Passage 1
5vY h~| PZ pwi?N The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and storage. Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing. The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products. Transportation can be by truck, rail-
K4n1#]8i ?9!tMRb way, ship, or barge. For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid delivery is essential, air freight may be used.
;lX: EU z.Y7 u3K.8 Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made. Inventories build up, both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold. The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores.
%8$JL=c \9se~tAl3 Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price. If, for example, no agricultural product could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately. This would, of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically. There would be an immediate benefit to consumers, but in the long run they would suffer. Farmers, because of low prices, would be forced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease. This, in turn, would raise consumer prices.
uA!T@>vl T|ZZkNP|6 Warehouses for storage are of several types. Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership. General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products. Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling. A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid before they are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples.
"MC&!AMv Z6>:k,-Ot The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse. Many large com- panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country. Each plant does not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them. The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place. Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories. It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover. Very large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based
M=o,Sav5* +@%9pbM"z 1. The main subject of this passage is______.
rxa"ji!) <mY`< (bc A) transportation and storage B) storage of products
J-?\,N1R7 w,3`Xq@ C) distribution center D) two main aspects of product distribution
.&@|)u y13=y}dyDH 2. Warehousing is important in that _
tO[+O=d 0A?w,A`" A) inventories build up before the goods are sold
U%k e 5uwP Q^MB%L;D B) the prices will go down
yH#;k:O= gP( -Op C) more goods are produced than can be consumed
zZ32K@ K7f-g]Ibdn D) the food has to be put on the market immediately
lmmyDg1R )&dhE^
O 3. How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage?
!+hX$_RT ['R=@. A) 3. B) 4. C) 6. D) 7.
M0]l!x#7 mu{%%b7|^ 4. Where might one find meat and milk?
IB!Wrnj? |%RF XkHS A) Grain elevator. B) Cold-storage warehouse.
!@YYi[Gk 0a'@J~v! C) Private warehouse. D) Bonded warehouse.
B:mlBSH 'h=
>ej* 5. What is NOT true of a distribution center?
@n
c!(P7_ "5 y^s !/ A) It is a relatively new type of warehouse.
l&|{uk teB {GR B) Product is replaced more quickly and costs are down.
@H
_LPn ,@!d%rL:4] C) Some distribution centers are not built in the sane country as the factory
P)\f\yb F
5JgR-P D) It builds up extensive inventories to minimize storage.
@2$8o]et @<6-uk3S V 3+
%KkN A!Yqj~ Passage 2
+nZG!nP 5-3gsy/Mo How much pain do animals feel? This is a question which has caused endless controversy. Opponents of big game shooting, for example, arouse our pity by describing tile agonies of a badly-wounded beast that has crawled into a comer to die. In countries where the fox, the hare and the deer are hunted, animal-lovers paint harrowing pictures of the pursued animal suffering not only the physical distress of the chase but the mental anguish of anticipated death.
U)PumU+z$u b
g D Dys The usual answer to these criticisms is that animals do not suffer in the same way, or to the same extent, as we de. Man was created with a delicate nervous system and has never lost his acute sensitiveness to pain; animals, on the other hand, had less sensitive systems to begin with and in the course of millions of years, have developed a capacity of ignoring injuries and disorders which human beings would find intolerable. For example, a dog will continue to play with a ball even after a serious injury to his foot; he may be unable to run without limping, but he will go on trying long after a human child would have had to stop because of the pain. We are told, moreover, that even when animals appear to us to be suffering acutely, this is not so; what seems to us to be agonized contortions caused by pain are in fact no more than muscular contractions over which they have no control.
$I/ p 6 6. Animal-lovers assume that animals, being hunted, would suffer from ____.
/vV 0$ vg 8)tyn'~i A) a great deal of agony both in body and in spirit
b;O+QRa }dR *bG B) mental distress once they are wounded
jFc{$#g- JQ1VCG C) only body pains without feeling sad
a;z cAeX 8`~]9ej D) crawling into the comer to die
k^]~NP p4Y 9$( X 7. Supporters of game shooting may argue that animals ______.
NAU<?q<) i,HAXPi A) cannot control their muscular contractions
`WT7w']NT Cf N; ` B) have developed a capacity of feeling no pain
&Xav$6+Z1J $d=lDN C) are not as acutely sensitive as human beings to injuries
5 9vGLN!L
:+=* D) can endure all kinds of disorders
!:8!\gE ^P *+z({S_Nv 8. The author feels sure that _____.
gc=e) j@ u& Fm}/x A) animals don't show suffering to us
dB5DJ:$W$ ^PI49 i B B) dogs are more endurable than human children
`jHGN i |(< L!6 C) we cannot know what animals feel
]*|K8&jxl h]#)41y< D) comparing animals with human beings is not appropriate
K0\WN"ua; :]s] =q&] 9. What is the author's opinion about animal hunting?
]@>| y2 k Wd'gftQ A) We should feel the same as the hunted animals do.
UU;:x"4 E'G>'c W;x B) We should protect and save all the animals.
v`&Z.9!Tz^ ~ #CCRUhM C) We shouldn't cause suffering to them.
1%,Z&@^j lu_Gr=#O D) We should take care of them if we can.
: [y(<TLw g8Z14'Ke 10. This passage seems to ____.
^U}0D^jDeE o1Ln7r. A) argue for something B) explain something
eW0=m:6 B]7jg9/ C) tell a story D) describe an object
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<Xx\F56zp @nu/0+8h{ Passage 3
l'QR2r7&. ]B4mm__ In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.
OX4D' B!
V{.p A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.
Br5 Io=/wg gf?^yP ;V Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house."
Tm52=+u f$ s~
A8/YoU} Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are
OU@x1G{Cy :N*T2mP formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.
e6lOmgHn5 0 70IBAk}_ In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.
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.E#Sm?gK 11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______.
'V #ew\ C+XZDY(=Z A) a good example B) an imaginary model
RH]>>tJ^e DWQQ615i C) the kinetic molecular theory D) an observed event
W"(`n4hi3 N+qLxk 12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____.
@T1+b"TC ?V QLY=? A) mathematicians approach science
h;qy5KS R 2THL B) building a house is like performing experiments
{@__%=`CCS Cfo 8gX* C) science is more than a collection of facts
F*t_lN5{ 3DC%I79 D) scientific experiments have led to improved technology
2 BX GVo (%y c5+f! 13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or- der to show that hypotheses ______.
5!jNL~M A) are sometimes ill-conceived B) can lead to dangerous results
6h6?BQSE .*-w UBr C) go beyond available facts D) require effort to formulate
OP`Jc$| 6 6 8<Z\WP 14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7
r>~d[,^$m4 Y%:0|utQC A) Sifting through known facts.
m+2`" 1IE[ a
T:AxYn8 B) Communicating a scientist's thoughts to others.
Fra>|;do IAF;mv}' C) Providing direction for scientific research.
M'zS7=F!: ?koxt4 4 D) Linking together different theories.
+O$: 'K` Rbhy 15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
(e>Rot0 !@< @QG- A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.
-9>L vLU MziZN^( B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.
QhX C>)PW S1^nC tSF C) A scientist's most difficult task is testing hypotheses.
a We Bav}_ G_M:0YI@ D) A good scientist needs to be creative.
3 g0u#t{ )?B~64N,+ B) Education systems need to be radically reformed.
&{E`=4T2 UV']NH h C) Going to school is only part of how people become educated.
#~4{`]W6 L n= >@ D) Education involves many years of professional training.
d]CviQUq p:J RQT"A 20. The passage is organized by ___
R+{^@M&
7a:*Y"f,~ A) listing and discussing several educational problems
W(2+z5 z _,_8X7
B) contrasting the meanings of two related concepts
lI4J= 8O0 "7kge z#Y C) narrating a story about excellent teachers
=t 3vbV M|UxE/ D) giving examples of different kinds of schools
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w%3Fg~Up ls" b#eFC# e&$p-0DmT| Passage 5
l:Dn3Q 731h
~x!u The phrase "civil disobedience" is usually attributed to the nineteenth-century American philosopher Henry David Thoreau. Although the concept is unquestionably much older (its roots
Hz}+SAZ
-F "d0a, lie in ancient Greek philosophy), the designation is nonetheless telling: people tend to credit Thoreau, an American, with the idea because civil disobedience, is a hallmark of American eth- ics and politics. The clash between the dictates of individual conscience on one hand, and the imperatives of civil law on the other, forms much of this country's history. Examples range from the incidents leading up to the Revolution through the many social protests of the 1960'S.
^:4L6 uxa=KM1H What constitutes an act of civil disobedience? First, an act of civil disobedience requires a formal legal structure that is enforced by the government. Second, it requires as its target a specific law or policy, rather than the entire legal system. This is true even if the protester's ul- timate goal is to alter radically the legal system; an act of civil disobedience must be directed against one concrete example of that system's inequities. The American civil rights movement, for example, first targeted discrimination on public transportation, then used its victories as a springboard to address other injustices. Third, the act must be done publicly, because the ef- fectiveness of such a protest depends on its ability to mobilize public sentiment against the protest's target. Finally, those protesting must understand the penalties their acts entail--us-ually jailing--and be willing to accept those penalties. This last requirement strengthens the act's effect on public opinion, since it serves to underscore the injustice of the protest's target.
_0,"vFdj :be:-b%K 21. The word "telling" in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _____.
?R;nL{ /Hv* K&}M A) inappropriate B) revealing C) insignificant D) challenging
i8Fs0U4" ^|wT_ k\ 22. In the passage, the author mentions that the civil rights movement _______.
k)`$%[K8 `n
3FT= A) focused its early efforts on public transportation
S d IGU[fm
=/6p#d*0 B) did not always practice civil disobedience
\Yj#2ww WP5VcBC C) started in nineteenth century
Z ^s+ vi $^}[g9] 1 D) used the Revolution of 1776 as its model
Z'Kd^`mt 9 {Q)dU-\ 23. According to the passage, for which of the following reasons should civil protests be done
#G3` p!" hG= k1T%= publicly?
tXt:HVN %X;7--S%?g A) To alter the legal system in radical way.
oEJaH RI-A"cc6A B) To uphold the imperatives of civil law.
D!oZ?dGCo6 )s7bJjT0=X C) To stimulate public support for a cause.
%`#G92Z_ D) To announce the success of a previous act of civil disobedience.
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M ;*$gV<x 24. The author suggests that when protesters go to jail _______.
X~lZ OVmS T|ZF /&XP A) it helps convince the public to support their cause
9`B0fv Q& ABc)2"i:* B) they usually do so unwillingly
id^|\hDR v
dU%R\ C) it is because their protest has not gone according to plan
8lwFAiC8 q +R*Hi D) they are always released almost immediately
Gzw@w{JBL }f#_4ACaD 25. In the 2nd paragraph, the author ________.
i^*M^P3m &|b4\uj9 A) argues that civil disobedience is unnecessary
y;nv
R6) ca(U!T68 B) provides an extensive history of civil disobedience
l-}KmZ] O|
I+], C) presents several differing viewpoints on civil disobedience
XA)'=L!^ N5 ? IpE D) defines the concept of civil disobedience
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$ 2d jY/ARBC}H ! Z;T-3^. Passage 6
#op:/ j o@W_ai_ In taking up a new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life. Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.
H z@h0+h ;~+]! U City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also, thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists took so seriously an expression of the period, "Leisure is time for doing something useful." In the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such double-purpose relaxations as hunting, fishing, and trapping. When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep, or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group work
bb;(gK;F ~~nqU pK?v provided relaxation and soothed weary muscles.
h/2/vBs u7s"0f` The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural parties. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens,http://
www.freekaobo.com and everyone, including the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence.
(}smW_ `5 N
u^ p With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shared in some of
uSN"
vpc4D $6h*l T< the rural diversions. Favored recreations included fishing, hunting, skating, and swimming. But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact communities made possible.
*fnvZw? (ChD]PWQ 26. What is the passage mainly about?
<T+!V-Pj* =']3(6* A) Methods of fanning used by early settlers of the United States.
Y$<D9f s3 ]Gv!M?: B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States.
FhkkW W L m$wlflt C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of the United States.
mwC=o5O ]< XR]FHx) D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed.
v2)g 1sXd 5Bjgr 27. What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of the United States?
" 6CMA 0R `~ # < &w A) They followed a pattern Begun in Europe.
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"S6\%= ]:ZdV9` B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.
i7*EbaYzUO LWnR?Qve< C) The clergy organized them.
o}$1Ay*q` ;*2> ES D) Only the wealthy participated in them.
l Dxc`S _;
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lpB3&H8& c>:R3^\lwx of pleasure" ?
c{3wk7 /Ncm^b4 A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work.
QHq,/kWY O%8 EZyu B) They felt that it was not necessary.
~;]W T l{j~Q^U}) C) They felt that it should be productive.
b^0}}12 PwB1]p= D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.
G f EX> v59dh (:`Z 29. What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in the 4th sentence in paragraph 2?
/U&Opo
{aO aJ") <_+ A) Very frequent. B) Useful and enjoyable.
0'YG6( h C) Extremely necessary. D) Positive and negative.
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f#@0E.. .Z:zZ_Ev 30. What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following this passage?
C?Bl{4-P}* 1i[FY?6`dh A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people.
#9-P%%kQ SN7"7jo P< B) Leisure activities of city dwellers.
#txE=e"&o ( +pLA"xq C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas.
mGp.3
{j <Ln
1pV~k D) Changes in lifestyles of settlers as they moved to the cities.
a,2'+
Tlo =6"2UC& ])xx<5Jt4 h%}/Cmx[ Passage 7
mEw ~yOW]M n a9sm For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge that is intrinsic and consubstautial to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be a man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.
~0beuK&p L#E]
BY But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a we N-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic sections zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, be-cause the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, the foundation for practical results would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.
N"nd*? |<:vY 31. The most important advances made by mankind come from __.
~//fN}~R N[<\>Ps|u A) technical applications B) apparently useless information
E_vq cSXwYZDx? C) the natural sciences D) philosophy
?>I;34tL( 0NS<?p~_S 32. The word "Utopians" in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __.
N[s}qmPha b )B?
F A) idealists B) Greek mathematicians
zT!drq: x {phNd
s% C) scientists D) true human
e" St_z( Y;?{
| 33. In the paragraph the follows this passage, we may expect the author to discuss __.
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eEuvl`& A) the value of technical research B) the value of pure research
.&DhN#EN0 ,6-:VIHQ C) philosophy D) unforeseen discoveries
7 @D@ucL *MKO
I' 34. The word "resign" in the 6th sentence in the 2nd paragraph is closest in meaning to
L7dd(^ <
jJ A) dismiss B) quit C) remark D) submit
hDF@'G8F wB.&}p9p 35. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is __.
k?+?v?I
= E=nIRG|g A) "Technical Progress"
sS*3=Yh 4 o Fel.o B) "A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing"
j0oR ) du f4fvrL C) "Man's Distinguishing Characteristics"
Q+[n91ey** x(1:s|Uyp{ D) "The Function of Theoretical Knowledge as Compared to Its Practical Applications"
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},-[ HiZ* +T.B d 3\qKL!~ <M+|rD]oc Passage 8
$a.JSXyxL Hj^1 or3R] In most of the human civilization of which we have any proper records, youth has drawn on
-t!~%_WCv rNXQf'*I either art or life for models, planning to emulate the heroes depicted in epics on the shadow play screen or the stage, or those known human beings, fathers or grandfathers, chiefs or craftsmen, whose every characteristic can be studied and imitated. As recently as 1910, this was the prevailing condition in the United States. If he came from a nonliterate background, the recent immigrant learned to speak, move, and think like an American by using his eyes and ears on the labor line and in the homes of more acculturated cousins, by watching school children, or by absorbing the standards of the teacher, the foreman, the clerk who served him in the store. For the literate and the literate children of the nouliterate, there was art--the story of the frustrated artist in the prairie town, of the second generation battling with the limitations of the first. And at a simpler level, there were the Western and Hollywood fairy tales which pointed a moral but did not, as a rule, teach table manners.
~vm%6CABM With the development of the countermovement against Hollywood, with the efflorescence (全盛)of photography, with Time-Life-Fortune types of reporting and the dead-pan New Yorker manner of describing the life of an old-clothes dealer in a forgotten street or of presenting the "accurate", "checked" details of the lives of people whose eminence gave at least a sort of license to attack them, with the passion for "human documents" in Depression days--a necessary substitute for proletarian art among middle class writers who knew nothing about proletarians, and middleclass readers who needed the shock of verisimilitude(真实)--a new era in American life was ushered in, the era in which young people imitated neither life nor art nor fairy tale, but instead were presented with models drawn from life with minimal but crucial distortions. Doctored life histories, posed carelessness, "candid" shots of people in their own homes which took hours to arrange, pictures shot from real life to scripts written months before supplemented
m*&]!mM"0G ; ZA~p by national polls and surveys which assured the reader that this bobby soxer (少女)did indeed represent a national norm or a growing trend--replaced the older models.
&u$Q4 75T%g!c# 36. This article is based on the idea that ________.
5_GYrR 2 +
%<(E A) people today no longer follow models
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T Ni9/}bb
B) People attach little importance to whoever they follow
xQ7 l~O
b -_=nDH C) people generally pattern their lives after models
j'Fpjt"&= }bb;~ D) People no longer respect heroes
Acez'@z G/)O@Ugp 37. Stories of the second generation battling against the limitations of the first were often re- sponsible for ______.
BX`{73sw )1?y 8_B A) inspiring literate immigrants
cua x;0{% Ytn9B}% o B) frustrating educated immigrants
Z9v31)q( d[iQ` YW5 C) preventing the assimilation of immigrants
qU \w= P_F30 x( D) instilling into immigrants an antagonistic attitude toward their forebears
}7b %HTF= D}-/ c"':} 38. The countermovement against Hollywood was a movement ______
j` {?OYD 'g}! A) toward realism B) toward fantasy
sA+ }TNhq P\E<9*V C) against the teaching of morals D) away from realism
9)l$ aBa tH
U 2/V:R 39. The author attributes the change in attitudes since 1910 to ____
#]\Uk,mhZB ) ;EB z A) a logical evolution of ideas B) widespread moral decay
&h}#HS>l _P!m%34| C) the influence of the press D) a philosophy of plenty
l [dK[4 4S7v:1~xe 40. The word "distortions" at the end of the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning
Sh/08+@+L: 0HZ{Y9] to ______.
Fn wJ+GTu S;Fi? M A) presentations B) misinterpretations
9=s<Ld
kXViWOXU^ C) influences D) limitations
[C Y9^N t$` r4Lb9/ ___~D
dq aEB_#1 Passage 9
b]e"1Y)D- L7l
FtX+b The conflict between good and evil is a common theme running through the great literature
}H53~@WP> 9p]QM)M and drama of the world, from the time of the ancient Greeks to all the present. The principle that conflict is the heart of dramatic action when illustrated by concrete examples, almost always turns up some aspect of the struggle between good and evil.
U svl}{L[ rm7ANMB : The idea that there is neither good nor evil--in any absolute moral or religious sense—is widespread in our times. There are various relativistic and behavioristic standards of ethics. If these standards even admit the distinction between good and evil, it is as a relative matter and not as whirlwind of choices that lies at the center of living. In any such state of mind, conflict can at best, be only a petty matter, lacking true universality. The acts of the evildoer and of the virtuous man alike become dramatically neutralized. Imagine the reduced effect of Crime and Punishment or The Brothers Karamazoc, had Dostoevsky thought that good and evil, as portrayed in those books, were wholly relative, and if he had had no conviction about them.
&0d# Y]D4` e +EQ]<M You can't have a vital literature if you ignore or shun evil. What you get then is the world of Pollyanna, goody-goody in place of the good. Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because Alan Paton, in addition to being a skilled workman, sees with clear eyes both good and evil, differentiates them, pitches them into conflict with each other, and takes sides. He sees that the native boy Absalom Kumalo, who has murdered, cannot be judged justly without taking into account the environment that has had part in shaping him. But Paton sees, too, that Absalom the individual, not society the abstraction, committed the act and is responsible for it. Mr. Paton understands mercy. He knows that this precious thing is not evoked by sentimental impulse, but by a searching examination of the realities of human action. Mercy follows a judgment; it does not precede it.
?d* z8 w One of the novels by the talented Paul Bowles, Let It Come Down, is full of motion, full of sensational depravities, and is a crashing bore. The book recognizes no evil, and is coldly indifferent to the moral behavior of its characters. It is a long shrug. Such a view of life is non- dramatic and negates the vital essence of drama.
"MeVE#O *tA1az
-jO 41. In our age, according to the author, a standpoint often taken in the area of ethics is the _____.
9+|$$) +w`2kv A) relativistic view of morals B) greater concern with religion
~g91Pr p%ki>p )E| C) emphasis on evil D) greater concern with universals
8\^R~K`sY JtE M,tK 42. The author believes that in great literature, as in life, good and evil are ____
}CSDV9).S l$KA)xbI A) relative B) unimportant
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qX C) constantly in conflict D) dramatically neutralized
M-VX;/&FR '@v\{ l 43. When the author uses the expression "it is a long shrug" in referring to Bowles's book, he
E: 68?IJ !)f\%lb is commenting on the ___
aqZi:icFa [(i A) length of the novel
B`)BZ,#p (TtkFo'!U B) indifference to the moral behavior of the characters
/8'NG6"H` c^xIm'eob C) monotony of the story
P8:dU(nlW b#%hY{$j D) sensational depravities of the book
P= BZ+6DS Wtd/=gmiI 44. In the opinion of the author, Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel be-
5DU6rks% %A/
0 ' cause of Paton's ____.
k
9R4Y\8P tKuwpT 1Qc A) insight into human behavior
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0/6*] Dj?> <@ B) behavioristic beliefs
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NR6#g,+7 C) treatment of good and evil as abstractions
3pROf#M Qy<P463A(l D) willingness to make moral judgments
~vhE |f O:R*rJ 45. The word "shun" in the 1st sentence in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.
s\(k<Ks
_"yh.N& A) shut B) attend C) show D) avoid
:S83vE81WK p4rL}J m& >2)OiQ`zg r,3DT Be Passage 10
qr^ 3R&z!} 1=c\Rr9] African-American filmmakers should be in an enviable position, for since the early 1990s
f}ji?p ah &D%8E there has been a steady wave of low budget black films which have turned a solid profit due to
%(#y 5yJ ] U$.@]F4& a very strong response in the African-American community and a larger crossover audience than
%XDc,AR[ P ) "m0Lu< anticipated. Any rational business manager would now identify this sector as a prime candidate
10~ k2{
Z $9#H04.x for expansion, but if the films have done so well with limited production and marketing costs,
J1|\Q:-7p 6vo;! V6 why have they not received full scale support7
%nZo4hnr$r ] @c+]{ Many analysts feel the business is engulfed in a miasma of self-serving and self-fulfilling myths based on the unspoken assumption that Mfrican-American films can never be vehicles of prestige, glamour, or celebrity. The relationship players have convinced themselves that black films can do only a limited domestic business under any circumstance and have virtually no for- eign box office potential. As executives who now control the film industry grew up in those de- cades when there were few black images on the screen and those that did exist were produced by film-makers with limited knowledge of the black community, it is little wonder that they avoid ideological issues, and seek to continue making films that they are comfortable with by avoiding they negative imagery of films they would prefer to eschew entirely.
Y_IF;V\ jXx<`I+] Also to blame for this deleterious phenomenon are legions of desperate and Machiavellian African-American film producers, directors, and writers who would transform The Birth of A Nation into a black musical as long as it would provide them with gainful studio employment. These filmmakers not only perpetuate negative stereotypes in their films, but they also season them with a sprinkling of African-American authenticity. This situation would be onerous enough, given the economic exploitation of the community involved; unfortunately these films also validate the pathologies they depict. The constant projection of the black community as a kind of urban Wild Kingdom, the glamorization of tragic situations, and the celebration of inner
F#Ryu~," #4% ]o%. city drug dealers and gangsters has a programming effect on black youth. The power of music in
K(rWNO )p0^zv{ film is a particularly seductive and propagandistic force which in the recent crop of African-
CS5?Ti6 L(<*)No American films has rarely been used in a positive social manner.
z&)A,ryW0 What flows from this combination of factors is a policy of market exploitation rather than market development, evidenced by the fact that any number of films may open to 1,500 screens
DB|Y \;3~a9q% in one week, only to totally disappear in less than a month. This restricted body of film products erodes the genre's long-term viability, particularly with the more fickle non-African-American-
A]0
S t@ o3^l~iT can audiences and foreign audiences. Furthermore, when African-American actors begin to emerge as stars, their projects are usually designed to be "more" than a black film, such that any success that follows is therefore perceived not as a reflection of the viability of African-American filmmaking but as the broader pursuit of celebrity.
:yr+vcD? wLH>:yKUU 46. According to the passage, all wise managers think that ___
<n];mf h1 HY*Kb +[ A) the industry of black film would increase in the future
Nq[uoaT W?R6ZAn B) the industry of black film would decrease in the future
w^|*m/h|@u Gbr=+AT C) the industry of black film would not receive full scale support
k 8[n+^ h$>-.- D) the industry of black film is bound to win full scale support
+H-6e P DDP/DD;n}r 47. It is suggested by the analysts that ___
m)t;9J5 ]"hFC<w A) black films can be very successful
z6=Z\P + _[c0)2h B) black films can win prestige, glamour, or celebrity
6:[dj*KGmT EF[@$j
C) black films are mysterious
v5#j Z $<F ThajH K|U D) black films can never be the road to prestige
q460iL7yF} N=5a54
!/ 48. It can be inferred from the passage that ___
DS(}<HK{ s4y73-J^.v A) the black community is wild
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$2N6 *=/ { HvJ B) the black youth may learn from the films and commit crimes
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%Q C) the black films reflect the real life of the black
_?m(V=z> x:NY \._ D) the black community is flourishing
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OM_$ y 49. The word "viability" ( in line 4, para. 4) could best be replaced by ______
A Ru2W1g ArI2 wM/v A) productivity B) vitality C) celebrity D) prestige
BQE|8g'&T 'j8:vq^d 50. This passage mainly discusses ______.
ar! R|zmf {0Yf]FQb-a A) the productivity of black films B) the limitations of black films
*SbMqASv4G vA F
"n C)the myth of American-African D)the prestige of American-African
K( c\wr\6 :1. L}4"gg 36&e.3/# These arguments are unsatisfactory because something about which we know a great deal is being compared with something we can only conjecture. We know what we feel; we have no means of knowing what animals feet. Some creatures with a less delicate nervous system than ours may be incapable of feeling pain to the same extent as we do: that as far as we are entitled to do, the most humane attitude, surely, is to assume that no animals are entirely exempt from physical pain and that we ought, therefore, wherever possible, to avoid causing suffering even to the least of them.
