考点四 名词(词组)作定语 #8XmOJ"W3k
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 &FmT
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这样的词语有：word order（词序）， taxi driver（出租车司机）等 A'CD,R+gR
例题: PI L)(%X
(1) `=;}I@]zj)
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, *-*V>ntvT$
A B RCfeIHL
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. Z?S?O#FED
C D R<1%Gdz
答案: D o,j_eheAM
应改为: distribution/ distributing.
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解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center，可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 hfJ&o7 Dt
(2) .]exY
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Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. )j'Qi^;(D
A B C D {Q
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答案: D %w l:>9]
应改为: color 7_3 6xpw
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 RCa1S^.
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第二章 形容词 ~c&sr5E
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇，在句中主要作定语修饰名词，同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 ,y"vf^BE.
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 &b~ X&{3,
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词，如：modern art, electric current, great responsibility；这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例，几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词，主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 S7j(4@
例题： ox<6qW
(1) &!;o[joG
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. ((AK7hb
A B C D 4D 5Wse
答案：C | J'k 9W"
应改为：certain. (Of`VT3ZOA
解释：certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 l %zbx"%x
(2) G \a`F'Oo
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. (' %Y3z;
A B C D %qJgtu "8
答案：C r9-ayp#pC
应改为：visual. j+fF$6po#t
解释：vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 3 P75:
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注意1：大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话： %d-WQwJ
The man was awake. Mx0~^l
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) a{^ 2c!
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 3J8>r|u;1'
例题： IuFr:3(
(1) }VWU cALJV
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means Qa2p34Z/
A B C _H}hK kG+
of on-the-spot, alive reports. ":sp0(`h
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答案： D LO% e1y
应改为：live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 9A{D<h}yk
解释：alive不能做定语, 只能做表语，所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) 8t< X
(2) ^v5]Aq~X
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also $B9?>a| {A
A B C c|'$3dB*
gather data from documentary and oral sources. >'m&/&h
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答案： A AL&<SxuP
应改为：like 04-@c
解释：alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 2S :B%cj9m
注意2：形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. ~kpa J'm
如：a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等，
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注意3：形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, Y[VX
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一般来说：这个排序的规则是: _h,X3P
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 fQ.S ,lMe
如: two young American students &_ @M
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my three red pencils #PC*l\
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第二节 比较级 "9X(.v0ze
英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级，主要有两种形式： [EVyCIcY,h
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词)，如：fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等； 5yJ~ q
或在词前加more (多音节形容词)，如：more useful, more complex等 ]f`UflMO8
少数词比较级形式特殊，如：good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的)， 2h}FotlO
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考点一 含有标志词than :: GW
1．最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象， FyXO @ yF
如：It takes less time to go there by air than by train. T gLr4Ex
She possesses more books than I do. o5+7Lt]
He is more intelligent than I expected. z)eN M}cF
than可视为比较级的标志词，在填空题中， YXF^4||j.c
空后含有than的， 通常空格处需要填比较级， ;_ 1Rk&o!
空格前含有比较级的，通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 U(~Nm o'
例题： .34 5%j
(1) xvWP^Qkb
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. *uxKI:rB:
(A) coolest $fPiR
(B) the coolest C.}ho.}
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(C) cooler Pc+,iK>
(D) the cooler e-xT.RnQ
答案：A G
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解释：标志词than意味着应用比较级，A, B可先排除；D多the; 只有A正确 "HJQAy?W
(2) sAK&^
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Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. nxm*.&#p?
A B C D nAsc^ Yh
答案：A |^w&dj\,
应改为：more AO7X-,
解释：标志词than表明此句应用比较级，而不是最高级 J|z ' <W
2．为避免重复，than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略，只把相比的部分突出出来: %yR 80mn8
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, \pI
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如：The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. )%:
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(that 指代the population) %2?"x*A
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. nX h<+7
(those 指代 designs) B\dhw @hM
情况2: 在省略的过程中，若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) 1@+ &6UC
如：The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may (tg+C\
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probably contribute more to the success of a play. 4LJ
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例题： +: J:S"G
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. L_=3`xE
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(A) than do v1NFz>Hx
(B) that are having 2\Yv;J+;
(C) which have /DSy/p0%
(D) that do +J !1z
答案：A Z~"8C Kz
解释：空格前出现了形容词比较级，空格后是比较对象，应由than连接，选项中只有A符合条件，其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 7#g<fh
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考点二 (not) so /as…as _`9WNJiL
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思，其结构和than句式相仿，但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形，而且as…as必须搭配使用， =m xj2>,&
如：It is as good as it looks. "N=q>jaX
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. z)*\njYe
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as)，要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as)，一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 KeC&a=HL
例题： w`R t "d_B
(1) \@7 4I7
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. ? z K>[L
(A) possibly little nourishment 7 $:Jea
(B) nourishment possibly little NV3oJ0f&2
(C) little as possible nourishment j<vU[J+gx~
(D) little nourishment as possible 3^ F1 hCB
答案：D d
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解释：空格处需要动词have的宾语，同时包含as…as句式，A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构，C语序有误，均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. sO&e V68
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(2) 7"k\i=
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. oeG?2!Zh
(A) so early w"h'rw
(B) the earliest E J Ta~
(C) as early as h56s ~(?O
(D) so early that ^}hS sE
答案：C C2K<CDVw
解释：依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达，只有C符合题意，用的是比较级特殊句式as...as elb} ]
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考点三 the same…as l8N5}!N
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”，the same和as既可连用，也可分开使用， 9CHn6 v ~)
如：She looks just the same as before. ; DI"9
I got the same feeling as you did. wafws*b%
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 Z
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例题： RS
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(1) LQa1 p
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies, iSj.lW
A B C yI$Mq R
shorter tails, and longer bills. X0%BE!
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答案：B c}# (,
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应改为：as. Z+! 96LR
解释：the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与．．．一样” _1 HEGX\
(2) ~bX ) %jC
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of 1
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A B )mRKIM}*W
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. Fk&A2C}$b
C D wHhIa3_v
答案：D uWerC?da
应改为：as bn"z&g
解释：与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 IHf#P5y_
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考点四 the more…，the more… ZfIeq<8 _
此句式常表示“越……越……”，more在此处泛指比较级，此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开，句子结构平行，而且谓语动词一致时，为避免重复常进行省略， 3})0 p
如：The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. 3O'X ;s2\d
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. -*&C
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填空题中常需填入两个分句之一，因此看到the more结构，要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 -;o`(3wZq
例题： i]n ?zWo_h
(1) u&ozc
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 0i 9C\'W`
(A) the greater the need there is }WG -R
(B) greater need Pr^p
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(C) is there great need
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(D) the great need aQhr$aH
答案：A G,b1 u"
解释：这是典型的 “the more…, z[ N_3n
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. Y=N; Bj
(2) ) _O 6_
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. LC:bHM, e
(A) the stress it is greater PyfOBse}r
(B) greater is the stress t#[u
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(C) greater stress is z;En Ay {9
(D) the greater the stress 4FgY !k
答案：D /!Kl
解释：此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行，当谓语一致时，后面的可省略，符合要求的只有D P&@ [ j0
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer Yl6\}_h`
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, NQ(}rr'.
如：He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer. S4Vv _k-&
注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用，no more /not…any more同理，这一句式在改错题中出现。 l6Q75i)eF
例题： :+>:>$ao
(1) 2x*C1
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio s GP}>w-JZ
A B h}_1 cev?
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. 9 v<Sng
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答案：A vYNh0)$%F
应改为：no longer. ?=uw0~O[
解释：根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ．．．”，英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
