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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 kC$I2[t!  
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博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 A3yi?y{[*  
    高等水力学   [288] F(4yS2h(  
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一、考试要求 "$)yB  
考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。 2d&^Sp&11  
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二、内容范围 y T:!%\F9  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 YFvgz.>QE  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 !~
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（2）流体微团运动的分析 V
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（3）连续性微分方程 /'&v4C^y>  
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 +x]e-P%  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 {B^pnLc  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 2"M
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（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 p qfT\Kb>  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 78w4IICk  
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 D_ ug-<QT  
（2）连续性方程 rWe 8D/oc  
（3）能量方程 l?/gWD^  
（4）动量方程 "m>};.lj  
（5）动量矩方程 i tW~
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3．有涡流动及有势流动 }AAbhr9d}  
（1）有涡流动的性质 8Mb$+^zU  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 va+m9R0  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 G>j"cj  
（4）有旋流动 Z@nmjji  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 Cha?7F[xL  
（6）几个基本势流 i ~P91  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 44|03Ty  
（8）空化和空蚀 ;]u1
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4．流动型态与边界层 b)y<.pS\  
（1）层流运动 oHRbAE^  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 c0h dLl;5  
（3）紊流的基本方程 pfNThMf  
（4）紊流的半经验理论 h%|9]5(=  
（5）紊流扩散 <H_LFrB$W  
（6）边界层理论基础 rZ 6@b  
（7）壁面边界层 8ZzU^x  
（8）边界层的分离现象 "pl[(rc+u  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 <WgG=Kf)N  
（1）流动阻力 \O,j}O'  
（2）沿程水头损失 #Z#_!o  
（3）局部水头损失 v@]6<e$  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 tTE3H_  
  （1）明槽均匀流 P[6dTZ!\s  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 [lrmuf  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 8L@UB6b\  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析 _{3k+DQ  
  （5）明槽水面线的计算 #{?m  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 ByC1I.B`  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 4bFv"b  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 !~Ax  
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 ?BX P}]  
  （3）特征线法 B/:>{2cm  
  （4）直接插分法 lS>=y#i3Xv  
  （5）瞬态法 H@K l  
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三、试卷结构 ]i9H_K  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 }D8~^  
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四、参考书目 $#g#[/  
1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 ".Tf<F  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of L|dab{9  
无数innumerable ; countless P\Pc/[ Z7  
许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample h7Shl<f  
非常多(大)的tremendous 
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依序列举list in sequence Y2ah zB  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic kM6 EZ`mj  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived &kmd<  
不合时宜的anachronism c +"O\j'  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time ba8-XA_~U  
一再time after time ; again and again ;$k?&nhY  
初始的preliminary W! 5Blo  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former hx2!YNx !  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages O23]! S<;  
年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult T3B|r<>I  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated `tUeT[  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times PgGrk5;  
时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly )PLc+J.I  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life U:T5o]P<  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities ~-o^eI4_  
目前so far ; by far SFm.<^6  
一次就可完成的事one-time event ?><   
正/反意见(opinion) F".IB^}$  
骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove ` wsMybe#  
支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold }lQn]q
 
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of ~[bMfkc3  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect PPIG?fK)  
错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior ^ZViQ$a"h;  
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite |Jx2"0:M  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame /:c,v-  
瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts !WVabdt  
支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of D9pxe qf+=  
不会犯错的infallible u/c~PxC  
意见不和clashes of opinion h
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一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement Fw8X$SE"  
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate 9FR1Bruf  
批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… d .l
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我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. Am}PXj6  
愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to )LS+M_  
有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive &4$43\(D  
有意义的meaningful; fulfilling C&#KdvN/r  
他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit this… sMe~C>RD  
在大家同意下by common consent of… +^% &8<  
否定deny; withhold; negate o dQ&0d  
承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede -*{(#k$  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use otnY{r
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使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… whp\*]8  
想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking "u$]q1S  
想出come up with tFP;CW!E  
找出come up with; find out :^.87>V7  
利用use; take advantage of m_O=X8uj"D  
夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of Q9'V&jm  
照顾take care of; take charge of; attend to; watch over ba:du |Ec  
对…很了解have a deep knowledge of… |\L,r}1N  
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority a\j\eMC  
对…有信心have confidence in \(7#N<-  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter Ta5iY }  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… eOnl sx/  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble vBQ?S2f  
联系get in touch with; contact with E$zq8-p|  
排除这可能性rule out the possibility 4Fc1'  
等于is equivalent to; equal Q X5#$-H@  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out @^jLYu|W  
发出deliver; give out; hand over .&!{8jBX  
绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way *:\9T#h  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from iKTU28x  
小看make little of >qGR^yvb  
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working @x>2|`65Y  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from 5|={1Lp24g  
依靠count on; depend on ee?M o`  
忽视neglect; give too little care to #AnSjl  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being 
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考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account J0z0%p   
考虑到in consideration of >~8Df61o`  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength a^1c _  
开动initiate; set going H<Taf%JT  
准备…brace for; prepare for 1VsEic  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with ="eum7  
主动take the initiative u1Yp5jp^K  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out cf3c+.o  
应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of c<x6_H6[8  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent < tq9  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind 2g545r.  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard Q 8E~hgO  
乍看之下at first glance 6b)UoJxj  
面对in the face of; in the presence of oU5mrS.7M!  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of T+"y8#:  
不惜代价at all costs T#f@8 -XUE  
每况愈下from bad to worse d9( Sj?  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes RN|..zml  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to za/#R_%p  
不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook PFw"ICs  
想法与作法beliefs and practices j( :A  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists .AW*7Pp`f  
关键时刻the critical moment @S92D6  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though 7rg[5hP T  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with ?R}oXSVT  
逃避问题evade the question Al]9/ML/m  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize #OTsD+2Za=  
澄清clarify; make clear .).<L`q  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for }(''|z#UE  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true +60;z4y}w  
假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize 1ouTZ'c?  
极端的radical; extreme q Q8l8  
极端的措施drastic measures _O<{H'4NO  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left .D`#a  
换言之in other words; put another way lhTbgM  
结果result; aftermath; consequence ,
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优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit cf' Z#NfQ  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell i=+6R  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case MzG.Qh'z  
特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular 1gJ!!SHPo  
既然…now that…; seeing that… RI;RE/Z  
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion 78-:hk  
缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness HfiM]^  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of dr o42#$Mo  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of Fu/CX4R_|  
毕竟after all; all in all \tqAv'jA|  
范围scope; field; realm Vi_|m?E  
潜力potential; /H%pOL6(r  
行为conduct; behavior; doings BKEB,K=K@  
隔绝isolate; insulate < lrw7T  
分辨出identify; recognize H>]x<#uz)  
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand ~Zm(p*\T  
展开unfold C*!_. <b  
回馈feedback m.*+0NG  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person hl+Yr)0\
 
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint :xV&%Qa1  
正在进行中is underway  lzuZv$K  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture {TNAK%'v  
立场position; stand; stance ^5+-7+-S  
意向inclination; leaning; intention  2~)]E#9  
特权privilege; a special right BR=Yte /  
来自stem from; come from Mx }(w\\T  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact QI-3mqL  
交织intertwine; interweave (ni$wjq=z^  
好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity MqqS3   
尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of '9)@U+yfQ  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn L[K_!^MZ  
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim (LjY<dQO  
巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous lFcC Wy  
探索explore; fathom K02./ut-  
执行carry out; execute; do saV`-#  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age |F<aw?%  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection @lX)dY  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult '54@-}D  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid  0c{N)  
无缺点的flawless; airtight a AuQw  
无药可救incurable 7~',q"4P/_  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable  }oG&zw  
细密的计划elaborate plan ZBGI_9wZ  
取消cancel; annul; abolish !>tXib]:  
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; (_T&2%  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma ivm.ng[  
机会平等equality of opportunity "_`~9qDy  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country qfu; X-$4  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with QNo}nl/N  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous 8 6_Zh5:  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure V= _8G3  
影响长远的far-reaching s0:1G -I  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope +a|4XyN  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive K(p1+GHC  
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious %vksN$^  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate 8_lD*bEt  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous >|s=l`"Xz  
警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of |J\/U,n
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忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand \Q6Ip@?  
证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony %%_90t  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance iqU}t2vFrj  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding , ^n Ui c  
生动的报导vivid description N_>s2
  
争取compete for; try hard to win =4[zt^WX"  
遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance H(AYtnvB  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter YGHWO#!G p  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on =nsY [ s<  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose x6,RW],FGR  
放大amplify; magnify; enlarge YMWy5 \  
动力impetus; driving force; momentum IP >An8+  
自满的complacent Rl(b tr1w  
第一流的first-rate; excellent 
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全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary 8(A:XQN"h  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight R%Z} JR.  
短视的决定short-sighted decision 9\xw}ph  
真正的genuine; authentic; real 1eJ\CdI  
怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd /i"EVN`t  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious Y7p#K<y]9  
得到…的注意capture one’s attention D|S)/o6  
事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering }}]Y mf  
背景setting; background zL|^5p`K  
假的fake; false; counterfeit ]_
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夸大报导dramatize "Vh(%N`6  
退步setback M|Se|*w  
古人the ancients ZDb`]c4(  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic 8 jT"H ZB6  
逃犯infringe (on); violate #K[ @$BY:  
使害怕intimidate; frighten #B?7{#.1  
带来生气enliven `+gF|o9  
对手rival oM VJ+#[x  
吸引人的intriguing {> }U>V  
旁观者onlooker |EApKxaKD  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely F,W(H@ ~x  
突然醒悟it dawned on me that zf!c  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought ^?A+`1-  
对比及其相关用词 Hy6Np62  
可互换的interchangeable -lp_~)j^  
可与…相比is comparable with (to) A gPg0(G  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent cnsGP*w  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to +!<`$+W
 
比作is likened to; is compared to `Ctj]t  
多样化的heterogeneous p<jr&zVEc>  
单一性的homogeneous 4{

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一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large v+OVZDf  
满于现状be happy with what you are 9f@)
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预测未来project into the future +u#x[xO  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… okv7@8U#p  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… >"[u.1J_'I  
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors /<C=9?Ok  
那并非说… that does not mean that… ' 4"L;){:L  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as N7_Co;#(zK  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… S]N4o'K}q  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from lO *Hv9#  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist J]UH q$B  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: "duJl-  
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check V6k9L*VP  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… U]acm\^Z  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: |?>h$'  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe .EcMn  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible hqBRh+[  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended Ua]zTMI  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… 9 2EMDKJ  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue - \QtE}|4  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable 4!jHZ<2Z  
无资格的disqualified

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