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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 ()=  
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博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 $ R,7#7bG  
    高等水力学   [288] 9JJ(KY  
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一、考试要求 ZG
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考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。 !#5RP5,,Y  
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二、内容范围 {: T'2+OH>  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 b'3w.%^  
（1）描述流体运动的方法 a=.A/;|0*  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 &C`t(e  
（3）连续性微分方程 Z455g/=ye  
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 D[-V1K&g  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 b$l@Z&[]  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 W}50E.\#  
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 J/:
9;{R  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 :-fCyF)EI  
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 kid3@  
（2）连续性方程 "W?<BpV~@!  
（3）能量方程 t,gKN^P_  
（4）动量方程 CE=&ZHt9  
（5）动量矩方程 NldeD2~H  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 m-xSF]q=<  
（1）有涡流动的性质 %AwR4"M  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 F.<sKQ&A  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 Ghs{B8  
（4）有旋流动 P:eY>~m<;  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 0 XxU1w8\V  
（6）几个基本势流 .]SE>3  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 /o Q^j'v  
（8）空化和空蚀 Rf||(KC<  
4．流动型态与边界层 'H+H 4(  
（1）层流运动 gXBC= ?jl  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 >k)}R|tJ  
（3）紊流的基本方程 !C]0l  
（4）紊流的半经验理论 3)b[C&`  
（5）紊流扩散 A\nL(Nd  
（6）边界层理论基础 q,w8ca4~y  
（7）壁面边界层 M S$^m2  
（8）边界层的分离现象 9.:r;HG  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 \Ld/'Z;w  
（1）流动阻力 _+73Y'  
（2）沿程水头损失 =|_:H$94  
（3）局部水头损失 7DQ{#Gf#G  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 !A!}j.s  
  （1）明槽均匀流 xXkP(^ Y  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 \ t4:(Jp 3  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 wq+%O,  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析 &Z3g$R 9  
  （5）明槽水面线的计算 YL*yiZ9  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 0wL-Ak#v  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 0$Rl78>(  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 WxO2  
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 ]
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  （3）特征线法 =*<Cw?Gc  
  （4）直接插分法 7:iTx;,v  
  （5）瞬态法 otaB$Bb  
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三、试卷结构 D2<(V,h9  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 -CePtq`  
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四、参考书目 phkfPvL{  
1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 E&js`24 &  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of   %4  
无数innumerable ; countless VR:4|_o  
许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample M^C|
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非常多(大)的tremendous |/!3N  
依序列举list in sequence qpjG_G5/  
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic Nj~3FL  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived qukym3F  
不合时宜的anachronism M9*#8>  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time MTyBGrs(  
一再time after time ; again and again "~:AsZ"7  
初始的preliminary ^/`W0kT  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former ]x12_+  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages vZ0K1UTEXY  
年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult JSf \Ap X  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated cUB+fH<B2  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times -9f +O^x  
时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly h!yI(cY  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life }4dbS ;C<  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities qG&}lg?g{  
目前so far ; by far m N& G  
一次就可完成的事one-time event IH2V.>h  
正/反意见(opinion) _`Lv@T.  
骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove _Qh:*j!  
支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold vGST{Lz;  
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of #uc9eh}CWO  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect |mS-<e8LY4  
错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior dm(Xy'*iQ  
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite /%F}vW(!  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame v9_7OMl/x  
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支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of R?Ou= p .  
不会犯错的infallible zKllwIfi  
意见不和clashes of opinion \GP0FdpV  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement @ =XJ<  
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate .Xm?tC<  
批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… W{l{O1,  
我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. J=`2{ 'l  
愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to 7.W$6U5  
有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive t`!@E#VK  
有意义的meaningful; fulfilling t3VZ
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在大家同意下by common consent of… 0Z&ua  
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承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede ']__V[  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use F`eo3z  
使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… 9\S,$A{{*  
想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking d&owS+B{48  
想出come up with $a.,;:  
找出come up with; find out z0-[ RGg  
利用use; take advantage of 87ptab@  
夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of .:(T}\]R  
照顾take care of; take charge of; attend to; watch over vo!QJ  
对…很了解have a deep knowledge of…  oHR@*2b  
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority s*9lYk0  
对…有信心have confidence in Uip-qWI  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter ZQI;b0C  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… (/e[n.T  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble dUc([&  
联系get in touch with; contact with .qfU^AHA  
排除这可能性rule out the possibility 8k9q@FSln  
等于is equivalent to; equal D0*+7n3  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out &j!q9F  
发出deliver; give out; hand over J_}Rsp ED  
绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way iL8:I) z  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from SG{&2G  
小看make little of ^EZ?wdL  
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working _`d=0l*8  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from d8N4@3CkL  
依靠count on; depend on V[^+lR  
忽视neglect; give too little care to rvG0aqO`  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being v%4zP%4Ak[  
考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account w1:%P36H  
考虑到in consideration of 8<_dNt'91  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength
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开动initiate; set going J5L[)Gd)D  
准备…brace for; prepare for 0RGqpJxk  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with UYkuz  
主动take the initiative /ULO#CN?;  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out J"?jaa2~  
应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of Y=(%t:#_  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent #|^yWw^  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind @q<d^]po  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard .s`7n *xz  
乍看之下at first glance RWdx)qj{  
面对in the face of; in the presence of |l673FcJ  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of JTdcLmL  
不惜代价at all costs K?gO]T{6  
每况愈下from bad to worse Wf>=^ ~ `  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes I!Uj~jV  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to 6UAw9 'X8  
不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook @i>o
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想法与作法beliefs and practices NzC&ctPk  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists A}MF>.!}C  
关键时刻the critical moment *#
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虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though Oi$$vjs2  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with c'uD K>  
逃避问题evade the question Azag*M?  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize Py~N.@(:1u  
澄清clarify; make clear Qo])A6$IU  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for )mE67{YJh~  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true 4
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假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize KJCi 4O&  
极端的radical; extreme *(j-jbA  
极端的措施drastic measures 7YQ689"J6B  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left EBx!q8z z  
换言之in other words; put another way 3TF'[(K=  
结果result; aftermath; consequence ({9P, D~2  
优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit }`D-]/T8.  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell V<0J j  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case )d7U3i  
特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular ^_XV}&7Q  
既然…now that…; seeing that… 28=L9q   
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion XDAwE  
缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness .MI 5?]_  
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of {14sI*b16  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of /*hS0xN*  
毕竟after all; all in all ZY-mUg  
范围scope; field; realm 0]MI*s>&  
潜力potential; 06fs,!Q@  
行为conduct; behavior; doings iYb{qv_4  
隔绝isolate; insulate _Rey~]iJJ8  
分辨出identify; recognize I oFtfb[  
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand VIg=|Oe),  
展开unfold #Q$`3rr  
回馈feedback QliP9-im3  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person 4!0nM|~  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint ?&se]\  
正在进行中is underway GN ?1dwI  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture MRL,#+VxA  
立场position; stand; stance kG|pM54:^  
意向inclination; leaning; intention 8!VFb+  
特权privilege; a special right u(P;) E"1  
来自stem from; come from aFVd}RO0  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact W.VyH|?  
交织intertwine; interweave TM?7F2
  
好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity .47tj`L  
尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of U&<w{cuA  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn =OU]<%  
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim z]F4Z'(e.  
巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous m=p<.%a  
探索explore; fathom _
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执行carry out; execute; do ufWd)Q  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age 9\[A%jp#K@  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection um$K^  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult
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无弹性(僵硬)rigid HOY9{>E}z  
无缺点的flawless; airtight Il9pL~u  
无药可救incurable *,=WaODO%  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable J>Uzd, /  
细密的计划elaborate plan %*wOJx  
取消cancel; annul; abolish hV4\#K[  
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; 9Ucn 6[W  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma 1 GL@t?S  
机会平等equality of opportunity  zOnQ656  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country #Zy-X_r  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with ET7(n0*P}]  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous Kzd`|+?'`M  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure ' of5v6:8  
影响长远的far-reaching k$7@@?<  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope "nK (+Z  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive =7c1l77z  
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious ?>p<!:E!r  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate ,~_)Cf#CB  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous a+CHrnU\;  
警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of 2e
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忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand -\`n{$OR  
证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony _ .%\czO  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance <k^P>Irb3t  
令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding [[PUK{P0  
生动的报导vivid description
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争取compete for; try hard to win AE)<ee%\\  
遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance xwj%
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保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter nuB@Fkr  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on t/bDDV"  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose }V3p <  
放大amplify; magnify; enlarge sM?bUg0w  
动力impetus; driving force; momentum kQ$Q}3f  
自满的complacent TIV
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第一流的first-rate; excellent d{f 3R8~Q.  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary 7"r7F#D=G  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight ,$habq=;  
短视的决定short-sighted decision <4y 1[/S  
真正的genuine; authentic; real 1WPDMLuN  
怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd aho;HM$hjP  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious q0 :Lb  
得到…的注意capture one’s attention 5( lE$&   
事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering DFs J}` $  
背景setting; background &G@*/2A  
假的fake; false; counterfeit _
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夸大报导dramatize 2|o6~m<pE  
退步setback  `-4 c}T  
古人the ancients JW&/l  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic 3skq%;%Wsk  
逃犯infringe (on); violate e(BF=gesgp  
使害怕intimidate; frighten |nXs'T O'O  
带来生气enliven 'R~x.NM  
对手rival -<}_K,Ky`  
吸引人的intriguing Y-n*K'  
旁观者onlooker E/LR(d_  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely @6ZQkX/  
突然醒悟it dawned on me that 8;.WX  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought zp"sM z]  
对比及其相关用词 ;04 doub  
可互换的interchangeable c^UG
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可与…相比is comparable with (to) hp,bfcM  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent G(|ki9^@"9  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to w^NE`4 -  
比作is likened to; is compared to 3yDa5q{  
多样化的heterogeneous 6I72;e^!  
单一性的homogeneous Fc7mAV=  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large {?l#*XH;  
满于现状be happy with what you are
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预测未来project into the future cW26TtU(  
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… 0~R0)Q,  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… JpD<2Mz_|V  
评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors OYgD9T.8^  
那并非说… that does not mean that… m/JpYv~  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as B:a&)Lwp0  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… ^4O1:_|G  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from Obrv5%'  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist @ bPQhn#(g  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: I/<aY*R4  
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check :o&qJ%  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… #<S+E7uTs  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: TV#pUQ3K  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe G  2+A`\]  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible 4H]Go~<  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended 9h<];  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… 35?et-= w  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue =m:xf&r#  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable 0ym>Hbax)  
无资格的disqualified

好。