中国人民大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题 [Zc8tE2oN
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Ⅰ LISTENING TEST (20 points) (
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Ⅱ Vocabulary (10 points) E
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Part A (5 points) =E?kxf[X
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Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ. 1$nlRQi
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She prefers foreign wine to that produced ________. /Ilve
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A. previously B. virtually C. primarily D. domestically _M[@a6?
The sentence should read, “She prefers foreign wine to that produced domestically.” ?Vg251-H
Therefore, you should choose D. W6STjtT3P
Sample Answer 2:b3+{\f
[A][B][C][D] %@Mv-A6)
1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages ________patriotism. R|
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A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable ,
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2. One can understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and ________ to expressed thoughts. `b.KMOn
A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions v0psth?qV
3. People innately ________ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power. |7XP
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A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere ]k0Pe;<
4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife ________ for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them. ol^uM .k%_
A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. reserve ~@Yiwp\"
5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence ________ a breathtaking 15 points last month, to its lowest level in 9 years. d'p]F~a
A. soared B. mutated C. plummeted D. fluctuated e3T&KyPm?+
6. Melissa is a computer ________ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world. p ~LTu<*S
A. genius B. virus C. disease D. bacteria 8kn> ?
7. The ________ emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools. mV~aZM0'
A. negligent B. edible C. fabulous D. disproportionate 8. The boy seemed more ________ to their poverty after seeing how his grandparents lived. 8s+9PE
A. reconciled B. consolidated C. deteriorated D. attributed vMD
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9. During his two-month stay in China, Tom never ________ a chance to practice his Chinese. S=f:-?N|
A. passed on B. passed up C. passed by D. passed out S1d^mu
10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ________ can be distributed. #Jx6DQGa
A. paradoxes B. legacies C. platitudes D. analogies 10gh4,z[
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Part B (5 points ) &|]GTN
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Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ. O%Hc%EfG
Example: q7#4e?1
The secretary is very competent; she can finish all these letters within one hour. m[>pv1o
A. careful B. industrious C. clever D. capable @XJzM]*w&
In this sentence, “competent” is closest in meaning to “capable”. Therefore you should choose D.
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Sample Answer iNO}</7?
[A][B][C][D] ":I@>t{H*
11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby. V7S[rI<<r
A. depict B. advocate C. criticize D. analyze -f&m4J} E
12. They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival. $*\GZ$y>
A. confirm B. achieve C. match D. exaggerate &mPR[{
13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump for those toxic industrial wastes. A. imminent B. recyclable C. smelly D. poisonous O-3R#sZ0
14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would not be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N. sanction. , tEd>
A. allies B. delegates C. voters D. juries 7;8DKY q
15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our children's college and our own retirement security is chilling. E*"-U!?)l2
A. frightening B. promising C. freezing D. revealing &_1x-@oI2:
16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown. C#l9MxZE
A. secret plan B. bold attack C. clever design D. joint effort 4 (>8tP\Y
17. Evidence, reference, and footnotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different theoretical and political positions. 1m{c8Z.h/d
A. trustworthy B. intelligent C. diligent D. meticulous [G<SAWFg7
18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region. XS_Ib\-50
A. intriguing B. exasperating C. demonstrative D. unprovoked Qd"R@+i
19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for nocturnal raids in the forest. .L=C7 w1
A. illegal B. night-time C. brutal D. abusive k:yrh:JhB
20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avidfondness for the limelight. .4%6_`E
A. mercurial B. gallant C. ardent D. frugal Fo;
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Ⅲ Cloze (10 points ) '-2|GX_
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Directions: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I. 8h{;*Wr-
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Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, __21__ into a hobby and lately has __22__ into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates __23__ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep __24__ of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they __25__ that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and __26__. Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo. UNhM:!A
During 1994, they __27__ yahoo into a customized database designed to __28__ the needs of the thousands of users __29__ began to use the service through the closely __30__ Internet community. They developed customized software to help them __31__ locate, identify and edit material __32__ on the Internet. The name Yahoo is __33__ to stand for “Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Orale”, but Filo and Yang insist they selected the __34__ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first __35__ on Yang's workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was __36__ on Filo's computer, “Konishiki”. >U#j\2!
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In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files __37__ to larger computers __38__ at Netscape. As a result Stanford's computer network returned to __39__, and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo __40__ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web. /8[T2Z!
21. A. became B. grew C. turn D. intend [E:-$R
22. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned s g6e%
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23. A. in B. on C. about D. for +V,Ld&r
24. A. touch B. contact C. track D. record KKGwMJku}
25. A. founded B. found C. argued D. reported ;yDXo\g
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26. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D. invaluable Y}hz UKJ
27. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted ;Ebpf J
28. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate EWp'zbWP
29. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly &aWY{ ?_
30. A. relative B. interactive C. bound D. contacted |7:{vA5
31. A. fluently B. efficiently C. exactly D. actually Jh`6@d
32. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D. stored vy{YGT
33. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed kOLS<>.
34. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand J%ue{PL7
35. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched a^MR"i
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36. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked -^<`v{}
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37. A. over B. away C. inside D. beneath }c;h:CE#
38. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. hidden 5c+7c@.
39. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal +Heen3
40. A. attains B. detains C. maintains D. contains [0-zJy|,
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Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (20 points) @V5'+^O
Directions: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET I. CJ
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Passage 1 ;WpPdR2
Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break habits. o]@g%_3X
One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Guthrie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity. hR3Pa'/i
The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements are awkward and they lack fine motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' etters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters within the larger bordens, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills. WX9pJ9d
The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, give them a large stack of paper, and tell him to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes. "
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Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun. /DQcM.3
The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask the students to find interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students. >`'>,n|
In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, and debates, in an attempt to involve students and raise their interest in the course. dwt<s[k
41. The purpose of this passage is to ________. `L<)9*
A. inform B. persuade C. debate D. narrate c&T14!lfn
42. Guthrie identified three methods for ________. 3`aJ"qQE
A. educating students B. altering bad habits tXIre-. 2}
C. avoiding undesired action D. forming good hobbies 6lc/_&0
43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method? Pf]O'G&F
A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food that the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it. PX1Scvi
B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored. .DkDMg1US
C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting. n! (g<"
D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fun by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys. iAlFgOk'
44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time, watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snacking. What method is used in this example? e[@
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A. The threshold method. B. The fatigue method.
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C. The incompatible response method. D. The punishment method. K!9rH>`\
45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that ________. 9/k?Lv
A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhausted jdY v*/^
B. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they cannot be performed simultaneously db!2nImNu\
C. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing it m&Mvb[
D. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted response r_Rjjo
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Passage 2 @zJ#16Vi
The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive. B|O/h!H.
Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing results. 1LjYV
Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising. XfxNyZsy&>
General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. “Nova” is Latin for “new(star)” and means “star” in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like “nova”, meaning “it doesn't go”. Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales “picked up” dramatically. vN7ihe[C
Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant” (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”. 7,e=|%7.
When translated into German, Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”. No wonder customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi. MQ>vHapr
Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good translations—other aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders. }#
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When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market. S@7A)
For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries. t
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Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions. &T}v1c7)
The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called “back translation” to reduce the possibility of blunders. P
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The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings. _V{WXsOx(
In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple. BsB}noN}
They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another. 2+GF:[$
46. The best title of this passage might be ______. hP,1;`[1
A. Culture Is Very Important in Advertising #IBBaxOk
B. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations
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C. Overcome Cultural Sock in Different Countries %1HW
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D. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles eOn,`B1
47. What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage? oT|E\wj
A. hesitation B. mistake C. stutter D. default 3Uag[ms
48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6? XE$eHx3;
A. Cultural shocks B. Faulty translations _ksp;kH?)
C. Avoid cultural oversights D. Prevent blunders r 'j
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49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “camellia” most probably mean ______. fJE ki>1
A. an animal used in perfume for its smell $zmES tcm
B. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals {b<8Z*4W
C. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funerals ?o.G@-
D. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals jQ`"Op 3
50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to ______. A. fire the translators who don't know the target language ?$n<