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东华大学2018年英语试题
东华大学2018年博士研究生入学考试 英语(1001)试题 Part I Vocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each) eDR
4c% Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. There are fourwords or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences.Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark thecorresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. pt&(
c[ 1. Many scientists remain _____ about the value of this research program.
;#G)([ A.sceptical B. stationary C. spacious D. specific =#||&1U$ 2. If you want to go to the concert,you’ll have to make a-- _____, or there will be no tickets. u;m[, A. conservation B. reservation C. preservation D. observation j'#M'W3@ 3. The mother was _____ when her sonconfessed he had robbed a store. |'xVU8 A. dismayed B. flattered C. fascinated D. disabled 7KOM,FWKe 4. The _____ judge accepted money to letthe prisoner go unpunished. K
r9 P#Y A. committed B. corrupt C. conserved D. confident c0.i
5. It tookthem several weeks to ______the wild horse. hiWfVz{~ A.cultivate B.civilize C. curb D. tame `x2Q:&.H` 6. It is acommon theme of many science fiction stories that the world may one day be ______by beings from the outer space. (a0q*iC% A. runover B. filled in C. taken over D. broken in :|3n`, 7. It __-----____that the old woman she had been taking care of was indeed her own mother. ,b2YUb]U A. turnedover B. turned in C.turned across D. turned out N6Mo| 8. Thediscovery of new oil fields in various parts of the country filled thegovernment with _______hope. ^W|B Xxo A.eternal B.infinite C. ceaseless D. delicate u-g2*(ZT 9. Wehope there will be a peaceful ________ to the new system. (he cvJ A. transmission B. transition C. transaction D. transformation Fp52|w_ 10.It is_______ that women should be paid less than men for doing the same kind of work. bM[!E 8dF A. abrupt B.absurd C. adverse D. addictive m%Ah]x; 11. The young flower girl has been in townfor only several months, but she seems to be _____with everyone who comes tothe store. GMqeC A. admitted B. accepted C. admired D. acquainted ZSCZt&2v 12. When the wealthy man died hisillegitimate son _____half of his legacy. bjvpYZC\5 A. retreated B. displayed C. declared D. claimed 41f4zisZ 13. I have said nothing like that. Heintentionally _____ my ideas to achieve his personal ends. VPG+]>* A. revised B. distracted C. contradicted D. distorted l<fZt#T 14. Travelers are advised to usetraveler's checks, which provide a secure _____ to carrying all the money incash. cNX,% A. substitute B.alternative C. selection D. displacement GRV#f06 15. Most of the nations in the world areworking in a collaborative effort to ___ hunger from the world. P%`|Tu!B A. abandon B.diminish C. withdraw D. eliminate q3a`Y)aVB 16. I just can't _____ how he managed tofinish his report so soon. He said he was only halfway through it yesterday! A. figure out B. work out C.look out D. draw out 17. The mayor was asked to give a rough_____ of the cost of the construction of the new bridge. oxkA+}^j8M A. assessment B. evaluation C.announcement D. estimate h/u>F$}c 18. At last his firm was _____ up by amultinational corporation. ts
BPQ 8Ne A. swallowed B. devoured C. swigged D.gulped ;Ml??B]C 19. When he went to the airport for theticket, Tom suddenly realized that his passport had ____ for half a year. 6q^Tq {I A. abolished B. expired C. amended D. constrained jx _n$D 20. According to the report, the ____- ofthe epidemic was frightening in that country. 6*3J3Lc_< A. multitude B. altitude C. magnitude D. gratitude t
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H"hL+F ^ Part II Cloze Test (15 points, 1point each) V\k?$} Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark youranswer on your Answer Sheet. L@> +iZSO ‘Popular science’ books by pioneering scientists come in many varieties,but are almost always 21 waiting for. Suchbooks would certainly be authoritative accounts of the subject matter. What ismore important, 22, is that they give the reader a really unique 23.The genre includes straightforward expositions of a technical topic, an earlyexample 24 the classic little book on relativity by Einstein himself. More25 ---- and perhaps 26 greater value, in the long 27 ----one has a 28 of essays on widely varying themes. These reflect, directly29 indirectly, the motivations, the compulsions, the stance, thepersonal scientific philosophy ---- 30 short, the credo ---- of a greatscientist, giving the reader 31 insight into the working of a first-ratemind in a manner that even the best of biographies can only 32.Restricting oneself to examples 33 from physics and 34 areas,some wonderful examples of this class are Wigner’s Symmetries and Reflections,Chandrasekhar’s Truth and Beauty, Feynman’s The Character of PhysicalLaw, and Dyson’s 35the Universe. {oIv%U9 Ta;'f7Oz 21. '^Kmfc A. different 7gIK+1` B. eager vwZ d@%BO C. worth s':fv[% D. gratitude >?b<)Q*< 22. Vg1!
u+`< A. however [5&zyIi B. by the way eM)E3~K:2 C. unfortunately ['F, D. to be exact q3.L6M 23. JI1O( A. character v@OyB7} B. thought ]V9z)uz C. enjoyment \L14rQ
t D. perspective ]s
lYr8m 24. B Z:H$v A. being oYWcX9R B. has being %\=oy=f C. has been #UN(R D. been t
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k 25. ~;/\l=Xl A. important D7Y5q*F B. special 5[WhjTo C. often A:"J&TbBx D. clear F\.n42Tz 26. {b@rQCre7 A. with l6.#s3I[' B. for xNt C. in m,nV,}@J D. of rN|c0N 27. Meh?FW||5 A. ago W%]sI n B. time Xq&x<td C. distance Y[8w0ve-g D. run S EY 28. ?V_Qa0k A. election .kM74X=S B. collection `+b>@2D_ C. deduction pt8X.f,iA D. induction N}\Da:_ 29. Y_`D5c: A. and V"VWHAu*.w B. or x+5Q}ux'G C. not =5&)^ D. but =y7]9SOq 30. ]
K7>R0 A. on ( DwIAO/S B. for ,TU!W|($ C. in H<`[,t D. of S6H=(l58 31. #ITx[X89| A. valuable fRT:
@lV B. attractive c%)uG _ C. particular {mL/)\ D. mysterious h_ ]3L/ 32 8BNsh[+ A. repeat I(Nsm3L B. approximate oKt<s+r C. enhance LF%1)x D. discover G"MpA[a_ 33. Xkl^!, A. concerned o;Zoj} B. brought P;
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3! C. taken |[K7oa~# D. thought =[{Pw8[' 34. R)cns7oW A. relating a\}|ikiE B. relative zwU8i VDe C. relate ?
z=>n D. related Q77qrx3 35. &;)~bS( A. Disturbing Ynz^M{9)K B Disturb (dMFYL>YP C. Disturbed qoZ* sV D. Disturbance 9^a>U(, C2<y(GU[Bh Part III Reading Comprehension (30points) }#'KME4 Section A (20 points, 1 point each) $+P
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fQ Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you toread. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow.Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on yourAnswer Sheet. a+{g~/z;,Q ,Qyz2-
w Passage 1 ]3={o3[: In recent years, there has been asteady assault on salt from the doctors. Politicians also got on board."There is a direct relationship," US congressman Neal Smith noted,"between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease,circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death." (la<X<w Frightening, if true! But many doctorsand medical researchers are now beginning to feel the salt scare has gone toofar. "All this hue and cry about eating salt is unnecessary," Dr.Dustan insists. "For most of us it probably doesn't make much differencehow much salt we eat." Dustan's most recent short-term study of 150 peopleshowed that those with normal blood pressure experienced no change at all whenplaced on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Ofthe hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experiencea drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level when salt wasreintroduced." ~7 `x9MUc "An adequate to somewhatexcessive salt intake has probably saved many more lives than it has cost inthe general population," notes Dr. John H. Laragh. "So arecommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes nosense." Medical experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable"moderation" in salt consumption. For the average person, a moderateamount might run from four to ten grams a day, or roughly 1/2 to 1/3 of ateaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this salt allowance would comefrom the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing,preparation or at the table. e<9nt [ Those with kidney, liver or heartproblems may have to limit dietary salt, if their doctor advises. But even thevery vocal "low salt" exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, Jr. admitsthat "we do not know whether increased sodium consumption causeshypertension." In fact, there is growing scientific evidence that otherfactors may be involved: deficiencies in calcium, potassium, perhaps magnesium;obesity (much more dangerous than sodium); genetic predisposition;stress." It is not your enemy," says Dr. Laragh. "Salt is theNo. 1 natural component of all human tissue, and the idea that you don't needit is wrong. Unless your doctor has proven that you have a salt-related healthproblem, there is no reason to give it up." #
Jdip) 36. According to some doctors andpoliticians, the amount of salt consumed ___ fykN\b A. exhibits as an aggravating factor to people in poor health. 22BJOh
B. cures diseases such as stroke and circulatory disorders. t*qA.xc6 C. correlates highly with some diseases. h.?[1hT4R D. is irrelevant to people suffering from heart disease. >`{i[60r 37. From Dr. Dustan's study we caninfer that ______ 2#(7,o}Y5
A. a low-salt diet may be prescribed for some people. a^=4'.ok B. the amount of salt intake has nothing to do with one'sblood pressure. e< CPaun C. the reduction of salt intake can cure a hypertensivepatient. ) F~> D. an extremely low-salt diet makes no difference toanyone. Vbj?:29A 38. In the third paragraph, Dr. Laraghimplies that _____ QIV<!S
O A. people should not be afraid of taking excessive salt. ;! 9_5Ar% B. doctors should not advise people to avoid salt. eXOFA d]>u C. an adequate toexcessive salt intake is recommended for people in disease. O,>&w5 D. excessive salt intake has claimed some victims in thegeneral population. IL\mFjZ' 39. The phrase "vocal ……exponent" (Para. 4) most probably refers to ____ ?+|tPjg$ A. eloquent doctor. :9`1bZ?a B. articulate opponent. O#EBR<CuK C. loud speaker. *C:+N> D. strong advocate. gK<- *v 40. What is the main message of thistext? !6%G%ZG@3- A. That the saltscare is not justified. c:6w >: B. That the causeof hypertension is now understood. r{TNPa6! C. That themoderate use of salt is recommended. CC09:L? D. That saltconsumption is to be promoted. {+[gf:Ev (s3%1OC[ Passage 2 < 5PeI Globalizationis not just some passing trend. Today it is an overarching international systemshaping the domestic politics and foreign relations of virtually every country,and we need to understand it as such. 9F+bWo_m As thoughtful people concerned about world affairs, our job is topick up "globalization," examine it from all sides, dissect it,figure out what makes it tick, and then nurture and promote the good parts and mitigateor slow down the bad parts. Globalization is much like fire. Fire itself isneither good nor bad. Used properly, it can cook food, sterilize equipment,form iron, and heat our homes. Used carelessly, fire can destroy lives, townsand forests in an instant. As Friedman says: "Globalization can beincredibly empowering and incredibly coercive. It can democratize opportunityand democratize panic. It makes the whales bigger and the minnows stronger. Itleaves you behind faster and faster, and it catches up to you faster andfaster. While it is homogenizing cultures, it is also enabling people to sharetheir unique individuality farther and wider." MYPcH\K$h Globalization has dangers and an ugly dark side. But it can alsobring tremendous opportunities and benefits. Just as capitalism requires anetwork of governing systems to keep it from devouring societies, globalizationrequires vigilance and the rule of law. Anti-trust laws, the Securities andExchange Commission, labor unions, charities, the Federal Trade Commission, andcountless other agencies and organizations keep American capitalism in check.Similar transparent mechanisms are needed to make sure globalization is apositive force in the world. dJ!o/y6 Globalization will always have cheerleaders who are blind to thedestruction globalization can cause. And it will always have strident opponentsblind to the way globalization gives some people their first opportunity tofulfill basic aspirations. C5M-MZaS As with most issues, the majority ofpeople will be in the middle. They will see globalization not as something toworship or demonize. Instead, they will see it as something to mold, shape andmanage for the betterment of everyone. =_H39)|T 41. What does the word “mitigate”in paragraph 2 most likely mean? Imwx~eo A. A. To alleviate. A;!FtD/
B. To slow down. a82mC r C. To omit. @Y,F&8a$ D. To go faster. (FaT{W{ 42. Why does the author compareglobalization as fire? %_[-[t3 A. When used correctly, they both can sterilizeequipment. U %ESuq# B. When used improperly, they both can destroy our life. UIl_&| C. When worshipped, they both improve our life greatly. $Y`aS^IW D. When demonized, they both can be dangerous. -!0LIr:" 43. Why is globalization comparedas capitalism in the passage? X
w8il A. They both require vigilance to keep themfrom devouring societies. *[H+8/n_ B. They both need Federal trade commission and labor unions. _}&]`,s> C. They both need transparent mechanisms to operate properly. 95Qz1*TR D. Both A and B. //
Gvk|O1 44. People who worshipglobalization usually _____ while people who demonize globalization usually____. _@N)]!\MgP A. see it as something to mold for the improvement of everyone; standin the middle to mold, shape and manage for the betterment of everyone VTWE-:r B. believe globalization can be shaped ;believe globalization has dangers and an ugly dark side Uot-@|l C. believe globalization is a positive force in theworld; believe globalization requires vigilance and the rule of laws .Y|\7%( D. see no destruction globalization can cause; can not see thatglobalization gives some people their first opportunity to fulfill basicaspiration B`scuLl3 45. Which of the following is notnecessarily required to make positive use of globalization? (UF!Zb]{ A. Tremendous opportunities and benefits.
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ehN7 B. Vigilance and the rule of law. pxxFm~"d C. Transparent mechanisms. C._sgO D. Molding, shaping and management. pV6HQ:y1 $NT9LtT@K Passage 3 wYA/<0'yH A Chinese study found that antibioticscan help prevent stomach cancer in people who carry a common strain of bacteriaknown to cause ulcers. The study adds to the already strong evidence thatHelicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach cancer, a disease especiallyprevalent in Asia but far less common in the United States. Still, experts saidthe findings do not solve the dilemma of whether and how to treat carriers ofthe bacteria. 0f%:OU5Y The study involved 1,630 men and women from Fujian Province in southernChina. All were carriers of H. pylori; hundreds of them already had precancerous lesions (癌变) at the outset ofthe study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive two weeks of treatmentwith antibiotics and an anti-ulcer drug, or a dummy medicine, and were followedfor 7 years and a half after that. Among the 988 patients without precancerouslesions at the outset, none on the treatment got stomach cancer, compared withsix in the placebo group.
b0b9#9x The findings among those with precancerous lesions were not as clear-cut:Seven in the treatment group developed stomach cancer, versus 11 in the placebo group. The studyappears in Wednesday's Journal of the American Medical Association. H. pyloriis estimated to affect as many as 90 percent of people in some developingnations and up to 50 percent of people in some industrialized countries,according to the World Health Organization. Chronic H. pylori is thought tocause stomach cancer, and doctors have come to believe since the early 1980sthat it is the No. 1 cause of ulcers. %vt SeJ The findings suggest that doctors should consider routine screening forsuch lesions in H. pylori patients in high-incidence areas, and treating theinfections in patients with no precancerous lesions, said the authors, led byBenjamin Chun-Yu Wong of the University of Hong Kong. 1Wk
EPj, Dr. Michael Brown, a gastroenterologist at Rush University Medical Centerin Chicago, said routine H. pylori screening would not be cost-effective in theUnited States because the rates of infection and cancer are so low. " ^baiN@ac 46. According to the passage, experts in the Chinese studymentioned in the passage are still not sure _______. 9r nk\`E A. whether Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomachcancer 6b70w @P! B. whether stomach cancer is more prevalent in Asia _IV@^v C. whether to treat all carriers of Helicobacter pyloribacteria *+j{9LK D. whether Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomachulcer \TB%N1^ 47. Among people who developed cancer in the study,proportion of patients in the treatment group to patients in the placebo groupis_____. Gd-.E7CH! A. 64% .'b3iG& B. 50% :6$4K"^1 C. 90% 0BB@E(* D. 39% @xm~T|[7
48. In the study, what medicine did the placebo group takeduring the two-week treatment? <
}wAP_y A. Antibiotics. oPu|Q^I= B. A dummy medicine. )L<?g!j~ C. An anti-cancer medicine. O)xEF~DaD D. Medicine for the precancerous. <
mK 49. How many patients in the study already had precancerouslesions at the outset of the study? 3y=<w|4F A. 1467 xbrmPGpW$ B. 988 id tQXwa
C. 815 gQh Ccv D. 642 2 Z`$ 50. The findings of the study propose that ______. !^l4EL5# A. H. pylori patients in high-incidence areas should bescreened and treated. oiv2rO
Fu B. patients with precancerous lesions are not as easilycured as those without. :uwRuPI C. treatment should be given to H. pylori patients withoutprecancerous lesions. Hx2j=Q_dw D. treatment should not be given to H. pylori patients withprecancerous lesions. }1]!#yMfq Passage4 ]tQDk4&i NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center inGreenbelt, Maryland has been given the nod to lead a robotic lunar mission in2008 -- a key step in President George W. Bush’s recently announced spacevision strategy. The lunar reconnaissance orbiter would likely be geared toinvestigate the potential for water ice trapped at the Moon’s poles. This typeof investigation may involve powerful radar to scan the always darkenedcraters, thought by some scientists to contain bountiful quantities of waterice. %V %#y $l Water ice is believed to have been brought to the Moon by impactingcomets. Both NASA’s Lunar Prospector and the Pentagon’s Clementine spacecraft offeredtantalizing data interpreted by some experts as indicative of water icedeposits. OHP3T(Q5 A number of alterative, fast-track approaches are under review at theGoddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to build the lunar orbiter. A newly formedGSFC lunar study team held their first meeting Thursday to begin scoping outhow best to move the project forward. {{]=zt|69 President Bush has directed NASA to undertake lunar exploration activitiesto enable sustained human and robotic exploration of Mars and more distantdestinations in the solar system. Starting no later than 2008, the Bush plancalls for initiating a series of robotic missions to the Moon to prepare forand support future human exploration activities. A follow-on robotic lunarlander is also slated for 2009. The White House space directive states that thefirst extended human expedition to the lunar surface could occur as early as2015, but no later than the year 2020. loC5o|Wh In reestablishingand reenergizing NASA’s Moon program, the White House envisions lunar explorationactivities to further science, and to develop and test new approaches,technologies, and systems, including use of lunar and other space resources, tosupport sustained human space exploration to Mars and other destinations. K_&c5(-(_ 51. On the robotic lunar missionwhich is to be led by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, the lunar orbiter_______. t$y&=v A. would possibly investigate whether there is water ice at theMoon’s pole. D){"fw+b B. would announce the president’s space vision strategy to the wholeworld. l<aqiZSY C. would likely extend human expedition to thelunar surface for the first time. ?|">), D. would offer tantalizing data interpreted bysome experts as space resources. xV,4U/T 52. On the robotic lunar mission,_____ will be explored to search for water ice. b>bgUDq A. impacting comets near the Moon \2R`q*a+ B. the darkened craters on the Moon. ^/%o%J& |