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楼主  发表于: 2007-09-22   

高分语法讲解1

高分语法讲解 K"j= _%{  
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第一章 名词 LoE(W|nj  
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正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容 {))S<_ yN  
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第一节 可数名词 Juqn X  
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考点一 单复数 Gj8[*3d  
可数名词与不可数名词的典型区别在于前者有单数和复数两种形式。 |#:dC #  
TOEFL考试中经常在不可数名词后面加了s,变为复数形式,其实这是再考你辨别可数名词和不可数名词的能力。TOEFL中还经常考可数名词是采用单数还是复数, 这往往要通过句意或者其他的一些指示词来辨别。 J?quYlS  
例如:various colors(various是各种各样的,后面当然要用复数形式) /3 Ix,7  
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下面我们会讲一下复数形式。 tO>OD#  
复数形式简而言之就是在单数词尾加-s,但实际上细分起来还有一些具体的规则: a& aPBv1  
1.结尾是s, o, x, ch, sh 的词, 加-es, 如:buses, tomatoes, faxes, matches, brushes vLFaZ^(  
2.结尾是“辅音字母+y”的词, 去掉y加-ies, 如: factory-factories i2a"J&,6O  
3.结尾是f, fe的词, 去掉f, fe加-ves, 如: half-halves, knife-knives [2 w <F[  
4.结尾是o, f 的词也有一些加-s, 如: photos, beliefs, chiefs 7h9[-d6  
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例题: <&s)k  
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(1) Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance. A='+tJa  
   A         B           C       D d3=6MX[c  
答案:A NU& ^7[!yl  
应改为:Flowers 4B8Se  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词可用不定冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语是复数,故改为复数 xCp+<|1   
pY!dG-;  
N' $DE  
(2) Doctor are discovering that there is a strong psychological component to chronic 5*wApu{2A  
   A               B   C          D Fr3d#kVR  
pain. UG"6RW @  
答案:A )Z8"uRTb0  
应改为:Doctors {I9 N6BQ&  
解释:表泛指时,可数名词用冠词加单数或直接用复数,因谓语动词是复数,故名词也用复数 akvwApn5  
考点二 复数形式特例 O`[iz/7m  
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这部分主要考察学生对特殊复数形式的记忆,作为考题并不过多的出现,但是在题干中的出现率却非常高,因此熟悉下列一些词的复数形式有助于理解题意 @>#{WI:"~  
1.单复数词形相同 Ld}(*-1i  
如: people, fish, Chinese(某国人), aircraft, means, series, species,sheep, deer, aircraft等 NM1cyZ  
2 ]DCF  
2.外来词保留了原来的复数形式, 这一点需要重点掌握, 如: p17|ld`  
basis-bases                   analysis-analyses             crisis-crises <5ft6a2fQ  
medium(媒体)-media       datum(数据)-data             curriculum(课程)-curricula tFvgvx\:  
larva(幼虫)-larvae             criterion(标准)-criteria       phenomenon(现象)-phenomena I`"-$99|t1  
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3.通常只以复数形式出现的词语, 如: /nY).lSH  
clothes       trousers       compasses(圆规)       scales(天平)       savings(储蓄), xOV A1p b,  
statistics(统计数据),             headquarters(总部), $d2kHT  
4.复数形式有特殊意义的词语, 如: : ,S8T%d  
goods(货物), manners(礼貌), troops(军队), authorities(当局) 18O@ 1M  
YHO;IQ5  
5 不规则的名词复数 j(Fa=pi  
child - children             mouse - mice                   louse - lice 9QC"Od9H  
tooth - teeth             foot       - feet ~tg1N^]kV  
wuIsO;}/9  
6.注意:有一些结尾是-s的词, 但是要当作单数看待, 如: physics, politics, mathematics是表示学科的不可数名词 - - i&"  
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例题: )BF \!sTn  
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(1) With the incorporation of jazz history into current academic curricula, leading ;Na8 _}  
       A            B           C `z3|M#r\;  
jazz musicians are now founding on the faculties of several universities. -SQJH}zCT+  
            D tp1KP/2w[  
P[rAJJN/E  
(2) pAJ=f}",]E  
Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed ";)r*UgR{B  
  A      B           C           I%;Rn:zl  
feet. W>p\O9BG  
 D <CNE>@-f  
答案:D 6C:x6'5[  
应改为:foot q3c*<n g#  
解释:feet是foot的复数形式, 不定冠词a 之后应接可数名词的单数, 故将feet 改为单数 ",~ b2]ym  
词汇:sanderling: 三趾滨鹬 K,x$c %  
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第二节 限定词 vQ:x% =]  
名词究竟要用单数还是复数, 与名词之前的限定词有很大关系, 限定词通常分如下几类: 8l U;y)Z  
1.之后肯定接单数: SW,q}-  
a /an, every, one, another, each, either, this, that, such a, many a, etc. NniX/fk  
例句: Each of them has two books. #2Ac  
You can read either book. (两本书你可以随便读一本) s~'9Hv9  
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2.之后肯定接复数: 9Tzc(yCY  
these, those, many, such, other, zo_k\K`{@  
大于one的数词(ten, hundred, thousand, million…), MS{Hz,I,  
a few /few /fewer /fewest, a (great /good / large /small) number of, several ,]f),;=  
one of, all (of), some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of l*QIoRYFW  
tW:W&|q  
3.之后既可接单数又可接复数: the, no, his, her, their, my, etc sEoZ1E  
注意:这几类词大多不能同时使用 ow-+>Y[qZ  
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考点一 否定限定词no !IO&&\5  
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(1) no既可用于可数名词复数前又可用于单数前, 表示否定意义. 例如: p:Iw%eZ:  
No flowers in the garden. 花园里没有花. ;JAK[o8i  
No one is here. NV :>a  
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(2) no与否定副词not的区别是改错题的常见考点。 二者的区别在于: t G]N*%@  
no直接修饰名词, 不能与其他限定词同时出现; 0o;k?4aP.c  
not一般出现在be动词或助动词之后, a, an, any等限定词之前, 它是否定式的组成要素, 而不是名词的限定词 fG<Dhz@  
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例题: D`V6&_. p  
(1) et@">D%;]  
The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is ---- clearly understood. :]EP@.(  
(A) none E yd$f cRK  
(B) no j0AwL7  
(C) not >+L7k^[,0  
(D) nor Ny[Q T*nV  
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答案: C P2O\!'aEh  
解释: 此句主谓完整, 据选项可知空白处需填入合适的词使原句变为否定, 只有否定副词not可以和is配合构成否定句, A、B、D 之后都需要名词词组, 不符题意 HHZ`%  
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(2) u',b1 3g(  
Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when WmNA5;<Q  
A                B           C d60c$?"]a(  
Frances Perkins became secretary of labor. SBC~QD>L+  
        D K6-6{vt  
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答案: A x9h?e`  
应改为: No &0s*P G  
解释: Not是否定副词应置于be动词或助动词之后, 且它与单数名词间需加冠词, 而no是形容词, 可以直接修饰后面的名词 X2LV&oi  
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考点二 their等物主代词 ?5`{7daot  
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1.物主代词是常见的名词限定词, 其后既可接可数名词的单复数(his pen, his pens)又可接不可数名词(his time), 但不可与其他的限定词同时出现(部分数词除外),例如:不能说no my car, my no car,但是可以说 My two red cars KyjyjfIwH  
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2.英语中许多习惯用法在表示特指时都用物主代词而不用the, 为的是更突出所属关系,这在TOEFL中是一个常考的点 jKS!'?  
例如:Manufacutrers of consumer goods often change the styles of their products. 3EI]bmi~  
这里用their 而不用 the \Yd4gaY\o  
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例题: Q<1L`_.>  
(1) F.68iN}  
A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid the habits that might shorten z" EWj73  
              A      B        C q~j)W$k  
the lives. b;*c:{W)  
 D Zb"jB$58  
a_MFQf&KV  
答案: D w763 zi{  
应改为: their g>yry}>04%  
解释: 定冠词the指代不清, 用物主代词their作名词lives的限定语更符合英语习惯, 还可突出lives 与people之间的所属关系 M1EOnq4-  
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(2) ctHEEFWm  
A liquid is similar to a gas because has molecules are not fixed to each other in any #jm@N7OZ  
      A        B              C x)_r@l`$ix  
specific way. 2QL?]Vo  
    D JCD?qeTg  
!9D1 Fa  
答案: B >azEed<B  
应改为: its I|T7+{5z  
解释: has是动词, 不能修饰名词, 且与从句的谓语冲突, 依句意改为物主代词its作molecules的限定语 cJ2PI  
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考点三 只接复数名词的限定词 Zw#<E =\  
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a (large /small /great /considerable /remarkable) number of, a variety of, a set of, a few, 等表示数的固定词组之后总是接复数名词 $''UlWK  
_C$X04bU3V  
例题: bcn7,ht  
(1) 7]Rk+q2:  
In mathematical terms, modern algebra is set of objects with rules for connecting or VE$t%QT  
        A        B        C (:n|v%  
relating those objects. dlR_ckp  
 D qnXTNs ?b  
n}q$f|4!  
答案: B uY]0dyI  
应改为: is a set S/7l/DFb  
解释: a set of是固定词组, 表示一套、一组, 后面接可数名词的复数, 与题中objects吻合 GW/WUzK  
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(2) S3y246|4  
At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response. > c:Zx!  
A       B     C           D 8wmQ4){  
^{[[Z.&R?  
答案: D (O0byu}  
应改为: responses 9!#EwPD$#  
解释: 短语a number of 后面要求接可数名词的复数, number前可加某些形容词如great, considerable, remarkable, small 等表示a lot of 或 a few M*`hDdS  
FM\[].  
注意 “the number of” 和 “a number of”的区别 V|: qow:F  
The number of boys in Class Five is 25. (五班男孩的数目是25, 后面谓语动词用单数) hKN6y%  
A small number of families are able to afford an apartment. (少数家庭能够买得起一套住房, ) RRzP* A%=  
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第三节 冠词作限定词 ?1w"IjUS  
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冠词是一个虚词,本身不能够独立使用, 必须和一个名词连用。TOEFL出题主要集中在a和an的区别,那些地方要加the那些地方不加。 GTA f   
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考点一 不定冠词a / an t9` Ed>a  
Nog(VN4I&  
不定冠词a和an后面当然接单数,a和an 的主要区别是: mb{q(WEPP  
a 用于以辅音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: a tower, a university N RSU+D-z  
an用于以元音开头的名词前(指发音而不是拼写), 如: an orange, an hour Uk'U?9O  
S>t>6&A  
不定冠词a / an与可数名词单数连用, 表示泛指 “一个”、 “某一个”, 有时还可代表一类人或事物. 在作表语或同位语的可数名词单数前一般都要加不定冠词(除非名词前已有物主代词作限定语, 如my pen). niWx^gKb$  
#>[wD#XJV  
例题: C}Qt "-%  
(1)       8xTix1u0  
How Native Americans developed corn is a puzzling, for no wild corn has ever >>7aw" 0  
   A                 B           C ^y Vl"/  
  been discovered, and it grows only where people plant and tend it. tX?J@+  
                 D XwPx9+b6j  
答案: B有错 n9] ~  
应改为: puzzle. Le@? /  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, puzzling是分词, 不能单独与a 连用, 故改为名    词puzzle 3.),bm  
(2) c0[k T  
Whether a healthy adult tends to feel hungry two, three, or four times a daily is a ^ 73=7PZ  
   A        B       C          D HJ@5B"  
question of physiology and of culture. v3-?CQb(  
答案: D有错 \_U*t!  
应改为: day <[hz?:G"$  
解释: 不定冠词a应与可数名词单数连用, 而daily是形容词, 不能单独与a连用, 故改为 名词day XA3s],Rk  
(3) Dl A Z"C  
Pewter, a metal with an ancient heritage, is still practical medium for the K\^&+7&zVg  
  A      B       C 9,WG!4:+W  
nonprofessional metal worker. Funj!x'uE  
    D D9o*8h2$  
答案: C 5\S&)ZA@  
应改为: still a practical *P xf#X  
解释: medium是可数名词, 在句中作表语, 其单数之前应该用不定冠词 9L"?wv  
a, an的误用是TOEFL常见的改错题型 euZ I`*0  
例题: 968^ "T#  
(1) $?f]ZyZr.  
A emotion is not necessarily aroused by something in the outside world. `~nCbUUee  
   A     B    C           D 61:9(*4~!F  
答案: A hdg<bZk:  
应改为: An emotion P) 1 EA;  
解释: emotion是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an w-FH hf  
(2) +^gO/ 0  
If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine xb`CdtG2.  
   A    B                       C or.\)(m#(  
chemically with other atoms. o#}mkE87  
         D +-ewE-:|L  
答案: A 0b++ 17aV  
应改为: an atom @p]UvqtB@  
解释: atom是元音开头的名词, 前面的冠词应用an ^ItAW$T]F  
)7AM3%z1?  
考点二 定冠词the q+%!<]7X  
定冠词限定名词时主要表示特指,针对TOEFL应注意以下几点: 4)nt$fW  
(1) the和可数名词单数连用,表示一类人或物,如: 3:AU:  
the fern(蕨类), the wallflower mz-N{>k  
(2) 序数词之前必须用the,如: ^ZVO ql&  
the first woman, the nineteenth century Z s73 ad  
但前面有物主代词时除外,如 my first baby rKIRNc#d  
(3) 形容词最高级之前必须用the(有物主代词时除外),如: fTgbF{?xh  
the largest city, the most advanced technology '!@A}&]  
(4) of连接的名词前多用the, 如: |^!Vo &T  
the development of the watch, ?Cc :)  
(5) 世界上独一无二的东西前应加the, 如: ^O \q3HA_4  
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun Bac|;+L~L  
在下列情况下,一般不用the: ArX]L$ D  
(1) 表示人名、地名、国家名等专有名词前, 一般不加,如: +wAp,Xr  
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英语), February(二月), America(美国) y#e ?iE@  
但是在表示海洋、海峡、江、河、山脉、群岛等专有名词时要加上the )f[C[Rd  
the Great Lakes(美国五大湖), the Changjiang River(长江) ;-Ado8  
(2) 无特指的不可数名词前,如: Wl TpX`  
algebra(代数学),       advertising,       accounting(会计学) 07Y_^d  
(3) 表示类别的复数名词前,如: g-|Kyhr?=  
Historians believe that…,       Amphibians(两栖动物) hatch from… MYu`c[$jZ  
(4) 一些固定词组中,如: O!,Ca1N  
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in bed jm+ blB^%K  
乘车的词组: 8W@dtZ,d  
by train(乘火车),       by car (乘汽车),       by bicycle(骑脚踏车),       by bus (乘公共汽车), 9BO|1{  
by land(由陆路),       by sea (由海路),       by water (由水路) , by air (通过航空) G ~A$jStm  
on foot (步行),       by plane(乘飞机), by ship (乘船), Q!`)e@r  
打球的词组: nfa_8  
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball ?N`qLGRm  
注意:表示职位的词之前的冠词有无均可, 如:He was elected (the) chairman of the committee. @o60 c  
例题: ot0U-G(  
(D)       \*Ts)EW  
Historically, ---- chief material for making furniture has been wood, but metal and stone have also been used. yYM_lobn  
(A) it was the !*5_pGe  
(B) that the u?H@C)P  
(C) there was a drbe#FObX  
(D) the ovB=Zm  
答案:D f&f`J/(  
解释:空格后是主谓句,A、C可先排除,B使原句只有从句没有主句,只剩下D可选,D是定冠词作名词material的限定词,表特指 .(JE-upJ"  
(2) ;eP_;N5+J  
The Yukon River, which flows into the Bering Sea, gives its name to a region of */4tJ G1U  
           A            B " cNg :  
Alaska and a territory of the Canada. $,.3&zsy  
     C      D [#IBYJ.6  
答案:D 40R"^*  
应改为:of Bpm,mp4g\#  
解释:Canada是国名,属专用名词,之前不能加定冠词 }M^_Z#|,  
(3) z1 kBNOr  
The development of professional sports in the United States dates back to )sRN!~  
  A      B              C    U&`6&$]  
nineteenth century. !;TR2Zcn  
  D J9NsHr:A[  
答案:D o1Ne+Jt  
应改为:to the nineteenth ix:2Z-  
解释:nineteenth是序数词,之前应加the E N)YoVk  
第四节 不可数名词 E2h(w_l  
:DDO =  
英文中常把抽象名词和物质名词视为不可数名词, 而其划分的标准往往与汉语的习惯不同, 因此是学习英文的一个难点, 也是TOEFL中常出现的题型 GahaZ F  
keae.6[  
抽象名词如: L7X7Zt8%  
(不可触及的东西,表示动作、状态、品质、感情等)如: >ze>Xr'm5=  
news(新闻),        information(信息),    population(人口), xT:qe  
English(英语),    music(音乐),            management(管理), Rk}\)r\  
enthusiasm(热情)    work(工作),            happiness(高兴) m luW=fE  
还有表达学科类的名词如: [SK2x4  
   physics物理,        politics政治学,        mathematics数学, TViBCed40  
mechanics力学,    statistics(统计学)        bioloby(生物学) kZJt ~}  
f#*h^91x  
物质名词如: 2j2mW>Z  
equipment(装备),    chalk(粉笔),            glass(玻璃), d#E(~t(^  
grass(草),        jewelry(珠宝)            wood(木头) >/(i3)  
| -JI`!7  
MomLda V9Q  
考点一 与可数名词的显著区别 -b].SG5S  
1. 不可数名词没有复数形式, 其数的表示必须通过 “数词+量词+of+不可数名词” 的结构或一些特定的限定词, YI L'YNH  
如:a sheet of steel(一片钢),             a piece of furniture(一件家具), $5ZR [\$  
    two pieces of work(两份工作)       an item of news(一条新闻)  fn4=  
2. 不可数名词不能直接出现在不定冠词a, an之后 s;vWR^Ll  
不能够说:an advice(一个建议) ,而应该说 a piece of advice x*NqA( r  
3. 当表示一类事物时, 可数名词可以通过加a, an、加复数、或加定冠词the等方式, _Ngx$  
而可数名词一般直接用原形表示种类 hfJrQhmE  
例题: &mX5&e  
(1) /p[|DJo M  
Historians believe that some forms of an advertising must be as old as barter and T+`xr0  
       A      B    C          D (J6" ;  
trade. yTzY?  
答案:C k\sc }z8X  
应改为:advertising Ly#h|)  
解释:advertising是不可数名词,不能加冠词 TX< e_[$\  
词汇:barter: 实物交易 pem3G5 `g=  
lt@  
考点二 限定词 It#hp,@e  
不可数名词的限定词和不可数名词原形连用, 下面这些限定词后面一定跟不可数名词: &p/S>qKu#  
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、丰富的) |pfhrwJp  
little /a little /less /least,   a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 属不可数名词专用 2#>$%[   
例题: X=rc3~}f  
(1) \[Sm2/9v  
Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively clear CQ@#::'F1  
        A              B         C 9oZ } h&  
image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment. 1Z^`l6|2  
                     D J!21`M-Ue  
答案:D !!?+M @  
应改为:little. `_NnQ%  
解释:equipment是不可数名词, 不能用few修饰, 应改为和其对应的little &/b? I `  
(2) ig2{lEkF  
Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is many evidence that huge FRl3\ZDqrb  
      A                    B " #mXsp-ut  
thunderstorms are now occurring around the equator of the planet Saturn. ?noETHz)  
           C         D _hAj2%SL  
答案:B c8 bca`  
应改为:much evidence ?z\q Mu  
解释:many是复数名词的限定词,而evidence是不可数名词,应用much作限定词 21[K[ %  
另外一些词(词组)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of, the rest of, plenty of等既可接可数名词又可接不可数名词。 7Y-FUZ.`>  
例如: p9FA_(`^  
a lot of students , a lot of money blKDQ~T2  
the rest of the students, the rest of money  )64LKb$  
Pansies can be cultivated easily in home gardens, but they require plenty of water and not too much sun. EIq{C-(  
b >hBct}  
第五节 所有格及of结构 y1,?ZWTayr  
JfZL?D{NM  
考点一 词尾加 's或 ' 的所有格 ql#{=oGDnA  
所谓名词所有格即表示名词之间所有关系的特殊结构, 其最普通的形式为: n. +'s, ?6gDbE%  
如: my mother's coat, the headmaster's home, the president's office Q %,o8E2~  
如果原词结尾已有s, 则只要加 ' , ?V&Ld$db  
如: the students' union, the ladies' room ZYwBw:y}y  
例题: f"5lOzj`C  
(1) vh1 Ma<cx  
It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes ----round shape into a teardrop shape. !uj !  
(A) of the drop 'Yaf\Hp  
(B) the drop's 38x[Ad4%  
(C) drop of ~>}dse  
(D) drops their ,mO(!D  
答案: (B) fd!pM4"0  
解释: 此句包含由that引导的宾语从句, 从句谓语动词changes的宾语不完整, 据选项推知需要一个和round shape 搭配的表所属关系的词组, (B) 恰好构成所有格形式. 若选(A), 语序应为the round shape of the drop; (C) 所属关系颠倒; (D) 结构混乱 .XV]<)<K$  
(2) < '>d0:>N  
Over a very lar (]zl$*k  
ge number of trials, the probability of an event's ---- is equal to the probability that it will not occur. _g^K$ +F'}  
(A) occurs 5@R15q@c6n  
(B) will occur /ctaAQDUh\  
(C) can occur C;58z 5*,  
(D) occurring ~# hE&nq  
答案:D M\Uc;:) H  
解释:句中已有谓语动词, 's只可能是名词所有格的标志, 后面自然应接名词性的结构, D之外的选项均可一次性排除 FT3,k&i  
PK.h E{R  
考点二 of结构 YobC'c\~9  
所有格主要用于有生命的个体(人、国家或动物), 那么大多数无生命的物质或抽象概念间的所有关系,或者说凡是不能够加's的名词,都可用of结构构成短语来表示所有关系, 需要注意of前后都是名词(包括代词和动名词) $+!}Vtb  
如: the title of the passage *hk{q/*Qw  
例如: D*d 3w  
(1) +hgaBJy  
James Whistler was indifferent to the titles of his painted and even changed the names Y-neD?VN  
          A     B     C cd ek^/  
of some works years after their completion. n7`.<*:  
       D xvdnEaWe$  
答案: C k"DQbUy0L  
应改为: paintings hIzPy3  
解释: of 之前是名词, 后面也需要一个名词共同构成表示所有关系的结构, 将分词painted改为名词, 这个词组的意思为他的画的题目 Tg <>B  
(2) 4Rrw8Bw  
Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and r$3~bS$]  
      A         B     C         D *s<dgFA'  
spinal cord. 72 s$  
答案: B fUL{c,7xda  
应改为: stimulation 0-t4+T  
解释: 定冠词the之后需要名词与of+n.(specific nerve cells)结构搭配表示所属关系, stimulate是动词, 应改为名词形式 P5 <85t  
&t.>^7ELF  
第六节 名词在句中的作用 0()9vTY+  
VvM U)  
考点一 名词(词组)作主语 <2TB9]2. g  
填空题中经常出现句子中缺少主语的题型, 大多数都需要填入名词或名词短语 R<0!?`b  
例题: 3$kv%uf{  
(1) VtPoc(o4]  
In 1964 ----of Henry Ossawa Tanner's paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution. zOu$H[  
(A) was a major collection 0|DG\&?  
(B) that a major collection b]s1Q ]V  
(C) a collection was major _>?8eC]4a  
(D) a major collection "` ?W u  
答案: (D) Z#cU#)`y1  
解释: 此句主语残缺, 且谓语动词was shown 需与单数主语搭配, 故填入单数名词词组. (A) (C)中的was均与原文中was冲突, 违背了谓语唯一的原则, (B) 使原句变为只有从句无主句 \ \mO+N47i  
(2) w3?t})PB&  
The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of }&C!^v o  
    A         B        C     D 4K?H-Jco  
medieval alchemists. ^)0{42!]  
答案:A f@. Q%+!4  
应改为:beginnings. Vp-OGX[  
解释:句子的主语应采用名词形式, begins 是动词的第三人称单数形式, 不能置于the之后作主语 <hF~L k ,  
RWh}?vs_  
考点二 名词(词组)作宾语 .pu`\BW>  
填空题中有相当一部分缺少动词宾语的题需填入名词或名词短语 fPk9(X;G!p  
例题: }HQT @&=  
(1) kV(DnZ#jq  
In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a ----to New York's rock'n 'roll fans. d[Fr  
(A) new dance, the twist 9q ,Jq B  
(B) twist, was the new dance )'I<xx' 1  
(C) twist, the new dance that g7Q*KA+  
(D) new dance is the twist HOQ _T4  
答案: (A) Y"\T*lKa  
解释: 谓语动词introduce的宾语不完整, 由空格前的a可肯定应填入名词词组, (B) (D) 都用谓语结构可首先排除, (C) 中的that无法与空格后的部分构成从句, 只有(A) 符合名词作宾语的要求, 其中逗号后是名词作同位语 (XIq?c1T  
(2) me`$5Z`  
Instructors at the school of American Ballet first examine a young applicant's instep \g[f4xAV  
     A                B        Ug'nr  
to see whether it is pliant and shows promising of a good arch. 7Caap/L:  
 C               D Zz*mf+  
答案: D .j<B5/+  
应改为: promise. ;<)-*?m9  
解释: 形容词promising不能作动词show的宾语, 需改为名词 d@`:9 G3  
8RT0&[  
考点三 名词(词组)作同位语 (Gk]<`d#N  
同位语主要由名词词组充当, 对其前面的名词或代词作补充说明, x 3co?  
I came from Jiangying, a very beautiful and peaceful town. 9l ^  
例题: EsxTBg  
(1) ZC-evy  
In the nineteenth century, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the Perkins School for the Blind, ----for children in Boston, Massachusetts. Oy`\8*Uy__  
(A) that institutes oW1olmpp=  
(B) while instituted pC.P  
(C) was an institution R/FV'qy]  
(D) an institute 9@>hm>g.  
答案: (D) CbaAnm1  
解释: 空白前的句子结构完整, 空格后的结构和宾语的很相似, (D)为名词词组, 构成宾语的同位语 (eIxU&o'  
(2) WG=r? xE  
Martha Graham, ----, has run her own dance company for half a century. 5:3$VWLa <  
(A) is the great modern choreographer Vw@x  
(B) one of the great modern choreographers F7u%oLjr  
(C) that the great modern choreographers %z_b/yG  
(D) the modern choreographers were great bN %MT#X  
答案:B  p.Yg-CA  
解释:此句主谓俱全, 空格设在主语和谓语之间, 且两端都有逗号, 推知缺少的是主语的同位语, B是名词词组, 可以胜任;A D中的动词与原句谓语冲突; C 不是完整的同位语从句
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