中国政法大学研究生院2003年博士研究生入学考试

中国政法大学研究生院2003年博士研究生入学考试
英语试题

考试日期：三月二十九日上午
(Time Limit: 180 minutes)

Part Ⅰ　Listening Comprehension
Part Ⅱ　Vocabulary and Structure
Part Ⅲ　Reading Comprehension
Part Ⅳ　Translation
Part Ⅴ　Writing

考　试　注　意　事　项
一、本考试的试卷一律在考场当场启封。
二、答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名和准考证号分别填写在答题卡上和试卷二的答题纸密封线内。
三、试卷一上Part Ⅰ的第1至第30题，Part Ⅱ，和Part Ⅲ的答案一律用铅笔填涂在答题卡上，并在相应的字母中间划线，如[A] [B] [C] [D]。试卷二上的Part Ⅳ和Part Ⅴ的答案一律用钢笔或圆珠笔写在试卷二的答题纸上。凡写在试题册上的答案无效。
四、本试卷全部考试时间为180分钟。
五、考生须等监考人员将全部试卷及答题卡和试卷二答题纸收点无误并宣布本考试结束后，方可离开考场。

试卷一　TEST PAPER ONE

Part Ⅰ　Listening Comprehension (15 pinots)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short statements. The statements will be spokn just once. They will not be written out for you, and you must listen carefully in order to understand what the speaker says.
When you hear a statement, you will have a period of 15-20 seconds to read the four sentences in your test book and decide which one is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard. Then, on your Answer Sheet, find the number of the problem and then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.
Listen to the following example:
You will hear:
He is no longer living in Beijing.
You will read:
[A] He’s been living in Beijing for a long time.
[B] He used to live in Beijing.
[C] He’s gone to Beijing for a short visit.
[D] He should stay longer in Beijing.
Sentence [B] “He used to live in Beijing” is closest in meaning to the statement “He is no longer living in Beijing”. Therefore you should choose answer [B].
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [D]
1. [A] May I see that can, please?
[B] I think I will fail my exam.
[C] I don’t see where the exam grades are posted.
[D] I might be able to find a story for him.
2. [A] My lawyer is interested in the will.
[B] My lawyer charges interest on the bill.
[C] I will lower the interest rate.
[D] I will rest inside.
3. [A] Your advisor put a sign up on the door.
[B] Your advisor is quite tall.
[C] You may have to get glasses after all.
[D] You should talk to your advisor before signing up.
4. [A] Sarah posed for half an hour.
[B] Sarah arrived sooner than expected.
[C] Sarah clocked the train at fifty miles per hour.
[D] Sarah supported the idea of closing earlier.
5. [A] Car are more popular than bicycles.
[B] More students ride bicycles.
[C] Dan Carson is on campus.
[D] There are icicles on the cars.
6. [A] We meet once every two weeks.
[B] We meet for an hour.
[C] They asked me and several others.
[D] They to the museum one day.
7. [A] I went to the museum one day.
[B] I heard a concert at the museum.
[C] I’m going to visit the museum in a day.
[D] I’d see only a part of the museum in a day.
8. [A] My letter contained important knowledge.
[B] My letter may never have been received.
[C] The company insured my letter.
[D] The company said my letter had arrived.
9. [A] It won’t matter if Allen doesn’t bring his new camera.
[B] Allen will still take some pictures of the ocean.
[C] The weather will b good for taking pictures.
[D] We will need Allen’s new camera for still pictures.
10. [A] She threw a firecracker.
[B] She overturned her tractor.
[C] he stopped the attacker.
[D] She headed over the track.
Section B
Directions:
In this section you will hear 10 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, there will be a question about what was said. You will hear the question only once. When you have heard the question, you will have a period of 15-20 seconds to read the four possible answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] and decide which is the best answer. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.
Example:
You will hear:
Man: Hello, Mary. This is John Smith at the office. Is Bill feeling any better today?
Woman: Oh, yes, John. He’s felling much better now. But the doctor says he’ll have to stay in bed until Monday.
Third voice: Where is Bill now?
You will read:
[A] At the office. [B] On his way to work.
[C] Home in bed.[D] Away on vacation.
From the conversation, we know that Bill is sick and will have to remain in bed until Monday. The best answer, then, is [C], “Home in bed”. Therefore you should choose answer [C].
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [D]
11. [A] The gym doesn’t open until tomorrow.
[B] He’s too busy to go to the gym.
[C] There’s a special project going on at the gym.
[D] The gym is full of kids.
12. [A] Introduce the man to Jane soon.
[B] Let the man have the book after Jane.
[C] Ask Jane what she thought of the book.
[D] Finish writing to Jane as soon as possible.
13. [A] He know about a larger apartment she can rent.
[B] He’s helping his neighbor move.
[C] It’s difficult to get an apartment in his building.
[D] The woman should stay in her present building.
14. [A] Check their flight schedule in the morning.
[B] Change their vacation plans.
[C] Leave early for the airport.
[D] Listen to the morning weather forecast.
15. [A] Ask to see the man’s driver’s license.
[B] Sell the man a new leather wallet.
[C] Take a picture of the man.
[D] Show the man a wallet.
16. [A] Go to the exhibit tonight.
[B] Stay at home and rest.
[C] Fin out what time the exhibit opens.
[D] Help the man arrange his trip.
17. [A] Offer to buy the car.
[B] Find out how much the car costs.
[C] Try to sell his car before buying another one.
[D] Write a cheek for the new car.
18. [A] He likes the woman’s idea.
[B] He can meet the woman in the afternoon.
[C] He will discuss the idea tomorrow.
[D] The next issue of the paper is already planned.
19. [A] He’ll have to pay a fine.
[B] He’s taking good care of the book.
[C] He returned the book to the library.
[D] He’s worried about the book.
20. [A] Take her to another exhibit.
[B] See the exhibit when it goes to another city.
[C] Go to the museum before it opens.
[D] Apply for a job at the museum.
Section C
Directions:
In this section you will hear several brief passages. You will hear them once only. After each one, you will hear some questions. You will hear each question once only. After you hear the question, you will have 15-20 seconds to choose the best answer from the four choices given. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.
Questions 21-23 are based on the passage you have just heard.
21. [A] The development of the modern skyscraper.
[B] The skyscraper’s effect on urban areas.
[C] Problems with future skyscraper construction.
[D] Safety regulations for skyscraper design.
22. [A] It created design problems for architects.
[B] It was needed for transporting construction materials.
[C] It enabled architects to design taller office building.
[D] It made skyscrapers more expensive to build.
23. [A] Projected changes in the building code.
[B] Design features of modern skyscrapers.
[C] Strategies for reducing traffic congestion.
[D] Methods of estimating construction costs.
Questions 24-26 are based on the passage you have just heard.
24. [A] It is because of high costs and long delays.
[B] It is because of high taxes and long delays.
[C] It is because of slow changes and high taxes.
[D] It is because of high costs and high taxes.
25. [A] reduce court evidence.
[B] increase court costs.
[C] raise court efficiency.
[D] cut the number of litigants.
26. [A] suggestions on how to make legal claims.
[B] ways to produce court evidence.
[C] ways to deal with the judge in court.
[D] methods to improve court efficiency.
Questions 27-30 are based on the passage you have just heard.
27. [A] It helps the body to digest food.
[B] It keeps milk fresh.
[C] It helps the body to absorb calcium.
[D] It prevents sunburn.
28. [A] Citrus fruit.
[B] Milk.
[C] Tomatoes.
[D] Bread.
29. [A] Ten minutes of exercise each day.
[B] Ultraviolet rays.
[C] Vitamin supplements.
[D] Eight hours of sleep each night.
30. [A] Their bones may become weak.
[B] They may lose weight.
[C] They may develop wrinkles.
[D] They may become allergic to milk.

Part Ⅱ　Vocabulary and Grammatical Structure (15 points)

Section A
Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Each sentence has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.
Example:
The initial step is often the most difficult.
[A] quickest [B] longest [C] last [D] first
The best answer is [D] because “first” has the same meaning as “initial” in the sentence. Therefore you should choose [D].
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [D]
31. Zwilich’s music has always been accessible, often wildly extroverted, as in her popular orchestral piece “Ceiebration,” or paipably introverted , as in her poignant clarinet quintet.
A. railed B. plundered C. shied D. admonished
32. Outside, hospital interns are messing for yet another protest against government pians to scale back French health care.
A. swoop B. grope C. decrease D. harrow
33. Their charm looks like little more than practiced narcissism. They calculatingly hang on to husbands for money, status and security.
A. inventory B. egotism C. intimacy D. propulsion
34. Tailor’s black moods were often accompanied by inexplicable bouts of inomnia, crying and lethargy. By last summer she’d sunk so low she didn’t care if she lived or ided.
A. provision B. cylinder C. torpid D. contradiction
35. People have been ingesting Saint Johnswort, a yellow-flowered plant with the Latin name of Hypericum perforatum, for some 2 000 years.
A. consuming B. wrinking C. stamping D. tucking
36. Experts note that many of the products in the health-food stores contain overly diluted concentrations that render the herb impotent.
A. stimulated B. stooped C. snatched D. weakened
37. In the study of 3 250 depressed patients, only 2.4 percent experienced side effects. Those include restlessness, gastrointestinal irritations and mild allergic reactions.
A. humble B. wretched C. sensitive D. whimical
38. His landlord was trying to evict him from his apartment, which was raided last month by lawyers administering his personal-bankruptcy case.
A. avow B. expel C. rotate D. shear
39. Moreover, Northern Cyprus has no extradition treaty with Britain. Turkish Cypriot leader made it clear that Nadir would not be returned to London.
A. courtesy B. expatriate C. efficacy D. hegemony
40. The auctioneer’s hammers were not the only thing falling as the spring auction season got underway in New York. So were prices for works by some of the major names in contemporary arts.
A. enormity B. bidding C. bigotry D. ardor
41. It is believed that the Congress resolves political issues by consulting voters, being lobbied by interest groups, looking at opinion polls, and openly debating the pros and cons.
A. constitution B. constituents
C. administrative D. executive
42. If one aids and abets a criminal, he is also considered guilty of the crime.
A. suspicious B. daring C. culpable D. ruthless
43. Even though the evidence is overwhelming, if one juror is still skeptical, the case must be retried.
A. not present B. not surprised C. not convinced D. not worried
44. The representatives of the company seemed very callous concerning the conditions of the workers .
A. liberal B. ignorant C. responsible D. insensitive
45. Some of the gangs that terrorized Chicago in the 1929’s did not have the propriety to keep their activities off the streets.
A. decency B. ability C. resources D. courage

Section B
Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the one work or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.
Example:
I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.
[A] from [B] after [C] for [D] since
The sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore you should choose [D].
Sample Answer
[A] [B] [C] [D]
46. When two words are joined to make a new special meaning, its and the result is called a compound.
A. joining up of the meaning B. meaning joins up
C. joined up by D. joined up meaning
47. The Greenhouse effect is a phenomenon that is caused when carbon dioxide and is trapped in the atmosphere.
A. is released B. releases C. has released D. had released
48. an ownership of nearly 60 to 62 percent of corporate equities, this means 1-2 percent of American society possesses about 43 percent of the total wealth of the nation.
A. The range of B. Ranging C. Ranging from D. The range
49. Until the late eighteenth century, craftsmen were made toys, mastering their trade and hours to carefully shaping each product by hand.
A. what the main people B. who the main people
C. the main people were D. the main people who
50. Sunlight during dawn or dusk comes in at a lower angle, and since it cannot escape the dust and pollution of the atmosphere , the sky turns orange and then red.
A. as can the daytime sunlight B. can the daytime sunlight
C. so can daytime sunlight D. as with daytime sunlight can
51. More than anything, what saved Jamestown was the highly successful cultivation of tobacco, Indian assistance with farming undoubtedly played a major part as well.
A. although B. in spite of C. nor D. neither
52. The 3000 calories you might eat energy to about 6 pounds of TNT.
A. is equal in B.equal C. have equality in D. have
53. Of the two great Greek philosophers, namely Plato and Aristotle, who relied on observation.
A. the one was the latter. B. the latter was the one
C. the one of the latter D. the latter was the one
54. It is now acknowledged that an expanding human population behind desertification, since more people inevitably exert a greater pressure on that area’s resources.
A. is ultimately drives the force B. is driving the force ultimately
C. ultimately the driving force is D. is the ultimate driving force
55. Daily brushing and flossing are the most important weapons of plaque, the primary cause of cavities.
A. against the formation B. for forming
C. about the formation D. on the formation
56. In December 1997, more than 160 other countries met in Kyoto, Japan, and GHG emissions, known as the Kyoto Protocol.
A. agreement to reduce targeted B. agreeing to reduce target
C. agrees to reduce the target D. agreed to targets to reduce
57. Folktales are a way to study the history of a nation , since they provide an insight as to the values people finds to be important.
A. so the eyes of native people B. through the eyes of its natives
C. in which the eyes of its natives D. of which the native eyes
58. provide new insights into the problem of consciousness, it also does so in a way that ordinary people can understand.
A. Not only Stephen Pinker’s work
B. Stephen Pinker’s work, which does not only
C. It is not only Stephen Pinker’s work to
D. Not only does Stephen Pinker’s work
59. Barbara Kingsolver’s nove! Pigs in Heaven is is generally considered by critics best literary achievements.
[A] as on of her
[B] that is her
[C] to be one of her
[D] was one of her
60. Following in his father’s footstep’s, George W. Bush became president of the United States in January 2001.
[A] he was the forty-third
[B] the forty-third
[C] who was the forty-third
[D] the number forty-three
Par Ⅲ　Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Directions: In this part there are four passage followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer. Then on your Answer Sheet, find the corresponding letter and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet by drawing with a pencil a single line through the center in the brackets.
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:
Blackmail may be defined as the sale of information to an individual who would be incriminated by its publication, and at first glance it appears to be an efficient method of private enforcement of the law (the moral as well as the positive law). The value of the information to the blackmailed individual is equal to the cost of the punishment that the individual will incur if the information is communicated to the authorities and he is punished as a result, and so he will be willing to pay up to that amount to blackmailer for the information. The individual is thereby punished, and the punishment is the same as if he had been apprehended and convicted for the crime that the blackmailer has discovered, but the fine is paid to the blackmailer rather than to the state.
Why, then, is blackmail a crime? One scholar’s answer is that it results in underdeterrence of crimes punished by nonpecuniary sanctions because the criminals lack the resources to pay an optimal fine. The blackmailer will sell his information to the criminal for a price lower than the cost of punishment if the criminal cannot pay a higher price. A more persuasive explanation of why blackmail follows directly from the decision to rely on a public monopoly of law enforcement it some areas of enforcement, notably criminal law. Were blackmail, a form of private enforcement, lawful, the public monopoly of enforcement would be undermined. Overenforcement of the law would result if the blackmailer were able to extract the full fine from the offender. Alternatively, the blackmailer might sell his incriminating information to the offender for a price lower than the statutory cost of punishment to the criminal, which would reduce the effective cost of punishment to the criminal below the level set by the legislature. This problem, however, could be solved by a system of public bounties equal to the cost of punishment (or lower, to induce the enforcement industry to contract to optimal size). Then the blackmailer could always claim a bounty from the state if the criminal was unable to pay a price equal to the optimal fine.
Consistent with this analysis, Axel’s studies show that practices indistinguishable from blackmail, though not called by that name, are permitted in areas where the law is enforced privately rather than publicly because the overenforcement problem is not serious. No one seems to object to a person’s collecting information about his or her spouse’s adulterus activities and threatening to disclose that information in a divorce proceeding or other forum in order to extract maximum compensation for the offending spouse’s breach of the marital obligations.
Blackmail and bribery appear to be virtually identical practices from the standpoint of the analysis of private enforcement. The blackmailer and the bribed official both receive payment in exchange for not enforcing the law. We therefore predict that in areas where there is a public monopoly of enforcement, bribery, like blackmail, will be prohibited, while in areas where there is no public monopoly, it will be permitted. And so we observe. The settlement out of court of negligence claims is a form of perfectly lawful bribery, although the term is not used in these situations because of its pejorative connotation.
61. Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?
A. Blackmail and bribery are valuable forms of law enforcement.
B. Private law enforcement is more efficient than public law enforcement.
C. Punishment under private and public law enforcement is the same.
D. When public law enforcement is not threatened, blackmail and bribery are permitted.
62. According to the passage, which of the following sets the cost of punishment?
A. the blackmailer
B. the offenders
C. the legislature
D. the criminal
63. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward bribery?
A. It will be permitted in divorce proceedings.
B. It will be encouraged when overenforcement is not a serious problem.
C. It will be used in order to extract maximum compensation.
D. It will be permitted where there is no public law enforcement monopoly.
64. Which of the following most closely parallels the author’s example of perfectly lawful bribery in the passage (the last sentence of the passage)?
A. A plea bargain made by a public prosecutor with an indicted defendant
B. A pardon given by a governor to a convicted felon
C. A fine paid by a traffic violator to a magistrate
D. A holiday turkey given by a vendor to a city purchasing agent
65. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the author’s position on the legality of blackmail?
A. Blackmail is not a crime in all countries where law enforcement is a public monopoly.
B. Bribery flourishes in countries where public law enforcement is weak of nonexistent.
C. Blackmail of such private dispute-resolution professionals as labor arbitrators is very rate.
D. Bribery of such public dispute-resolution professionals as judges is very rate.
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:
It is not easy to describe the present position of legal opinion on advertising and free speech. Only a poet can capture the essence of chaos. Nor is it easy to foresee how things will develop. Lacking any rationale for the First Amendment, with the courts depending on time-honored slogans to sustain conclusions, there is no obvious resting place, from the moment the slogans cease to work their magic. At the present time, the courts are tending to bring a greater proportion of advertising within the protection of the First Amendment. And cases now proceeding through the courts, such as the litigation concerning what egg producers can say about heart disease and cholesterol or what can be said about margarine in advertisements, will undoubtedly continue the process. Where will it end?
Some legal writers have sought to treat First Amendment rights as being, in some sense, absolute and have objected to what is termed the “balancing” by the courts of there rights against others. But such “balancing” is inevitable if judges must direct their attention to the general welfare. Freedom to speak and write is bound to be restricted when exercise of these freedoms prevents the carrying out of other activities that people value. Thus is it reasonable that First Amendment freedoms should be curtailed when they impair the enjoyment of life (privacy), inflict great damage on others (slander and libel), are disturbing (privacy), destroy incentives to carry out useful work (copyright), create dangers for society (sedition and national security), or the offensive and corrupting (obscenity)? The determination of the boundaries to which a doctrine can be applied is not likely to come about in a very conscious way. But it is through recognition of the fact that fights should be assigned to those to whom they are most valuabie that such boundaries come to be set. It is only in recent years that there has been any serious consideration of the relation of advertising to freedom of speech and of writing. Now that the value of advertising in providing information has been accepted, it seems improbable that it will long be thought that this is true only for price advertising. And the action of the Federal Trade Commission in treating prohibitions by professional associations of advertising by their members as anticompetitive will bring greater awareness of the informational role of advertising. Similarly, the many studies of the failures of government regulatory agencies that have been made in recent years are bound to make the courts somewhat reluctant to expand and more willing to take advantage of opportunities to contract the regulation of advertising. Where will it end? It seems likely that the law will be interpreted to allow the Federal Trade Commission to continue to regulate false and deceptive advertising, but with greater freedom for what can be said in advertising than now exists, and with somewhat diminished powers for the various government agencies that regulate advertising.
66. Which of the following best describes the point of the passage?
A. The First Amendments is primarily a collection of slogans.
B. All advertising is protected by the right of free speech.
C. Courts must balance the right of free speech with others.
D. More advertising will be protected by the First Amendment.
67. According to the passage, which of the following may NOT be limited by restrictions on the freedom of speech?
A. advertising claims
B. obscene films
C. amplified music in a public park
D. political rhetoric
68. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. The Federal Trade Commission is losing its power to regulate false advertising.
B. Price advertising is protected by the First Amendment.
C. The First Amendment right of freedom to speak and write is absolute.
D. Boundaries for First Amendment freedoms are consciously determined by the courts.
69. The author refers to “chaos” in Line 2 to indicate which of the following?
A. that the passage is written by a poet
B. that the state of the law of free speech is disorganized
C. that advertising and free speech are intermingled
D. that it is difficult to describe the confusion in the law related to advertising and free speech
70. According to the passage, limitations on free speech are permitted in order to protect
.
A. boundaries
B. individual damages
C. the national government
D. the general welfare
Questions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage:
The black experience in the United states, including slavery, the fight for full citizenship from the time of the emancipation with our country, has obviously been different from that of whites. And although, as passionate believers in democracy, black Americans identify themselves with broad American ideals, their sense of reality springs, in part, from experiences with which some white people are reluctant to identify themselves even in their imaginations. Thus, when some whites in the United States declare most twentieth-century American fiction to be the “American reality”, black people respond by pointing out that and this have been left out. And most of all, blacks point out that what whites would have the world accept as the image of black Americans isn’t realistic.
Each of the failings that has been identified by black people is found in both second-rate works and in novels by some of America’s most respected white authors. For example, I recall not more than five American blacks in the works of Hemingway and Steinbeck. They tend to ignore blacks, or like the early Faulkner, who distorted black humanity to fit his personal versions of the Southern myth, they oversimplify black characters, seldom portraying them with the sensitively balanced opposites-good and evil, instinctual and intellectual, passionate and spiritual-that great literary art has projected as the image of human beings. Since the essence of literature is its ambivalence, and since fiction is never so effective as when both potentials are operating simultaneously, it is unfortunate that these novels have been so one-sided.
Understandably, the attitude of black people toward such fiction is one of great skepticism. This is borne out by a well-known black novelist’s remark that some white Americans seem to disagree with black Americans over the nature of reality. Historically, this disagreement is part of a larger conflict between, on the one hand, groups of Americans whose ancestors voluntarily immigrated to the United States many years ago and, on the other hand, minority groups and more recently arrived immigrant groups, over the first’s attempt to impose their image of “the American” upon the rest. This conflict, however, should not be misunderstood. For “the American” has not yet (fortunately for the United States, its minorities, and perhaps for the world) been finally defined. Far from being socially undesirable, the tension surrounding what “the American” is to be is part of that democratic process through which the nation works to achieve itself. Out of this tension the ideal American character ---- a type great enough to deserve the greatness of the land, a delicately poised unity of divergencies ----is slowly being born.
71. Which of the following best describes the author’s tone in characterizing the works by Hemingway, Steinbeck, and Faulkner in the passage?
A. disapproving
B. apologetic
C. indifferent
D. ironic
72. Which of the following is the most essential property of literature according to the author?
A. obscurity
B. ambivalence
C. sensitivity
D. imagination
73. Which of the following does the author of the passage explicitly criticize Hemingway for doing in his novels?
A. distorting the humanity of black characters
B. portraying black characters as unidimensional
C. including few black characters
D. describing the black experience in an insensitive manner
74. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most probably NOT agree with which of the following statements about the larger conflict described in the last paragraph?
A. It is good that this conflict has not yet been resolved.
B. It is through this conflict that the final image of “the American” is being developed.
C. This conflict is having a destructive impact on American society.
D. This type of conflict is to be expected in a democratic nation.
75. Which of the following statements about great novels, if true, would most strengthen the author’s assertions about literature and fiction in the second paragraph?
A. Great novels usually depict the social environment accurately.
B. Great novels usually contain characters who embody divergent qualities.
C. Great novels usually portray characters in a sensitive manner.
D. Great novels usually deal with themes of enduring importance.
Questions 76 to 80 are base on the following passage:
The law-and-literature movement claims to have introduced a valuable pedagogical innovation into legal study: instructing students in techniques of literary analysis for the purpose of interpreting laws and in the reciprocal use of legal analysis for the purpose of interpreting literary texts. The results, according to advocates, are not only conceptual breakthroughs in both law and literature but also more sensitive and humane lawyers. Whatever the truth of this last claim, there can be no doubt that the movement is a success: law-and-literature is an accepted subject in law journals and in leading law schools. Indeed, one indication of the movement’s strength is the fact that its most distinguished critic, Richard A. Posner, paradoxically ends up expressing qualified support for the movement in a recent study in which he systematically refutes the writings of its leading legal scholars and cooperating literary critics.
Critiquing the movement’s assumption that lawyers can offer special insights into literature that deals with legal matters. Posner points out that writers of literature use the law loosely to convey a particular idea, or as a metaphor for the workings of the society envisioned in their fiction. Legal questions per se, about which a lawyer might instruct readers, are seldom at issue in literature. This is why practitioners of law-and-literature end up discussing the law itself far less than one might suppose. Movement leader James White, for example, in his discussion of arguments in the Iliad, barely touches on law, and then so generally as to render himself vulnerable to Posner’s devastating remark that “any argument can be analogized to a legal dispute.”
Similarly, the notion that literary criticism can be helpful in interpreting law is problematic. Posner argues that literary criticism in general aims at exploring richness and variety of meaning in texts, whereas legal interpretation aims at discovering a single meaning. A literary approach can thus only confuse the task of interpreting the law, especially if one adopts current fashions like deconstruction, which holds that all texts are inherently uninterpretable.
Nevertheless, Posner writes that law-and-literature is a field with “promise.” Why? Perhaps, recognizing the success of a movement that, in the past, has singled him out for abouse, he is attempting to appease his detractors, paying obeisance to the movement’s while leaving it to others to draw the conclusion from his cogent analysis that it is an entirely factitious undertaking, deserving of no intellectual respect whatsoever. As a result, his work stands both as a rebuttal of law-and-literature and as a tribute to the power it has come to exercise in academic circles.
76. The primary purpose of the passage is to .
A. assess the law-and-literature movement by examining the position of one of its most prominent critics
B. assess that a mutually beneficial relationship exists between the study of law and the study of literature
C. provide examples of the law-and-literature movement in practice by discussing the work of its proponents
D. dismiss a prominent critic’s recent study of the law-and-literature movement
77. Posner’s stated position with regard to the law-and-literature movement is most analogous to which one of the following?
A. a musician who is trained in the classics but frequently plays modern music while performing on stage
B. a salesperson who describes the faults in a fashionable product while conceding that it may have some value
C. a partisan who transfers allegiance to a new political party that demonstrates more promise but has fewer documented accomplishments
D. a sports fan who wholeheartedly supports the team most 原稿不清 to win rather than his or her personal favorite
78. The passage suggests that Posner might find legal training useful in the interpretation of a literary text in which .
A. a legal controversy is used to represent a moral conflict
B. an oppressive law is used to symbolize an oppressive culture
C. one of the key issues involves the answer to legal question
D. the working of the legal system suggests something about the political character of a society
79. According to the passage, Posner argues that legal analysis is not generally useful in interpreting literature because .
A. use of the law in literature is generally of a quite different nature than use of the law in legal practice
B. law is rarely used to convey important ideas in literature
C. lawyers do not have enough literary training to analyze literature competently
D. legal interpretations of literature tend to focus on legal issues to the exclusion of other important elements
80. The author uses the word “success” in line 6 of paragraph I to refer to the law-and-literature movement’s .
A. positive effect on the sensitivity of lawyers
B. ability to offer fresh insights into literary texts
C. ability to encourage innovative approaches in two disciplines
D. widespread acceptance by law schools and law journals

试卷二　TEST PAPER TWO

Part Ⅳ　Translation (20 points)
Section A
Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet. Remember to write it clearly. (10 points)
Crime Online
Hackers are everywhere. In a recent FBI survey, nine out of 10 businesses, schools and government agencies had detected computer-security breaches within the previous 12 months, with hundreds of millions of dollars in losses.
The online crime wave stems in part from the tech-boom rush to get software to market without regard to security. As the Internet evolves into the grid, cybercrime is likely to get a whole lot worse. “The vast majority of crimes in the future will have some cyber component,” says Michael Vatis, a former director of the FBI’s National Infrastructure Protection Center. “There will be machine-to-machine mobile attacks, thieves using computes to break down physical barriers [like alarm systems] and evidence gathered by tracking trails of digital data left by perpetrators.”
The real concern for 2012 will be the ability of hackers to take control of mechanical devices. On the grid, not only could a hacker potentially break into an auto company’s database via the wireless unit in one of its cars, it’s conceivable he could take control of the car. Likewise, an arsonist might be able to start an electrical fire by commandeering the cybercontrols of a home appliance. Experts worry that law enforcement is not yet ready for this.
Section B
Directions: Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet. Remember to write it clearly. (10 points)
众所周和，太大的工作压力很容易引起心脏病。但最近芬兰科学家的研究结果告诉我们，即使对于健康人来说，工作压力仍有可能夺去他们宝贵的生命。
工作压力包含很多方面，如式作量过大、对工作感到不满意、或在工作中不得志等。有时经常会出现这样一种情况：许多人工作量也相当大，但是工作很在成效，这种情况下工作压力就会相对减轻。工作量过大的人如果遇上差劲的管理、糟糕的上司和黯淡的工作前景，工作压力就会骤增，对健康的破坏力也同时加强。
因此，人们平时在工作当中要量力而行，并尽量将工作压力降到最小程度；同时雇主们也要尽量改善管理并及时论功行赏。
ParT Ⅴ Writing (10 points)
Directions: In this section, you will need to analyze the issue presented below and explain your views on it. The question has no “correct” answer. Instead, you should consider various perspectives as you develop your own position on the issue.

Work greatly influences people’s personal lives----their special interests, their leisure activities, even their appearance away from the workplace.

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

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沙发发表于: 2008-10-06

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