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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 }TQ{`a@  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 moj ]j`P5a  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 B$3 ?K  
例题: r~-.nb"P  
(1) [H\:pP8t  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, @oF$LMD  
 A                       B yq-=],h  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. /M~!sPW&?  
   C         D =o}"jVE  
答案: D /v|"0  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. lU^;Z 6f  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 Ab%;Z5$fr  
(2) o}Odw ;  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. iI@jZVk  
   A  B      C         D /){KOCBl;  
答案: D _Y=2/*y^  
应改为: color _I`,Br:N  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 {qW~"z*  
o*x*jn:hm  
?&LZB}1 R  
第二章 形容词 4nH*Ui!T  
]eQV ,Vt  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 5(W"-A}  
8zLY6@  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 `b8v1Os^2  
, P'P^0qJ  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 *#% 9Rp2|  
例题: ,:~0F^z  
(1) W"{v2xi  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. mNf8kwr  
       A  B   C          D GU't%[  
答案:C >e2<!#er|  
应改为:certain. 4!asT;`'  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 H/M Au 7  
(2) a$"ib  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. fP3_d  
  A       B         C   D JOjoiA  
答案:C A^ _a3$,0  
应改为:visual. cJM:  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 nf 1#tlIJd  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: SVjl~U-^  
The man was awake. y%sro I('y  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) LG~S8u  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable S$f6a'  
例题: hYQ_45Z*?  
(1) yCJFo  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means =#mTfJ   
     A                 B        C  tv XW  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. '(f/~"9B  
       D Rwr 2gMt7  
答案: D %Pksv}  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) izKfU?2]X@  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) Ku&!?m@C  
(2) p8s:g~ W  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also [1Ydo`  
 A              B               C 3nY1[,  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. ~gz^Cdh  
                 D 0y&I/2  
答案: A  tpy>OT$  
应改为:like 9h/>QLx  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 O]f/r,4@  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. {JV@"t-X3"  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, 4tSv{B/}  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, = 8gHS[  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: do uc('@  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 RzhWD^bB  
如: two young American students lnE+Au'  
    my three red pencils < j$#9QQ1  
第二节 比较级 (M =Y&M'f  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: fw oQ' &  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; vIvVq:6_3  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 S4witIK5  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), +i\&6HGK;-  
yfU<UQ!1  
/~4 "No@  
考点一 含有标志词than &D%(~|'  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, (;. AS  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. bVmA tm[  
  She possesses more books than I do. `V[!@b:  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. /v095H@  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, o;b0m;~   
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, Gu=STb  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 &h*S y  
例题: y]%w)4PS  
(1) R{,ooxH\J  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. )'l*Tl  
(A) coolest m~Ld~I"  
(B) the coolest ( *G\g=D  
(C) cooler `P Xz  
(D) the cooler ,2oF:H  
答案:A hVj NZ  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 Y+/JsOD  
(2) FZB~|3eq{  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. i?Ss:v^  
           A   B              C     D \b}~2oX  
答案:A x*oWa,  
应改为:more 79zJ\B_  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 +Taa!hfys  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: 9>/wUQs!]  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, U=bEA1*@0  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 'H9=J*9oG  
   (that 指代the population) JT[*3 h  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. NGYyn`Lx  
   (those 指代 designs) dQy>Nmfy  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) wo5ZxM  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may A5#y?Aq  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. ]L2Oz  
例题: y0v]N  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. P[t$\FS  
(A) than do nW\(IkX\  
(B) that are having Y^$HrI(vq  
(C) which have O?bK%P]ay  
(D) that do N#N0Q0W=  
答案:A E jEFg#q  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 ]O:M$ $  
E_ $z`or  
考点二 (not) so /as…as ~Pk0u{,4XQ  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, }:iBx  
如:It is as good as it looks.  \d.F82  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. TOl}U  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 x:K?\<  
例题: S_J :&9L  
(1) Ex@`O+  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. .M|>u_< Qd  
(A) possibly little nourishment _X5_ez^/=  
(B) nourishment possibly little LR)& [{Kk  
(C) little as possible nourishment e xR^/|BR  
(D) little nourishment as possible &j u-  
答案:D ? s} %  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. x49!{}  
(2) bk#xiuwT  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. kL{;.WsB  
(A) so early ' |K.k6  
(B) the earliest <SXZx9A!  
(C) as early as Iur9I>8h  
(D) so early that ,^T]UHRO  
答案:C Yt1mB[&f^  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as 0TE@xqW  
Q49BU@xX  
考点三 the same…as OS7R Qw1  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, #0 y <a:}R  
如:She looks just the same as before. p]LnE `v  
  I got the same feeling as you did. y]qsyR18i  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 ;"7/@&M\m  
例题: 744=3v  
(1) ySX/=T:<;  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, bAhZ7;T~  
         A       B          C TL-i=\{L:d  
shorter tails, and longer bills. oj.lj!  
            D VyZV (k  
答案:B p]f&mBO*  
应改为:as. N=fz/CD)I  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” 8]*Q79  
(2) aPBX=;(  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of WM< \e  
  A                 B    ?MZ:_'2p  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. `7B14:\A  
   C          D 70 `M,``  
答案:D b.Su@ay@(^  
应改为:as u~Lu<3v  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 BR3mAF  
rgR?wXW]jE  
考点四 the more…,the more… @ R'E?|  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, 6Kht:WE  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. &wGg6$  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. b+$o4 l/x  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 qRUCnCZs  
例题: Q<'@V@H  
(1) KZ\dB;W< |  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 7-g^2sa'(  
(A) the greater the need there is ScHlfk p  
(B) greater need TQ~&Y)".  
(C) is there great need Z jt9vS)  
(D) the great need >0M:&NMda  
答案:A !G>(j   
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, g5<ZS3tQ  
]TfeBX6ST  
`E%(pjG  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. o@@_J@}#  
(2) ?:JdRnH\  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. ;$[VX/A`f  
(A) the stress it is greater 5D-BIPn=JV  
(B) greater is the stress  3:"AFV  
(C) greater stress is & ]%\.m  
(D) the greater the stress ~CulFxu  
答案:D LNbx3W oC  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D i 63?"  
i!y\WaCp  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer f5N<3m=  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, 6zELe.tq  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. @G7w(>_T3  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 J~M H_N  
例题: .ou!g&xu  
(1) ^mS.HT=X  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio BLWA!-  
          A           B      aslU`#"  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. NKupOJJq  
    C                           D pj aiAe!k  
答案:A HTR "mQ  
应改为:no longer. f)p>nW?Z  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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