`xd *C!  
答案:D J YSw!!eC  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 uXhp+q \  
vnN_csJ#^  
考点二 of结构 6,@M0CX  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) dH`a|SVW9  
如: the title of the passage 8U;!1!+ 7)  
例如: Ev^Xs6 }"  
(1)  L1F){8[  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names ADR`j;2  
          A     B     C ?-i|f_`  
of some works years after their completion. & 1Y+ q]  
       D \6lXsu;I.X  
答案: C Etl7V  
应改为: paintings BMdr.0  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 bTiw?i+6Dv  
(2) ;8T<L[ ^U  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and ] !A;-m  
      A         B     C         D CD[7h  
spinal cord. fk"{G>&8  
答案: B " (xS  
应改为: stimulation ~Fx[YPO,  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 l,X;<&-[  
!e7vc[N  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 )F~_KD)7jJ  
jqLyX  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 +p[~hM6?  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 ko:I.6-K  
例题: n;=A'g|Q  
(1) t/$xzsoJZr  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. : 1{j&$  
(A) was a major collection +/X'QB$R  
(B) that a major collection e"2QV vB  
(C) a collection was major w %zw+E  
(D) a major collection o2|(0uN'  
答案: (D) |HA7 C  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 &Ch)SD  
(2) 3(&.[o Z  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of "a g_   
    A         B        C     D \ 1Bgs^  
medieval alchemists. J#kdyBmuO  
答案:A c]]F`B  
应改为:beginnings. %C)JmaQ{9  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 47RYpd  
:9#`| #uh  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 md`ToU  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 93J)9T  
例题: A1q^E(}O  
(1) R\}YD*  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. 1FJ[_ l  
(A) new dance, the twist mQs$7t[>t  
(B) twist, was the new dance Oe YLL4H  
(C) twist, the new dance that ]'Yw#YB  
(D) new dance is the twist X W)A~wPBs  
答案: (A) /)1-^ju  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 bw\=F_>L  
(2) s]c$]&IGG  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep q?L(V+X  
     A                B        uE j6A  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. b0X[x{k"  
 C               D ^W D$ gd  
答案: D !P$xh  
应改为: promise. E5 oD|'=WA  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 }NCvaO  
MPbPq3an  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 n*~   
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, "6yiQ\`J  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. XL^N5  
例题: 1`lFF_stkP  
(1) V^I /nuy  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. ]?(F'&  
(A) that institutes C-u/{CP  
(B) while instituted ^ ~qs-.?  
(C) was an institution -5 /v`  
(D) an institute U!:!]DX(  
答案: (D) 1 \*B.  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 qLi9ym, ]  
(2) > x ghq  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. { $/Fk6qr  
(A) is the great modern choreographer yM:~{;HLF  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers R.IUBw5;/  
(C) that the great modern choreographers |$w={N^4  
(D) the modern choreographers were great $H-D9+8 7  
答案:B C2rj]t  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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