考点四 名词(词组)作定语
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名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 ~$y#(YbH
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 32iWYN
例题: IxEQh)J X
(1) %4r!7X|O<
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, #RLch
A B G
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is a prosperous trading and distribute center. i)`zKbK
C D 1v[#::Bs
答案: D Y00i{/a 8
应改为: distribution/ distributing. RBv=
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 X('Q;^`
(2) L!+[]tB
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects.
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A B C D _,K>u6N&
答案: D W"}*Q-8W
应改为: color .f.j >
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 qed!C
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第二章 形容词 M*T# 5
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 !P
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 si
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 {'
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例题: gx>mKSzy
(1) @SQ*/sw (c
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. <GFB'`L
A B C D TeN1\rA,
答案:C W!Ct[t
应改为:certain. T=p}By3a
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 WCfe!P?g
(2) $d??(
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. d[Fr
A B C D u%IKM\
答案:C T I7Ty+s
应改为:visual. C2,cyhr
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 :;#}9g9
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: 9q@YE_ji
The man was awake. nTtt$I@hW
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) Y X{
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable PM?Ri^55<L
例题: 90if:mYA
(1) Nm
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Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means PQ#-.K
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of on-the-spot, alive reports. PH4bM
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答案: D 9M~$W-5
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 7Hlh
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解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) J1ro\"
(2) ~4X!8b_
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also p`.fYW:p
A B C "=TTsxyM6P
gather data from documentary and oral sources. m3!MHe~t
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答案: A pC.P
应改为:like CpdY)SMSL
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 q9z!g/,d/
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. B-p5;h>
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, q'-l;
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注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, Jj!tRZT
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: ieoUZCO^r\
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 ~(P\F&A(&
如: two young American students Ps 5wQaS
my three red pencils >d[vHyA~!D
第二节 比较级 0~5}F^8[L
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: u"$HWB~@z
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; s"!}=kX
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 ]-OkW.8d1
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), \>k#]4@rp
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考点一 含有标志词than Bm>(m{sX>
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, aV#;o9H{
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. "Z?":|%7
She possesses more books than I do. wpMQ 7:j
He is more intelligent than I expected. tELnq#<6
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, dL"i\5#%A
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, @D{[Hj`<
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 IUG.q8
例题: <VsZ$
(1) I#e*,#'S
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. %?wE/LU>
(A) coolest YH$`r6\S
(B) the coolest 88U
(C) cooler }Ec"&
(D) the cooler $$>,2^qr&L
答案:A (acRYv(
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 Z)~4)71Y:
(2) Ps-d#~4U;
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. I[ C.iILL
A B C D -v&srd^
答案:A {$.{VE+v5
应改为:more 3".W
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 6P$q7G
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: pc>R|~J{2
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, 1 Qkuxw
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 8ttw!x69)_
(that 指代the population) W5 }zJ)x
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. ,+{ 43;a
(those 指代 designs) v<**GW]neD
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 5lbh
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如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may i[lH@fJm_
probably contribute more to the success of a play. ],m-
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例题: (~4AG \
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. ?,[w6O*
(A) than do p`0Tpgi
(B) that are having F.9|$g*ip
(C) which have qKXn=J/0tA
(D) that do 7va%-&.&t
答案:A _\zfXHp
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 fC[gu$f][
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考点二 (not) so /as…as
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比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, "`wq:$R
如:It is as good as it looks. J/ ~]A1fP6
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. /e,lD)
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 Bf.RYLsh6
例题: I&9B^fF6
(1) c1f6RCu$b
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. +J}M$eQ
(A) possibly little nourishment
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(B) nourishment possibly little 0 N(2[s_A
(C) little as possible nourishment ueOvBFgZ
(D) little nourishment as possible Ra5cfkH;
答案:D \`^jl
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. V l%k:
(2) e:]$UAzp
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. >_".
(A) so early b< rM3P;
(B) the earliest W~qo
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(C) as early as ME(!xI//JZ
(D) so early that .
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答案:C -p1arA
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as @UA>6F
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考点三 the same…as mMR[(
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, 7D,+1>5^Ne
如:She looks just the same as before. 0t~--/lA
I got the same feeling as you did. AxeWj%w@
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 >wn&+%i&
例题: @1pdyKK
(1) cIX59y#7
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, r&qD