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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 7w )?s@CD  
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博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 M)13'B
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    高等水力学   [288] .AN1Yt  
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一、考试要求 xMbgBx4+  
考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。 sY<UJlDKT  
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二、内容范围 MlTC?Rp#  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 8Z!%rS  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 c5p,~z_Dtu  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 A ojL4H|  
（3）连续性微分方程 F{mUxo#T  
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 Z/, R{Jgt"  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 U\%r33L )  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 HMVP71  
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 {Q>OZm\+  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 1$RJzHS  
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 1;[KBYUH  
（2）连续性方程 { 
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（3）能量方程 /KvJjt'8  
（4）动量方程 89>}`:xS^  
（5）动量矩方程 N]FRL\K  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 D>k(#vYKB  
（1）有涡流动的性质 OPN\{<`*d  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 Ma!  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 5r)8MklZ  
（4）有旋流动 t+w{uwEY  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 Mf14> `<`  
（6）几个基本势流 A|LO!P,w  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 ,c"J[$i $  
（8）空化和空蚀 0g30nr)  
4．流动型态与边界层 tC|?Kl7  
（1）层流运动 msxt'-$M  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 wH8J?j"5>  
（3）紊流的基本方程 <Q(E {c3"  
（4）紊流的半经验理论 m"rht:v5  
（5）紊流扩散 hu$eO'M_  
（6）边界层理论基础 hlL$3.]  
（7）壁面边界层 ~-Kx^3(#  
（8）边界层的分离现象 0 aH&M4  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 zYV{|Z  
（1）流动阻力 CIMI?  
（2）沿程水头损失 VxDIA_ @y  
（3）局部水头损失 V<#KFm$>C  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 o)XrC   
  （1）明槽均匀流 gdeM,A|  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 EA(4xj&:U  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 f$QkzWvr  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析 :se$<d%  
  （5）明槽水面线的计算 |hxiARr4  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 ?'0!>EjY"  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 z |llf7:  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 Oe1WnS 7(]  
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 %?+vtX  
  （3）特征线法 mq[=,,#  
  （4）直接插分法 FA*$ dwp  
  （5）瞬态法 LH2B*8=^2  
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三、试卷结构 Ht;Rz*}  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。
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四、参考书目  j5/pVXO  
1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 <b H*f w  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of GKIzU^f  
无数innumerable ; countless yS~Y"#F!.  
许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample "b`#RohCi  
非常多(大)的tremendous e#Ao]gc  
依序列举list in sequence G,!jP2S  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic s`=| D'G(=  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived
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不合时宜的anachronism qY8; k #  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time 5z0Sns  
一再time after time ; again and again HDKF>S_S  
初始的preliminary gS<p~LP f  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former <lFHmi$qt{  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages C'[4jz0xF  
年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult &'12,'8  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated xBxiBhqzF  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times EwzcB\m  
时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly ys[xR=nbD  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life t+A*Ws*o  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities DtBvfYO8)>  
目前so far ; by far 8g8eY pG  
一次就可完成的事one-time event /F.<Gz;w  
正/反意见(opinion) 3_wR2AU~  
骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove &<*M{GW'&  
支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold y$fM MAN7  
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of DC).p'0VL  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect =A,T:!}'  
错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior ^(  
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite ~c v|,  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame =k d
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瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts nnhI]#,a{  
支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of RU/WI<O
 
不会犯错的infallible 3-{WFnA  
意见不和clashes of opinion 6miXaAA8  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement vO?sHh  
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate ]Z UE !  
批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… hB<(~L?A]  
我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. aW_Y  
愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to L}Sb0 o.  
有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive "MzBy)4Q  
有意义的meaningful; fulfilling dL'oIBp  
他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit this… gZ>&cju  
在大家同意下by common consent of… Ot=nKdP}D  
否定deny; withhold; negate l(Qnt
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承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede 7^.g\Kt?  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use $p P
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使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… zGd[sjL  
想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking mV}8s]29  
想出come up with sjLm-pn3  
找出come up with; find out eGKvz
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利用use; take advantage of xG4 C 6 s  
夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of C.u)2[(  
照顾take care of; take charge of; attend to; watch over B;iJ$gt]  
对…很了解have a deep knowledge of… aY,'^S  
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority >;M STHeW  
对…有信心have confidence in uu0t}3l  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter [p0_I7  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… HD$r<bl  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble Q'e[
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联系get in touch with; contact with
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排除这可能性rule out the possibility sx[mbKj<  
等于is equivalent to; equal Ba%b]vp  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out .zW.IM}Z  
发出deliver; give out; hand over +
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绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way *$t=Lh  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from d$MewDWUN  
小看make little of 9
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坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working :G<~x8]k0  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from XPi5E"  
依靠count on; depend on %LL?'&&  
忽视neglect; give too little care to 7c'OIY].,  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being @A%\;oo  
考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account b:*( f#"q  
考虑到in consideration of pN;Tt+}  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength ^12} #
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开动initiate; set going #|cr
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准备…brace for; prepare for S#ud<=@!9  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with HqA~q  
主动take the initiative HO8x:2m  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out .|J-(J<>[.  
应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of lJ4&kF=t  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent N07FU\<9  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind A|0\c
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以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard 8: Jc2K  
乍看之下at first glance l`<u\],  
面对in the face of; in the presence of .l]w4Hf  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of q+Qrc]>-f  
不惜代价at all costs gl"1;C  
每况愈下from bad to worse h*zHmkFR  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes gPM<LO`;i  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to dI9u:-  
不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook 7S]akcT/  
想法与作法beliefs and practices #Q_ d  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists t
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关键时刻the critical moment zJa,kN|m  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though 0hx EI  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with .6nNqGua1  
逃避问题evade the question N|L Ey  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize 9zK5Y+!  
澄清clarify; make clear d|(@#*{T]  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for V$XCe  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true aI0}E O  
假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize jI9Kn41  
极端的radical; extreme e^ygQ<6%  
极端的措施drastic measures m"Y |xvIA  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left ;/phZ$l  
换言之in other words; put another way 3d|n\!1r  
结果result; aftermath; consequence e)2
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优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit X3j<HQcK  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell (X"WEp^Q{I  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case U0kEhMIIf  
特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular .(8sa8{N  
既然…now that…; seeing that… HFL(t]  
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion @Gj|X>0  
缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness pU|SUM  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of Ox` +Z0)a  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of ;*Cu >f7  
毕竟after all; all in all P7Ws$7x  
范围scope; field; realm Gn*vVZ@`x  
潜力potential; x]gf3Tc58  
行为conduct; behavior; doings xCOC5f5*@  
隔绝isolate; insulate )PU?`yLT r  
分辨出identify; recognize 4$=Dq$4z
 
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand vElVw. P  
展开unfold Z[DiLXHL  
回馈feedback "]dNN{Wka  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person =?} t7}#  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint Q]Fm 4  
正在进行中is underway S?bG U8R5  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture EPQ~V  
立场position; stand; stance p= Nord  
意向inclination; leaning; intention Cc?BJ  
特权privilege; a special right QPf#y7_@u  
来自stem from; come from \(PC#H%  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact ?d*0-mhQ,  
交织intertwine; interweave m]y
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好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity km;M!}D  
尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of Hnv{sND[  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn N`tBDl"ld  
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim @_tQ: U ,v  
巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous |fMjg'%{}  
探索explore; fathom :/N/u5.]  
执行carry out; execute; do yv:8=.r}M  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age B5>1T[T'-  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection c?qg i"kS  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult 6N}>@Y5  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid
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无缺点的flawless; airtight Yx21~:9}  
无药可救incurable J`U\3:b`SP  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable O2|[g8(_F  
细密的计划elaborate plan EP.nVvuL  
取消cancel; annul; abolish [|ghq  
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; P"dWh;I_  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma Y6T1_XG  
机会平等equality of opportunity xtef18i>  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country TqbDj|7`R  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with }]1=?:tX%  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous B3V:?#  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure VeixwGZ.  
影响长远的far-reaching $dAQ'\f7  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope __p\`3(,'  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive ^h+,Kn0@  
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious 7 jq?zS|  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate c@RMy$RTF  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous n:zoN2lC  
警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of B4
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忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand  _6a+" p  
证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony FLI\SF<  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance }q1@[ aE  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding IYm~pXg^0  
生动的报导vivid description f,9jK9/$  
争取compete for; try hard to win fY@Y$S`Fh  
遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance W:q79u yX  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter 70,V>=aJ  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on n}9vAvC  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose aY8"Sw|4  
放大amplify; magnify; enlarge (4_7ICFI  
动力impetus; driving force; momentum =a>a A Z  
自满的complacent Bw-<xwD  
第一流的first-rate; excellent &6fNPD(|  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary u"IYAyzL  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight NpV#zzE  
短视的决定short-sighted decision Az4+([  
真正的genuine; authentic; real DDk
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怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd %bo0-lnp  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious )1Rn;(j9Re  
得到…的注意capture one’s attention Ed[ tmaEuV  
事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering / fBi9=}+  
背景setting; background l`9<mL  
假的fake; false; counterfeit /BB(ri G  
夸大报导dramatize +2%ih!  
退步setback E(DNK  
古人the ancients 40TS=evG  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic %:I\M)t}k  
逃犯infringe (on); violate [fF0Qa-  
使害怕intimidate; frighten oej5bAi  
带来生气enliven EBjSK
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对手rival {)j~5m.,/o  
吸引人的intriguing \)Sa!XLfT  
旁观者onlooker %LBa;M  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely O$QtZE
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突然醒悟it dawned on me that [ kI|Thx  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought gO>XNXN{  
对比及其相关用词 A-5xgp,  
可互换的interchangeable !cP2,l'f  
可与…相比is comparable with (to) ;pk4Voo$  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent p;;4b@  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to ckR>ps[u  
比作is likened to; is compared to e/+_tC$@p@  
多样化的heterogeneous @.IGOh  
单一性的homogeneous iuxI$  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large |.w'Z7(s  
满于现状be happy with what you are i.QS(gM  
预测未来project into the future r~mZ?dI  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… /j7e q  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… -PfBL8  
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors 5ynBVrYf  
那并非说… that does not mean that… :/rl \woA>  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as eBlWwUy*6f  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… UCu0 Xqf  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from TJYup%q  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist x*`S>_j27=  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: |}^me7C,[  
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check Ux[2 +Cf  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… s<z`<^hRe  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: PpXzWWU":  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe _sp,,gz  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible z6IOVQ*r  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended V8w7U:K  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… }Z/[ "  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue f-.
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无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable "*U0xnI  
无资格的disqualified

好。