英语翻译笔记 &j"?\f?
考研翻译的程序 'zTLl8P
1. 划动词,定主谓,明确各分句。 k?^z;Tlvw
2. 缕关系,定词义,按意群翻译。 *^ZV8c}
3. 按逻辑调整语序(意群内部的语序),写中文表达。 _]H&,</
4. 重组合,删多余,核对和检查。 Z@!+v
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定语从句的翻译 hRhe& ,v
定语从句就是起定语作用的从句。代词主要有which,that,who,where等等 9W2Vo [(
定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两大类 +[mk<pQ
在翻译时,限定性定语从句就是把定语前置;非限定性定语从句通常要独立成句。 n/:33DAB
定语从句表示原因,结果,转折等状语关系意思,翻译时要把这种关系表达出来。 rjYJs*#
定语从句的译法有三种:前置定语,独立成句,译成状语从句。 >|UOz&
定语从句在翻译时由于信息量复杂,通常把定语从句从原句中解放出来,译成具有表达能力的独立叙述结构。 /*mI<[xb
一、 定语从句的前置 `X&gE,Ii
1995年 XW]tnrs
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades research productive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. %*}(}~
1. 划动词,定主谓,明确各分句。 validated,depends, interpreted. N`e[:[
2. 缕关系,定词义,按意群翻译。 u'BaKWPS
第一个意群How well the predictions will be validated by later performance [{,1=AB
第二个意群depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used 2BwO!
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第三个意群and on the skill and wisdom 2J BR)P
第四个意群with which it is interpreted. Y$@?.)tY
3. 按逻辑调整语序(意群内部的语序),写中文表达。
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第一个意群predictions 预测,validated 证实,performance 表现,how well多大程度 K
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译文:这些预测将在多大程度上会被后来的表现所证实。 i9x+A/o[
第二个意群amount 数量,reliability可靠性,appropriateness适合性,appropriate v 拨款,the information used翻译时将定语前置,所用的信息。 _oeS Uzq.
“名词 of 名词”结构的译法:后面的名词整个作为前面名词的定语 A*BeR0(
如 city of Beijing 北京市 G"A#Q"
depends upon 取决于 =t?F6)
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译文:取决于所用信息的数量,可靠性以及适合性。 ,z=LY5_z)
第三个意群 也取决于技巧和智慧。 PCtzl)
第四个意群 it指代information u>vL/nI
此句还原为It is interpreted with the skill and wisdom 9hyn`u.
with 用于第三个意群和第四个意群的译文用来解释信息的技巧和智慧 nX8v+:&}
4.重组合,删多余,核对和检查。
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全句的译文:这些预测将在多大程度上会被后来的表现所证实,这取决于所用信息的数量,可靠性以及适合性以及用来解释信息的技巧和智慧。 U]rRQ
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2002年 "3J}b?u_[
It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self - governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values." Who will use a technology and to what ends? ?}Y]|c^W
1. 划动词,定主谓,明确各分句。动词 are ,are, held ,given d&>^&>?$zh
2. 缕关系,定词义,按意群翻译。 cFX p
第一个意群They are the possessions of the autonomous (self - governing) man of traditional theory, B%68\
第二个意群and they are essential to practices m9;SrCN
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第三个意群in which a person is held responsible for his conduct Tp2.VIoQ=
第四个意群and given credit for his achievements. J<lW<:!3]
指代问题 they指代Freedom and dignity 自由和尊严 gjlx~.0d
3. 按逻辑调整语序(意群内部的语序),写中文表达。 \Vk:93OH21
第一个意群possess 拥有,占有 possession拥有物,possessions财富 possessive 支配权,控制权 .e-#yET
self - governing自我管理 autonomous region 自治区 #5uOx(>
traditional theory 传统理论 |I=T@1_D
译文:自由和尊严是传统理论所认为的自主人的财富 VIbq:U
第二个意群essential 必不可少practices做法 3OB"#Ap8<
第三个意群hold responsible for:对。。。负责 @2#lI
第四个意群 credit 信任;信用;声望,名誉;赞扬,赞赏 +ZX{>:vo
achievements成绩 FP>2C9:d
4. 重组合,删多余,核对和检查。 !()Qm,1u
译文:自由和尊严是传统理论所认为的自主人的财富,他们对于那种要求人对他的行为负责并且根据他的成绩给予赞扬的做法来说是必不可少的。 ia?
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1999年 w32y3~
Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method," frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy." Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. ?q [T
It指fallacy谬误、错误 B<
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划动词,定主谓,明确各分句。动词applies,view,equate zT{VE+=
apply to适用于,适合于traditional historians传统的历史学家view sth,as sth把。。。视为。。。external 外部的 internal 内部的 ee=D1 qNu;
criticism:中性词the action of giving you option about sb. or sth。评论,评价 @(lh%
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sources史料 {4PwLCy
第一意群:这种谬误同样适用于那些把历史仅仅视为是对史料来源的内部外部评论的传统历史学家们。 z(~_AN M4,
用中文来看错误不能用适用于来表示,将apply to译为存在于 moE2G?R
social science historians社会历史学家 t#yuOUg
equate:把。。。与。。。相等同equation方程式,等式techniques技术,技巧 %}T6]S)%u
第二意群:这种谬误同样存在于那些把他们的活动等同于具体技巧研究的社会历史学家们。 cH)";]k*-
1996年 H"F29Pu2
Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. |l!aB(NW
动词began,came to,wants,foreseen dF2RH)U
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此句翻译参见(1994年阅读passage 4 第三段第二句The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. 动词:made,discovered,are,are 4Po_-4
译文:研究者在20世纪70年代早期取得了很大的进步,当时他们发现了癌基因是在正常细胞中没有活性的,癌基因是能导致癌症的基因。) c*M}N?|6
第一意群:This trend began during the Second World War,这一趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间,during 必须翻译成期间,否则扣分 5LMw?P.<
第二意群:when several governments came to the conclusion当时,一些国家的政府得出这样的结论: =BrRYA
establishment 建立,建造;机构scientific establishment科学机构 scientific and research establishment科研机构foreseen预见generally一般来说in detail详细 在句中起副词作用 ;n},"&
句中有generally,surprisingly,ironically等词,通常把他们作为一个单独成分提到句子前面去翻译,因为他们修饰的一般是整个句子。 Ir]\|t
从句that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.中间插入that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment作specific demands的定语 ?h2}#wg
全文翻译:这一趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间,当时,一些国家的政府得出这样的结论:一个政府对于其科学机构所能做出的具体要求,一般来说是不可能被详细预见的。 048kPXm`
几点关于定语从句前置的总结 Hx:;@_gq
1. 定语从句前置的条件:如果定语从句结构简单,意思清楚,信息负载量较小,则一般把它处理为前置定语放到先行词前面。 $od7;%
2. 判断定语从句是否前置,还看定语从句和先行词之间的关系是否密切。 J=yTbSN\v
3. 定语从句前置时的翻译技巧:a 分拆法 b 增词法 c 词类转译法 DTs;{c
二、 定语从句独立成句 BerwI
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1994年 o" SMbj
According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 72) "In short", a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions." ItCv.yv35
动词:contends,was, expanded 可分为六个意群 P|> ~_$W
第一意群:"In short",简而言之 |K~Nw&rZ]
第二意群:a leader of the new school contends, leader 领导人,领袖 E)3NxmM#
note: 确定一个词的词义一定要看它的搭配 9>$p
school n 学校,学院,学习,授课,求学,全体学生,学派,一群(鱼) L=h'Qgk%
vt 锻炼,教育 *|l/6!WM
a school of fish一群(鱼) },[}$m%
此处school是学派的意思 JN6B~ZNf
contend 斗争,竞争,主张,争辩,讨论,坚持认为 此处是坚持认为的意思 "ITIhnE
译文:一个新学派的领袖坚持认为 6zn5UW#q
第三意群:the scientific revolution科学革命 the scientific and technologic revolution科技革命 Qci]i)s$js
第四意群:as we call it,我们所谓的(科学革命) MY/}-*|
as we name it我们所谓的 Hr4}3.8
第五意群:was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments ]{L jRSV
improvement n 改进,进步,改良invention 发明use n 使用 a series of 一系列largely很大程度上 c"xK`%e
译文:很大程度上是一系列工具的改良、发明和使用 E!AE4B1bd
第六意群:that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions."此句是定语从句,其先行词是the improvement and invention and use u2[w#
reach v 到达,达到,伸出,影响 n 影响范围,势力范围,延伸,区域,河段 d5l UGRg
one reach 手能触及的范围内 within your reach在你力所能及的范围内 beyond your reach 超出能力范围之外 W'.m'3#z
reach of science科学的影响范围 wdZ/Xp9
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innumerable adj 数不清的,无数的 uncountable无数的 countless无数的 Lh<).<S
directions方面 v9UD%@tZ
extend是种线性拓展 和expanded是种面性拓展 Q5_o/wk
状语翻译成中文时,要么放到整个句子的前面,要么放到谓语动词的前面 M#[{>6>iE
译文:它在无数方面拓展了科学影响的范围 w`=\5Oa .G
全文翻译:个新学派的领袖坚持认为“简而言之,我们所谓的科学革命在很大程度上是一系列工具的改良、发明和使用,正是这些改良、发明和使用在无数方面拓展了科学影响的范围” .>nRzgo
2001 年 ei{eTp4HpV
71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. x3krbUlx
动词:be, disable,offend 可分为四个意群 d`6 'Z
第一个意群:There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, ?R#)1{(8d~
第二个意群:and cars with pollution monitors <