高分语法讲解 K"j=
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第一章 名词 Lo E(W|nj
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 {))S<_yN
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第一节 可数名词 Juqn
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考点一 单复数 Gj8[*3d
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 |#:dC #
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 J?quYlS
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) /3Ix,7
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 tO>OD#
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: a&
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1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes vLFaZ^(
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories i2a"J&,6O
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives [2 w<F[
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs 7h9[-d6
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例题: <&s)k
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. A='+tJa
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答案:A NU&
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应改为:Flowers 4B8S e
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 xCp+<|1
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(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic 5*wApu{2A
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pain. UG"6RW @
答案:A )Z8"uRTb0
应改为:Doctors {I9N6BQ&
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 akvwApn5
考点二 复数形式特例 O`[iz/7m
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 @>#{WI:"~
1.单复数词形相同 Ld}(*-1i
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 NM1cyZ
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2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: p17|ld`
basis-bases analysis-analyses crisis-crises <5ft6a2fQ
medium(媒体)-media datum(数据)-data curriculum(课程)-curricula tFvgvx\:
larva(幼虫)-larvae criterion(标准)-criteria phenomenon(现象)-phenomena I`"-$99|t1
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: /nY).lSH
clothes trousers compasses(圆规) scales(天平) savings(储蓄), xOVA1pb,
statistics(统计数据), headquarters(总部), $d2kHT
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: :
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goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) 18O@ 1M
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5 不规则的名词复数 j(Fa=pi
child - children mouse - mice louse - lice 9Q C"Od9H
tooth - teeth foot - feet ~tg1N^]kV
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6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 --
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例题: )BF \!sTn
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading ;Na8_}
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jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. -SQJH}zCT+
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(2) pAJ=f}",]E
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed ";)r*UgR{B
A B C I%;Rn:zl
feet. W>p\O9BG
D <CNE>@-f
答案:D 6C:x6'5[
应改为:foot q3c*<n g#
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 ",~ b2]ym
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 K,x$c %
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第二节 限定词 vQ:x%=]
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: 8lU;y)Z
1.之后肯定接单数: SW,q}-
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. NniX/fk
例句: Each of them has two books. #2Ac
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) s~'9Hv9
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2.之后肯定接复数: 9Tzc(yCY
these, those, many, such, other, zo_k\K`{@
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), MS{Hz,I,
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several ,]f) ,;=
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of l*QIoRYFW
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3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc sEoZ1E
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 ow-+>Y[qZ
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考点一 否定限定词no !IO&&\5
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: p:Iw%eZ:
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. ;JAK[o8i
No one is here. NV
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: t G]N*%@
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; 0o;k?4aP.c
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 fG<Dh z@
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例题: D`V6&_.p
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The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. :]EP@.(
(A) none E
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(B) no j0AwL7
(C) not >+L7k^[,0
(D) nor Ny[QT*nV
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答案: C P2O\!'aEh
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 HHZ`%
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Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when WmNA5;<Q
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Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. SBC~QD>L+
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答案: A
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应改为: No &0s*PG
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 X2LV&oi
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考点二 their等物主代词 ?5`{7daot
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars KyjyjfIwH
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 jKS!'?
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. 3EI]bmi~
这里用their 而不用 the \Yd4gaY\o
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例题: Q<1L`_.>
(1) F.68iN}
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten z"EWj73
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the lives. b;*c:{W)
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答案: D w763zi{
应改为: their g>yry}>04%
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 M1EOnq4-
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(2) ctHEEFWm
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any #jm@N7OZ
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specific way.
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答案: B >azEed<B
应改为: its I|T7+{5z
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 cJ2PI
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 Zw#<E
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 $''UlWK
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例题: bcn7,ht
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In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or VE$t%QT
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relating those objects. dlR_ckp
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答案: B uY]0dyI
应改为: is a set S/7l/DFb
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合
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(2) S3y246|4
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. >
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答案: D (O0byu}
应改为: responses 9!#EwPD$#
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few M*`hDdS
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注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 V|: qow:F
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) hKN6 y%
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) RRzP*A%=
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第三节 冠词作限定词 ?1w"IjUS
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 GTA
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考点一 不定冠词a / an t9` Ed>a
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不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: mb{q(WEPP
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university N RSU+D-z
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour Uk'U?9O
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不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). niWx^gKb$
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例题: C}Qt "-%
(1) 8xTix1u0
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever >>7aw" 0
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been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. tX?J@+
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答案: B有错 n9]
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应改为: puzzle. Le@?
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解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名 词puzzle 3.),bm
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Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a ^
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question of physiology and of culture. v3-?CQb(
答案: D有错 \_U*t!
应改为: day <[hz?:G"$
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day XA3s],Rk
(3) Dl A Z"C
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the K\^&+7&zVg
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nonprofessional metal worker. Funj!x'uE
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答案: C 5\S&)ZA@
应改为: still a practical *P xf#X
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 9L"?wv
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 euZI`*0
例题: 968^ "T#
(1) $?f]ZyZr.
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. `~nCbUUee
A B C D 61:9(*4~!F
答案: A hdg<bZk:
应改为: An emotion P)1EA;
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an w-FH
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If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine xb`CdtG2.
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chemically with other atoms. o#}mkE87
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答案: A 0b++17aV
应改为: an atom @p]UvqtB@
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an ^ItAW$T]F
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考点二 定冠词the q+%!<]7X
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: 4)nt$fW
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: 3:AU:
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower mz-N{ >k
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: ^ZVOql&
the first woman, the nineteenth century Zs73
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但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby rKIRNc#d
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: fTgbF{?xh
the largest city, the most advanced technology '!@A}&]
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: |^!Vo
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the development of the watch, ?Cc :)
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: ^O \q3HA_4
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun Bac| ;+L~L
在下列情况下,一般不用the: ArX]L$D
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: +wA p,Xr
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) y#e ?iE@
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the )f[C[Rd
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) ;-Ado8
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: Wl
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algebra(代数学), advertising, accounting(会计学) 07Y_^d
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: g-|Kyhr?=
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… MYu`c[$jZ
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: O!,Ca1N
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed jm+blB^%K
乘车的词组: 8W@dtZ,d
by train(乘火车), by car (乘汽车), by bicycle(骑脚踏车), by bus (乘公共汽车), 9BO|1{
by land(由陆路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) G
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on foot (步行), by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), Q!`)e @r
打球的词组: nfa_8
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball ?N`qLGRm
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. @o60c
例题: ot0U-G(
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Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. yYM_lobn
(A) it was the !*5_pGe
(B) that the u?H@C)P
(C) there was a drbe#FObX
(D) the ovB=Zm
答案:D f&f`J/(
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 .(JE-upJ"
(2) ;eP_;N5+J
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of */4tJG1U
A B "cNg
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Alaska and a territory of the Canada. $,.3&zsy
C D [#IBYJ.6
答案:D 40R"^*
应改为:of Bpm,mp4g\#
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 }M^_Z#|,
(3) z1
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The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to ) sRN!~
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nineteenth century. !;TR2Zcn
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答案:D o1Ne+Jt
应改为:to the nineteenth ix:2Z-
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the EN)YoVk
第四节 不可数名词 E2h(w_l
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英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 G aha Z
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抽象名词如: L7X7Zt8%
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: >ze>Xr'm5=
news(新闻), information(信息), population(人口), xT:qe
English(英语), music(音乐), management(管理), Rk}\)r\
enthusiasm(热情) work(工作), happiness(高兴) m
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还有表达学科类的名词如: [SK2 x4
physics物理, politics政治学, mathematics数学, TViBCed40
mechanics力学, statistics(统计学) bioloby(生物学) kZJt~}
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物质名词如: 2j2mW>Z
equipment(装备), chalk(粉笔), glass(玻璃), d#E(~t(^
grass(草), jewelry(珠宝) wood(木头) >/(i3)
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考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 -b].SG5S
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, YI L'YNH
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢), a piece of furniture(一件家具), $5ZR[\$
two pieces of work(两份工作) an item of news(一条新闻)
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2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 s;vWR^Ll
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice x*NqA(r
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, _Ngx$
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 hfJrQhmE
例题: &mX5&e
(1) /p[|DJoM
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and T+`xr0
A B C D (J6"
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trade. yTzY?
答案:C k\sc }z8X
应改为:advertising Ly#h|)
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 TX<e_[$\
词汇:barter: 实物交易 pem3G5
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考点二 限定词 It#h p,@e
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: &p/S>qKu#
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) |pfhrwJp
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 2#>$%[
例题: X=rc3~}f
(1) \[Sm2/9v
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear CQ@#::'F1
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image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. 1Z^`l6|2
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答案:D !!?+M @
应改为:little.
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解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little &