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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 iZ2nBi Q  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 `xFgYyiQd  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 ]bAw>1,NVD  
例题: ?4 lEHef  
(1) tL S$D-  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, O[H Bw~  
 A                       B O29GP s  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. 8>ODtKI *  
   C         D 6Zq7O\   
答案: D wZ~eE'zx+  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. Wi zVw&Iv  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 XM?C7/^k  
(2) b @)nB  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. Rj /y.g  
   A  B      C         D m7,;Hr(  
答案: D kr5'a:F)  
应改为: color *&rV}vVP^  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 r_M5:Rz  
)W3kBDD  
&,iPI2`O A  
第二章 形容词 o\:vxj+%*  
j9$kaEf  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 txe mu *  
2)jf~!o)Z  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 "AHuq%j  
@ R;o $n  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 7 B#HF?,?  
例题: q%8Ck)xz  
(1) EGJrnz8  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. <+)B8I^  
       A  B   C          D /H<tv5mX J  
答案:C SbN.z  
应改为:certain. >19j_[n@VC  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 -x2&IJ!  
(2) #i0f}&  
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. PHQ99&F1  
  A       B         C   D C{P:1ELYXH  
答案:C $>!tpJw  
应改为:visual. v.Zr,Z=eV  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 ?emYLw  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: K1[(% <Gp  
The man was awake. R\,qL-Br  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) k9 NPC"  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable F=r`'\JV[  
例题: 6`U]%qx_I  
(1) /dq(Z"O_  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means =%oQIx  
     A                 B        C nZ8f}R!f:  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. cSWn4-B@l  
       D 'NDDj 0Y  
答案: D  a5@XD_b  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 8$C?j\J|*  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) kl i)6R<  
(2) yjj)+eJ(Q  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also .}x:yKyi@  
 A              B               C GG$&=.$  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. )R@M~d-o  
                 D X w_6SR9C  
答案: A gq[`g=x  
应改为:like sTChbks  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 1J @43>u{  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 2"C,u V@F!  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, tX7TP(  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, z;+LU 6V  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: A ^U` c'$  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 4oywP^I  
如: two young American students /o]j  
    my three red pencils 9Ls=T=96  
第二节 比较级 f%cbBx^;  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: SlojB ^%  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; z1`z k0  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 19# A7  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), 8@J5tFJ&%  
9d1 G u"  
CY i{WV(:  
考点一 含有标志词than -e(,>9Q  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, U7@)RJ  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. Kt/Wd  
  She possesses more books than I do. ;OD+6@Sr  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. OJ2I (8P  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, t ?404  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, 8w]>SEGFs  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 _rjLCvv-  
例题: B@ @j-  
(1) `.8#q^  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. XOi[[G}  
(A) coolest >i IUS  
(B) the coolest [d~ 25  
(C) cooler #m<<]L(o8W  
(D) the cooler 7gY^aMW  
答案:A Ul?92  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 |#D$9+  
(2) 999E0A$dkv  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. o I6o$C  
           A   B              C     D rt7]~W-  
答案:A r=3knCEWK  
应改为:more `!$I6KxT  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 kW=GFj)L  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: fsDwfwil*  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, td6$w:SN,l  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. &R "Q  
   (that 指代the population) [# '38  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. P95A _(T=[  
   (those 指代 designs) CrIt h/Z  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) }`,}e259  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may < <v E.  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. "7k 82dw  
例题: KiJRq>  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. dw v( 8  
(A) than do d:"]*EZ [  
(B) that are having < +QXGz1  
(C) which have WmRx _d_  
(D) that do &O' 6va  
答案:A UtF8T6PKdW  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 dT%$"sj5  
LH4!QDK-  
考点二 (not) so /as…as V #0F2GV<,  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, \tj7Jy  
如:It is as good as it looks. #S/]=D  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. f;C*J1y  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 .X;zEyd  
例题: S0\;FmLIc  
(1) QQso<.d&  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. )x/Spb  
(A) possibly little nourishment Fq6sl}b(On  
(B) nourishment possibly little F_9eju^|  
(C) little as possible nourishment BitP?6KX  
(D) little nourishment as possible  R\%&Q|  
答案:D O\h*?, )  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. 7 cGc`7  
(2) `.dX@<  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. wo($7'.@  
(A) so early Ak`7f$z  
(B) the earliest T5; zgr  
(C) as early as QxRT%;'Zh]  
(D) so early that ~C1lbn b  
答案:C b'9\j.By  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as poZ04Uxo>  
Yj/aa0Ka4  
考点三 the same…as +FD"8 ^YC  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, R?)M#^"W  
如:She looks just the same as before. uhi(Gny.  
  I got the same feeling as you did. W(h].'N  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 'R&Y pR  
例题: OAoTsqj6  
(1) (twwDI  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, 0E*q-$P  
         A       B          C dNH6%1(s]0  
shorter tails, and longer bills. HeV6=&#  
            D :@BAiKa[wa  
答案:B BE`{? -G  
应改为:as. [1+ o  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” (x;Uy  
(2) ^|u7+b'|t  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of ^HJvT)e4  
  A                 B    v:2*<;  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. (OA-Mgyc  
   C          D OVwcjhQ  
答案:D #~3$4j2U(y  
应改为:as h(M_ K  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 <OX_6d*@  
"H{Et b/  
考点四 the more…,the more… pD^7ZE6  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, VFmG\  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. |p4D!M+$7  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. }> q%##<n  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 \fX0&l;T9\  
例题: kGz0`8U Ru  
(1) 3shRrCL0mf  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. Q7 4Q|r7  
(A) the greater the need there is ,,FO6+4f  
(B) greater need %-lilo   
(C) is there great need "3&bh>#qY  
(D) the great need g2Hz[C(  
答案:A V(lxkEu/Fj  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, g6AEMer  
3]46qk '  
be<7Vy]j  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. [:hTwBRF  
(2) Oax6_ kmOj  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. !~j-5+DI  
(A) the stress it is greater MH0xD  
(B) greater is the stress U%:K11Kr  
(C) greater stress is h^B~Fv>~  
(D) the greater the stress KUV(vAY,  
答案:D b41f7t=  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D _c z$w5`  
6L/`  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer FQlY Cb  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, C j4ED  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. (drDC1\  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 K,f"Q<sU%  
例题: lZ*V.-D^]  
(1) IaHu$` v  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio /5wIbmz@I  
          A           B      .4cV X |T  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. Lz/{ q6>  
    C                           D l+r3|b  
答案:A KW@][*\uC  
应改为:no longer. H/^t]bg,  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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