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主题 : 高分语法讲解2
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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解2

考点四 名词(词组)作定语 Zi< Sw  
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 ~$y#(YbH  
这样的词语有:word order(词序), taxi driver(出租车司机)等 3 2iWYN  
例题: IxEQh)J X  
(1) %4r!7X|O<  
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, #RLch  
 A                       B G +nY}c  
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. i)`zKbK  
   C         D 1v[#::Bs  
答案: D Y00i{/a 8  
应改为: distribution/ distributing. RBv=  
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center,可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 X('Q;^`  
(2) L!+[]tB  
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects.  jKb=Zkd  
   A  B      C         D _,K>u6N&  
答案: D W"}*Q -8W  
应改为: color . f.j >  
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 qed!C  
~qLhZR\g^  
N?U&( @p  
第二章 形容词 M*T# 5  
!3X%5=#L4  
形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇,在句中主要作定语修饰名词,同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 !P i? !  
c;t(j'k`  
第一节 形容词修饰名词 si mX  
n nnA,  
形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词,如:modern art, electric current, great responsibility;这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例,几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词,主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 {' wU&!  
例题: gx>mKSzy  
(1) @SQ*/sw (c  
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. <GFB'`L  
       A  B   C          D TeN1\rA,  
答案:C W!Ct[t  
应改为:certain. T=p}By3a  
解释:certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 WCfe!P?g  
(2) $d??(   
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. d[Fr  
  A       B         C   D u%IKM \  
答案:C TI7Ty+s  
应改为:visual. C2,cyhr  
解释:vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 :;#}9g9  
注意1:大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话: 9q@YE_ji  
The man was awake. nTtt$I@hW  
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) Y  X{  
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable PM?Ri^55<L  
例题: 9 0if:mYA  
(1) Nm :<rI,^  
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means PQ#-.K  
     A                 B        C ib=^ tK  
of on-the-spot, alive reports. PH4bM  
       D I E sD=  
答案: D 9M~$W-5  
应改为:live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 7Hlh (k  
解释:alive不能做定语, 只能做表语,所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) J1ro\"  
(2) ~4X!8b_  
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also p`.fYW:p  
 A              B               C "=TTsxyM6P  
gather data from documentary and oral sources. m3!MHe~t  
                 D <^c0bY1  
答案: A pC.P  
应改为:like CpdY)SMSL  
解释:alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 q9z!g/,d/  
注意2:形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. B-p5;h>  
如:a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等, q'-l; V|  
注意3:形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, Jj!tRZT  
一般来说:这个排序的规则是: ieoUZCO^r\  
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 ~(P\F&A(&  
如: two young American students Ps5wQaS  
    my three red pencils >d[vHyA~!D  
第二节 比较级 0~5}F^8[L  
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级,主要有两种形式: u"$HWB~@z  
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词),如:fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等; s"!}=k X  
或在词前加more (多音节形容词),如:more useful, more complex等 ]-OkW.8d1  
少数词比较级形式特殊,如:good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的), \>k#]4@rp  
?^GsR[-x  
Mo r-$a8  
考点一 含有标志词than Bm>(m{sX>  
1.最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象, aV#;o9H{  
如:It takes less time to go there by air than by train. "Z?":|%7  
  She possesses more books than I do. wpMQ 7:j  
  He is more intelligent than I expected. tELnq#<6  
than可视为比较级的标志词,在填空题中, dL"i\5#%A  
空后含有than的, 通常空格处需要填比较级, @D{[Hj`<  
空格前含有比较级的,通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 IUG .q8  
例题: < VsZ$  
(1) I#e*,#'S  
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. %?wE/LU>  
(A) coolest YH$`r6\S  
(B) the coolest 88U  
(C) cooler }Ec"&  
(D) the cooler $$>,2^qr&L  
答案:A (acRYv(  
解释:标志词than意味着应用比较级,A, B可先排除;D多the; 只有A正确 Z)~4)71Y:  
(2) Ps-d#~4U;  
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. I[C.iILL  
           A   B              C     D -v&srd^  
答案:A {$.{VE+v5  
应改为:more  3".W  
解释:标志词than表明此句应用比较级,而不是最高级 6P $q7G  
2.为避免重复,than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略,只把相比的部分突出出来: pc>R|~J{2  
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, 1Qkuxw  
如:The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. 8ttw!x69)_  
   (that 指代the population) W5 }zJ)x  
  His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. ,+{ 43;a  
   (those 指代 designs) v<**GW]neD  
情况2: 在省略的过程中,若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 5lbh "m=  
如:The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may i[ lH@fJm_  
    probably contribute more to the success of a play. ],m- ,K  
例题: (~4AG \  
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. ?,[w6O*  
(A) than do p`0Tpgi  
(B) that are having F.9|$g*ip  
(C) which have qKXn=J/0tA  
(D) that do 7va%-&.&t  
答案:A _\zf XHp  
解释:空格前出现了形容词比较级,空格后是比较对象,应由than连接,选项中只有A符合条件,其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 fC[gu$f][  
7t QiKrhp  
考点二 (not) so /as…as =>U~ligu  
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思,其结构和than句式相仿,但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形,而且as…as必须搭配使用, "`wq:$R  
如:It is as good as it looks. J/ ~]A1fP6  
  The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. / e,lD)  
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as),要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as),一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 Bf.RYLsh6  
例题: I&9B^fF6  
(1) c1f6RCu$b  
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. +J}M$e Q  
(A) possibly little nourishment  u[u=:Y+  
(B) nourishment possibly little 0 N(2[s_A  
(C) little as possible nourishment ueOvBFgZ  
(D) little nourishment as possible Ra5cfkH;  
答案:D \`^jl  
解释:空格处需要动词have的宾语,同时包含as…as句式,A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构,C语序有误,均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. Vl%k:  
(2) e:]$UAzp  
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. >_".  
(A) so early b< rM3P;  
(B) the earliest W~qo `r  
(C) as early as ME(!xI//JZ  
(D) so early that .  T7ciD  
答案:C -p 1arA  
解释:依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达,只有C符合题意,用的是比较级特殊句式as...as @UA>6F  
9o6y7hEQy  
考点三 the same…as mMR[(  
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”,the same和as既可连用,也可分开使用, 7D,+1>5^Ne  
如:She looks just the same as before. 0t~--/lA  
  I got the same feeling as you did. AxeWj%w@  
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 >wn&+%i&  
例题: @1pdyKK  
(1) cIX59y#7  
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, r&qD!l5y  
         A       B          C ~ M"[FYw[  
shorter tails, and longer bills. }K/[3X=B  
            D *?uF&( 0  
答案:B m=R4A4Y7  
应改为:as. a8N!jQc_m  
解释:the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与...一样” :+YFO.7  
(2) dO=<3W  
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of 5Hr"}|J<8  
  A                 B    :{sX8U%  
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. 0ul2rZc  
   C          D ' ft  |  
答案:D a\zbi$S  
应改为:as jQc0_F\  
解释:与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 {{O1 C ~  
ur'A;B  
考点四 the more…,the more… {u:DC4eut  
此句式常表示“越……越……”,more在此处泛指比较级,此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开,句子结构平行,而且谓语动词一致时,为避免重复常进行省略, v/kYyz  
如:The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. 55#H A?cR  
  The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. `527vK 6  
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一,因此看到the more结构,要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 L.8-nTg"y  
例题: Tx!mW-Lt  
(1) rUj]6j =e  
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 4WNWn#M  
(A) the greater the need there is mtHw! *  
(B) greater need Q4UaqiL   
(C) is there great need GI/g@RV  
(D) the great need !#>{..}}3  
答案:A fFsA[@5tul  
解释:这是典型的 “the more…, TEY%OI zU+  
Rh Yf+?2  
.~Td /o7  
the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. HQ]g{JVld\  
(2) !"_\5$5i<X  
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. O7E0{8  
(A) the stress it is greater z0c_&@uj*  
(B) greater is the stress =n9|r.\&uJ  
(C) greater stress is 'H97D-86/  
(D) the greater the stress aQcJjF5x  
答案:D p6|0JBm  
解释:此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行,当谓语一致时,后面的可省略,符合要求的只有D <D =U=5  
?&"-y)FG  
考点五 no longer /not…any longer Yf<6[(6 O  
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, !A g W @  
如:He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. . ]P@{T||Y  
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用,no more /not…any more同理,这一句式在改错题中出现。 O TSbhI'v  
例题: '`^`NI`  
(1) r;SA1n#  
  Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio 66!cfpM  
          A           B      $fL2w^ @  
 continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 6Xbo:#  
    C                           D "1yXOy^2  
答案:A J1KV?aR  
应改为:no longer. .gzNdSE  
解释:根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ...”,英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
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