考点四 名词(词组)作定语
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名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 0 a~HiIh
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 sz--27es
例题: +[J/Zw0{
(1) R.LL#u};
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, p#SY /KIw
A B 3+J0!FVla
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. J(#mtj>v_
C D QRLJ_W^&u
答案: D bS
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应改为: distribution/ distributing. c9j*n;Q
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 ^`SA'F,
(2) .D4bqL
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. b dJ+@r
A B C D X%bFN
答案: D yAL1O94
应改为: color VR!-%H\AW
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 &x-TW,#Ks
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第二章 形容词 ec Oy6@UDY
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 ^MD;"A<
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 7&O`p(j
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 D\^WXY5e%y
例题: Fv?=Z-wk
(1) A>NsKWf{
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. %o?IsIys
A B C D BO.dz06(Rw
答案:C Lc<eRVNd,
应改为:certain. ^IgY d*5
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 ">dq0gD
(2) I~'*$l
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. Swtbl`,
A B C D d~ng6pA
答案:C Aox3s?
应改为:visual. 0;~yZ?6_F
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 K8^kJSF\
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: (}!C4S3#
The man was awake. lS{r=y_0.
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) Z\>, ),O
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable mnF}S5[9
例题: $2z
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(1) qH%")7>
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means IGj`_a
A B C Z&!!]"I
of on-the-spot, alive reports. ul5|.C
D W^g[L:s
答案: D F=@i6ERi
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) g?/XZ5$a5
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) ['X[qn
(2) +1{fzb>9_
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also +6W(z3($
A B C #]KgUc5B
gather data from documentary and oral sources. ]j.k?P$U}
D "/x_>ui1F
答案: A x%BF{Sw
应改为:like "HQF.#\#
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 @Gjny BJ
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. :.IN?X
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, hCc0sRp
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, zQuM !.
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: o$_93<zc
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 8:g!w:$x
如: two young American students iQ`]ms+
my three red pencils /8 CY0Ey
第二节 比较级 z: G}>fk5
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: H7IW"UkBR
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; a1x7~)z>zi
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 e6P[c=m
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少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), l)@:T|)c
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考点一 含有标志词than _PB@kH#
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, L$JI43HZ
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. !Cb=B
She possesses more books than I do. ePA;:8)_j
He is more intelligent than I expected. @ ^.*$E5
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, sJ6a7A8)
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, k=uZ=tUft*
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 WN0c%kz=
例题: $%He$t
(1) @36S}5Oa
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. /2w@K_Px6
(A) coolest w6U
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(B) the coolest B)a@fmp"a
(C) cooler _;G=G5r
(D) the cooler 5;
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答案:A -3k;u
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 *gSO&O=
(2) okDJ(AIV+
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. coAW9=o}
A B C D )*HjRTF6G
答案:A 3Uo]>BG
应改为:more B(Y.`L? %E
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 sY^lQN
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: j0?>w{e
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, g< )72-h
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. -mC:r&Y>[
(that 指代the population) {Y"8~
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. ?%;B`2 nDR
(those 指代 designs) T^NJ4L4#
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) bqNLkw#
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may ITQ9(W
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probably contribute more to the success of a play. ,4yG(O$)
例题: %09*l%,;
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. #'iPDRYy
(A) than do X\'E4
(B) that are having wO!%
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(C) which have Kt6C43]7
(D) that do t.L4%1OF
答案:A >\&= [C
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 W/a,.M
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考点二 (not) so /as…as Mb~~A5
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用,
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如:It is as good as it looks. YPG,9iZ&f
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. Vp\80D&
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 [JZ h*A
例题: *F|i&2
(1) |[DV\23{G
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. B#Qpd7E+*
(A) possibly little nourishment )FV6,
(B) nourishment possibly little s9G)Bd 8
(C) little as possible nourishment +*: }p
(D) little nourishment as possible
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答案:D xl|ghjn
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. L%k67>
(2) VZt;P%1;h
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. ~K_ ]N/ >
(A) so early CH55K[{<
(B) the earliest /G{&[X<4U
(C) as early as 5"$e=y/
(D) so early that Y'2-yB
答案:C O(WEgz
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as L,E-z_<p
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考点三 the same…as K?$9N}+
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, U.Pa7tn
如:She looks just the same as before. gHp'3SnS
I got the same feeling as you did. =7F E/S
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 2;3x,<Cg
例题: l#tS.+B7
(1) 8y-e+
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, PG\\V$}A(
A B C #8S [z5 `
shorter tails, and longer bills. X77A; US
D 6{cybD`Ef&
答案:B #"=%b
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应改为:as. yW%&_s0
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” zC<'fT/rG
(2) C<zx'lw!
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of 5Xp$yX =
A B
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perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. '~ jy
C D Vww@eK%5Q
答案:D
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应改为:as xmCm3ekmpC
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 }~7H2d);-
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考点四 the more…,the more… p=:7 atE
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, :7HVBH
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. _Ym&UY.u#
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. FCsyKdM
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 v 1`bDS?*Q
例题: O JZ!|J8?
(1) e_fg s>o`(
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 'US:Mr3
(A) the greater the need there is ^N*pIVLC
(B) greater need GE/IaLo
(C) is there great need , V0iMq
(D) the great need GV `idFd
答案:A d +*T@k]>M
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, *so6]+)cU
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. R 47I\{
(2) B1 jH.(
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. LaAgoarN
(A) the stress it is greater BP7<^`i&
(B) greater is the stress T1g:gfw@
(C) greater stress is W#oEF/G
(D) the greater the stress OI;L9\MJc
答案:D <uWJ>sg^6
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D ;I0yQlx|U
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer DcFV^8O&
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, \k$]GK-
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. -Y!=Iw
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注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 IAt+S-q0
例题: ;1(qGy4
(1) T8M[eSbZ
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio Bt`r6v;\
A B "~i#9L/H
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. FrE/K_L
C D plz=G}Y
答案:A sov62wuqU
应改为:no longer. ,_4KyLfBF
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer