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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 # j*$ `W;  
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博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 N ED`GU  
    高等水力学   [288] PZNo.0M70  
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一、考试要求 =d~]*[8  
考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。  eno*JK  

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二、内容范围 6xdu}l=%  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 *^Zt5 zk  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 *Q!b%DIa$  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 (&x~pv"+  
（3）连续性微分方程 hp-<8Mf  
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 YL){o$-N"J  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 *!Am6\+  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 {!N4|  
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 GZZLX19sq  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 ATnD~iACY  
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 ^]U2Jd  
（2）连续性方程 7e8hnTzl8<  
（3）能量方程 u`bWn  
（4）动量方程 _Fz)2h,3  
（5）动量矩方程 //J:p,AF  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 HhqqJEp0  
（1）有涡流动的性质 hJ}G5pX  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 a@8knJ|  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 z9D2,N.  
（4）有旋流动 9&d BL0  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 xDQ$Ui.  
（6）几个基本势流 }s)Z:6;(,q  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 )j9FB  
（8）空化和空蚀 ,7QnZ=F  
4．流动型态与边界层 t[Q^Xp  
（1）层流运动 4;*V^\',9  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 *,Re&N8  
（3）紊流的基本方程 H!Od.$ZIX  
（4）紊流的半经验理论 $(NfHIX  
（5）紊流扩散 o?b%L
 
（6）边界层理论基础 fg1y@Dj/&  
（7）壁面边界层 #>,cc?H-  
（8）边界层的分离现象 D~y]d  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 < G&v  
（1）流动阻力 x:bYd\ EJ[  
（2）沿程水头损失 "/"qg  
（3）局部水头损失 {Q-U=me\  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 jG2w(h/"  
  （1）明槽均匀流 D#$gdjZ  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 G!~BA*
 
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 nZT@d;]U9  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析
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  （5）明槽水面线的计算
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  （6）明槽水流的掺气 6Te}"t>  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 kmoJ`W} N  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 /'1y`j<  
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 aYgJTep>r  
  （3）特征线法 hG@ys5  
  （4）直接插分法 jQb D2x6(  
  （5）瞬态法 m@@Q
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三、试卷结构 jE#8&P~  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 78)^vvn5~  
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四、参考书目 F4Uk+|]Bu  
1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 ^0Q*o1W  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

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无数innumerable ; countless /\cu!yiX  
许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample I&8SP$S>J  
非常多(大)的tremendous "GI
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依序列举list in sequence *g4Cy8$  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic ~88 Tz+  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived >JPJ%~y  
不合时宜的anachronism F.pHL)37  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time 4c[)}8\  
一再time after time ; again and again s9kLB
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初始的preliminary WG/J4H`Od  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former >Y-TwDaE  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages
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年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult iW1ih QX  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated .(7C)P{.0  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times QHs:=i~VH  
时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly gSr}p$N  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life x)VIA]  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities 2r}uE
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目前so far ; by far I0w@ S7  
一次就可完成的事one-time event vN,}
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正/反意见(opinion) W]D` f8r9  
骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove RUk<=!
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支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold 85|95P.<  
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of oBj>9I;  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect RZd4(7H=q  
错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior t
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做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite -?aw^du  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame u3M`'YCb  
瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts V+=*2?1  
支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of 9xK4!~5V  
不会犯错的infallible V5yxQb  
意见不和clashes of opinion r%y;8$/-  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement 9B+ zJ Vte  
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate Nxbd~^j  
批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… $kkp*3{ot  
我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. O^X[9vr W  
愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to HzD>-f  
有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive iHE0N6%q  
有意义的meaningful; fulfilling Jt-XmGULB  
他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit this… hl6,#2$  
在大家同意下by common consent of… 8zQ_xE  
否定deny; withhold; negate 85r)>aCMn  
承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede CB*`  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use e9~cBG|  
使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… r#_7]_
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想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking n!0${QVnS  
想出come up with nB cp7 e  
找出come up with; find out ; g Z%U  
利用use; take advantage of 
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夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of P]pmt1a  
照顾take care of; take charge of; attend to; watch over RGT_}ni  
对…很了解have a deep knowledge of… cT/3yf  
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority La`h$=#`  
对…有信心have confidence in zc6Ho  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter i Td-n9  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… ;EK(b  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble mWNR(()v  
联系get in touch with; contact with B }6Kd  
排除这可能性rule out the possibility |.1qy,|!X  
等于is equivalent to; equal 0(wf{5  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out iPMB$SdfO  
发出deliver; give out; hand over {UP'tXah  
绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way bX7EO 8  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from <\ h*Zy  
小看make little of ft{W/ * +_  
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working mRCHrw?WG  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from ;U |NmC+  
依靠count on; depend on >&BrCu[u  
忽视neglect; give too little care to -<6v:Z  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being HCJ;&C73&  
考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account F@9Y\. ,  
考虑到in consideration of Gi*<~`Gr  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength <_t5:3HL  
开动initiate; set going *MI)]S  
准备…brace for; prepare for N?$7Z v[G  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with 9[kX/#~W*  
主动take the initiative L7m`HVCt &  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out #'C/Gya  
应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of H"O$&  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent bjlkX[{}I  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind ?s%v 3T  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard 6%%PP8
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乍看之下at first glance u%xDsTDP  
面对in the face of; in the presence of v`SY6;<2  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of V/+Jc(N  
不惜代价at all costs Q3,=~}ZNK  
每况愈下from bad to worse Jh?z=JY  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes p isB,wP$2  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to /1[gn8V691  
不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook EI\ v  
想法与作法beliefs and practices T/5"}P`  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists sQtf,e|p  
关键时刻the critical moment Xem5@  (u  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though Oqmg;\pm  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with ec?V[v  
逃避问题evade the question H_Os4}  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize 87<9V.s2  
澄清clarify; make clear !} 5*?k g  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for U(~U!O}  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true ?'wsIH]m  
假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize 9 mPIykAj8  
极端的radical; extreme
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极端的措施drastic measures e:OyjG5_  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left 8;#AO8+U7)  
换言之in other words; put another way mM5|K@0|  
结果result; aftermath; consequence ErDL^M-`  
优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit M
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简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell NR4Jn ?l{  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case TsHF tj9S  
特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular :<GfETIs  
既然…now that…; seeing that… "- eZZEl(  
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion hS:j Bp,  
缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness =nU/ [T.  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of \84v-VK  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of '7tBvVO_  
毕竟after all; all in all q4ipumy*  
范围scope; field; realm aFY u}kl  
潜力potential; [w+Q^\%bN  
行为conduct; behavior; doings 7petHi  
隔绝isolate; insulate J`oTes,  
分辨出identify; recognize Zw$ OKU  
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand W x]d $_  
展开unfold >85zQ 1aL  
回馈feedback n &}s-`D  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person %fhNxR  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint 2P9J' L  
正在进行中is underway ;7rv  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture 'UfeluMd  
立场position; stand; stance @-"R$HOT  
意向inclination; leaning; intention u) *Kws  
特权privilege; a special right ;>ozEh#8
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来自stem from; come from HI!4  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact js <Ww$zFW  
交织intertwine; interweave Q~Ea8UT.#  
好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity Ty+I8e]{  
尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of Rs7|}Dl}  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn ~V+l_ :  
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim gx;O6S{  
巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous 4~|<`vqN  
探索explore; fathom Vb)zZ^va+  
执行carry out; execute; do !'W-6f  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age 3QCVgo i\  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection g>0vm2|  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult -:`V<  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid w*~Tm>U  
无缺点的flawless; airtight 7z'ha?  
无药可救incurable Ijedo/  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable AHd-  
细密的计划elaborate plan X")|Uw8Kl/  
取消cancel; annul; abolish M-MKk:o  
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; VKuAO$s$  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma [1(FgyE  
机会平等equality of opportunity oU+F3b}5p  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country S/gm.?$V  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with h9CIZU[Nh  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous Q5n`F5   
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure 6"QEJ  
影响长远的far-reaching OAe#Wf!c  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope  1ThqqB  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive 82:W
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挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious C/tr$.2H=  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate WES#ZYtT  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous r4{<
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警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of s"~5'] 8  
忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand ]r/^9XaqtA  
证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony m $dV<  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance mG2'Y)Sz  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding a.%LHb  
生动的报导vivid description ?S[Y:<R{:  
争取compete for; try hard to win m7jA ,~O  
遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance 7+,vTsCd  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter f`$Gz  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on \~DM  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose FfFak@H  
放大amplify; magnify; enlarge e 
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动力impetus; driving force; momentum K`6 z&*  
自满的complacent uofr8oL~  
第一流的first-rate; excellent [c&B|h=>  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary x_<qzlQt  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight pV\YG B+  
短视的决定short-sighted decision .zj0Jy8N  
真正的genuine; authentic; real 4[2_,9}  
怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd WI[:-cv  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious blt'={Z?.x  
得到…的注意capture one’s attention
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事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering c4mh EE-  
背景setting; background eVz#7vqv  
假的fake; false; counterfeit d IB }_L  
夸大报导dramatize [3>GGX[Ic  
退步setback yt0,^*t_  
古人the ancients <^R{U&Z@  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic oF:v JDSS  
逃犯infringe (on); violate @R6 ttx  
使害怕intimidate; frighten ~2*9 {  
带来生气enliven !X^Ce)1K  
对手rival 9.OA, 6  
吸引人的intriguing l&(l$ @t  
旁观者onlooker lx0~>K]  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely @E9" Zv-$  
突然醒悟it dawned on me that B|=|.qp$)  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought %Q
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对比及其相关用词 'o4p#`R:8  
可互换的interchangeable D)$8W[  
可与…相比is comparable with (to) Bik*b)9y2  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent U^lW@u?:  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to c@(&[/q!  
比作is likened to; is compared to Qt>>$3]!!  
多样化的heterogeneous Td\o9
 
单一性的homogeneous 0$.m_0H  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large AIijCL  
满于现状be happy with what you are I~* ? d  
预测未来project into the future M" lg%j  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… yzsab ^]  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… 2{,n_w?Wy  
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors ShOX<Fb&  
那并非说… that does not mean that… (6 p]ZY  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as LK9g0_  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… w2O!M!1  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from >kZ57,  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist |WryBzZ>on  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: jVgFZ,  
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check =VLS/\A  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… \'CN  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: ^I6^g  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe -tsDMji~V  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible ZPN roCK`  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended fEE /-}d  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… [[~w0G~1  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue kU-t7'?4  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable D0(xNhmKz  
无资格的disqualified

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