改错题常考要点 Yx- 2ux
一、代词 XIM!]
代词中主要讲解六个问题 [@!.( Hp
(一) 掌握代词的几种格 q[6tvPfkX
主格、宾格、所有格 w2-:!,X
名词前面用代词来修饰,只能用所有格(my books) j2V"w&>b}
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(二) 反身代词 nXgnlb=
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时,宾语使用反身代词。 +T*=JHOD
He killed himself. (他自杀了)
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He killed him. (他杀了他) 2V6=F[T
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例:Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating 8@Zg@>,
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a series of indicators that could help hlY]s
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themselves to predict earthquakes. (@t O1g
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分析:D错,应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看,help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错,情态动词could 比can语气弱,表示较小的可能性。 ET]PF ,`
Indicator为征兆,这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆,后面指研究者,不是同一个事物 ?gknJ:
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(三) 代词的单复数,代词的性别 pkW }\r
在考试中如果代词打横线,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词打横线,应该先看代词有没有错。 \Wdl1 =`
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例:The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies C,*3a`/2M^
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing into the !Tc
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Pacific. l@;UwnI
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分析:D错,应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数,显然是错误的,根据习惯故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错,它指江湖河海中的大片水域,可用复数形式。 `Aa}q(}k
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Water作为水是不可数名词,waters表示水域,通常使用复数形式,作主语谓语动词用复数。 d:Y!!LV-@L
Work作为工作是不可数名词,work作为作品,可数不可数都可以,例如: 75@!j[QL<
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品 #@ClhpLD
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例:In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined zD#$]?@ b
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the word“normalcy”to express social and dTV4 Q`Z
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economic conditions they promised the nation. LtIR)EtB]
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分析:D错,应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的,故用第三人称单数he来指代。 3,ihVVr&P
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例:Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important u
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work is not poetry, but his biography, John f ZEyXb
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Keats, published the year of her death. ]=gNA
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分析:C错,应改为her。his指男性,显然是错误的,应改为her与后面的her同指Amy Lowell. -yP|CZM
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(四) Who和which的区别 9"W
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which指代事物或者动物,who指代人 "[wkjNf%
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物 5T*Uq>x0
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例:The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who ;JuBybJb
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account for approximately forty percent of the body weight. lU\v8!Ji
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分析:B错,应改为which或that。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。 T`zUgZ]
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例,解释说明 mm
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(五) that和which的区别 +#RgHo?f
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外 *'-[J 2
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例:When television was first introduced, the extent to that it im-XP@<
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would affect society could not have been foreseen. gLss2i.r
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分析:B错,应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句),影响社会的程度没有被预见 @oNYMQ@)d
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(六) 定语从句的特殊省略 Q)/oU\
Reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why, TpGnSD
Time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when q/h, jM
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world. ?mp}_x#=
way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which )p`zN=t
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例:Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly ?APCDZ^
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reason people take medicine is to relieve pain. Jm`{MzqL
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分析:B错,应改为main。mainly为副词,不能个饰后面的名词,故改为形容词main。句子中people take medicine修饰reason,定语从句引导词被省略 iu iVr$E
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例:Commercial expansion from city to suburb has NX&Z=ObHu}
affected the way people in the United States----. WB.w3w[f
(A) living and working 7PbwCRg
(B) they live and work >sGiDK @
(C) live and work gl~9|$ivj>
(D) to live and to work ,Ma%"cWVC
分析:选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。 -PCFOm"
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二、介词 RZ0+Uu/J
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分,而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。由于篇幅问题,我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题,在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有的介词搭配,这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过,只不过有的时候是正确的选项,有的时候重复考。 A~@x8
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(一) 介词搭配 Kut@z>SK
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例:The teeth in the upper jaw function together those ,R}9n@JI^Y
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in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food. 8^puC
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分析:和…一起,应该为together with,C错 C
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例:The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. &<EixDi4q
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分析:B错改为be rich in |~B` [p]5H
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例:The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the ;0o%
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alternation of periods of light and darkness. MDoV84Fh
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分析:C错,应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词for。 oml^f~pm
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(二) 最重要的两个介词 <m> m"|G
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏 \.]C`ocD
例:Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water. eyy%2>b
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分析:D错,应改为top of stagnant。on top of …是因定表达法,意为“在…上面”。 _~ 3r*j
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例:Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has Lb~'
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starred in stage, television, and film productions on |<JBo
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both sides the Atlantic Ocean. 63VgQ
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分析:D错,应改为sides of the。 sides为名词,the Atlantic Ocean也是名词,中间明显少了一个介词。 y>c Yw!
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2、介词by )B
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一种情况表示被动,be+过去分词+by ~&D5RfK5f
另一种表示通过……的方式, by doing 2LS91
例:The ceremony of marriage in the United States _opB,,G
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can be performed from a justice of the peace. \CBL[X5tr
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分析:D错,应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式,performed的动作执行者应该由介词by来引导。 *t`=1Ioj
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例:Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils {6mFI1;q
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could veto a declaration of war at refusing to n`D-?]*
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supply moccasins and field rations. 7)BK&kpVr
分析:D错,应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食,表示通过某种方式做某事要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。 Sc:)H2k`$
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例:Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with bQHJ}aCi
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operations on sets of numbers or other elements a``Q}.ST
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that are often represented at symbols. vb$i00?
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分析:D错,应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。 Wqe0m_7
三、谓语动词 Z& bIjp
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致 0NXaAf:2Z
①、主谓分割原则 0ej*0"Mq
例1:To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle, -Zqw[2Q4
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America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom. .
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分析:C错,应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开,主语the bald eagle为单数,谓语动词也应该用单数形式。 +u3vKzD
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②、与后者一致原则 9Yji34eDZ
not…but, 强调but后面的名词, *enT2Q
not only…but also @e+qe9A|
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③、与前者一致原则 pZ 7KWk4
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词,谓语用is, hn e}G._b
中心词在前面,谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致 l>pnY%(A
例:The athlete, together with his coach and 4TcW%
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several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games. ;e Mb$px
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分析:D错,与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致,改为is sd
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④、就近原则 }LX.gm
or, either…or, neither…nor, P]4@|u;=6[
单数名词+or+复数名词+are !uhh_3RH
如果把句子变为一般疑问句,也就是把be动词提到前面,那么变为is p9eTrFDy?
所以注意一点: 如果是陈述句,靠后面近,用复数 hho\e
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如果是疑问句,靠前面近,用单数 FeJKXYbk<
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例:The structure or behavior of many protozoans are 4iJ4g% ]
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amazingly complex for single-celled animals. t=n@<1d
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分析:A错,应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断,主语应该为复数,or连接两个名词时动词和后面的名词保持一致,behavior是用单数形式,因此只有改为并列连词and才能使主谓在数上保持一致。 OmaG|2u
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⑤定语从句主语就近原则 Bacmrf
There are five apples that are red. lv&y<d;
apples是复数,因此从句谓语动词是复数。 03 ;L
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例:A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets c
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carry a supply that last just a few seconds. (?z"_\^n/
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分析:D错,应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数,其谓语动词应为单数形式。 &DWSu`z
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⑥the +形容词主谓一致 K[9{]$(Z
The rich are not always happier than the poor. G\
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The rich 表示一类人,应该用复数 Pol
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⑦、倒装句的主谓一致 9w$+Qc
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况: iuEQ?fp
a. there be 句型 \_|r>vQ
there be+名词+名词,那么最近的名词决定其形式 J\\o#-H
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词,名词其实是主语,所以be和名词保持一致 01o,9_|FL
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例:There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate. 6g'+1%O
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分析:there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式,society当然用单数,A错,there are 改为there is F vHd`
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例:Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific usI$
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Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30 &y.6Hiy&
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miles in width. iFaC[(1@a
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分析:倒装句,are改为is s
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例:Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and +
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Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film XnV$}T:?X
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presented on the five-story-tall screen. G>0
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分析:D错,应改为films , 主语实际上是名词,应该与谓语动词保持一致。 o'p[G]NQ1o
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⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致
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fifty percent of + 名词 pn4~?Aua0/
one percent of + 名词 }
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谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系,主要取决于后面的名词,比如: %Dm:|><V$b
one percent of my students + are K!_''Fg
fifty percent of my time is spent on working. L=5Fvm
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这里要强调两个结构 {-)*.l=
half of =fifty percent =Cj
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most of + 可数名词 + are K^+}__;]
most of + 不可数名词+ is ?u_O(eg
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例:Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been +a((,wAN2
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found in central and eastern Canada. d3K-|
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分析:C错,应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语,作主语的中心词half当然表复数,相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。
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例:Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized
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in the United States are for foods and beverages. )NC
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分析:A错,应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意food用复数表示不同种类的食品,beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料,故(C)、(D)均没有错。 [p[C45d=<
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(二) 谓语动词的时态 rE&+fSBD
①、主要考察时间状语 JW-!m8
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例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century. !_SIq`5]@
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分析:Metal, aluminum同位语,in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状语, 因此应该用过去时态,把has been改为was ?\$\YX%/p
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②、For和since的区别 %1jApCJ
区别一:For 后面使用时间段,since 后面使用时间点 aR~Od Ys
区别二:Since 只能用在现在完成时态,For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时 <OC|z3na_
I has been a teacher for three years. /)E'%/"A
I has been a teacher since 1996. yL>wCD,L
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以,for three years表示一段时间,was 表示过去做了三年,现在不是老师了 ,t=12R]>
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例: Since 1921 the budget of the United States became hpVu
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the primary responsibility of the president. Vdz(\-}ao
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分析:A错,应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态,而句中谓语动词为过去式,其时间状语应与之呼应,故改Since为In。 0{
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例:Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of mC}!;`$8p
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the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years. G]- wN7G
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分析:D错,应改为for。since引导时间状语时,主句谓语动词为一般完成时;主句谓语动词为一般过去时要用介词for;而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。 L!]~J?)
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52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams. 2m?!!Weq
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自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态,live _\tGmME37
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(三) 谓语的语态 QFfKEMN
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。 oYG].PC
有四组动词是改错题中常考的: dTV:/QM
①、prove `=0J:
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的 $qx&\@O
尽管是被证明,但习惯上用主动; R;XR?59:.
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例:A majority of the reports received from people claiming yq?_#r
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to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be (&6C,O~n^.
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mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. x\Y%/C[Kc
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分析:D错,应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词,如果把D理解为并列句,不仅时态不对,语义也有问题,故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。 `FImi9%F
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②、Locate,Situate mF>CH]k3
这两个词可以用作主动,表示把…放置在…地方;确定…的位置 sQA{[l!aj
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置 9rb/h kX&
这两个词也可以用作被动 f$E66yG
My school was located near the river. ?CS
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区分locate的主动和被动比较难,但是有一个技巧存在:locate如果用作主动,后面必须跟宾语 '^l/e: (H3
例:The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint. k"SmbFn%N0
(A)locates oPNYCE
(B)locating xaerMr
(C)to locate rI}E2J
(D)is located Ar sMqb
分析:空格处显然缺谓语动词,故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾语,所以用作被动,表示“位于”,所以D为正确选项。 LIH>IpamN
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③、表示需要概念的动词 -aNTFt~|[
need, want, require等 x
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My watch needed repairing H/V%DO
My watch needed to be repaired. ?E2k]y6<
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④、表示人的情感的动词 (W/jkm
move, annoy, surprise, please等 0iXqAa
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He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。 tL+
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He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。 >`NY[Mn
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主动和被动技巧总结: LO61J_J<
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是谓语的话,前面必然有be动词 dr6 dK
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例:The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the CES FkAj~
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United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, N/?MsrZw
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power structures, and flood-control works along !CBx$1z
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the Tennessee River and its tributary streams. uW
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分析:A错,应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形式。 l!AZ$IV
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四、非谓语动词 Bhq(bV
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(一) 分词 $Qy(ed
现在分词和过去分词的区别 2FVKgyV
①、用于句首作状语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 uBE,z>/,;
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例:Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then ,;d9uG2
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struggled to establish its own economic and financial system. R-Fi`#PG2
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分析:分词作状语,主要看是主动还是被动,美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错,改won为winning |%V.Lae
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②、用于名词后面作后置定语,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动 GC\/B0!
例:In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in I@S<D"af
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the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands. 'j3'n0o
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分析:B错,生活在什么地方的人,人生活是主动,因此改为living &V:dcJ^Q
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一些动词后面必须用doing rODKM-7+
对于加doing的词来说,考试中一般出现一个,下面这些词都是要加doing的,请考生牢记。 Ur-^X(nL
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate, u=l(W(9=
advocate, suggest eLYFd,?9
delay, quit i@J,u
forgive(原谅),tolerate, Vx*q'~4y!|
avoid, escape(逃避) Ax^'unfQ:
spend+名词+doing; 1%@~J\qF
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing 0\#Q;Z2
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例:Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest their 9>#|~P&FE
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crops. yn#h$o<
分析:D错,应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短语作宾语,故将to harvest改为harvesting。 u7=[~l&L
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例:Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks, h0
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to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle East War. yx2.7h3
C D 6\
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分析:A错,advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing F&*M$@u5
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(二) 不定式 iW?9oe
A. 动词不定式的省略 ~qS/90,
①、help后面可以省略to MQ*#oVqv
help to do +*J4q5;E[?
help sb. to do vy@Lu
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例:A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid AuTplO0_rE
A B k^pu1g=6I
the habits that might shorten the lives.
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C D hPxI&
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分析:D错,应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确,如果lives后面有定语就可以用the。注意(A)并没有错,help后面可以接不带to的不定式。 ge?-^s4M
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②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个 CLfb`rF
make, ^,K.)s
let, 5{q/z^]
have sb. do sth z4641q5'm
注意get不是使役动词,get sb. to do sth. LH#LBjOZk
例:A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians [T]qm7
?
A B g
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to know when to play various parts of a composition. eH955[fVd4
C D KN:dm!A
分析:let是使役动词,后面不需要to, C改为know F[=lA"F^
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③、感官动词 j{R|]SjW2H
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe %`T5a<
see sb do sth. 强调过程 6Y)^)dOi
see sb doing sth 正在做某事 m=\eL
~h
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B. 动词不定式的固定用法 *rz(}(r
(1)表示第一人 Q(5:~**I
the first woman to do sth.
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(2)表示迫使的动词 XjZao<?u
一般考三个, allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do B"8JFf}"q
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例:Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis 5m USh3
A B +.#S[G
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth. 3b)T}g
C D Qv0>Pf
分析:allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geologists to speculate。 iC|6roO!jk
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(3)表示倾向…的形容词 {iIg 4PzrU
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事 h[je _^5
be inclined to do倾向于做某事 yp2 'KES>
be lieable to do 易于…的 y)^CDe2xU
be apt to do -=[o{r`
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(4)表示目的的名词, Z>Kcz^a#
一共有7个这样的词,这一条也是最重要的。 _
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固定的句式: :Bv&)RK
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth. {uwk[f{z
the objective 目标 GkGC4*n
aim "l[V%f E
goal :S99}pgY
reason理由 M ,_^hm7
function功能 g?A5'o&Yu
intension意图 iZ.&q
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例:The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing 4-d99|mv
A g=oeS%>E
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior. yNqm]H3<MP
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分析:the function to provide, A错 :rTKqX&"j
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例:The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure k67i`f=
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and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds vh. Wm?qQ
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that make up various components of a living cell. "9U+h2#]
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分析:the chief goal is to understand, A错 MfNpQ: ]c\
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(5) 其他同根名词 0gv3v@QO
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响 "LP,
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attempt to do 企图 QLF,/"
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响 +K$5tT6b
ambition, fW5"4,
be ambitious to do (E"&UC[
effort Q*09E
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例:For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation ]=?X*,'
A B 1qm/{>a-
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. 097Fvt=#
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分析:B错,应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的,故将名词explanation改为to explain。 g{g`YvLu^
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例:In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great B
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efforts for registering members of minorities to vote. >u9id>+
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分析:efforts to register, C错 u"`5
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C. 动词不定式的其他用法 UC8vR>e\
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作,属于将来时态的范畴 JYZ2k=zh
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock. +8LM~voB
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(2)不定式的完成式为“to have done”,表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生,这个完成式通常表示一般过去时 b34zhZ
I am glad to see you. c&E*KfOG
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday. /#-,R,Q
yesterday是一般过去时,修饰have seen. i&A{L}eCr:
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(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式,主动表示被动 :[y]p7;{f
It is difficult to decide. Y5nz?a
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五、句子的结构 qg^(w fI
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。 [MV`pF)x
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(一) 主语的重复 r/UYC"K3
名词+代词+谓语,这个代词永远是重复的主语,永远是错的
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例:Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any kR<xtHW
A B NzjMk4t
compromises concerning the establishment of the gJ]Cq/gC
C D ]XmQ]Yit
League of Nations. "V:
分析:代词he不是同位语,主语重复;如果是下面这样的主语,那么便是主语同位语 ?RZq =5Um&
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson /6Y0q9
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例:Two unique features of the Arctic they are X
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lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground. }$^]dn@
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分析:选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复 6_W <hevI
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(二)谓语的重复 EY
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完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语,往往改为定语从句 ^&C&~}Zv
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例:A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of | @uq()
A B Y
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one or more sentences related to the same idea. 64?Pfir6
C D `GP
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分析:B错,应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词,而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线,故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为从句谓语动词。 iOl%
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(三)谓语的缺少 o1e4.-xI
例:Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body >J.Qm0TY(
A B \xF;{}v
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be. Ah*wQow
C D R_7
6W&
分析:A错,应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词,故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成谓语动词。 Z*h43
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(四)主句的重复 Ky *
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主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来,因为它们都是副词或者介词,连接两个句子应该用连接词连接 ~xw
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例:Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite U{"f.Z:Ydo
A B C )9MrdVNv
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die.
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分析:C错,应改为though。despite是介词,后面一般接名词作宾语,而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子,所以改为连词though。 l^ARW
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例:Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow cs
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A B inZi3@h)T
sweeps across the face of the Earth. ALfiR(!
C D ka#K
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分析:B错,应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句,根据题意改为从属连词when或as。 6%E~p0)i%
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例:Even many early leaders of the United States have provided U,'EF[t
A B D;
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names for towns, only George Washington U-eI\Lu
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is remembered in the name of a state. Y87XLvig}
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分析:A错,应改为Even though。even为副词,不能引导从句,根据题意,改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。 ;gUXvx~~r
六、比较级和最高级 Pxqiv9D<R
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则,一共有5个出题方向,并且每次考试必然考两个 ;\x~ '@
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(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复 :Jk33 N4y0
例:The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which 3{e'YD~hP
A @o&Ytd;i
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom. [Tp%"f1
B C D w.uK?A>W,
分析:A错,应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级,不必再用most,这是最高级形式上的重复 DvYwCgLR
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(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用 3cixQzb}u
例:The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses. 3;l "
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A B C D /zT`Y=1
分析:B错,应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词,须在前面加most构成最高级。 Sy
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例:The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere DW|vMpU]u
A B C D 2+:'0Krc
is the grizzly bear.
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分析:A错,应该用最高级most,含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。 u-szt ? O|
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(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级 smup,RNZRX
改错题中,通常会看见than前面有一个原级 utH%y\NMF|
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例:Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with >DP:GcTG
A B >1ZJ{se
concepts of time and space than stage directors can. [s}/nu~U
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分析:B错,应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式,注意far, much 修饰比较级。 N4wA#\-
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(四)在as…as以及否定not so…as, not as…as的中间使用形容词原级 ;#/0b{XFj
as sweeter as, 这是不对的,应改为as sweet as 78]gtJ
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(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系 S_\
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①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词 nIBFk?)6
the taller boy ]tY:,Mfs
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②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以 !9 f4R/ ?
例:Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed 8\Hr5FqB(
A B 1mH\k5xu
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is > 0.W`j(s
abundant, and humidity is moderate. 4!%F\c46
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分析:副词的最高级加不加the均可, 所以A正确,从从句的主语可以看出,B应该改为they XUmR{A
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③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话,加不加the均可以 XsL#;a C
例:Of all the Native Americans in the United States, JhX=l-?
A B C VKW|kU7Cs$
the Navajos form largest group. T):SGW
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分析:D错,应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。 x0Z5zV9
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陷阱1, earliest, 有两种可能, %*W<vu>H
一种可能是early的最高级,最早的语言,the earliest language ^gYD*K!*
另一种可能作名词,表示早期,必须和时间的名词连用,earliest time, earliest ages, 表示很早的年代,很早的时代,也就是说,如果以后碰上earliest后面加上times, ages, 前面不用加the ~cqryr9
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例:The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literature of many '2nqHX
D
A B C N1x@-/xa|
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans. m,_d^
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分析:A错,应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。 vkcRm`.
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陷阱2,如果最高级前面有所有格的话,不用加the B'weok
例如:my best friends tE"Si<[]H$
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例:Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial 'Kbl3fUF
A B C Is.WZYa
and banking center. !<n"6KA.
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分析:C错,应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词,它的修饰词前面应有不定冠词。 buMqF-j
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。 C"w
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例:Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary yL1bS|@
A s0W2?!>)
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers. =VP=|g
B C D JXU2CyMY
分析:A错,are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语,而不是定语 jE/oA<^
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七、平行结构 r/:%}(7;
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构 'r}
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(一) 对等连接词 Ug"rJMZG
一共有三类连接平行结构的词 g!J0L7i|
单一式: and, or ,but eC`pnE
相关式: both…and, not … but, z3?\:Yz
either …or, neither…nor {rH9grb
the same…as;as…as, not so…as, not as…as KLQ!b,=q
such …as, so …that.. too…to, from…to, from…until, between…and, n \G Ry'
not only…but also(also可以省略),Not only +主谓,also &jQ?v@|1c
not only…but also(also可以省略)+as well, &xSa7FY
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短语式: as well as {padD p
rather than (而不是) P`SnavQBt
other than (除…之外) ]]iPEm"@
instead of (代替) o|8`>!hF
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考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的,另一个单词却不对 1(dj[3Mt
例:John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, $17
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but he is now living in Detroit. |;vi*u
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分析:B错,应改为from。“从某年到某年”要用“from…to…”这个表达法,不能用since …to…。 v90T{1+M|4
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例:Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics VHUW]8We
A B &XLD S=j
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford
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remained active in city and regional planning. |QZ58)>
C D zsl,,gk9Y
分析:B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半 fZWGn6$
(二)平行的内容 TCVl8)j
第一、引导词性的平行,词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行 j
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例:Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of =bt]JRU
A B ]dPZ .r
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally, deX5yrvOie
C D wo^Sy41bF
or yearly periods of light and darkness. T3&`<%,f
分析:D错,应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中,daily和yearly是形容词,seasonally是副词,故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods,三个形容词的平行,词性平行 U HO_Z
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第二、名词单复数的平行 rw%l*xgX
但是如果既有可数名词,又有不可数名词,可以不平行 i, n D5@#
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例:The main advertising media include direct mail, j8 ,n7!G
A B C ` (4pu6uT
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper. J]/}ojW3
D lT8\}hNI+
分析:D错,应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词,在没有任何前置修饰语的情况下一般用复数形式,并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可数名词。 L):U"M>]=
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例:The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture climate, ?[)S7\rP
A B d4^`}6@
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world. vxlOh.a|/L
C D -C7 FuD[Xw
分析:海岸气候只有一个,但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个,所以也是不可数名词和名词复数的平行;因此D没有错,A错改为have %kI}
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第三、时态的平行 /L=(^k=a.;
例:The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated F
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with the imagist movement , but later develops x ,/TXTZ6
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her own thyme patterns and verse forms. 5CYo7mJ6+
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分析:B错,应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时,与之并列的谓语也应用过去时。 i\}:hU-U
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例:Because the papaya grows readily from seed , ----- d 4{FDqto
spread from its home in Central America and dXvt6kF
now grows throughout the tropics. yOXO)u1n
(A) to be (B) it 9>
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(C) the (D) its l)8&Ip
分析:正确答案为(B)。空格前是原因状语从句,后面紧接着是谓语动词,空格处明显缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式,没有数的变化,因为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢? ReB7vpd
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播,现在在整个地方传播,now只修饰后面的grow |cbd6e{!
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例:Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ---- C9tb \?#
commercially for their meat and eggs.
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(A) raised (B) and are raised !|{IVm/J
(C) raised as (D) are raised {aq9i
分析:正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子,根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定要有连词这一原则,B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选(B)。 @uleyB
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第四、排列位置的平行
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例:---the surface of metal, but also weakens it. <-C!;Ce{
(A) Not only does rust corrode ^JeMuU
(B) Not only rust corrodes eQN.sl5
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes a' FN 3
(D) Rust not only corrodes ~hX-u8Ul'N
分析:正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知,not only也须置于动词前,故选D。A、B中的Not only位置放错了,C使句子缺主句,故排除。 }7/e8 O2
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对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种: m\0cE1fir
1、主语+not only +谓语,but also+谓语,正确;例如上面例题中的第四个选项。 rGwIcx(%
2、Not only +主谓,but also+主谓,正确 S'i;xL>
3、Not only +主语+谓语,but also+谓语,错误 b Y8GA
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八、词序的颠倒 jZ9[=?
词序的颠倒一般只考一道,90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向 Iin#Wd-/
(一) 先说形容词,再说名词 U@lV
例:The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage W
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A B F1W+o?B
that can be given to any individual in the United States. e-6w8*!i
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分析:B错,军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military,单个形容词修饰名词时一般放在被修饰词的前面。 )m#']c:rg
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(二) 副词+形容词+名词 T_hV%
例:Certain types of computers work properly only \_ow9vU
A B pdz'!I
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures. V|?WF&
C D sg?@qc=g
分析:D错,应改为precisely controlled,精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分词用作形容词,修饰它的副词应放在其前面,它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。 >M4"|W U_
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(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语 4<gJ2a3
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例:During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce were MOZu
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in what is now the United States. VWa|Y@Dc]
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分析:C错,应改为were scarce。表语应该放在系动词后面。 {8CWWfHCD
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所有的系动词分为三大类: PdE>@0X?M
第一种:表示保持某种状态, Mtp%co )f
is, remain, keep, stay, 6Z c)0I'
lie, exit(表示位于) "'{OIP
第二种,从一种状态转变到另一种状态 j$PI,`
become, turn, grow, /tC9G@Hl
get (It is getting warmer and warmer) gxM[V>[
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第三种,感官动词 TA;,>f*
seem(好像是) n2'|.y}Um:
look(看起来好像是) qi\n] I
feel, sound, appear, smell, taste n7iE8SK|k
enough修饰形容词或副词时,一般放在形容词或副词后面。 I: U$
例: The eruptions of Mt. St. Helens were enough severe ,)$Wm-
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to cause numerous deaths. %$9:e
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分析:B错,应改为sever enough。severe是形容词, enough放在severe后面。 w%u5<
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九、词性的混用 ,"H?hF
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词汇量的掌握对词性的使用非常重要,但是如果对出题方向有更好的把握,将会弥补词汇量的不足。 H m8y]>$
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(一)做表语时形容词和副词的混用 )E~mJln
做表语永远用形容词,绝对不能用副词; `.8-cz
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例:Giant pandas, which inhabit restricted areas of high MBO,\t.
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mountain bamboo forests, are rarely today and <G9<"{
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when they are in captivity they breed poorly. sL
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分析:错,应改为are rare。rarely为副词,不能作表语,故改为形容词rare(罕见的,稀少的) UzJ!Y / 5
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(二)加宾语时名词和动名词的混用 ZI
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后面加宾语当然要用动名词 o@',YF>OQ
例:Tilling means preparation the soil to plant the seeds Xv&%2-V;
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and keeping the soil in the best condition to Q'C4pn@
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help the crop grow until it is ready3 for harvesting. i8eA_Q
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分析:A错,应改为preparing。preparation为名词,后面不能接宾语,改为动名词preparing后既能接宾语,又与后面的keeping构成并列关系。 7_7xL(F/
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例:Langston Hughes, a prolific writer of the 1920's, 8z0Hx
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was concerned with the depicting the experience of Pgx+\;w"
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urban Black people in the United States. CP@o,v-
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分析:C错,应改为depicting。 depicting在此为动名词,作介词宾语时不加冠词。注意此处还可以改为the depiction of,但略显累赘,因为后面还有of结构。The +动名词,这个动名词其实就变为了名词。 U#iT<#!l2
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(三)表示时间时,状语从句连接词和近义的介词混用 j}"]s/= 6
表示时间有两种可能, ~V!EtZG$
一种是状语从句,由when and while引导,后面加句子 Le_CIk 5YL
另一种是由介词引导,如during,后面加名词, P mC8
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考试中往往就利用这个特点,总是给出相反的情况 v F]
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例:Balloon observations for military intelligence }@3$)L%n_u
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were made while the American Civil War. Mi<*6j0
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分析:D错,应改为during。while是从属连词或并列连词,后面接句子,后面是名词短语时,应改为介词during。 /Ql6]8.P
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例:Some of the most celebrated publicity stunts while the Qb@BV&^y&
A B C >Zi|$@7t-
history of radio were associated with Gracie Allen. HE9.
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分析:C错,应改为in。while为连词,后面要求接从句,而句中显然没有从句,故根据题意改为介词in。 "sC$%D<oc
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(四)对等连接词和近义的副词混用 [ e$]pN%
连接平行结构的词叫做对等连接词,但是如果出现else, also, instead等副词把这些结构连接起来行不行呢?当然不行。 no eb f
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例:Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam's interest in social =#7s+ d-
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work also was a loyal supporter of the League of Nations. 3xc:Y>
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分析:B错,应改为and。also是副词,不能连接并列的谓语动词,故改为并列连词and。 @oUf}rMiDa
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例:Paper is strong under tension instead crumples IO?~b X P
A B C b=6ZdN1
easily under the stress of compression. *C,$W\6sz
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分析:C错,应改为but;题目意思是在拉力的作用下很强,而在压力的作用下容易起皱;instead, 副词不能连接两个动词并列,but 的对等连接词和and, or的用法是一样的 O%rS;o
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(五)表示人的名词和表示事物的词混用 8Xt=eL/P
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例:An editor is customarily a brief newspaper or magazine Z3&XTsq
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article that gives personal comments on current events. T1Ln)CS?9
C D -Hl\j(D7
分析:A错,应改为editorial。 editor的意思是“编辑”,根据题意改为名词editorial(社论)。 9&?tQ"@x
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例:For centuries, music have played acoustical guitars, ulJ+:zwq$
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which produce sound from the vibration of the strings.
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B C D @DjG?yLK$
分析:A错,应改为musicians。music是抽象名词,意为“音乐”,不能表示复数要领显然应改为musicians(音乐家)。 GcU(:V2o
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(六) 只能用副词+数量词+名词;不能用形容词 [xH2n\7
nearly two hundred students, 这里nearly修饰的是200; m"ki*9]
two hundred diligent students