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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 \%A%s*1  
一、代词 , c;eN  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 t+TYb#Tc  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 6oL1_)  
  主格、宾格、所有格 #D%ygh=  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) u{f* M,k  
oFC)  
(二) 反身代词 8v92N g7  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 k|E]YvnfG  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) RW7(r/C  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) @y|_d  
} :?.>#  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  <,1 fkq>,  
    A                 B    l=P'B @,  
  a series of indicators that could help ljJ>;g+  
             C      RDQ^dui  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. KLQ!b,=q  
    D dZ(|uC!?  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 8<#U9]  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 4sF v?W  
tiaR4PB  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 {padD p  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 .p6+l!"  
a }nbo4jK  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies O>0VTW  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the i6PM<X,{;  
     A   B      C          D 6LUC!Sh  
  Pacific. V6a``i]  
LLAa1Wq  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 WMuD}s  
j|_E$L A\  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 }xb=<  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 9}tG\0tL*  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 Sr.;GS5i  
yfNX7  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined iZ,YxN<R  
                       A   4&^9Wklj  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and >v5k{Cbp0  
             B \' li  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. Yxd X#3  
   C       D dKhA$f~  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 5_o$<\I\  
h1"zV6U  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important )h$NS2B`  
        A     (&\aA 0-}H  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John /\d$/~BFi  
   B        C      !>^JSHR4t  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  f<jb=\}x  
      D L#h:*U{@40  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. k!XhFWb  
~4,I7c7  
| BU+:+  
(四) Who和which的区别 <I*x0BM=  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 V,7%1TZ:  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 4jm K].  
E">T*ao  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who 4g _"ku  
              A            B 7YIK9edP  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. Yn51U6_S  
   C                  D 8%{q%+  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 QGnxQ{ko  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 $\Lyi#<  
;-mdi/*g  
(五) that和which的区别 yWIm&Q:  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 |?m` xO  
/ONV5IkPy  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it E;\M1(\u  
              A        B (g8*d^u#PO  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. m7]hJ,0  
      C              D *e.*=$  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 CX/(o]  
<_S@6 ?  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 KJhN J  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, h=VqxGC&  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when ?^!,vh  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. Y Z}cB  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which Z)< wv&K  
n[+'OU[  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly (-yl|NFBw  
              A         B   3 pWM~(#>-  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. {Q (}DI  
         C      D lPq\=V  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 U..<iNQE5  
f_mhD dq  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  L^Wz vv]  
  affected the way people in the United States----. x!7yU_ls`  
   (A) living and working XJ\hd,R   
   (B) they live and work xh9qg0d  
   (C) live and work rs8\)\z  
   (D) to live and to work <lwuTow  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 %uDG75KP{  
I2Ev~!  
二、介词 ~hX-u8Ul'N  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 =yi OJyx  
+c,[ Q  
(一) 介词搭配 [[L-j q.'  
4cgIEw[6  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those =]>%t]  
    A         B   C      7} O;FX+x  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. L ubrn"128  
                D UPh=+s #Q  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 +++pI.>(*Q  
U@lV  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. W Ox_y,  
A       B     C  D tai Vk4  
分析:B错改为be rich in L:f)i,S"5q  
e- 6w8*!i  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the &y. dmW  
    A         B      C %vqT#+x  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. RXSf,O  
             D wq0aF"k  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 6].:.b\qQc  
Eu<r$6Q0}o  
@z,*K_AKr  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 wyQb5n2`;~  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 k=n "+  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. {U @3yB  
          A      B  C     D +<(a}6dt  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 qd2xb8r  
pM$ @m]  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has x mo&![P  
                 A  B     *g7DPN$aQ  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on otriif@+Z  
      C >{&A%b 4JF  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 4M`Xrfwm'[  
      D 5P+YK\~  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 G}Z4g  
wq\G|/%  
2、介词by qo;)X0 N  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by 8&(-8  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing &L3 #:jSk  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States .h8M  
    A         B       k|j:T[_  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. +VOb  
   C     D MUwVG>b8J~  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 h}6_ybmZ  
*x,HnHT  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils Q_}n%P:u  
   A                      ^ KOzCLC  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to 'lQYJ0  
     B    C       D iZTa>@   
   supply moccasins and field rations. <Cq"| A  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 0xP:9rm  
{j@+h%sF>+  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with jsm0kz  
        A                V/-MIH7SF  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements ~e^)q>Lb7(  
        B          C   Bbs 0v6&,  
  that are often represented at symbols. )% #?3X^sI  
              D i S05YW  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 j+0.= #{??  
三、谓语动词 LDX y}hm)  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 nKu(XgFv  
①、主谓分割原则 }200g_^  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, 1^sbT[%R  
     A     d+1x*`U|  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. ybYXD?  
        B      C      D D(@SnI+  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 JP%RTGu  
y4r2}8fi  
②、与后者一致原则 +{^'i P  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, B3 .X}ys#  
not only…but also 2%]t3\XW  
PHQcst W  
w= B  
③、与前者一致原则 )BpIxWd?  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, .S(^roM;+  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 VLx T"]f  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and C#T)@UxBZ  
     A      B  C     Ks51:M  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. Tz2x9b\82  
         D !,R  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is !8Y3V/)NU  
i _8zjj7  
④、就近原则 IY~ {)X  
or, either…or, neither…nor, Sn0Xl3yr  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are ID+,[TM`  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is -$b?rt]h1g  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 x6jm -n  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 $Q#?`j  
^Jn|*?+l  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are <BQ%8}  
        A      B        Lq%[A*`^  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. svF*@(- P#  
    C              D LuLy6]6D;  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 2-p8rGI_F  
x}uwWfe3  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 rT o%=0P  
There are five apples that are red. E8+8{ #f;  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 =SA 4\/  
20n%o&kG]8  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets $B*qNYpPy.  
      A            <.: 5Vx(Aw  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. FyQOa)5  
   B   C    D #cR57=M}  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 kWI]fZ_n  
u|(aS^H=q  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 (69kvA&|q  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. (2n3exx  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 wHq('+{=&  
;<86P3S  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 G1,Ro1  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: ^.nwc#  
a. there be 句型 9 Wxq)  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 JiG8jB7%}  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 T@2f&Un^  
cKaL K#~  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. =9#i<te  
   A     B      C    D    Lx9hq7<  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is T[`QO`\5O  
,"4X&>_f  
f J,8g/f8  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific 5;r({ J  
             A     B    !.x=r  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 G:H(IA7Z  
     C         ?14X8Mb8W_  
  miles in width. ,:\zXESy4  
     D  bvt-leA=  
分析:倒装句,are改为is H J2O@e  
H{p[Ghp  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and ',v0vyO8  
   A    B       C         s2,`eV  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film So3,Z'z=  
                    D lk5_s@V l  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. IFHgD}kp%#  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 CJ37:w{%*Y  
,58kjTM  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致 oW` *FD  
fifty percent of + 名词 Y+S~b  
one percent of + 名词 D(W7O>5vQ2  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: )[a?J,  
  one percent of my students + are {RWahnr{  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. ]7Xs=>"Iw  
3M5=@Fwkr  
这里要强调两个结构 `pn-fk  
half of =fifty percent QQ2OZy> W  
most of + 可数名词 + are l-JKcsM  
most of + 不可数名词+ is ?j ;,q  
8I|1P l  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been X]f#w  
   A       B         C   FL*w(Br.  
  found in central and eastern Canada. )@};lmPR  
           D 8wNU2yH+D  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 vFkyfX(   
_@}MGWlAPt  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized Y=#mx3.  
                 A   B  E,nYtn|B  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. 7kew/8-  
              C     D i(TDJ@}  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。  s`{#[&[  
)l81 R  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 Xj&~N;Ysb  
①、主要考察时间状语 "!4>gg3r  
XzTH,7[n  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. V-o`L`(F`  
   A        B  C     D lQ(BEv"2G[  
^?l-YnQqm?  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was j,V$vKP  
Z ~.]ZWj -  
MsVI <+JZ  
②、For和since的区别 WSX@0A.&)  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 mk3e^,[A  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 a(QZZq};S  
  I has been a teacher for three years. $9u  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. YnL?t-$Gg  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 T"0)%k8lJ  
M5bj |tQ4  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became #j ~FA3O  
   A      B              R5~vmT5W  
  the primary responsibility of the president. jgfP|oD  
     C    D 7)5$1  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 fbbl92p  
| 3/p8  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of -JW6@L@  
             A  B  C   M:q ;z(  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. 7bW!u*v-c  
            D y5tAp  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 oL/^[TXjH  
X;a{JjN  
Ej 3hdi)  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  u$ / ]59  
   A       B        C     D '-~/!i+=  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live ?01""Om   
"+ JwS  
(三) 谓语的语态 [";5s&)q  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 "ddH7:(k<  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: +g7nM7,1a  
①、prove av$_hEjo|D  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 J^a"1|  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; [<I `slK  
<UL|%9=~  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming #.t{g8W\C  
                      A   NB#*`|qt  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be YD.^\E4o  
    B                  C ~F6gF7]z  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. ~,65/O  
                  D JX<W[P>M  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 %4KJ&R (>[  
T1di$8  
!27]1%Aw  
②、Locate,Situate (`Mz.VN  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 +E[)@;T  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 ~,1q :Kue  
这两个词也可以用作被动 {EN@,3bA  
  My school was located near the river. }f'1x%RS^  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 ,#O8:s  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. j7+t@DqQ  
   (A)locates B\&Ka<r  
   (B)locating  6+z]MT  
   (C)to locate 291|KG  
   (D)is located \ \}/2#1=c  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 X($SBUS 6  
D.!7jA#  
③、表示需要概念的动词 * XGBym  
need, want, require等 ~l6Y <-!  
[![ (h %  
My watch needed repairing wO%:WL$5  
My watch needed to be repaired. v  |2j~  
O3: dOL/C  
④、表示人的情感的动词 +eXfT*=u5  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 <J`xCm K  
d~8~RT2 m  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 jtY~- @*  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 -=IM8Dny  
eR`<9KBH  
主动和被动技巧总结: L|w-s4L  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 ! fc)  
MT0{hsuK9  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the = h( n+y<  
                 A      D.`\ ^a  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, N2 e<Y_T  
                 B @~3c;9LkY  
  power structures, and flood-control works along i@L2W>{P  
                    C :5J6r j;_  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. >t(@?*ZFT  
                D I9>*Yy5RNS  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 |9eY R  
,eCXT=6  
四、非谓语动词 K6 7? d  
au* jMcq  
(一) 分词 Beg5[4@  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 )xy6R]_b  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 ~#\#!H7  
He3zV\X[Z  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ze)K-6SKH  
   A 7gcG|kKT  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. {m:R v&T  
     B      C            D gQ#T7  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning G9Tix\SpF  
taaAwTtk?A  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 _<Yo2,1^  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in MX,0gap  
      A               B   b%j:-^0V  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. P^W47 SO  
               C         D ] i2\2MTW8  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living [)n}!5fE  
%$| k3[4V  
Y3>\;W*?  
一些动词后面必须用doing zAJUL  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 +Ob#3PRy  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, 4+,Z'J%\[7  
 advocate, suggest vyGLn  
 delay, quit IQ~7vk()  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, e}AJxBE  
 avoid, escape(逃避) ;NeEgqW "  
 spend+名词+doing; g>P9hIl  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing ZY$@_DOB}  
BK SK@OV  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their vK`h;  
   A     B    C              D ,s&~U<Z  
  crops. @ibPL+~-_  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 /,$\H  
? 4Juw ?  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, %v:h]TA  
               A        B ^T6!z^g1h  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. g@VndAp  
        C          D D#}Yx]Q1  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing K(f LqXE%  
yUwgRj  
(二) 不定式 [ c[MQA0  
A. 动词不定式的省略 166c\QO  
①、help后面可以省略to /Py>HzRE:  
  help to do >=:T ZU  
  help sb. to do e`M]ZG rr  
Ilu`b|%D  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid RTBBb:eX  
              A      B   slvs oN@  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. Cf=q_\0|W  
         C     D ?i EXFYJG  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 A- C)w/7  
-<JBKPtA  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 ^H6d; n  
  make, 'qF3,R w  
  let, q&d&#3Rh  
  have sb. do sth 7e{X$'  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. J$9xC{L4  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians <*Kh=v  
        A               B K#f`_SCW  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition.  QXxLe*  
   C     D xD= qU  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know _Z66[T+M  
26#Jhb E+  
③、感官动词 &*]{"^  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe m{$tO;c/Q  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 :&0yf;>v  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 eMl]td rI  
L+~YCat|$U  
jo;uRl  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 Ei9 _h  
(1)表示第一人 QTjftcu  
the first woman to do sth. L_lDFF  
f5yux}A{  
(2)表示迫使的动词 &I}T<v{f  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do NB W%.z  
jq("D,  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 5h|m 4)$  
     A                 B    !&a;P,_Fb  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. OSa}8rlr'  
       C           D  j.;  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 c.8((h/  
(,Ja  
||=[kjG~  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 2B9 i R  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事  z _O,Y  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 ."IJmv  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 z#{ 0;t  
  be apt to do Gin_E&%g  
&SjHrOG?  
(4)表示目的的名词, S$jV|xK B  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 tM^; ?HL]  
固定的句式: 2JiAd*WK  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. _(oP{w gB  
the objective 目标 :Su#x I  
aim JO2ZS6k[  
goal X-)RU?  
reason理由 r=~WMDCz@  
function功能 %NT`C9][  
intension意图 MX!u$ei  
EjR_-8@FK  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing yn/?= ?0  
                       A  7Wwp )D  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. (C`FicY  
           B          C     D {W5ydHXy  
分析:the function to provide, A错 aho'|%y)  
H96BqNoO  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure K*R)V/B/l  
                  A       -}{%Q?rYj  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds ixIV=#  
     B  4S,.R  
  that make up various components of a living cell. _0'm4?"  
    C    D  Y{B9`Z  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 B{7Kzwh;  
"?apgx 6  
(5) 其他同根名词 yicO!:bM  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 -O|&c9W.O  
 attempt to do 企图 r<;l{7lY_  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 ;i<$7M R.e  
 ambition, ;mDM5.iF  
 be ambitious to do  bTZ>@~$  
 effort 0:Ar| to$m  
-O'{:s~  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation G 1]"s@8(  
  A                    B   TT'Ofvdc  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. vB[~pQ;Z  
          C       D hf;S]8|F  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 41u*w2j  
!C itzor  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great sU\c#|BSC"  
  A                   B   >A-<ZS*N  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. <3d;1o   
       C            D Rv=DI&K%n  
分析:efforts to register, C错 bF*NWm$Lf  
wZ#Rlv,3Wa  
_@Y"$V]=Vt  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 COR;e`%,  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 M :V2a<!c  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. oizT-8i@N  
(ab{F5  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 7KU~(?|:h  
I am glad to see you. /RGNAHtIi  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. L'l F/qe^  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. zrs<#8!Y_!  
-T7%dLHY  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 `-_N@E1'>  
It is difficult to decide. |g%mP1O  
EeB ]X24  
tAjx\7IX  
五、句子的结构 4[TR0bM%  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 [*)Z!)  
{XgnZ`*  
(一) 主语的重复 ,_D" ?o  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的 dt_e  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any 'Hw4j:pS  
          A      B      q@n^ ZzTx  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the - hzjV|  
          C          D pQMtj0(y  
  League of Nations. vfcb:x  
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 DdSSd@,x*  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson F[saP0 *  
o%[U  
2Vk\L~K  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are w5KPB5/zu  
        A        B  a{SBCy  
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. Ue*C>F   
    C         D fQ 7 vL~E  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 @*MC/fe  
S[,8TErz  
(二)谓语的重复  Fl3#D7K  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 W0XF~  
9!U@"~yB  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  J:j<"uPm  
    A            B     npp[@*~  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. `zpbnxOL$T  
         C   D UsQ4~e 4-  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 (k`{*!:1a  
|J0Q,F]T  
(三)谓语的缺少 G{9X)|d  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body gRJfX %*F  
          A     B    *[+)7  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. }_ mT l@*  
         C               D Bi3+)k>u7  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 x3p ND  
=Gk/k}1  
(四)主句的重复 ;8{cA_&  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 $gpG%Qj  
F^k.is  
DI|:p!Nx  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite !T,AdNa8  
      A         B        C   6\jf|:h  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. Q,h7Sk*  
     D %wptZ"2M  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 RW$:9~  
efP&xk  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow x35cW7R}T_  
        A   B       eP.Vd7ky  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. l`-bFmpA  
      C    D U$dh1;  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 V dS v  
] b9-k   
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided z+a%5J  
   A                     B  P|tNL}2`;  
  names for towns, only George Washington ENF"c$R  
      C :u8(^]N  
  is remembered in the name of a state. 0 [?ny`Y  
          D 4MuO1W-  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 |t iUej  
六、比较级和最高级 C; QAT  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 #rO8Kf  
65h @}9,U  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 |tR OL 9b  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which r_e7a6  
      A               uEyH2QO  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. km^^T_ M/  
     B       C           D AcI,N~~  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 9Y>8=#.c  
A1P K  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 N>(g?A; Z+  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. r<F hY  
     A      B     C  D #P]#9Ty:  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 g;$Xq)Dd  
ae:zWk'!  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere + dA,P\  
     A       B     C   D M?&h~V1OI~  
  is the grizzly bear. / XnhmqWm%  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 1+-_s  
c wg !j!l  
yaq'Lt`  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 p.+ho~sC,.  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 3^s/bm$g  
z'uK3ng\hH  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with Og=*R6i  
   A           B  CPg+f1K  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. =K{\p`?  
   C                 D Hwo$tVa:=  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 tmqY2.   
6s0_#wZC  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 gTA%uRBa  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 1hcjS O  
.U T@p  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 v3v[[96p  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 @as"JAN  
the taller boy Q#nOJ(KV  
sKlDu  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 G7N| :YK  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed [s&$l G!  
          A            B tv!_e$CR  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is f>aRkTHf  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. $95h2oXt  
    C          D =XXZ?P  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they hE h}PX:  
Ur*6Gi6  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 v@e~k-#  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, Ug&,Y/tFw2  
  A  B         C     !9xp cQ>  
  the Navajos form largest group. i\W/C  
         D ;vt8R=T  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 Yv:55+e!|  
z )HD`Ho  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, E*jP87g  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language 5 Kkdo!z  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the <Qxh)@ N  
o1<_fI  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many G#M dfKH  
            A      B         C Uh][@35 p  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. qu|B4?Y/CR  
            D f]`vRvbe  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 A]XZnQ  
&gjF4~W]  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the < P`u}  
例如:my best friends ",!1m7[wF  
Fy.\7CL>  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial yrR1[aT  
            A    B     C .-<k>9S7_  
  and banking center. ~q~MoN<R  
        D Uf,4  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 a<@N-Exr  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 P LueVz  
lEV]4 t_H  
FXs*vg`  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary b?Ki;[+O  
                 A         ahPoEh  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. c_V;DcZ  
    B   C     D KG=h&  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 Q_t`.jus  
FHC \?Cg  
七、平行结构 (<)]sp2   
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 LA`*_|}qcR  
Ovj^IjG-`  
mVR P~:+  
(一) 对等连接词 ,13Lq-  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 R%'^gFk 8  
单一式: and, or ,but J 2^'Xj_V  
相关式: both…and, not … but, 2" B_At  
     either …or, neither…nor 'z[Sp~I\  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as g]c6& Y,#  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, ?|39u{  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also |gU(s  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, o9H^?Rut  
IEzaK  
短语式: as well as ]Ei0d8Uo  
     rather than (而不是) B4mR9HMh  
     other than (除…之外) DrO2y  
     instead of (代替) /IM#.v  
|P%DkM*X  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 pi ,eIm  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  fF V!)Zj  
       A     B   >mjNmh7  
  but he is now living in Detroit. 2^l[(N  
       C   D ~>+]% FPv  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 tz&y*e&  
(4Zts0O\  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics 7K5P8N ,  
       A         B 7Ddaf>   
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford N+y&,N,  
  remained active in city and regional planning. P [k$vD  
          C    D  l!g]a2x*  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 kVy\b E0o  
(二)平行的内容 *7wAkljP  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 :"!9_p(,,  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of hc'-Dh  
             A         B   1M}&ZH  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, Z"uY}P3  
         C            D _X'"w|0  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. [Ts"OPb% ~  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 <&:=z?30"  
Y "VY%S^  
R?p00  
第二、名词单复数的平行 W[}s o6  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 HuV J\%.  
@-&s: Qli  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, >~Qr  
  A     B          C   _Y[jyD1>  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. PtTHPAKj  
                 D   5efpeu  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 j8sH#b7Z  
wX*K]VMn  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, 7H|$4;X^  
                   A         B =lu/9 i6  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. zdp/|"D!  
      C          D t2r?N}"P  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have bN3#{l-`  
<~)kwq'  
第三、时态的平行 J;prC  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated +Lnsr\BA  
                A     5P'p2x#U  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops :hI@AA>g  
                   B _Dwqy(   
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. yZWoN&  
          C    D WsD M{1c  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 ,do58i K  
8dlw-Q'S  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- Wn>@9 "  
  spread from its home in Central America and SM^-Z|d?  
  now grows throughout the tropics. .m`y><.5  
   (A) to be    (B) it   `~W-Xx  
   (C) the     (D) its 3<=G?of  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? Y1arX^Zb  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow QL$S4 J"  
1* ]Ev  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- 8x[YZ@iM-  
  commercially for their meat and eggs. 0= ="^t_  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised vhb)2n  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised 1HPx|nmE]  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 @;?T~^nGj  
PG]%Bv57  
第四、排列位置的平行 nJbb zQ,e  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. \-*eL;q P  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode b,IocD6v;P  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  Tb1U^E:  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes 8/"fWm/  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes Vj!rT <@  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 BQ jK8c<  
&''WRgZ}  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: : 5yV.7  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 O6].*25  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 7_# 1Ec|;  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 -ti{6:H8  
dz[ bm< T7  
八、词序的颠倒  a1j.fA  
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 gf+d!c(/  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 Xq4|uuS-O  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage ]/cd;u  
              A    B        b|5w]<?'  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. |7@O( $b  
      C       D    aV1lJ ;0  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 ,pB h`av  
B[9 (FRX  
<:|3rfm#  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 KTEZ4K^o=  
例:Certain types of computers work properly only $c&0F,   
          A      B     j'p1q  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. *U l*%! ?D  
    C         D MEiRj]t  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 B%\gkl  
l?*r5[O>n  
9PUes3"v  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 V,ZY*f0  
H0"=Vs,n  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were b @;.F!x  
          A   B     C    Zt E##p  
  in what is now the United States. kJ)gP2E  
    D v0l_w  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 D';eTy Y  
;,O fJ'q^  
所有的系动词分为三大类: xeTgV&$@  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, v$w++3H  
    is, remain, keep, stay, Cpx+qQt0  
    lie, exit(表示位于) H' J|U|  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 R UTnc  
    become, turn, grow, EqM;LgE=  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) yy(A(}  
?HR%bn gK  
第三种,感官动词 b*,3< 9  
    seem(好像是) DHfB@/ q#  
    look(看起来好像是) v+1i= s2$  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste v i {uy  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 -g`IH-B  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe v@u<Ww;=@  
    A               B     mgkyC5)d  
   to cause numerous deaths. NyPd5m:  
        C   D  "<l<& qp  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 ]7qiUdxt:  
)fh0&Y; R  
九、词性的混用 4Nmea-!*  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 S_8r\B[>P  
AZZRa69=  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 E20 :uZ7\  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; %%g-GyP 1  
^b53}f8H  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high OV5e#AOy)  
          A        B      if~rp-\P  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and MTmO>V&O  
              C ^9ng)  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. 7U:=~7GH  
          D |f NMs  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) {j6g@Vd6lx  
IL2r9x%  
|< N frz  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 elbG\qXBp  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 2a[9h #  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds KU2$5[~j  
         A       B      1VfSSO  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to g@E&uyM  
          C        ?'2 v.5TQt  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. QGPR.<D)B  
            D @)z *BmP  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 WEVl9]b'e+  
ve %l({  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's,  ^Fp=y,D  
            A       ;o >WXw  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of 6z]`7`G   
      B      C ~'[jBn)  
   urban Black people in the United States. 1"$R 3@s;  
   D ;z0"Ox=7  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 bs:QG1*.  
uRGB/ju^E  
x3;jWg~'  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 x@ 6\Ob  
表示时间有两种可能, DvJB59:_}  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 O*4gV}:G  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, 6JWGu/A  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 SW=aHM   
 wQw-:f-  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence N&N 82OG  
       A     B     M1gP R  
  were made while the American Civil War. qSR? ,G  
   C    D @e={Wy+Vm(  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 rr)9Y][l}  
8L{$v~+  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the tgfM:kzw  
   A      B           C    $~Tf L{$  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. jDJ.  
          D aulaX/'-_  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 WRY~fM  
T7ki/hjRb  
v2(U(Tt  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 u IF$u  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 *<?XTs<  
|9 x%gUm  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social KKV)DExv?  
                   A     !HvGlj@(|  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. `M,Nd'5&|  
     B   C    D $xQ"PJ2  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 | [p68v>  
OM1*Iy  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples *|@+rbjVC  
   A        B   C      5nY9Ls(e  
  easily under the stress of compression. H kSL5@  
   D (K <Z=a  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 NYGmLbq  
/cM 5  
U2VV[e)Z!  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用  7N!tp,?  
q"P5,:W  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine id3)6}   
    A         B /*AJ+K._  
  article that gives personal comments on current events.  bkxk i@t  
          C            D oo;;y,`8py  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 c6f| y_ 2  
wwo(n$!\  
E(7@'d{o  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, B{[f}h.n  
         A :U!'U;uQ  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings. ]z+*?cc  
   B      C      D Pb bXi  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 iTj"lA  
c*Eok?O  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 <jpeu^7  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; x%_qJ]o  
two hundred diligent students
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