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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

考博语法攻略大全

改错题常考要点 Yx- 2ux  
一、代词 XIM!]  
代词中主要讲解六个问题 [@!.(Hp  
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 q[6tvPfkX  
  主格、宾格、所有格 w2-:!,X  
  名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) j2V"w&>b}  
^;";fr Vw  
(二) 反身代词 nXgnlb=  
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 +T*=JHOD  
  He killed himself. (他自杀了) X?,ly3,  
  He killed him. (他杀了他) 2V6=F[T  
axJuJ`+Y  
例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating  8@Zg@>,  
    A                 B    K>=KsG  
  a series of indicators that could help hlY]s &0  
             C      CqMm'6;$a}  
  themselves to predict earthquakes. (@t O1g  
    D R+'$V$g\X  
分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ET]PF,`  
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 ?gknJ:  
(0L7Ivg<  
(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 pkW }\r  
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 \Wdl1 =`  
7Hghn"ol  
例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies C,*3a`/2M^  
  that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the !Tc jJ2T  
     A   B      C          D OT1  
  Pacific. l@;UwnI  
4@2<dw|*h  
分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 ` Aa}q(}k  
^!Y]l  
Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 d:Y!!LV-@L  
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 75@!j[QL<  
  Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 #@ClhpLD  
oRf.34  
例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined zD#$]?@ b  
                       A   AcZ{B<  
  the word“normalcy”to express social and dTV4 Q`Z  
             B k#eH Q!  
   economic conditions they promised the nation. LtIR)EtB]  
   C       D <WXGDCj  
分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 3,ihVVr&P  
d#-scv}s5  
例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important u Dtml$9rN  
        A     zd%n)jlwR  
  work is not poetry, but his biography, John f ZEyXb  
   B        C        Mi>!  
  Keats, published the year of her death.  ]=gNA  
      D fwF&V^Dy  
分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. -yP|CZM  
HbOLf  
O/XG}G.x|  
(四) Who和which的区别 9"W 3t]  
which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 "[wkjNf%  
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 5T*Uq>x0  
3_DwqZ 'O  
例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ;J uBybJb  
              A            B Sg&0a$  
  account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. lU\v8!Ji  
   C                  D Ub,5~I+`  
分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 T`zUgZ]  
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 mm dQ\\  
vVbBg; {  
(五) that和which的区别 +#RgHo?f  
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 *'-[J2  
@<TC+M5!  
例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it im-XP@<  
              A        B n8+_Uww  
  would affect society could not have been foreseen. gLss2i.r  
      C              D A{ a4;`}5  
分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 @oNYMQ@)d  
17E,Qnf  
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 Q)/oU\  
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, TpGnSD  
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when q/h , jM  
   I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. ?mp}_x#=  
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which )p`zN=t  
PL|ea~/  
例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly ?APCDZ^  
              A         B   pwg\b  
  reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. Jm`{MzqL  
         C      D D~zk2  
分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 iu iVr$E  
5v[2R.eT-  
例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has  NX&Z=ObHu}  
  affected the way people in the United States----. WB.w3w [f  
   (A) living and working 7P bwCRg  
   (B) they live and work >sGiDK @  
   (C) live and work gl~9|$ivj>  
   (D) to live and to work ,Ma%"cWVC  
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 -PCF Om"  
Oj>;[O"  
二、介词 RZ0+Uu/J  
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 A~ @x8  
v=~+o[  
(一) 介词搭配 Kut@z>SK  
G.~Ffk  
例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those ,R}9n@JI^Y  
    A         B   C      wz{&0-md*'  
  in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. 8^pu C  
                D KjK-#F,@  
分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 C  ~Doj  
/pWKV>tjj  
例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. &<EixDi4q  
A       B     C  D M%bD7naBq  
分析:B错改为be rich in |~B`[p]5H  
S|O#KE  
例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ;0o% hx  
    A         B      C %-L T56T  
  alternation of periods of light and darkness. MDoV84Fh  
             D [ ZL<Q  
分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 oml^f~pm  
c#Qlr{ES  
_2WW0  
(二) 最重要的两个介词 <m> m"|G  
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 \.]C`ocD  
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. eyy%2> b  
          A      B  C     D 8(]q/g"O  
分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 _~ 3r*j  
^@)*voP#G  
例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has Lb~' I=9D  
                 A  B     A&V'WahC@I  
  starred in stage, television, and film productions on |<JBo E]3B  
      C De\Ocxx  
  both sides the Atlantic Ocean.  63VgQ  
      D p: u@? k  
分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 y>c Yw!  
drJUfsxV  
2、介词by )B Z6QO`5n  
一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ~&D5RfK5f  
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 2L S91  
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States _opB,,G  
    A         B       7 b{y  
   can be performed from a justice of the peace. \CBL[X5tr  
   C     D t\O#5mo  
分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 *t`=1Ioj  
Ej<`HbJ 'Q  
例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils {6mFI1;q  
   A                      6%MM)Vj+u  
   could veto a declaration of war at refusing to n`D-?]*  
     B    C       D _pkmHj(  
   supply moccasins and field rations. 7)BK&kpVr  
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 Sc:)H2k`$  
Y]Zp[!  
例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with bQHJ}aCi  
        A                Y ^5RM  
  operations on sets of numbers or other elements a``Q}.ST  
        B          C   VP^{-mDph  
  that are often represented at symbols. vb$i00?  
              D J"fv5  {  
分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 Wqe0m_7  
三、谓语动词 Z& bIjp  
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 0NXaAf:2Z  
①、主谓分割原则 0e j*0"Mq  
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, -Zqw[2Q4  
     A     Y r8gKhv W  
   America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. . ]/k#Hv  
        B      C      D c#a>> V  
分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 +u3vKzD  
@1V?94T1  
②、与后者一致原则 9Yji34eDZ  
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, *enT2Q  
not only…but also @e+qe9A|  
nr%P11U\c  
FB O_B  
③、与前者一致原则 pZ 7KWk4  
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, hne}G._b  
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 l>pnY%(A  
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 4TcW%  
     A      B  C     p+Fh9N<F9  
  several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. ;e Mb$px  
         D :Y4G ^i  
分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is sd |c/ayh~  
XW*d\vDun  
④、就近原则 }LX.gm  
or, either…or, neither…nor, P]4@|u;=6[  
单数名词+or+复数名词+are !uhh_3RH  
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is p9eTrFDy?  
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 hho\e 8  
        如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 FeJKXYbk<  
Fb^,%K:  
例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are 4iJ4g%]  
        A      B        |qb-iXW=  
  amazingly complex for single-celled animals. t=n@<1d  
    C              D {QT:1U \.  
分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 Oma G|2u  
J!iK W  
⑤定语从句主语就近原则 Bacmrf  
There are five apples that are red. lv& y<d;  
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 03 ;L  
)"s(;kU!  
例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets c B7'>L  
      A            IR"=8w#MP  
  carry a supply that last just a few seconds. (?z"_\^n/  
   B   C    D xOc&n 0}%  
分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 &DWSu`z  
{Lvta4}7(  
⑥the +形容词主谓一致 K[9{]$(Z  
The rich are not always happier than the poor. G\ /L.T  
The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 Pol c.  
 7G23D  
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 9w$+Qc  
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: iuEQ?fp  
a. there be 句型 \_|r>vQ  
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 J\\o# -H  
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 01o,9_|FL  
3NgyF[c  
例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 6g'+1%O  
   A     B      C    D    t+n+_X  
分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is F vHd `  
>FReGiK$T  
RU,!F99'1  
例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific usI$  
             A     B    2-gI@8N PI  
  Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 &y.6Hiy&  
     C         u$mp%d8  
  miles in width. iFaC[(1@a  
     D  s%t =*+L\  
分析:倒装句,are改为is s F3M= uz  
x-@6U  
例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and + zSdP2s  
   A    B       C         `r.  
  Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film XnV$}T:?X  
                    D M7SVD[7~HM  
  presented on the five-story-tall screen. G>0 hi1  
分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 o'p[G]NQ1o  
!7aJfs2  
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致  7VA et  
fifty percent of + 名词 pn4~?Aua0/  
one percent of + 名词 } OAH/BW  
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: %Dm:|><V$b  
  one percent of my students + are K!_''Fg  
  fifty percent of my time is spent on working. L=5Fvm  
y7Sj^muBY  
这里要强调两个结构 {-)*.l=  
half of =fifty percent =Cj N=FM  
most of + 可数名词 + are K^+}__;]  
most of + 不可数名词+ is ?u_O(eg  
~F=,)GE  
例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been +a((,wAN2  
   A       B         C   ;B@-RfP  
  found in central and eastern Canada. d3K-|  
           D 3eP7vy  
分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。 ]<?7Cp P  
088"7 s  
例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized e&J_uG  
                 A   B  'or8CGr^p  
  in the United States are for foods and beverages. )NC kq~M  
              C     D q X>\*@  
分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 [p[C45d=<  
 y<A%&  
(二) 谓语动词的时态 rE&+fSBD  
①、主要考察时间状语 JW-!m8  
AV*eGzz`  
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. !_SIq`5]@  
   A        B  C     D  _F9O4Q4  
kw.IVz<  
分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ?\$\YX%/p  
q^k]e{PD  
S|?Ht61k  
②、For和since的区别 %1jApCJ  
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 aR~Od Ys  
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 <OC|z3na_  
  I has been a teacher for three years. /)E'%/"A  
  I has been a teacher since 1996. yL>wCD,L  
  I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 ,t=12R]>  
81<0B @E  
例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became hpVu   
   A      B              8${Yu  
  the primary responsibility of the president. Vdz(\-}ao  
     C    D qTl/bFD  
分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 0{ ;[k  
q"Z!}^{  
例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of mC}!;`$8p  
             A  B  C   r!7e:p JLO  
  the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. G]- wN7G  
            D T|&2!Sh  
分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 L!]~ J?)  
@~l?hf  
4Dd7 I  
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.  2m?!!We q  
   A       B        C     D Iu -CXc  
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live _\tGmME37  
9C{\=?e;  
(三) 谓语的语态 QF fKEMN  
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 oYG].PC  
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: dTV:/QM  
①、prove `=0J:  
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 $qx&\@O  
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; R;XR?59:.  
ffQ%GV_  
例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming  yq ?_#r  
                      A   ^!*?vHx:  
  to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be (&6C,O~n^.  
    B                  C Y,bw:v X  
  mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. x\Y%/C[Kc  
                  D FBGHVV w!  
分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 `FImi9%F  
K+` Vn  
NS l$5E  
②、Locate,Situate mF>CH]k3  
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 sQA{[l!aj  
  Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 9rb/hkX&  
这两个词也可以用作被动 f$E66yG  
  My school was located near the river. ?CS jn  
区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 '^l/e: (H3  
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. k"SmbFn%N0  
   (A)locates oPNYCE  
   (B)locating xae rMr  
   (C)to locate rI}E2J  
   (D)is located Ar sMqb  
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 LIH>IpamN  
)).;p_nLZ  
③、表示需要概念的动词 -aNTFt~|[  
need, want, require等 x 0  
EGwY|+3  
My watch needed repairing H/V%D O  
My watch needed to be repaired. ?E2k]y6<  
G 7)D+],{Y  
④、表示人的情感的动词 (W/jkm  
move, annoy, surprise, please等 0iX qAa  
1TQ $(bI  
He is so moving.  他令人感到感动。 tL+ 8nTL  
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 >`NY[Mn  
z K8#gif@  
主动和被动技巧总结: LO61J_J<  
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 dr6 dK  
\ b9,>  
例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the CES FkAj~  
                 A      24N,Bo 3  
  United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, N/?Ms rZw  
                 B iL 4SL}P  
  power structures, and flood-control works along !CBx$1z  
                    C  (+]k{  
  the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. uW nS<O  
                D 1]>KuXd r  
分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 l!AZ$IV  
gy =`cMS@  
四、非谓语动词 Bhq(bV  
<uTsX v  
(一) 分词 $Qy(ed  
现在分词和过去分词的区别 2FVKgyV  
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 uBE,z>/,;  
J$I1 *~I4v  
例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then , ;d9uG2  
   A Ba+OoS  
  struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. R-Fi`#PG2  
     B      C            D ewY[vbF  
分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning |%V.Lae  
qBNiuV;*  
②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 GC\/B0!  
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in I@S<D"af  
      A               B   \ QMSka>  
  the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 'j3'n0o  
               C         D  yY| .  
分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living &V:dcJ^Q  
/* O,T  
#] GM#.  
一些动词后面必须用doing rOD KM-7+  
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 Ur-^X(nL  
 mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, u=l(W(9=  
 advocate, suggest eLYFd,?9  
 delay, quit i@J,u  
 forgive(原谅),tolerate, Vx*q'~4y!|  
 avoid, escape(逃避) Ax^'unfQ:  
 spend+名词+doing; 1%@~J\qF  
 have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing 0 \#Q;Z2  
`@e H4}L*  
例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their 9>#|~P&FE  
   A     B    C              D 3-R3Qlr  
  crops. yn#h$o<  
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 u7=[~l&L  
kUUq9me&o  
例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, h0 Sf=[>z  
               A        B jyGVbno`  
  to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. yx2.7h3  
        C          D 6\ 3k0z  
分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing F&*M$@u5  
9^ r  
(二) 不定式 iW?9oe  
A. 动词不定式的省略 ~qS/90,  
①、help后面可以省略to MQ*#oVqv  
  help to do +*J4q5;E[?  
  help sb. to do vy@Lu cB  
%d0S-.  
例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid AuTplO0_rE  
              A      B   k^pu1g=6I  
  the habits that might shorten the lives. j>*SJtq7  
         C     D hPxI& :N  
分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 ge?-^s4M  
l,u{:JC  
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 CLfb`rF  
  make, ^,K.)s  
  let, 5{q/z^]  
  have sb. do sth z4641q5'm  
  注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. LH#LBjOZk  
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians [T]qm7 ?  
        A               B g u =fq\`  
  to know when to play various parts of a composition. eH955[fVd4  
   C     D KN:dm!A  
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know F[=lA"F^  
}AW)R&m  
③、感官动词 j{R|]SjW2H  
   hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe % `T5a<  
   see sb do sth. 强调过程 6Y )^)dOi  
   see sb doing sth 正在做某事 m=\eL ~ h  
#}7m'F  
~|{)h^]@  
B. 动词不定式的固定用法 *rz(}(r  
(1)表示第一人 Q(5:~**I  
the first woman to do sth.  qj"syO  
pt%~,M _  
(2)表示迫使的动词 XjZao<?u  
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do B"8JFf}"q  
Z*(! `,.bB  
例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 5m USh3  
     A                 B    +.#S[G  
  allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 3b)T}g  
       C           D Qv0>Pf  
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 iC|6roO!jk  
y~c4:*L3  
.V 3X#t  
(3)表示倾向…的形容词 {iIg 4PzrU  
  be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 h[je_^5  
  be inclined to do倾向于做某事 yp2'KES>  
  be lieable to do 易于…的 y)^CDe2xU  
  be apt to do -=[o{r`  
.`Old{<  
(4)表示目的的名词, Z>Kcz^a#  
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 _ /%]:  
固定的句式: :Bv&)RK  
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. {uwk[f{z  
the objective 目标 GkGC4*n  
aim "l[ V%f E  
goal :S99}pgY  
reason理由 M,_^hm7  
function功能 g?A5'o&Yu  
intension意图 iZ.&q 6  
*@G(3 n  
例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing 4-d99|mv  
                       A  g=oeS%>E  
  large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. yNqm]H3<MP  
           B          C     D =hugnX<9  
分析:the function to provide, A错 :rTKqX&"j  
mHI4wS>()+  
例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure k67i`f=  
                  A       nv_m!JG7  
  and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds vh. Wm?qQ  
     B  `b^ #quz  
  that make up various components of a living cell. "9U+h2#]  
    C    D `uNvFlP  
分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 MfNpQ:]c\  
~ F?G5cN5  
(5) 其他同根名词 0gv3v@QO  
 ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 "LP, TC  
 attempt to do 企图 QLF,/"  
 decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 +K$5tT6b  
 ambition,  fW5" 4,  
 be ambitious to do  ( E"&UC[  
 effort Q*09 E  
<K D H  
例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ]= ?X*,'  
  A                    B   1qm/{>a-  
  catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 097Fvt=#  
          C       D JAGi""3HG  
分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 g{g`YvLu^  
RsqRR`|X?  
例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great B B2_J=wA  
  A                   B   x38SSzG:L  
  efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. >u9id>+  
       C            D O3^98n2  
分析:efforts to register, C错 u"`5  
:DOr!PNA  
4c5^7";P  
C. 动词不定式的其他用法 UC8vR>e\  
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 JYZ2k=zh  
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. +8LM~voB  
ttK,((=@  
(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 b34zhZ  
I am glad to see you. c&E*KfOG  
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. /#-,R,Q  
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. i&A{L}eCr:  
tj#=%m?8V;  
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 :[y]p7;{f  
It is difficult to decide. Y5n z?a  
$Nj'OJSj%  
JfI aOhKs]  
五、句子的结构 qg^(w fI  
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 [MV`pF)x  
ggerh#  
(一) 主语的重复 r/UYC"K3  
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的  l\K%  
例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any kR<xtHW  
          A      B      NzjMk4t  
  compromises concerning the establishment of the gJ]Cq/gC  
          C          D ]XmQ]Yit  
  League of Nations. "V:   
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 ?RZq =5Um&  
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson /6Y0q9  
77+ | #< J  
[?;`x&y~y  
例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are X 7e>Z)l  
        A        B  6kP7   
  lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. }$^]dn@  
    C         D VMaS;)0f@  
分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 6_W<hevI  
>NJjS8f5  
(二)谓语的重复 EY So=  
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 ^&C&~}Zv  
3.(. *>  
例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of  | @uq()  
    A            B    Y [4vRzc  
  one or more sentences related to the same idea. 6 4?Pfir6  
         C   D `GP Q((la  
分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 iOl% -Y  
:*#rRQ>t  
(三)谓语的缺少 o1e4.-xI  
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body >J.Qm0TY(  
          A     B    \xF;{}v  
  temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. Ah*wQow  
         C               D R_7 6W&  
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 Z*h43  
C9o$9 l+B  
(四)主句的重复 Ky * DfQA  
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ~xw 5\Y^  
K|US~Hgv  
F#B5sLNb  
例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite U{"f.Z:Ydo  
      A         B        C   ) 9MrdVNv  
  they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die. NaF(\j  
     D '5AvT: ^u  
分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 l^ARW E  
6p#g0t  
例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow cs t&0  
        A   B       inZi3@h)T  
  sweeps across the face of the Earth. ALfiR(!  
      C    D ka#K [qI  
分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 6%E~p0)i%  
k}HQq_Y(<  
例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided U,'EF[t  
   A                     B  D; jK/2  
  names for towns, only George Washington U-eI\Lu  
      C 0Qp[\ia  
  is remembered in the name of a state. Y87XLvig}  
          D \"'\MA  
分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 ;gUXvx~~r  
六、比较级和最高级 Pxqiv9D<R  
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 ;\x~'@  
L7}i q0  
(一)    比较级或最高级形式上的重复 :Jk33 N4y0  
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 3{e'YD~hP  
      A               @o&Ytd;i  
  involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. [Tp%"f1  
     B       C           D w.uK?A>W,  
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 DvYwCgLR  
4-V)_U#8  
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 3cixQzb}u  
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. 3;l" =#5  
     A      B     C  D /zT`Y=1  
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 Sy  
AF$\WWrB  
例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere DW|vMpU]u  
     A       B     C   D 2+:'0Krc  
  is the grizzly bear. OKAkl  
分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 u-szt ?O|  
41yOXy ;~l  
^A!$i$NON  
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 smup,RNZRX  
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 utH%y\NMF|  
[l*;E f,  
例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with >DP:GcTG  
   A           B  >1ZJ{se  
  concepts of time and space than stage directors can. [s}/nu~U  
   C                 D WYszk ,E  
分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 N4wA#\-  
w z=z?AZW  
(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 ;#/0b{XFj  
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 78]gt J  
jg_n7  
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 S_\ F  
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 nIBFk?)6  
the taller boy ]tY:,Mfs  
6ep>hS4A&  
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 !9 f4R/ ?  
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed 8\Hr5FqB(  
          A            B 1mH\k5xu  
  prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is > 0.W`j(s  
  abundant, and humidity is moderate. 4!%F\c46  
    C          D zwr\:Hu4  
分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they XUmR{A  
lddp^ #f  
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 XsL#;a C  
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, JhX=l-?  
  A  B         C     VKW|kU7Cs$  
  the Navajos form largest group. T ):SGW  
         D zp4W'8  
分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 x0Z5zV9  
YZE.@Rz  
陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, %*W<vu>H  
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language ^gYD*K!*  
    另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the ~cqryr9  
z`U Ukl}T  
例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many '2nqHX D  
            A      B         C N1x@-/xa|  
  countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. m,_d^  
            D <@uOCRb V  
分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 vkcRm`.  
0q6I;$H  
陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the B'weok  
例如:my best friends tE"Si<[]H$  
]v29 Rx  
例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial 'Kbl3fUF  
            A    B     C Is.WZY a  
  and banking center. !<n"6KA.  
        D z/]q)`G  
分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 buMq F-j  
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 C"w {\ &R  
1np^(['ih  
TMVryb  
例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary yL1bS|@  
                 A         s0W2?!>)  
  formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. =VP=|g  
    B   C     D JXU2CyMY  
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 jE/oA<^  
x"4%(xBu  
七、平行结构 r/:%}(7;  
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 'r} fZ  
XvGA|Ekf<  
nCxAQ|P?  
(一) 对等连接词 Ug"rJMZG  
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 g!J0L7 i|  
单一式: and, or ,but eC`pnE  
相关式: both…and, not … but, z3 ?\:Yz  
     either …or, neither…nor {rH9grb  
     the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as KLQ!b,=q  
     such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, n \G Ry'  
     not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also &jQ?v@|1c  
     not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, &xS a7FY  
tiaR4PB  
短语式: as well as {padD p  
     rather than (而不是) P`SnavQBt  
     other than (除…之外) ]]iPEm"@  
     instead of (代替) o|8`>!hF  
V64L,u#`l  
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 1(dj[3Mt  
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,  $ 17 su')  
       A     B   ]Yyia.B  
  but he is now living in Detroit. |;vi*u  
       C   D K`KLC.j  
分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 v90T{1+M|4  
Ukphd$3J=  
例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics VHUW]8We  
       A         B &XLD S=j  
  as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford wsfd8T4  
  remained active in city and regional planning. |QZ 58)>  
          C    D  zsl,,gk9Y  
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 fZWGn6$   
(二)平行的内容 TCVl8)j  
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 j -O2aL  
例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of = bt]JRU  
             A         B   ]dPZ.r  
  an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, deX5yrvOie  
         C            D wo^Sy41bF  
  or yearly periods of light and darkness. T3&`<%,f  
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 UHO_Z  
xyHejE}  
vP-M,4c  
第二、名词单复数的平行 rw%l*xgX  
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 i, nD5 @#  
VDEv>u4  
例:The main advertising media include direct mail, j8,n7!G  
  A     B          C   `(4pu6uT  
  radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. J]/}ojW3  
                 D   lT8\}hNI+  
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 L):U"M>]=  
5"Kx9n|  
例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ?[)S7\rP  
                   A         B d4^`}6@  
  and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. vxlOh.a|/L  
      C          D -C7FuD[Xw  
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have %kI} [6J_  
[pOg'  
第三、时态的平行 /L=(^k=a.;  
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated F 8yF  
                A     p QE)p  
  with the imagist movement , but later develops x ,/TXTZ6  
                   B YrI|gz)  
  her own thyme patterns and verse forms. 5CYo7mJ6+  
          C    D &M&{yc*%  
分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 i\}:hU-U  
MEZ{j%-a  
例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- d 4{FDqto  
  spread from its home in Central America and dXvt6kF  
  now grows throughout the tropics. yOXO)u1n  
   (A) to be    (B) it   9> *c_  
   (C) the     (D) its l)8&Ip  
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? ReB7vpd  
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow |cbd6e{!  
f|3q^wjs  
例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- C9tb\?#  
  commercially for their meat and eggs.  SOh-,c\C  
   (A) raised   (B) and are raised !|{IVm/J  
   (C) raised as  (D) are raised {a q9i  
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 @uleyB  
s&PM,BFf  
第四、排列位置的平行 cSD{$B:  
例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. <-C!;Ce{  
   (A) Not only does rust corrode ^JeMuU  
   (B) Not only rust corrodes  eQN.sl5  
   (C) Rust, which not only corrodes a' FN 3  
   (D) Rust not only corrodes ~hX-u8Ul'N  
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 }7/e8 O2  
sa-9$},z4  
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: m\0cE1fir  
 1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 rGwIcx(%  
 2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 S'i;xL>  
 3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 bY8GA  
zQ)+/e(8  
八、词序的颠倒 jZ9[=?   
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 Iin#Wd-/  
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 U@lV  
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage W Ox_y,  
              A    B        F 1W+o?B  
  that can be given to any individual in the United States. e- 6w8*!i  
      C       D    FvImX  
分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 )m#']c:rg  
+oy*Kxs7  
)iE"Tl  
(二) 副词+形容词+名词 T_hV%   
例:Certain types of computers work properly only \_ow9vU  
          A      B     pdz'!I  
  in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. V|?WF&  
    C         D sg?@qc=g  
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 >M4"|W U_  
&a #GXf  
/=T"=bP#/  
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 4<gJ2a3  
(F5ttQPh  
例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were MOZu .NmO  
          A   B     C   Jq1 n0O  
  in what is now the United States. VWa|Y@Dc]  
    D R } %8s*  
分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 {8CWWfHCD  
z^`]7 i  
所有的系动词分为三大类: PdE>@0X?M  
第一种:表示保持某种状态, Mtp%co)f  
    is, remain, keep, stay, 6Z c)0I'  
    lie, exit(表示位于) "'{OIP  
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 j$P I,`  
    become, turn, grow, /tC9G@Hl  
    get (It is getting warmer and warmer) gxM[V>[  
;'1Apy  
第三种,感官动词 TA;,>f*  
    seem(好像是) n2'|.y}Um:  
    look(看起来好像是) qi\n]I  
    feel, sound, appear, smell, taste n7iE8SK|k  
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 I:&# U$  
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe ,)$Wm-  
    A               B     Gpu_=9vzv  
   to cause numerous deaths. %$9:e J?  
        C   D  (,tHL  
分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 w%u5<  
K%2I  
九、词性的混用 ,"H?hF Q  
词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 H m8y]>$  
4*8&[b  
(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 )E~mJln  
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; `.8-cz  
2Iz fP;V?  
例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high MB O,\t.  
          A        B      Rp4FXR jC  
  mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and <G9<"{  
              C  2}!R T  
  when they are in captivity they breed poorly. sL mW\\kA>  
          D $Sw,hb  
分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) UzJ!Y/5  
/&6Q)   
p XNtN5@FQ  
(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 ZI y(<0  
后面加宾语当然要用动名词 o@',YF>OQ  
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds Xv&%2-V;  
         A       B      2<m Q,,j  
  and keeping the soil in the best condition to Q'C 4pn@  
          C        7YD\ !2b  
  help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. i8eA_Q  
            D UL ck  
分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 7_7xL(F/  
1sMV`qv>  
例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, 8z0Hx  
            A       9?!u2 o  
   was concerned with the depicting the experience of Pgx+\;w"  
      B      C a YR\<02  
   urban Black people in the United States. CP@o,v-  
   D eoC<a"bJ>  
分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 U#iT<#!l2  
E4hq}  
nHE +p\  
(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 j}"]s/= 6  
表示时间有两种可能, ~V!EtZG$  
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 Le_CIk 5YL  
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, P mC8 2"  
考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 v  F]  
"3v7gtGG  
例:Balloon observations for military intelligence }@3$)L%n_u  
       A     B     %odw+PhO  
  were made while the American Civil War. Mi<*6j0  
   C    D $`ON!,oa  
分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 /Ql6]8.P  
$B*qNYpPy.  
例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the Qb@BV&^y&  
   A      B           C    >Zi|$@7t-  
  history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. HE9. k.sS  
          D 1LV|t+Sex  
分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 "sC$%D<oc  
_CHKh*KHML  
FLw[Mg:L  
(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 [ e$]pN%  
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 no eb f  
Q,ZkeWQ7%  
例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social =#7s+d-  
                   A     )tJL@Qo  
  work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. 3xc:Y> *`  
     B   C    D VG? yL2y  
分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 @oUf}rMiDa  
AEBw#v!,o  
例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples IO?~b XP  
   A        B   C      b=6ZdN1  
  easily under the stress of compression. *C,$W\6sz  
   D A{xSbbDk  
分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 O%r S;o  
lsTe*Od  
'5&B~ 1&  
(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 8Xt=eL/P  
&e5^v  
例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine Z3&XTsq  
    A         B 2d,wrC<'$  
  article that gives personal comments on current events. T1Ln)CS?9  
          C            D -Hl\j (D7  
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 9 &?tQ"@x  
&@Ji+  
6EW"8RG`  
例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, ulJ+:zwq$  
         A ZVCv(J  
  which produce sound from the vibration of the strings.  ?Vb=4B{~  
   B      C      D @DjG? yLK$  
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 GcU(:V2o  
[bQ8A(u  
(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 [xH2n\7  
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; m"k i*9]  
two hundred diligent students
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