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分子生物学笔记完全版.pdf 279KB 希望有用,850000上传 >>编辑 cGiS[-g  
http://freekaobo.ys168.com/?jdfwkey=en7ot1免费考博专业资料 freekaobo

博士生入学专业基础课考试大纲 z)"7qqA  
    高等水力学   [288] {Buoo~  
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一、考试要求 =t1.j=oC  
考试为笔试、闭卷形式。强调对基本概念、基本公式、基本计算方法的掌握和运用能力。避免单纯的死记硬背，更多地强调理解及想象能力。 4qo4g+  
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二、内容范围 2xRb$QF  
1．流体运动微分形式的基本方程 ?PORPv#
 
（1）描述流体运动的方法 yyZH1A  
（2）流体微团运动的分析 [C d"@!yA  
（3）连续性微分方程 M"[s5=:Lo
 
（4）理想流体的运动微分方程及其积分 ) ?rJKr[`  
（5）粘性流体的运动微分方程 Et~b^8$>  
（6）不可压缩流体基本微分方程组 mMmzi4HL  
（7）有关物理量在正交曲线坐标系中的表示式 Ry*NR P;  
2．流体运动积分形式的基本方程 OD<0,r0f,  
（1）系统、控制体及输运方程 s >z$_  
（2）连续性方程 ,GEMc a,`  
（3）能量方程 {H s""/sb  
（4）动量方程 Q(h,P+
 
（5）动量矩方程 {V%ZOdg9  
3．有涡流动及有势流动 *0M#{HQ  
（1）有涡流动的性质 ^57[&{MuBF  
（2）旋涡的诱导速度 /G`&k{SiK  
（3）旋涡层 卡门涡阶 c.jq?
Q k  
（4）有旋流动 K[)N/Q  
（5）理想不可压缩流体恒定平面势流的基本方程 :7%JD.;W  
（6）几个基本势流 Rt~Aud[  
（7）势流叠加原理及其应用 06*R)siC  
（8）空化和空蚀 SPW @TF1  
4．流动型态与边界层 ],Wh]q  
（1）层流运动 0$l=ME(  
（2）紊流运动的基本概念 m3XL;1y:a  
（3）紊流的基本方程 9oS\{[x.  
（4）紊流的半经验理论 ncJ}h\:Sk  
（5）紊流扩散 =N01!?{  
（6）边界层理论基础 ==(9P`\  
（7）壁面边界层 #G{}Rd|!  
（8）边界层的分离现象 udB:ys  
5．流动阻力与水头损失 |GE3.g  
（1）流动阻力 4
?M=?K0  
（2）沿程水头损失 94I8~Jj4  
（3）局部水头损失 3?Y%|ZVM  
6．明槽中的恒定均匀流与非均匀渐变流 =%Gecj  
  （1）明槽均匀流 wRf_IBhCd  
  （2）缓流，急流，临界流 +xRja(d6  
  （3）明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 m}6GVQ'Q  
  （4）明槽非均匀渐变流水面曲线的分析 }aXc,;
Ps  
  （5）明槽水面线的计算 k='sI^lF  
  （6）明槽水流的掺气 !Qrlb>1z-  
7．明槽中的非恒定流动 VZYdCZ&l7  
  （1）明槽非恒定流的特性 -"Lia!Q]M  
  （2）明槽非恒定渐变流动的基本方程 '1ff|c!x9  
  （3）特征线法 kxoJL6IC  
  （4）直接插分法 gm8L 5c V  
  （5）瞬态法 ~FH''}3:3
 
  @z$V(}(O^  
三、试卷结构 W f13Ab  
填空、简答或论述题占30%，计算题及推导证明题为70%。 N4!YaQQ;}  
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四、参考书目 vuuID24:  
1．董曾南 主编 水力学（第二版）上册 高等教育出版社，1995 56u' XMB?  
余常昭 主编 水力学（第二版）下册 高等教育出版社，1995

一些a range of ; a variety of ; a series of ; an array of gTW(2?xYf  
无数innumerable ; countless #PoUCRR
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许多plenty of ; many ; much ; a great deal of ; a lot of ; ample _zJY1cr  
非常多(大)的tremendous + R])u5c'  
依序列举list in sequence PQ@(p%
 
过时的outdated ; antiquated ; outmoded ; obsolete ; anachronistic Kx*;!3-V$  
短暂的ephemeral ; transitory ; transient ; short-lived `iv,aQ '  
不合时宜的anachronism !s\-i6S>  
可持久的durable ; able to stand wear ; last a long time )Y Qtrc\91  
一再time after time ; again and again 0u QqPF t  
初始的preliminary ED[PP2[/  
前述的aforementioned ; aforesaid ; former r@"Vbq%  
自古到今from ancient times to the present day ; down through the ages ?5'UrqYSW  
年轻人young people ; youngster ; youth ; young adult B2 Tp; )  
老式的old-fashioned ; out of date ; dated v)d\ 5#7  
偶尔from time to time ; now and then ; once in a while ; at times F_zs"ex/  
时常often ; frequently ; repeatedly +MGEO+  
永远的eternal ; perpetual ; lasting throughout life 0#G&8*FMN  
重整办事优先顺序reshape priorities &0K H00l  
目前so far ; by far tE9%;8;H  
一次就可完成的事one-time event H;G*tje/M  
正/反意见(opinion) wB?;
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骂yell at ; reprimand ; chide ; scold ; reprove FX+Ra@I!  
支持support ; endorse ; back up ; uphold 'd|_i6:y&  
谴责condemn ; express strong disapproval of Hl?\P6  
错的mistaken ; erroneous ; wrong incorrect 1}QU\
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错事wrongdoing ; had acts ; misbehavior Q^DKKp  
做相反的do the reverse of ; do the opposite Y2yVl+  
归咎blame…on ; put the blame on … ; …is to blame ^WVH z;  
瓦解disintegrate ; break up ; separate into small parts 3E+u)f lmB  
支持某一方in favor of ; on the side of PE]jYyyHtU  
不会犯错的infallible d
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意见不和clashes of opinion F9]GEBLr  
一致的unanimous ; in complete agreement (Y)$+9  
不恰当inappropriate ; improper ; unsuitable ; inadequate n>+M4Z
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批判criticize ; blame; find fault with ; make judgments of the merits and faults of… [q?{
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我们想念…we are convinced that…; we are certain that.. b9%hzD,MR  
愿意I incline to; I am inclined to; I am willing to; I tend to UCa(3p^V_  
有用的useful ; of use; serviceable; good for; instrumental; productive ](aXZ<,  
有意义的meaningful; fulfilling MJt?^G (w?  
他们不愿承认这一点they have always been reluctant to admit this… C^2Tql  
在大家同意下by common consent of… /U`" Xx  
否定deny; withhold; negate =BMON{K  
承认admit; acknowledge; confess; concede f]qPxRw  
于事无补of no help; of no avail; no use (caxl^=  
使…受益benefit…; do good to…; is good for…; is of great benefit to… HKP<
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想法frame of mind; mind set; the way one is thinking ,*+F
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想出come up with 2h@/Q)z  
找出come up with; find out ^{DXin 1O`  
利用use; take advantage of ,?3r-bM  
夸耀brag about; boast about; show off; speak too highly of jav7V"$  
照顾take care of; take charge of; attend to; watch over Ovq-rI{  
对…很了解have a deep knowledge of… "@xI  
对抗权威stand up against authority; resisit boldly the authority 2TXrVaM  
对…有信心have confidence in _s[ohMlh  
说清楚articulate; verbalize; put in words; utter B36_OH  
接受…之美意embrace the offer of… yTm/P!1S  
累积amass; accumulate; heap up; assemble 7v]>ID  
联系get in touch with; contact with 6U Q~Fv`]  
排除这可能性rule out the possibility FO<PMK  
等于is equivalent to; equal :XC~G&HuF6  
选择choose; elect; opt for; pick; single out SP?~i@H  
发出deliver; give out; hand over [
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绕路detour; take a detour; take a roundabout way U>H"N1  
禁止进入is kept out; is barred from j^;f {0f  
小看make little of /H/@7>
 
坏了out of order; on the blink; is not working <j,ZAA&5%Y  
分别distinguish between; make a distinction between; tell…from 2w_[c.  
依靠count on; depend on J~Uq'1?  
忽视neglect; give too little care to w<#/ngI2  
存在come to be; come into existence; come to birth; come into being Q"7vzri  
考虑consider; take into consideration; take into account L1ro\H  
考虑到in consideration of $ @g\wz  
用尽力气exhaust one’s strength; use up one’s strength a> qB k})  
开动initiate; set going @ rI+.X  
准备…brace for; prepare for f@yInIzRJ  
在于lie in; rest on; rest with _zt)c!  
主动take the initiative  PgIH(  
不算exclusive of; not counting; leaving out /|Z_Dy  
应该得到deserve; have right to; is worthy of ;O8'vp  
避免avoid; shun; get around; circumvent \GYrPf$  
幻想fantasy; play of the mind tf[)Q:|  
以此标准来算by this criterion; by this standard ZDny=&>#  
乍看之下at first glance NW_i<#  
面对in the face of; in the presence of O{^8dwg  
以by means of; by virtue of; by the use of FxU a5n  
不惜代价at all costs RK)1@Tz7!  
每况愈下from bad to worse |ht:_l 8  
承受错误造成的后果in reaping the harvest of his mistakes gZq _BY_U  
取得同意…get the go-ahead to (;VlK#rnC  
不择手段unscrupulously; by hook or by crook | KtI:n4d  
想法与作法beliefs and practices &fofFVQnW  
内情ins and outs; turns and twists V#X#rDfJZ  
关键时刻the critical moment 6mV-+CnYC  
虽然although; notwithstanding; albeit; though }fO+b5U  
根据according to; on the basis of; on the ground of (that); in the light of; in line with; in accordance with QjOO^6Fh  
逃避问题evade the question S^s|/!>  
增大enlarge; extend; aggrandize S5o,\wT  
澄清clarify; make clear @*Tql:Qcd^  
赔偿compensate for; give…as compensation for -\<\OV:c*  
实现carry out; implement; realize; make…come true _mWVZ1P  
假定suppose; assume; postulate; hypothesize y0f:N U  
极端的radical; extreme fn
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极端的措施drastic measures PctXh, =  
剩下的the rest; the remainder; what is left n g%~mt  
换言之in other words; put another way \&_pI2X  
结果result; aftermath; consequence A^ofs*"Y  
优点advantage; strength; strong point; merit; benefit GXaPfC0-y  
简言之put simply; in short; in brief; in a nutshell :6MV@{;PJ  
举例而言for instance; for example; to illustrate; let us cite 特别是an illustration; to cite a concrete case a8$4  
特别是especially; more than others; particularly; in particular c=,HLHpFO(  
既然…now that…; seeing that… nz|6CP  
迹象inkling; hint; clue; a slight suggestion 4#qZ`H,Ur)  
缺点disadvantage; demerit; shortcoming; drawback; weakness oN2#Jh%dH
 
除去do away with; eliminate; remove; get rid of J}NMF#w/;  
缺少for lack of; for a deficiency of >?O?U=:<  
毕竟after all; all in all STl8h}C  
范围scope; field; realm L{&>,ww  
潜力potential; ~x7CI  
行为conduct; behavior; doings +e^CL#Gs  
隔绝isolate; insulate k%3)J"|/  
分辨出identify; recognize #{*5rKiL  
不易懂的elusive; hard to understand *I!R0;HT  
展开unfold #+QJ5VI:  
回馈feedback NN#k^[i1  
主导的人物a dominant figure; a controlling man; the most influential person n}b{u@$  
观点viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint ~s-bA#0S  
正在进行中is underway kebk f,`p  
只是一种姿态is merely a gesture i=L 86Ks  
立场position; stand; stance X::@2{-@y  
意向inclination; leaning; intention +oh|r'~  
特权privilege; a special right XD?Lu _.  
来自stem from; come from ] )iP?2{  
一件事的不同说法alternative statements of fact sj4\lpZ3h  
交织intertwine; interweave S{?l/*Il*_  
好奇心the eager desire to know; curiosity m62Zta  
尊敬respect; esteem; think highly of >yr;Y4y7K  
顽固的headstrong; obstinate; stubborn /Yb8= eM  
暗淡的gloomy; dark; dim `v@Z|rv
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巨大的huge; gigantic; colossal; vast; enormous; tremendous 'j*Q   
探索explore; fathom >-\^)z  
执行carry out; execute; do Q>\Ho'  
现代modern times; modern age; contemporary age 2Y%7.YX"  
偏见prejudice; bias; partiality; predilection *=O]^|]2  
混乱chaos; commotion; confusion; disturbance; tumult w,X)g{^T  
无弹性(僵硬)rigid %19~9Tw  
无缺点的flawless; airtight Zo-,TKgY'  
无药可救incurable t{yj`Vg  
无法避免的unavoidable; inevitable w&f>VB~,1  
细密的计划elaborate plan W4$aX5ow$  
取消cancel; annul; abolish rHjDf[5+  
解药a cure for…; a remedy for; 'zav%}b]L  
谜puzzle; riddle; enigma ZnJJ-zP  
机会平等equality of opportunity X31%T"  
较有影响力的国家a predominant country y9?*H?f,  
遵守abide by; conform to; observe; comply with R<_VWPlj  
热情的passionate; ardent; zealous ~Er0$+q=Y;  
模糊的ambiguous; vague; obscure 5L<A7^j  
影响长远的far-reaching ob8 }v*s  
失望despair; loss of hope; without hope @67GVPcxl  
幼稚childish; childlike; naive \a7m!v  
挑剔的picky; choosy; fastidious ZbVn"he  
破坏destroy; ruin; break to pieces; devasate 8 e_]  
技巧的skillful; adept; dexterous 4"Qb^y  
警觉的alert; watchful; on guard; wary of n^$Q^[:Z  
忍受bear; put up with; endure; stand TghT{h@  
证据evidence; facts; proof; grounds; testimony .SmG)5U]  
很容易地easily; with little problem; with little hindrance KPDJ$,
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令人惊讶的amazing; astonishing; astounding -O,:~a=*_  
生动的报导vivid description l" ~ CAw;  
争取compete for; try hard to win y{<js!au  
遗产heritage; legacy; inheritance -hfkF+=U'  
保护protect; safeguard; preserve; shelter <+ r~?X_  
了解understand; comprehend; catch the meaning of; catch on x4>"m(&%  
汇露reveal; make known; disclose +~Y oP>  
放大amplify; magnify; enlarge _t;^\"\  
动力impetus; driving force; momentum #@w/S:KbJt  
自满的complacent
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第一流的first-rate; excellent ZU0*iA  
全处refuge; asylum; haven; sanctuary OAFxf,b  
强调emphasize; stress; highlight js;YSg{m  
短视的决定short-sighted decision ,Xn%0]  
真正的genuine; authentic; real >dgq2ok!u  
怪异的eccentric; peculiar; odd ZybfqBTD&c  
明显的distinct; clear; explicit; obvious |7n%8JsY!"  
得到…的注意capture one’s attention uVhz
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事事干涉的meddlesome; interfering uit.r^8l  
背景setting; background IY[qWs  
假的fake; false; counterfeit eJn_gKWb  
夸大报导dramatize [~cz|C#  
退步setback MK! @ND  
古人the ancients x $[_Hix  
古老的old; ancient; archaeic {*g{9`   
逃犯infringe (on); violate x[)]u8^A  
使害怕intimidate; frighten Uc,

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带来生气enliven EBk-qd a}  
对手rival w8N1-D42  
吸引人的intriguing 50A\Y)i_mZ  
旁观者onlooker f-H"|9  
准确地说to be exact; to be precise; precisely lgK5E*^  
突然醒悟it dawned on me that ,CPAS}kS  
仔细思考之后after long deliberation; after careful thought i
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对比及其相关用词 5A5t
 
可互换的interchangeable ,Csjb1  
可与…相比is comparable with (to) PA*k|  
普遍的prevailing; common; prevalent Z5P4 H  
是一个对比is a sharp contrast to w@6y.v1I{  
比作is likened to; is compared to =;Co0Q`  
多样化的heterogeneous u#y)+A2&!  
单一性的homogeneous Z!fbc#L6  
一般而言in general; generally speaking; by and large #)48dW!n  
满于现状be happy with what you are Oi$1maxT  
预测未来project into the future =(P$P   
另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… 1gt  7My  
不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… N'l
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评估社会文化因素 assess (evaluate) sociocultural factors 9H:J&'Xi7  
那并非说… that does not mean that… HFFr S%  
那有这回事 there is no such thing as |f1^&97=+  
一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… FjiIB1 T  
由…造成 caused by; attributable to; due to; resulting from L*4=b (3  
由…组成 is made up of…; is comprised of; consist d1t_o2  
必须从两方面考虑此问题this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: +!nf?5;  
限制limit; restrict; refrain; restrain; keep within limits; confine; keep in check Vj8-[ww!  
一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… =,qY\@fq  
这方法有陷阱the method had pitfalls: i$hWX4L  
说服convince; persuade; cause to believe T/%Y_.NtU  
具体的specific; concrete; tangible /|h+,]< >  
刻意的intentional; on purpose; intended -{z[.v.p  
费时间去了解…take time to acquaint oneself with… on5\rY<I:@  
…是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue $$Ibr]$5  
无法估计is beyond calculation; incalculable t@+e#3P!  
无资格的disqualified

好。