考点四 名词(词组)作定语 %D3Asw/5a
名词修饰名词作定语的现象在英语中也屡见不鲜, 此时前面的名词相当于形容词的作用, 只是依英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是形容词作定语, TOEFL有少量题涉及这一问题 fR]KXfZ
这样的词语有：word order（词序）， taxi driver（出租车司机）等 sGx3O i
例题: >qZl
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(1) 06z+xx Co
Situated in the heart of a grain-farming and livestock-raising region, Abilene, Kansas, 4UHviuOo8
A B z9E*1B+
is a prosperous trading and distribute center. <m~{60{
C D u82 (`+B
答案: D Q CO,f
应改为: distribution/ distributing. w?P e x]i{
解释: 动词distribute不能修饰名词center，可改用名词或分词, 但此题中名词distribution作定语更符合英文习惯 mbns%%GJU
(2) 4v` G/w
Acrylic paint enables artists to experiment with many colors effects. <H$!OPV
A B C D W#2} E X
答案: D aYM~Ub:x{
应改为: color 7CH.BY
解释: 此处名词color作effects的定语无需用复数, 意为色彩效果 Bru] ;%Qg%
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第二章 形容词 xQl}~G]!
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形容词即strong, attractive等描述性的词汇，在句中主要作定语修饰名词，同时还可作表语、宾语补足语等成分 iH~A7e62OZ
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第一节 形容词修饰名词 =R "LB}>h}
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形容词最主要的功能就是修饰名词，如：modern art, electric current, great responsibility；这一考点在TOEFL改错题占有相当的比例，几乎每套题都包含一道以上的题目考形容词修饰名词，主要形式是将本应该使用形容词的位置误用为名词、副词等 P-<1vfThH
例题： Ow(aRWUZD_
(1) C_JO:$\rE
The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival. vK`HgRQ(C
A B C D gAVD-]`
答案：C O<#8R\v
应改为：certain. I
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解释：certainty是名词, 意为确定性, 不能修饰名词, 改为形容词certain, 表示某些 0+u >"7T
(2) R+_!FnOJ
Textile art is known for both its tactile and vision qualities. e7b M K<:r
A B C D '
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答案：C A }}dc:$C
应改为：visual. / DP0K
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解释：vision是名词, 不能修饰名词qualities, 要用它的形容词 gf?N(,
注意1：大多数形容词既可以做定语也可以做表语, 有少数形容词一般情况下只能做表语, 比较下面两句话： EJRkFn8XG'
The man was awake. oz]&=>$1I
There was an awake man. (此句错误, awake不能做定语) tCm]1ZgRW
这类形容词包括: alone, afraid, alike, alert, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unable 9 |[uie
例题： _!!Fg%a5"R
(1) e6bh,BwgQq
Many television newscasters make the public an eyewitness to the news by means \WbQS#Z9
A B C F n iht<
of on-the-spot, alive reports. m
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答案： D +95v=[t#Ut
应改为：live (adj. 现场的, 实况转播的) 5pC}ZgEa<
解释：alive不能做定语, 只能做表语，所以应该改为live reports (现场报道) 1e7I2g
(2) BFg&@ 7.X
Alike ethnographers, ethnohistorians make systematic observations, but they also #HW<
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A B C L &hw- .Q
gather data from documentary and oral sources. s$? LMfT
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答案： A i p
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应改为：like yTh%[k
解释：alike不能做定语, 只能做表语; alike/like 是TOEFL改错中常考的考点 "a}fwg9Y
注意2：形容词词组修饰名词时要发生后置现象, 避免产生头重脚轻的感觉. )7[ # Ti
如：a room bare of furniture, the form dependent of the contents等， erb k (
注意3：形容词修饰名词的语序也是TOEFL考点之一。 当多个形容词(甚至包括指示代词, 冠词和所有格)并列放置于名词之前时, 它们之间就存在着谁排在前面, 谁排在后面的问题, p !=O>b _f
一般来说：这个排序的规则是: D4{KU%Xp&
冠词(a, an, the)/所有格(my, your等)/指示代词(this, that等) + 数量形容词 + 描述性形容词 + 名词 +4 Pes
如: two young American students #^Pab^Y3r-
my three red pencils iU37LODa2T
第二节 比较级 deV
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英文中形容词在进行比较时需变为比较级，主要有两种形式： l'aCpzf
在词尾加-er (单音节形容词)，如：fast-faster, large-larger, busy-busier, big-bigger等； 4#7*B yvf
或在词前加more (多音节形容词)，如：more useful, more complex等 "}`)s_rt
少数词比较级形式特殊，如：good(well)-better, bad(ill)-worse, many(much)-more, little-less, far-farther(更远的)/further(更进一步的)， EwU)(U K
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考点一 含有标志词than no
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1．最常见的比较级句式是由连词than引导比较的对象， {>9ED.t
如：It takes less time to go there by air than by train. #0Y_!'j
She possesses more books than I do. kl tW
He is more intelligent than I expected. ' h <
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than可视为比较级的标志词，在填空题中， V+y "L>K
空后含有than的， 通常空格处需要填比较级， ^V#,iO9.-
空格前含有比较级的，通常空格处需要填than引导的从句。 /e?0Iv"
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例题：
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(1) )7NI5x^$
Maine has ---- weather than most of the other states in the continental United States. F.5fasdX'
(A) coolest FE&: ?
(B) the coolest wW1\{<hgr
(C) cooler < Nqbp
(D) the cooler Y$\|rD^ f
答案：A X(MS!R V
解释：标志词than意味着应用比较级，A, B可先排除；D多the; 只有A正确 ],S {?!'1
(2) =g M@[2
Pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has. ?z&% VU"
A B C D _W _< bI34
答案：A Cp"
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应改为：more OM&GypP6&
解释：标志词than表明此句应用比较级，而不是最高级 Y.]$T8
2．为避免重复，than之后的从句中有些成分可以省略，只把相比的部分突出出来: 9g5h~ Ma
情况1: 用指示代词that, those来代替省略的部分, # o4tG
如：The population of China is much larger than that of Great Britain. >> $`] ]7
(that 指代the population) W Eif&<Y
His designs won more acclaim than those of his fellow colleagues. -|uox
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(those 指代 designs) R=Li B+p
情况2: 在省略的过程中，若than之后从句的谓语部分相同, 比较的是主语部分, 那么谓语部分通常用助动词do来代替, 并且习惯上将从句主语和助动词倒装 (do + 主语) jd-]q2fQ|
如：The actors usually capture greater attention than do the playwrights who may 8mKp PwG0
probably contribute more to the success of a play. D4[t^G ; J
例题： }0Ns&6 )xG
Mammals have a larger, more well-developed brain ---- other animals. 0~^RHb.NA8
(A) than do G#7(6:=;,`
(B) that are having 7
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(C) which have
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(D) that do C\GP}:[T3
答案：A ([dd)QU
解释：空格前出现了形容词比较级，空格后是比较对象，应由than连接，选项中只有A符合条件，其中由助动词do引起了一个小倒装 q_h (D/g
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考点二 (not) so /as…as j/d}B_2
比较级特殊句式(not)so/as…as 表示“如同……一样、不如……”等意思，其结构和than句式相仿，但as…as之间的形容词必须用原形，而且as…as必须搭配使用， HT .*r6Y>g
如：It is as good as it looks. 7}UG&t{
The boss is not so bad-tempered as you have described. 1d<Uwb>
填空题中常给出句子的一部分(第一个as)，要求填出相搭配的部分(第二个as)，一定要形成对这种搭配句式的敏感。 *b.
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例题： ' 6 F-%
(1) WqCC4R,-
The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as ----. 0yI1r7yNB+
(A) possibly little nourishment tO3R&"{
(B) nourishment possibly little _Ns EeKU
(C) little as possible nourishment - | g"q|
(D) little nourishment as possible f |~ {j(.v
答案：D rQVX ^
解释：空格处需要动词have的宾语，同时包含as…as句式，A、B都缺少与as搭配的结构，C语序有误，均可排除。D中as…as possible, 为固定用法, 意为“尽可能”. d}h{#va*
(2) '|zrzU=
There is evidence that prehistoric humans used fire ---- 400,000 B.C. *{DTxEy
(A) so early zl|z4j'Irc
(B) the earliest TQF+aP8[L
(C) as early as qJ rT
(D) so early that R}M
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答案：C E5bVCAz
解释：依句意空格处需要“早在”这一意思的正确表达，只有C符合题意，用的是比较级特殊句式as...as &3[oM)-V
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考点三 the same…as g 4[Vgmh J
此句式也常用来表示“和……一样”，the same和as既可连用，也可分开使用，
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如：She looks just the same as before. YB5"i9T2
I got the same feeling as you did. _s=H|#l
改错题中常将此句式误用为the same…like /than, 要练就一双火眼金睛将其识别出来 'BjTo*TB]Z
例题： XVYFyza;
(1) W&? Qs=@
Meadowlarks are about the same size than robins, but they have heavier bodies,
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A B C *|fF;-#v
shorter tails, and longer bills. Rm} ym9
D N T`S)P*?
答案：B h xO }'`:
应改为：as. x]+PWk
解释：the same as是固定搭配, 表示“与．．．一样” s<9g3Gh
(2) AI-*5[w#A
Due to sophisticated transportation networks, people can now buy the same types of ysW})#7X
A B %;,fI'M
perishable goods in Toronto like in New York City. z%82Vt!a5
C D i}) s 4%a
答案：D L8VOiK=,
应改为：as v`HE R6
解释：与the same相搭配的只有as, like不行 j u"z
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考点四 the more…，the more… g4IF~\QRVi
此句式常表示“越……越……”，more在此处泛指比较级，此句式的特点是前后两句以逗号隔开，句子结构平行，而且谓语动词一致时，为避免重复常进行省略， e8F]m`{_"
如：The more she slept, the less comfortable she felt. s^wm2/Yw
The greater the size, the easier it is for you to spot. 8>&@"j
填空题中常需填入两个分句之一，因此看到the more结构，要注意选与其结构相近的另一半the more句式 va6Fp2n<1*
例题： Eu K}L[Kl
(1) _%w680b'
The greater the population there is in a locality, ----for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. i9 ;
(A) the greater the need there is x'GB#svi
(B) greater need T8XrmR&?PX
(C) is there great need tn]nl!_@
(D) the great need 7' G; ijx
答案：A ]juPm8e F
解释：这是典型的 “the more…, Fc~G*Gz~Z|
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the more…” 句式, 意为 “越…, 越…” 其逗号前后两部分结构要平行, 而且后一句可以不倒装, A 完全符合要求. C D 都缺少此固定句式所要求的第二个比较级; B 少定冠词the. 此句亦可改写为: If there is greater population in a locality, there will be greater need for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. (8d u V
(2) k9Pvh,_wp
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ---- to the body. W0qR? jc
(A) the stress it is greater _olQ;{ U:
(B) greater is the stress tW\yt~q,
(C) greater stress is YKyno?m
(D) the greater the stress o`bch? ]
答案：D d>QFmsh-
解释：此句涉及比较级的特殊句式the more..., the more..., 此句式要求前后结构平行，当谓语一致时，后面的可省略，符合要求的只有D ^P) f]GQx
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考点五 no longer /not…any longer 0dc h OUj
no longer /not…any longer和no more/not…any more都表示“不再……”, >Bt82ibN
如：He no longer smokes. / He doesn't smoke any longer.
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注意no longer /not…any longer不要混用，no more /not…any more同理，这一句式在改错题中出现。 ]G/m,Zv*:
例题： a=z] tTs4
(1) >B BV/C'9
Although it is any longer the big business that it was in the forties, radio g`XngRb|j
A B Jj4 HJ9
continues to be a medium of essential communication, especially at the local level. @\K[WqF$$q
C D cD
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答案：A As:O|!F
应改为：no longer. w,UE0i9I
解释：根据句意此处应为否定“不再是 ．．．”，英文中有两种方式表达此意, no longer / not...any longer, 此句只能采用前者, 若用后者语序应为: it is not the big business that it was in the forties any longer
