考点四 名词(词组)作定语 SHdL /1~t
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 %l9$a`&
这样的词语有：word order（词序）， taxi driver（出租车司机）等 2P~)I)3V
例题: O+ .*lo
(1) H 30OUrD
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, [ x >
A B 6* r
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is a prosperous trading and distribute center. -Wo15O"
C D *{/@uO
答案: D ] A:( L9
应改为: distribution/ distributing. rFd@mO
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center，可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 K; kM_%9u
(2) Rl@ $xP
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. lmFA&s"m
A B C D wly>H]i'
答案: D QUP|FIpZ
应改为: color ;L6Xs_L~
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 .hz2&9Ow
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第二章 形容词 k,_i#9 X
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇，在句中主要作定语修饰名词，同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 jH0Bo;
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 /2w@ K_Px6
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词，如：modern art, electric current, great responsibility；这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例，几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词，主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 B)a@fmp"a
例题： _;G=G5r
(1) 5;
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The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. -3k;u
A B C D *gSO&O=
答案：C ok DJ(AIV+
应改为：certain. 41 'EA \V
解释：certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 5&(3A|P2
(2) AfE%a-;:
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. B(Y.`L? %E
A B C D ^srs$
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答案：C '>]&r b09|
应改为：visual. }} # be
解释：vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 ; +9(;
注意1：大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话： 3{q[q#
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The man was awake. _#(s2.h~J
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) a
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这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 9<Ag1
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例题： N x
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(1) /=ACdJ
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means 9
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A B C D+hB[*7 Fs
of on-the-spot, alive reports. khS/'b
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答案： D A?'
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应改为：live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) @Q3, bj
解释：alive不能做定语, 只能做表语，所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) }
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(2) .xo_}Vw
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also !c."
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gather data from documentary and oral sources. _y"a2M
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答案： A ysl8LK
应改为：like MyqiBGTb
解释：alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 mDlCt_h
注意2：形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 9D%qXU
如：a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等， 7\ f{'KL
注意3：形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, |FjBKj
一般来说：这个排序的规则是: ,5
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冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 % kJh6J
如: two young American students i'Wcf1I-=
my three red pencils LH,]vuXh
第二节 比较级 p8$\uo 9YQ
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级，主要有两种形式： iF8@9 m
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词)，如：fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等； f!mE1,eBEe
或在词前加more (多音节形容词)，如：more useful, more complex等 XNKtL]U}$
少数词比较级形式特殊，如：good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的)， H E@-uh
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考点一 含有标志词than :a=ro2NH
1．最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象， ;,mBT[_ZO
如：It takes less time to go there by air than by train. 4P`PmQ=GQh
She possesses more books than I do. <=$rU232}
He is more intelligent than I expected. =.VepX|?D
than可视为比较级的标志词，在填空题中， 3L?WTS6(u
空后含有than的， 通常空格处需要填比较级， CQj/e+eE4
空格前含有比较级的，通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 F1 9;RaP+
例题： l}dj{
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(1) RA#\ x.
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. -6AOK<kfI
(A) coolest &
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(B) the coolest +dDJes!]
(C) cooler H<v c\r
(D) the cooler ]lymY _ >
答案：A }P 05eI
解释：标志词than意味着应用比较级，A, B可先排除；D多the; 只有A正确
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(2) 5}<.1ab3V
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. nrxjN(9V%+
A B C D N;e;4,_ n
答案：A s 4MN VT
应改为：more hdo+Qezu:
解释：标志词than表明此句应用比较级，而不是最高级 \a {Aa
2．为避免重复，than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略，只把相比的部分突出出来: i)A`Vpn
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, HY*l 4QK
如：The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. ~5- ~ q0Ge
(that 指代the population) $xKg }cO
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. trID#DT~
(those 指代 designs) P58\+9d_
情况2: 在省略的过程中，若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) =g{ _^^n
如：The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may S/#) :,YS
probably contribute more to the success of a play. f]@[4<N y
例题：
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Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. `D&#U'wB
(A) than do z6GL,wo#
(B) that are having 5#9`RO T9
(C) which have &4ug3
(D) that do ?M*C*/R
答案：A z/ c'Z#w%
解释：空格前出现了形容词比较级，空格后是比较对象，应由than连接，选项中只有A符合条件，其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 {,nd_3"Vq
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考点二 (not) so /as…as mvW^P`nB
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思，其结构和than句式相仿，但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形，而且as…as必须搭配使用， +oxqS&$L
如：It is as good as it looks. HQ-N!pf9
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. ]ly)z[is"]
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as)，要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as)，一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 %j
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例题： Q rrZF.
(1) (+]Ig> t
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. f"} 0j|Gg
(A) possibly little nourishment X:zyzEhS
(B) nourishment possibly little g:@Cg.q8
(C) little as possible nourishment .q'FSEkMJ
(D) little nourishment as possible .PA ?N{z
答案：D $AL|d[[T[
解释：空格处需要动词have的宾语，同时包含as…as句式，A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构，C语序有误，均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. N8/Au=
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(2)
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There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. 5BGv^Qb_2
(A) so early /M{)k_V
(B) the earliest &`\kb2uep
(C) as early as e-T9HM&%P
(D) so early that r(/P||`l
答案：C pqNoL*
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解释：依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达，只有C符合题意，用的是比较级特殊句式as...as
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考点三 the same…as u0$5Fd&X
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”，the same和as既可连用，也可分开使用， a7 '\ *
如：She looks just the same as before. k%bTs+] *
I got the same feeling as you did. vr]dRStr
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 E Zu
例题： s
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(1) v*T@ <]f3j
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, h^3Vd K,
A B C T=)L5 Vuq<
shorter tails, and longer bills. KTS7)2ci
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答案：B N '1 [t
应改为：as. Y_ u7
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解释：the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与．．．一样” :O2v0Kx
(2) @%okaj#IO
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of 8C4@V[sm`
A B !-Tm u
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. Z_TbM^N
C D YJ;a{)e
答案：D Ql!6I (
应改为：as ,@j& q
解释：与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 S &g -
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考点四 the more…，the more… &qj&WfrB,
此句式常表示“越……越……”，more在此处泛指比较级，此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开，句子结构平行，而且谓语动词一致时，为避免重复常进行省略， L&F\"q9q71
如：The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. `[R:L.H1
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot.
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填空题中常需填入两个分句之一，因此看到the more结构，要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 REe%>|
例题：
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(1) F_
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The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. tw^.(m5d
(A) the greater the need there is "Kf~`0P
(B) greater need +/ d8d
(C) is there great need yvnrZ&x :
(D) the great need <UHf7:0V
答案：A $+yQ48Wq
解释：这是典型的 “the more…, 9n2%7dLQ*
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. .ceU @^
(2) LGue=Hkp
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. <\Dl#DH
(A) the stress it is greater 04LVa|Y@U
(B) greater is the stress IOsDVIXL\
(C) greater stress is ."g5+ xX
(D) the greater the stress 8&iI+\lCy
答案：D Yl3PZ*#@ Q
解释：此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行，当谓语一致时，后面的可省略，符合要求的只有D mLdyt-1
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer G~j<I /)"
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, lAt1Mq} ?P
如：He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. ! q1^X% a
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用，no more /not…any more同理，这一句式在改错题中出现。 *y$r y]
例题： \X p"I5
(1) y.NArN|%
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio `^Sq>R!;
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continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. xJ.!Q)[
C D sm S0Rk
答案：A jv^ L~<u
应改为：no longer. )eyxAg
解释：根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ．．．”，英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
