考点四 名词(词组)作定语 iZ2nBiQ
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 `xFgYyiQd
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 ]bAw>1,NVD
例题: ?4
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(1) tL
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Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, O[H
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is a prosperous trading and distribute center. 8>ODtKI*
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答案: D wZ~eE'zx+
应改为: distribution/ distributing. Wi
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解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 XM?C7/^k
(2) b
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Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. Rj
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A B C D m7,;Hr(
答案: D kr5'a:F)
应改为: color *&rV}vVP^
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 r_M5:Rz
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第二章 形容词 o\:vxj+%*
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 txemu*
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 "AHuq%j
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 7
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例题: q%8Ck)xz
(1) EGJrnz8
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. <+)B8I^
A B C D /H<tv5mXJ
答案:C SbN.z
应改为:certain. >19j_[n@VC
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 -x2&IJ!
(2) #i0f}&
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. PHQ99&F1
A B C D C{P:1ELYXH
答案:C $>!tpJw
应改为:visual. v.Zr,Z=eV
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 ?emYLw
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: K1[(%<Gp
The man was awake. R\,qL-Br
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) k9 NPC"
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable F=r`'\JV[
例题: 6`U]%qx_I
(1) /dq(Z"O_
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means =%oQIx
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of on-the-spot, alive reports. cSWn4-B@l
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答案: D a5@XD_b
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 8$C?j\J|*
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) kli)6R<
(2) yjj)+eJ(Q
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also .}x:yKyi@
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gather data from documentary and oral sources. )R@M~d-o
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答案: A gq[`g=x
应改为:like sTChbks
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 1J @43>u{
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 2"C,u V@F!
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, tX7TP(
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, z;+LU
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一般来说:这个排序的规则是: A
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冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 4oywP^I
如: two young American students /o]j
my three red pencils 9Ls=T=96
第二节 比较级 f%cbBx^;
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: SlojB
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在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; z1`z
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或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 19#A7
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), 8@J5tFJ&%
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考点一 含有标志词than -e(,>9Q
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, U7@)RJ
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. Kt/Wd
She possesses more books than I do. ;OD+6@Sr
He is more intelligent than I expected. OJ2I (8P
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, t?404
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, 8w]>SEGFs
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 _rjLCvv-
例题: B@
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(1) `.8#q^
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. XOi[[G}
(A) coolest >iIUS
(B) the coolest [d~25
(C) cooler #m<<]L(o8W
(D) the cooler 7gY^a MW
答案:A Ul?92
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 |#D$9+
(2) 999E0A$dkv
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. oI6o$C
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答案:A r=3knCEWK
应改为:more `!$I6KxT
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 kW=GFj)L
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: fsDwfwil*
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, td6$w:SN,l
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. &R
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His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. P95A_(T=[
(those 指代 designs) CrIt h/Z
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) }`,}e 259
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may <
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probably contribute more to the success of a play. "7k
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例题: KiJR q>
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. dw
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(A) than do d:"]*EZ [
(B) that are having <
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(C) which have WmRx
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(D) that do &O