考点四 名词(词组)作定语 x
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名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 EnUo B<
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 dW5z0VuB$/
例题: QMsnfG
(1) 50Jr(OeU<
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, @6Mo_4)O
A B UM]wDFn'E
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. qqAsh]Z
C D }hf*Jw
答案: D xSUR<
应改为: distribution/ distributing. ";xEuX
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 -Tt}M#W
(2) >*(>%E~H
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects.
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A B C D WT)")0)[
答案: D JQCwI`%i
应改为: color -,tYfQ;:
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 Ij8tBT?jlL
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第二章 形容词 +!Ltn
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 O
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 KWUz]>Z
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 rifxr4c[X>
例题: ^&.?kJM
(1) $^!w`>0C
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. jJvNN -^
A B C D <7^~r(DP
答案:C -(.7/G'Vk>
应改为:certain. ihWz/qx&q
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 %},gE[N!J
(2) pYG,5+g
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. xN
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A B C D m=}X$QF`^
答案:C d@tr]v5 B
应改为:visual. obq}#
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 R!,)?j;
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: r<v%Zp
The man was awake. !&lPdEc@T
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) ntV>m*^
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable EC'bgFe
例题: 63S1ed[
(1) '.yWL
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means VWy:U#;+8
A B C dA/o4co
of on-the-spot, alive reports. zDyeAxh4
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答案: D 9`xFZMd31A
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) D~Ohw sL4
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) +c`C9RXk
(2) K)&XQ`&
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also J.2]k
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A B C \)ZX4rs{8
gather data from documentary and oral sources. 5,BkwAr+6[
D Xl6ZV,1=n7
答案: A b^DV9mO4J
应改为:like &W+G{W{3
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 !a(qqZ|s
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. 9~'Ip7X,!
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, vC<kpf!
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, )^S^s>3
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: D.R|HqZ
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 e=;@L3f
如: two young American students ((>3,%B`
my three red pencils R
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第二节 比较级 [I<'E
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英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: :$Q]U2$mPS
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; | ,l=v`/
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 *5'6E'
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), zHc 4e
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考点一 含有标志词than 7U
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1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, qMdtJ(gq
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. ="w8U'
She possesses more books than I do. &T/q0bwd
He is more intelligent than I expected. ;7^j-6
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, 9Glfi@.
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, VDu
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空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 19w,'}CGk
例题: - Zoo)
(1) ;0Ct\ [eh
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. yZ~eLWz
(A) coolest J%-lw{FC
(B) the coolest {{[jC"4AY
(C) cooler +yP[(b/
(D) the cooler sHPwW5j/o'
答案:A 'oHOFH9:{b
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 vz#wP
(2) 6v2RS
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. .";tnC!e
A B C D Dss/>!
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答案:A hzuMTKH9
应改为:more cH* /zNp
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 qnk,E-
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: ZaUcP6[h
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, %L \{kUam
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 9p\wTzA
(that 指代the population) 2c>H(t h=
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. $YGIN7_Gg
(those 指代 designs) y%IG:kZ,
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) d0}%
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如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may jY#(A23
probably contribute more to the success of a play. ;*g*DIR
例题: rPo\Dz
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. l`M5'r]l
(A) than do Gkodk[VuLs
(B) that are having Q&.IlVB[
(C) which have B=Zukg1G
(D) that do 74}eF)(me
答案:A WDoKbTv
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装
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考点二 (not) so /as…as 4*D fI
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, l#5~t|\
如:It is as good as it looks. 0x>/ 6 <<
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. 1|l)gfcP
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 oXQ<
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例题: M ~ i+F0
(1) e$ XY\{
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. 2 <6`TA*m
(A) possibly little nourishment :Er^"9'A2
(B) nourishment possibly little u^aFj%}]L
(C) little as possible nourishment 4[LLnF--
(D) little nourishment as possible T<TcV9vM
答案:D /slm
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解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. R%Ui6dCLo
(2) m{bZRkt
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. _4.]A3;}
(A) so early c|\ZRBdI
(B) the earliest c%AFo]H
(C) as early as 4GU/V\e|
(D) so early that fr}1_0DDz
答案:C VxkCK02k
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as eKZ@FEZ
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考点三 the same…as ,67"C2Y
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, P+)qE6\
如:She looks just the same as before. X(Y#9N"
I got the same feeling as you did. [x2JFS#4
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 d5@X#3Hd
例题: GBH
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(1) g$*/XSr(
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, ./'~];&
A B C !
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shorter tails, and longer bills. H~A"C'P3#
D B.89_!/:p
答案:B =N YgGEFq.
应改为:as. Y3#Nux%
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” QWrIa1.JC
(2) A/q2g7My
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of $4Z+F#mx
A B 63W{U/*aao
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. z;i4N3-:
C D >Bc>IO
答案:D O^5
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应改为:as +7,8w
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 t)YUPDQ@J
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考点四 the more…,the more… HF"Eys
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, 6+.>5e
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. b"I~_CL|
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. {Fbg]'FQ
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 kw*)/$5]
例题: R (G2qi
(1) 3gAR4
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. m6^ 5S
(A) the greater the need there is bmu6@jT
(B) greater need /
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(C) is there great need B`fH^N
(D) the great need x?#I4RJH;
答案:A t8QRi!\=
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, |( G2
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. \<~}o I
(2) #uSK#>H_!
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. l4rMk^>>
(A) the stress it is greater (9 sIA*,}
(B) greater is the stress %%%S"$t
(C) greater stress is `0{ S3v
(D) the greater the stress kbYeV_OwM
答案:D i
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解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D p
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer X8i(~
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no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, ](#&.q%5!
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. KVkMU?6
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 } XR:2
例题: pXu/(&?
(1) (u hd "
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio
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continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. \L # INP4~
C D S QY"OBo<e
答案:A h5"Ov,K3[
应改为:no longer. Pf<[|yu4?
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer