高分语法讲解 v0( _4U]/
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第一章 名词 ?e\u_3-9
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 VAp
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第一节 可数名词 X o[GD`t
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考点一 单复数 )<$<9!L4x
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 Z&n#*rQ7[
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 p*l=rni4
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) iI3,q-LA
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 !DD4Bqez
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: z'*{V\
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes PbfgWGr
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories 8@
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3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives 5lyHg{iqD
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs nd[Ja
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例题: a`zHx3Yg
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. iba8G]2
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答案:A +|H,N7a<
应改为:Flowers |v<4=/.
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 m}f{o
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic cH
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A B C D etQS&YzC
pain. >qUD_U3A
答案:A "'XYW\bI
应改为:Doctors ":qS9vW
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 c:+UC
考点二 复数形式特例 JSx[V<7m
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 f0YBy<a
1.单复数词形相同 r?dkE=B
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 tgHN\@yj
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: D
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basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises Q.\vN-(
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula %d<UMbS^
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena ad9u;uS
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: wUfPnAD.'
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), !3o/c w9
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), 8#4Gs
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4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: lTFo#p_(
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局)
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5 不规则的名词复数 NE3/>5
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice z6
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tooth - teeth foot - feet tf1Y5P$
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 '*t<g@2$
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例题: .Np!Qp1*
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading 6\%#=GG
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. QqcAmp
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(2) /)rv Ndn
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed (: mF+%(
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feet. 0,iG9D7
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答案:D $us7fuKE
应改为:foot 59?$9}ob
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 wqyF"^It"
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 T'N/A9{q
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第二节 限定词 *4l6+#W
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: yW i?2
1.之后肯定接单数: \x"BgLSE
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. #O7phjzgD
例句: Each of them has two books. VZ2CWE)t
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) '/Xm%S
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2.之后肯定接复数: 'tVe#oI
these, those, many, such, other, *C^T
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大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), f^[m~
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several kB-<17
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of dAjm4F-
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc )N&95\u
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 L0ZAF2O
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考点一 否定限定词no ,go$6
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: CbT ;#0
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. %v]-:5g'|
No one is here.
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: \~""<*Hz
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; 'Y>@t6E4
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 4aG}ex-s|
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例题: ~gOdK-SV*
(1) ZZW%6 -B
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. Bv}nG|
(A) none 5K$d4KT
(B) no kJ B u7
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(D) nor !A"-9OS2
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答案: C S!7|vb*ko
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 8' +I8J0l
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(2) =OooTZb:x-
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when 2;YL+v2
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. {OW.^UIq^
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答案: A UjS,<>fm
应改为: No f.Ms3))
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 5=P*<Dnj
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考点二 their等物主代词 g}*F"k4j
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars Blv@u ?
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 LT)G"U~
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. Z=>#|pW,)
这里用their 而不用 the IHNl`\Le
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例题: /}RW~ax
(1) b)@b63P_
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten |1^
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A B C f;%\4TH
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the lives. %
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答案: D <LA!L
应改为: their by0M(h
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 44(l1xEN+
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(2) P+[\9Gg
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any (uskVK>L
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specific way. %oqC5O6
D O#S27.
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答案: B Uk|(VR9
应改为: its QIZbAnn_
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 e|jmOYWG
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 x*2' I
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 0413K_
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例题: sX$EdIq
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or ]K(>r#'nH
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relating those objects. ^q=D!g
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答案: B 'Bv)UfZ
应改为: is a set R<jt$--H
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 "]M]pR/j
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(2) ``p()^zT
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. rG*Zp7{
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答案: D d!i#@XZ^
应改为: responses }t^N|I
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few oSOO5dk:z
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 |*+f N8
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) cnR.J
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) SXW8p>1Jw
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第三节 冠词作限定词 `N69xAiy
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 i]@QxzCSF
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考点一 不定冠词a / an lbCTc,xT
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: &GC`4!H
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university 2$g3ABfV
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour oP$l( k
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). gdu8O!9)
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例题: *[-% .=[7
(1) wIv_Z^%V
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever )Bl0
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. yj6o533o
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答案: B有错 }E\ b_.
应改为: puzzle. #sn2Vmi
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle ^=H. .pr
(2) [/s^(2%
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a cH&-/|N
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question of physiology and of culture. ?Mb'l4
答案: D有错 8| 6:
应改为: day l Ikh4T6i
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day Rn(vG-xQ
(3) CnJrJ>l
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the wF +9Iu
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nonprofessional metal worker. QJL%J
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答案: C woctnT%"Q/
应改为: still a practical K0|8h!WF+
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 @WV}VKm
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 ZfPWH'P
例题: (vq0Gl
(1) y"Fp4$qb
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. ax]Pa*C}
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答案: A 4z^ ?3@:K
应改为: An emotion or?@Ti;
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an aZ[
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(2) *hhPCYOm
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine [Yo3=(7J
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chemically with other atoms. }:5_vH0
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答案: A X@;o<2^
应改为: an atom MIblx
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an c-|~ABtEpX
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考点二 定冠词the IO,ddVO
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: -Wp69DP6q
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: ^Z?X\t
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower 8db J'
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: $$UMc-Pq
the first woman, the nineteenth century e,Ih7-=Er,
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby c6IFt4)g
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: }LXS!Ff:
the largest city, the most advanced technology I)
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(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: eBZa9X$
the development of the watch, 5|&:l8=
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: X bF;
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun x"hZOgFZ
在下列情况下,一般不用the: 8vzjPWu
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: d>ltL`xn
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) p&
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但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the 4vri=P 2%
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) 0_Gi1)
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: ]<9=%m
algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) O>zPWVwa
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: ;B%NFvG
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… 6pkZ8Vp:
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: <E2+P,Lgw
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed k+X=8()k
乘车的词组: )@-v6;7b0
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), Ka[@-XH
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) B{fPj9Y0
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), Wa
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打球的词组: 9zdp8?T
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball 0\G`AO;D
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. &^ECQ
例题: +r7uIwi$@
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. w7b?ve3-
(A) it was the 't2dP,u<-
(B) that the wGd4:W
(C) there was a kV@*5yc
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(D) the
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答案:D Dq/ _#&S
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 p5<2t SD
(2) TNs0^h)
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of auOYi<<>W
A B jEQr{X7bEL
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. pWo`iM& F
C D 0 S3~IeJ
答案:D pdnkHR$
应改为:of \tc`Aj%K
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 ]?P9M<0PM
(3) vkmTd4g
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to H \$04vkR
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nineteenth century. TGxspmY6
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答案:D >SJ#
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应改为:to the nineteenth x{u7# s1|/
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the 1gp3A
第四节 不可数名词 csTX',c
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 HjTK/x'_'L
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抽象名词如: q|J3]F !n
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: 4kO[|~#
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), t?^C9(;6
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), E?|"?R,,,
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) y4`<$gL
还有表达学科类的名词如: z^
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physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, ;czMsHu0X
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) hx$-d}W{
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物质名词如: Yo:l@(
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), Xz5 aTJ&
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) gH-e0134%
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 =flgKRKk.r
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, p8y_uNQE
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), &NV[)6!
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻) J)
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2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 f&t]O$
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice 9}kN9u
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, m`
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而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 5gW`;Cdbyc
例题: u814ZN}
(1) I jN3 jU
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and (utm+*V,
A B C D 5bFE;Y;
trade. a>`\^>G4
答案:C BQ[1,\>
应改为:advertising PaV [{CD
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 VB
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词汇:barter: 实物交易 hNc;,13
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考点二 限定词 -h*Yd)
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: ([UuO}m-
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) Y+<C[Fiq
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 G;V@oT
例题: +]
B
(1) oT&JQ,i[2Q
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear b$[_(QUw
A B C 7CUu:6%
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. 7Upm
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答案:D xq=+M!V
应改为:little. [e3|yE6
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little ?+GbPG~
(2) N<hbV0$ %
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge yk#yrxM
A B EVN
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thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. PTA;a0A
C D Zqd&EOm
答案:B *]z.BZI:
应改为:much evidence :tdx:
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 Q6,rY(b6
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 /`\-.S9
例如: "+_]N9%)
a lot of students , a lot of money uByF*}d1
the rest of the students, the rest of money p$f#W
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. 6\ux;lksn*
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第五节 所有格及of结构 Ou2
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考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 au"HIyi?k
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, dr~MyQ
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office f*XF"@ZQV
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , -J[zJ4z#
如: the students' union, the ladies' room gK(E0p"
例题: l]WV?^*
(1) P7egT
,Z
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. z
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(A) of the drop #Yw^n?~~
(B) the drop's (ZShh y8g
(C) drop of FVY,CeA.
(D) drops their <$
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答案: (B) 3Xd+>'H
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 L%B+V;<h3
(2) 7IK<9i4O
Over a very lar q{U -kuui
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. ^]U2Jd
(A) occurs T{uktIO/
(B) will occur *D AgcB
(C) can occur Y\+^\`Tqu
(D) occurring So`xd
*C!
答案:D J
YSw!!eC
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 uXhp+q
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考点二 of结构 6,@M0CX
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) dH`a|SVW9
如: the title of the passage 8U;!1!+
7)
例如: Ev^Xs6 }"
(1)
L1F){8[
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names ADR`j;2
A B C ?-i|f_`
of some works years after their completion. &
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D \6lXsu;I.X
答案: C Etl7V
应改为: paintings BMdr.0
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 bTiw?i+6Dv
(2) ;8T<L[ ^U
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and ]!A;-m
A B C D CD[7h
spinal cord. fk"{G>&8
答案: B "
(xS[i
应改为: stimulation ~Fx[YPO,
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 l,X;<&-[
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第六节 名词在句中的作用 )F~_KD)7jJ
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考点一 名词(词组)作主语 +p[~hM6?
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 ko:I.6- K
例题: n;=A'g|Q
(1) t/$xzsoJZr
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. :
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(A) was a major collection +/X'QB$R
(B) that a major collection e"2QV vB
(C) a collection was major w %zw+E
(D) a major collection o2|(0uN'
答案: (D) |H A7 C
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 &Ch)SD
(2) 3(&.[o
Z
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of "a
g_
A B C D \
1Bgs^
medieval alchemists. J#kdyBmuO
答案:A c]]F`B
应改为:beginnings. %C)JmaQ{9
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 47 RY pd
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考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 md`ToU
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 93J)9T
例题: A1q^E(}O
(1) R\}YD*
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. 1FJ[_l
(A) new dance, the twist mQs$7t[>t
(B) twist, was the new dance OeYLL4H
(C) twist, the new dance that ]'Yw#YB
(D) new dance is the twist X W)A~wPBs
答案: (A) /)1-^ju
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 bw\=F_>L
(2) s]c$]&IGG
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep q?L(V+X
A B uE j6A
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. b0X[x{k"
C D ^WD$
gd
答案: D !P$xh
应改为: promise. E5 oD|'=WA
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 }NCvaO
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考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 n*~
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, "6yiQ\`J
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. XL^N5
例题: 1`lFF_stkP
(1) V^I/nuy
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. ]?(F'&
(A) that institutes C-u/{CP
(B) while instituted ^~qs-.?
(C) was an institution -5 /v`
(D) an institute U!:!]DX(
答案: (D) 1\*B.
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 qLi9ym, ]
(2) >x
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Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. { $/Fk6qr
(A) is the great modern choreographer yM:~{;HLF
(B) one of the great modern choreographers R.IUBw5;/
(C) that the great modern choreographers |$w={N^4
(D) the modern choreographers were great $H-D9+8 7
答案:B C2rj ]t
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句