西南大学博士入学考试英语试题(2012) ~5N0=)
Part I Vocabulary (10 points) Y^M3m'd?
Directions: In this part there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there pV9$Vg?-H
are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the NoB)tAvw
following sentences. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 8doKB<#_+=
1. A broadcasting station will sometimes to its listeners a programme which ~Y7>P$G)
it has received from another station. }R=n!Y$F
. -,)&?S
A. rely B. relay C. relate D. reside &xo_93
2. The United Nations Conference on Drug Abuse, which took place earlier this year 7?9QlUO
in Vienna, was a very meeting. vO`~rUA
A. productive B. overwhelming C. compulsory D. protective mSm:>hBd
3. A person who studies ___ learns how to express numbers approximately and r7+"i9
how to calculate ratios and averages. InBnU`(r
A. static B. statistic C. statistics D. status *|{1`
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4. If you ______ someone, you form a fixed general idea or image of them so that
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you assume that they will behave in a particular way. Xia4
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A. assimilate B. simulate C. stereotype D. subordinate Lp.dF)C\
5. Reading ______ the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking that Gf_Je
makes what we read ours. |J-Osi
A. rectifies B. prolongs C. furnishes D. minimizes |L[/]@|
6. Satellite communications are so up-to-date that even when _____ in the middle ^ >JAl<k
of the Pacific, businessman can contact their offices as if they were next door.
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A. gliding B. cruising C. piloting D. patrolling UCV1 {
7. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly GVR/p
from _______ on earth rather than bacteria on Mars. ]s_,;PG U
A. configuration B. constitution C. condemnation D. contamination bca4'`3\|
8. Scientists, who are now aware of how nautiluses regulate their buoyancy, have 6i'GM`>w
been able to dispel ideas about these creatures. Y\75cfD
A. erroneous B. misdemeanors C. misgivings D. misdirection _}+Aw{7!r
9. History has demonstrated that countries with different social systems and ~/^q>z!\4
ideologies can join hands in meeting the common challenges to human _____ and CGw, RNV
development. *Tc lcu
A. evolution B. survival C. rivalry D. dignity 0RFBun{
10. To avoid an oil shortage, we should advocate that more machines must _____ of n=Ze p{^
life in a short time, and this made others astonished. lldNIL6B%
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A. accelerate B. operate C. generate D. utilize !aQb
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11. Japanese leaders aboard the U. S. battleship Missouri and signed the ____ Lmsc~~
surrender, which ended World War Two in 1945. (;VlK#rnC
A. conditional B. infinite C. everlasting D. unconditional $,u>,
12. It is a _____ that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people who XM1;
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could hardly keep their body and soul together. .>#X *u
A. hypothesis B. paradox C. conflict D. dispute W {A4*{
13. The _____ effects of many illnesses made him a weak man and he still didn’t Ls<^z@I
want to do sports every day. aAKwC01?
A. cumulative B. formidable C. eternal D. prospective *T6*Nxs0k
14. The robbers broke into the bank, _____ the clerics with revolvers and forced them to give money just as they were about to knock off. ~aPe?{yIUa
A. shot B. frightened C. amused D. menaced sGFvSW
15. This pair of boots cost much less than yours for I bought them when the a\-AGG{2/X
department store made a _____ of the stored goods. dJv2tVm&'
A. clearance B. reduction C. fortune D. deal
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16. Technology has _____ the sharing information and the storage and delivery of Ty<."dyPW
information, thus making more information available to more people. A=W:}sz
t]
A. formulated B. facilitated C. furnished D. functioned }#r awVe=
17. Language, culture and personality may be considered _____ of each other I thought, :%_\!FvS
but they are inseparable in fact. 3D;?X@
A. indistinctly B. separately C. irrelevantly D. independently ]
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18. More than 85 percent of French Canada’s population speaks French as a mother }1
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tongue and _____ to the Roman Catholic faith. \&_pI2X
A. caters B. adheres C. ascribes D. subscribes `=V p 0tPI
19. There are not many teachers who are strong _____ of traditional methods in /q,vQ[R/
English teaching. j*\oK@
A. sponsors B. contributors C. advocates D. performers [*C%u_h
20. The ______ of the scientific attitude is that the human mind can succeed in x8w l
understanding the universe. +=:_a$98
A. essence B. content C. texture D. threshold [QFAkEJ--o
Part II Reading Comprehension (30 points) !9.k%B:
Directions:
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Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. :wq][0)
There are 6 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by <Drm#2x!E
some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices m%0
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marked A, B, C and D. you should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on $K.DLqDt
the Answer Sheet. 6f2?)jOW^N
Spread across the United States are about 500,000 doctors, cheeked by jowl, in the 15
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big cities and thin on the ground in isolated small towns. In June 1986, the secretary }uNj#Uf
of health and human services, Dr. Otis Bowen, passed on a view of his experts: 5%-15% !Q WNHL
of America’s 500,000 doctors should be candidates for disciplinary action, many of _Pno9|
them because of drug taking or alcoholism. Others give their patients poor care 3-btaG'P
because they are senile, incompetent, guilty of misconduct or out of touch with uh2 Fr
developments in medicine. JH| D
The granting, or withdrawal, of licenses to practice is in the hands of state medical i=L 86Ks
boards, but they are overwhelmed with complaints and lack the money to handle even !E&l=*lM.
a fraction of them. Recently, however, things have been changing. In 1985, 406 v
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doctors lost their licenses (compared with 255 in 1984), nearly 500 were placed on t{g@z3
probation and nearly 1,000 received reprimands or had their right to practice curtailed.
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The federal inspector general demanded, and won the right far the states and the :pM)I5MN[
federal government, which provide health care for the elderly and for the poor under @<3E`j'p
the Medicare and Medicaid programme, to refuse payment to the doctors considered oi]XSh[_s
unsatisfactory. O
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Yet putting these powers into practice is proving to be far from easy. Of the 35 /O<~n%< G
doctors so far denied reimbursement from Medicare, almost all work in lightly >yr;Y4y7K
populated rural areas. On March 27th, their indignation and that of their patients were "b402"&
a sympathetic hearing by the Senate Finance Committee. Rural doctors may not be as ?
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up to date as those in the big towns, but they are often the only source of medical help r!1f>F*dt
for miles around and their patients are loyal to them. Members of the review boards, &',#j]I
which are paid by the government, insist, however, that elderly and poor people %X's/;(Lx`
should not be forced to receive (and the state to pay for) inferior care. An innovation is on the horizon in Texas, the most under-doctored state in the 4
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country (with only one doctor for every 1,100 residents). Lubbock University is pj<aMh
setting up a computer network that will enable country doctors to obtain medical $K+|bb
expertise and access to medical records in a hurry. The aim is to reduce the isolation `y61Bz
of the country doctors and thus, in the long run, to attract more young doctors to rural a_bZT4
areas. \#JXch
21. The main topic of the passage is . gxmo 1
A. the present situation of American doctors !@])Ut@tN
B. the legislation on rural medical services z6 }p4
C. the problems of country doctors and possible solutions dH.Fb/7f
D. some factors of disqualification of country doctors bl&9O
22. According to the text, disciplinary action should be taken against those who )5n0P
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give patients poor care because of the following reasons EXCEPT . ]Tb?z&
A. taking drugs and drinking alcohol &OZx!G^Z
B. feeling remorse of their bad behavior <{8x-zbR+
C. being professional unskillful M"W#_wY;
D. being sick and conservative )b (+=
23. Which of the following is true about the unfit doctors? xv Xci W
A. 1,500 doctors were deprived of the right to practice medicine. ks sRwe%>;
B. The federal government has got the right to deny reimbursement to those {ZSAPq4)L
unqualified doctors. zRmVV}b
C. Almost all the doctors who fail to get payment from Medicare work in wl%ysM|x
densely populated urban areas. A W6B[
D. Patients in the rural areas complain about the poor treatment their doctors @{{L1[~:0
give them. 0FE_><e
24. It can be inferred from the text that in the near future . `jR8RDD
A. there will be more qualified doctors in rural areas n 7B2rRJH
B. there will be an even more serious imbalance of the number of rural and ^wc:qll
urban doctors >r
C*.
C. country doctors are competitive in breaking medical records
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D. more patients will go to rural areas for medical treatment ?/1LueC:
25. The paragraph following the text would probably discuss . 6T+y m9
A. problems of urban doctors ^`M%g2x
B. other solutions to improve the present situation Xjxa
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C. research in medical science f3n^Sw&Q(Q
D. reduction of staff in rural hospitals 1u5^a^O(|
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. IY6Qd4157
Bacteria are extremely small living things. While we measure our own sizes in ^tSwA anP\
inches or centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. One micron is a 8+7*> FD)1
thousandth of a millimeter: a pinhead is about a millimeter across. Rod-shaped K@DFu5
bacteria are usually from two to four microns long, while rounded ones are generally i;/;zG^=_
one micron in diameter. Thus, if you enlarged a rounded bacterium a thousand times, UroC8Tm
it would be just about the size of a pinhead. An adult human magnified by the same G5OGyQp
amount would be over a mile (1.6 kilometers) tall. **z^aH?B2
Even with an ordinal microscopy, you must look closely to see bacteria. Using a yMM2us#*+q
magnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely visible as tiny rods or DF-PBVfpu
dots. One cannot make out anything of their structure. Using special stains, one can "x.iD,>k
see that some bacteria have attached to them wavy-looking “hairs” called flagella. 6 <`e]PT
Others have only one flagellum. The flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through the Avyer/{
water. Many bacteria lack flagella and cannot move about by their own power, while others can glide along over surfaces by some little-understood mechanism. a%a0/!U[
From the bacterial point of view, the world is a very different place from what it is ar
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to humans. To a bacterium, water is as thick as molasses is to us. Bacteria are so small \(=xc2
that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them. 5+Tx01)
Bacteria under the microscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in hT_Q_1,
the water. This is because they collide with the water molecules and are pushed this a(|0'^
way and that. Molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a second the molecules DzA'MX
around a bacterium have all been replaced by new ones; even bacteria without flagella A7XA?>~+|
are thus constantly exposed to a changing environment. 1ljcbD)T;
26. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage? x $[_ Hix
A. The characteristics of bacteria ek/zQM@%
B. How bacteria reproduce \+/ciPzA-
C. The various functions of bacteria 90Sras>F
D. How bacteria contribute to disease *81/q8Az
27. Bacteria are measured in __________. *wX[zO+o
A. Inches y=
+OC1k\8
B. Centimeters ;o;ak.dTt
C. Microns 7I]?:%8h
D. millimeters t5i58@{~
28. Which of the following is the smallest? (M
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A. A pinhead k EAF1RP:
B. A rounded bacterium n"}*C|(k
C. A microscope }wBpBw2J
D. A rod-shaped bacterium Btr>ek
29. According to the passage, someone who examines bacteria using only a _akjgwu
microscope that magnifies 100 times would see ___________.
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A. tiny dots &w`Ho)P
B. small “hairs” eTw9c }[
C. large rods -bSM]86
D. detailed structures (|<+yQ,@>
30. The relationship between a bacterium and its flagella is most nearly analogous to iPG:w+G
which of the following? o@[o6.B<
A. A rider jumping on a horse’s back r4X\/
B. A ball being hit by a bat :J x%K
C. A boat powered by a motor Ku uiU=
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D. A door closed by a gust of wind. )Spa
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Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. "cjD-42
Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from GNB'.tJ:0Y
individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. *uccY_
Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon >o&%via}
monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical, reactions with I0x;rP
hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a y@2"[fo3~
growing, realization that the only effective way to achieve, further reductions in ''! j:49
vehicle emissions-short of a massive shift away from the private automobile-is to {-]K!tWda
replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner burning fuels such as N:#$S$
compressed natural gas liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol. Vu4LC&q
All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and U#PgkP[4
simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in ]-a/)8
part because they have fewer, if and, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they u}_x
do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of large molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions. ni )G
These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely -{z[.v.p
to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the 0@EI@X;q
atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed ~d,$nZ"z
natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanks-a serious M)wNu
liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency and liquefied petroleum gas faces )Wt&*WMFXl
fundamental limits on supply. E(1G!uu<
Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other a~JZc<ze
carbon-based alternative fuels; they have hither energy content per volume and would 'iwTvkf{
require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is k{lX K\zN
commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive n<b}6L}
as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol’s most A5 4u}
attractive feature , however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle ma) +
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emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant. a?Y> hvI
Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is }"%mP 4]&
based on the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest pV 8U`T
design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for E6T=lwOZ
example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy VtU2&
that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to P-yVc2YH
be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be d}Y#l}!E6
designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone ” vehicles fueled with GH3RRzp r
methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the b%C7 kL-
simplest of the Engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still ?Lv U7
contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution. XC}2GHO<
31. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with __________. Hxc>?
A. countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problem. DM\pi9<m
B. reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem. @cx#'
C. identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem. ALInJ{X
D. discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it. K 4{[s
z
32. According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with Ia{t/IX\[
gasoline than with an alternative fuel because: __________.
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A. the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons. zpNt[F?~1
B. the combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactions. jsKKg^g
C. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure. $0~1;@`rQ6
D. gasoline is composed of small molecules. N!\
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33. The passage suggests which of the Following about air pollution? KO[Ty'
A. Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not IkGM~3e
help lower urban air-pollution levels. U`)d
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B. Attempts to reduce the pollutions that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle FysIN~
emits have been largely unsuccessful. `:0A
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C. Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants -&%!
4(Je
emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles. tTt}=hQpgX
D. Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source O[|X=ZwR:l
of urban air pollution. ]\ZmK0q<:
34. The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature of AJ#YjkO>]
methanol? jF
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A. It is substantially less expensive than ethanol. eG.s|0`
B. It could be provided to consumers through the existing motor fuel distribution Tg=P*HY6
system. 7$R^u7DZ
C. It has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels. D. Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels. {817Svp@
35. It can be inferred that the author of the passage most likely regards the criticism wRX#^;O9?>
of methanol in the last paragraph as __________. DTd qwe6pi
A. flawed because of the assumptions on which it is based. j5~~%
B. inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics’ arguments. "837b/>/
C. misguided because of its exclusively technological focus. .[?2_e#9 %
D. invalid because it reflects the personal bias of the critics. gmiL
jI
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. lxR]Bh+
Tests of reaction times seemed to back up the notion that the two hemispheres b<E78B+Aax
differed in their processing styles. Researchers used to believe that an image goes to |2jA4C2L}
one hemisphere first, and then to the opposite side of the brain. If the nature of the 4 *.
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stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match up, then the person can respond <(45(6fQ
slightly more quickly and accurately in identifying the local or global image. `j 4>
Still more startling, researchers found that the same appeared to hold for the brains .W\x{h
of chimps and perhaps other primates. The assumption has always been that L3*HgkQQ
handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits --- part of the great brain gL7rX a j
reorganization that allowed our ancestor to use tools, speak and perhaps even think m:9|5W
rationally. But handedness is now widely claimed for primates and even birds, be(hY{y`
amphibians and whales. And in the past few years, some psychologists have tested GgtYO4,
chimps and baboons and suggested their two hemispheres also differ in processing ~bw=;xF{3
style. :=:m4UJb
Now researchers have come to see the distinction between the two hemispheres as |Rm_8n%m
a subtle one of processing style, with every mental faculty shared across the brain, and 5YgT*}L+,
each side contributing in a complementary, not exclusive, fashion. A smart brain {m_
y<
became one that simultaneously grasped both the foreground and the background of 9LSV^[QUH
the moment g$JlpD&
The next problem was to work out exactly how the brain manages to produce ZT<VDcP{
these two contrasting styles. Many researchers originally looked for the explanation in sH%Ts@Pl
a simple wiring difference within the brain. This theory held that neurons in the left G4\|bwh
cortex might make sparse, short-range connections with their neighbors, while cells 0W)|n9
on the other side would be more richly and widely connected The result would be that JOwu_%
the representation of sensations and memories would be confined lo smallish, discrete ;Qq7@(2y
areas in the left hemisphere, while exactly the same input to a corresponding area of A~<cp)E
the right side would form a sprawling even impressionistic pattern of activity. mp*?GeV?M
Supporters of this idea argued that these structural differences would explain why `4ti?^BNm
left brain language areas are so good at precise representation of words and word $s"-r9@q
sequences while the right brain seems to supply a wider sense of context and meaning. PlwM3lrj
A striking finding from some people who suffer right-brain stokes is that they can /RWD\u<l
understand the literal meaning of sentences-their l eft brain can still decode the S Erh"~[
words-- -but they can no longer get jokes or allusions. Asked to explain even a *qFl&*h}
common proverb, such as “a stitch in time saves nine”, they can only say it must have 4hkyq>c}
something to do with sewing. An intact right brain is needed to make the more playful j_z@VT}y
connections. S.pXo'}
36. The local or global image is more quickly and accurately identified in the brain J.]`l\
if _______. 1E0!?kRK
A. tests of reaction times back up the notion of the two hemispheres wZ=@0al
B. an image goes to one hemisphere first, and then to the opposite side of the e2L>"/
brain 3r[s_Y*
C. the nature of the stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match up U(%6ny
D. the person can match the image with an object 37. Handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits, as is shown in
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________. $UpWlYwG
A. the brains of chimps and perhaps other primates 5tEkQ(Ei8
B. the fact that the great brain reorganization allowed our ancestor to use tools Q`Rn,kCVy
C. the fact that human beings alone can use tools, speak and think rationally uG-S$n"7K
D. the two brain hemispheres of chimps and baboons :m>Vp
38. According to the text, a smart brain has all the following characteristics 5f2=`C0_
EXCEPT _________.
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A. with different processing style ^AERGB\36
B. with shared mental faculty >;%LW}
%
C. each side contributing in a complementary Y' 5X4Ks|
D. grasping the foreground and the background of the moment n'%cO]nSx
39. What is the problem of the people who suffer right-brain strokes? ubc
k{\.
A. They can hardly understand the literal meaning of sentences. U~dqxR"Q
B. Their left brain can still decode the words. 4JXJ0T ar
C. They do not understand the common proverb “a stitch in time saves nine”. B9H.8+~(
D. They cannot grasp the meaning of jokes or allusions. +fq
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40. The best title for the text may be __________. SL
+\{V2
A. Left Brain, Right Brain OF:0jOW
B. The Local of Global Image MM( ,D&
Z
C. Human Brain and Animal Brain -OnKvpeI
D. The Smart Brain -
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Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage. '{cFr
(此文不全) u`Kc\B
Sn
The Du Pont Company, the 13th largest employer in the U.S., routinely gives :^FH.6}x
pre-employment blood tests to all blacks who apply for jobs to determine who might bL{D*\HF
be a carrier of the trait for sickle-cell anemia, even though the trait is regarded as a)7&2J
largely harmless. Although there are other genetically transmitted blood diseases and p4kK"
\ln
metabolic disorders that predominate in racial or ethnic groups, blacks are the only zvfdfQ-i
ones to be identified with a disease and examined for it at Du Pont. In a three month i+lq:St
study of genetic screening in the American lace, the New York Times found no vG=Pi'4XXo
other instance of an ethnic or racial group singled out in or company. .k#O[^~]
Du Pont officials emphasize that the sickle trait tests do not represent discrimination #Yy5@A}`o
and are only an effort to help them avoid potentially harmful exposure to certain 1&Ma`M('
chemicals. Yet the officials can offer no firm evidence that the trait -- not the disease, UF@.
but only a single abnormal gene -- makes blacks more vulnerable. iTF%}(
Du Pont, which employs well over 100,000 workers, is in the vanguard of American 579t^"ja~
companies doing genetic screening and thus is at the center of the debate over this Lmw)Ts>
area of science, debate so intense, so broad, that even medical directors from other ::3[H$
companies who believe possibilities of genetic screening want no part of it. At XjYMp3
least, not now but officials at Du a leader in the chemical industry with annual A>(EM}\,
gross sales of more than $ 10 billion, feel they have the money and the scientists to oeI[x
turn the distrust into achievement. If some chemicals are highly toxic and the /gn\7&