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Beginning Gx]J6Z8
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for IP]"D"
2. This paper proceeds as follow. Q8kdX6NMd&
3. The structure of the paper is as follows. ^/<0r]=
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related dDAIfe2y
concepts $]Vvu{
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the X(W
d
Introduction 5ZRO
{rf
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the \[Dxg`;4
problem and a detailed presentation of how the required JIl<4 %A
membership functions are defined. 8$H_:*A?
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
YtzB/q8I
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various 5jTBPct
situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an B4yC"55
entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy >>ncq$
service time with stochastic arrivals and non-fuzzy service rule is 0
s-IW
studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. gRk%ObJGqm
Review OKo39 A\fu
1. This review is followed by an introduction. i,{'}B
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is q\P"AlpC!
presented in Section 2. fI5]ed eS
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. "QWF&-kAI
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard D{]t50a.
to ... +wAH?q8f
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. Kd?TIeF E
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of qH3|x08
action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of r+}5;fQJ
systems and outlines the need for development of possibility 8| 6:
methods. rNgFsFQ>.
Body BM(8+Wj
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its zHI_U\"8D
X*'tJN$
importance. Oie0cz:>:
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision-making \
2$nFr?0
logic. s~@4
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 7IrbwAGZ3
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, 'l%b5:
natural language understanding. %_rdO(
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed HA?<j|M
in terms of fuzzy time-window ^
|k7g
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in tgy= .o]
the ... 2yu\fu
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including %S G**7
the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. dM%#DN8l
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 7oj
^(R,
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the u&q RK>wLa
analysis of xx. .eg?FB'7
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human uSeRn@
decision. ]SqLF!S(=
11. Section 3 is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy ^sLnKAN
decision rules Q\pTyNAYn
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 k 8C[fRev
describes the xx strategies. 5pJ)OX
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the *Nv!Kuk
proposed model. c-|~ABtEpX
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set-based approach to cost AS 5\X.%L*
variance investigation. *Y4h26
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. |T!^&t
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of aq'dC=y
memory process. koiQJdK
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of
j"FX ?|4
Section 2 and 3. e(;1XqLM
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and +~gqPk
illustrate its use on experimental data. /i$-ws-
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set v35wlt^}
model .. yv.Y-c=
I)wjTTM5
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further s0,\[rM
work. OYcf+p"<\
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. +-b:XeHSZ
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are h8IjTd]z{$
discussed very briefly in Section 2. [iJU{W
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a HK@LA3
whole model 6kW <i,A
-
of human DM system 5F@7A2ZR
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which O]ZP- WG
a ... scheme must satisfy. q#fj?`k
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and S@AHI!"h=V
uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness ,vfi]_PK
when the domain of discourse is order-dense. g+5{&YD
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical k+X=8()k
study wzX
1!?
currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to UQGOCP_
construct membership functions. UjmBLXz@T
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two 4::>Ca^{
kinds of inference experiments... IR*g>q
This Section [emUyF
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which EJ$-
MRP is designed are described. g~ tG
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations C$X
)I~M
which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results. OiB*,TWV
Next Section |meo
2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the cY+vnQm
computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. F
s^d-I
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical \;0J6LBc
applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as I(6k.PQ
discussed in the next section. Cm:&n
|
4. The three components will be described in the next two section, ,vBi)H
and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will TNs0^h)
\cq
gCab/2
then illustrate their use. b6Jv|1w'
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the #(o 'G4T
following sections. 0 S3~IeJ
6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful 7g(,$5
for arguments based on xx ?
!H<V@a
Summary i2or/(u`
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research Fs q=u-= :
consideration in section 5. 6&(gp(F
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. <y${Pkrj
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. @:$zReS2
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions lf3:Z5*&>
of the paper. uVoM2n?D%^
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized : 0BaEqX
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and
WeGT}
conclusions are drawn. A8JEig 3Ix
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. s&S8P;K|
Chapter 0. Abstract AL/`Pqlk
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a HjTK/x'_'L
xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. n8"S;:Zm
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy H27J kZ&
mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx ARYqX\-e
measures. ^n5[pF}Gw
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. A:3bL:
;t
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 8ID
fYJ
5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. SJ1
1LF3)
6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile gvYib`#
xx algorithm. C)>
])'S
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 2Mx9Kd'a
r
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 8:,E=swe
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. gP.Q_/V
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 2U,O
e9
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are <Gzy*1
Q&
Z~o*$tF/
presented and justified. !Y_"q^5GG'
12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. tx;DMxN!W
13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis ug!DL=ZW
procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. X ^>o/U
14. This paper analyses problems in XJnDx 09h
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... o[*</A
}
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... O4FW/)gq
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for %7BVJJp2
approaching vTYI
ez`g
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by Ky`rf}cI>
which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are [wl:"rm
evaluated. NLM ]KT
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx -bo2"*|m
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. `pY\Mmgv1
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy E!'H,#"P
phases of: xx, xx _#9:cH*
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise 9BB<.
p
represented by linguistic variables. -i|qk`Y
23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational %[ 4/UD=7
procedure sd\>|N?'
Chapter 1. Introduction ~u1ox_v`%(
Time a_I!2w<I
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive qVC_K/w
7
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world eA&hiAP/
3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the Pgg6(O9}B^
4. The development of ... is explored 4vTO # F
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a c\UVMyE
variety of directions @Fqh]1t
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years exV6&bdu
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance t$r^'ZN
with the advent of ... )H$Ik)/N
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... l.1)%q&@^
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. dv-yZRU:
Y5=~>*e
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx @B
~![l
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these pOD|
weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be V4qHaG
developed. (.P;VH9R\
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965]. _)2.#L
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far j>eL&.d
from ready to be used in commercial systems. KSVIX!EsX
Objective / Goal / Purpose m{!BSl
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: tu77Sb
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non-experts to E xKH%I
utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, vX)6N#D!
and to provide intelligent, computer-aided instruction for xxx. xC`Hm?kM
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx :7Rs$
-*Uk
4. The scope of this research lies in )(*A1C[
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule-based D/V.o}X$
decision making. J:f>/
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and W)^:*z
confidence as to permit ... BQSA;;n]
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: ixBM>mRK
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of |_F-Abk
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide seHwn'Jn
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to cAyR)Y!I
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such kBIF[.v(\
probability distribution. fj0+a0h
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the j6Jz
following requirements: y;0.P?Il"
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity -_uL;
9r
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be Ms1G&NYP
completed |rdG+>
15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... wuzz Wq
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues <B`}18x
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently J}jK_
developed procedure for the xx. 3mWo`l
_QvyFKAM
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well-known OR problems are XYod>[.x
studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. a47Btd'm
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and (&x~pv"+
strategies for structuring ..methods vR,HCI
20. This illustration points out the need to specify ,z1# |Y
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. C^nL{ZP,
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review y{u6t 3
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, {6 #3`
for example, regarding xx 3;>(W
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the R%#c~NOO
last decade 7IK<9i4O
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of q{U -kuui
uncertainties associated with xx. ,<EmuEw |
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning "3\RJ?eW:S
27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to P?9CBhN
uncertainty in xx. '/sc `(`:0
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is H~ks"D1
still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in T^sxR4F
concrete applications. >F+:ej
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. `4k;`a
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system U">OdoZ,E+
analysis. @%#(Hse
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the Lvp/} /H/
development of SbGp
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this _I8-0DnOM
design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 9txZ6/
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or sm_:M| [D
probabilistic in nature. I[4E?
34. The central issue in all these studies is to R(zsn;
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, wR;l"*j
however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical >#q|Pjv]
approaches. S;t~"87v*
36. Applied ... techniques to 3YLnh@-
37. Characterized the ... system as plf<O5'
@?1%*/
38. Developed an algorithm to .Z^g
7 *s
39. Developed a system called ... which sRMzU
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce FdSa Ood8
41. Emphasized the need to 5G!X
4%a
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology ~'U;).C
43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken `773& \PK
44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed G{"1I
45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ JJ+<?CeHD
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights -0]aOT--
46. Point out that the problem of zJsoenU
47. A study on ...was done / developed by [] 2Z97Tq
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 2tbqmWw/s
49. The approach taken by [] is ryT8*}o
50. The system developed by [] consists g|zK%tR_P
51. A paper relevant to this research was published by [] zm"\D
vN)
52. []'s model requires consideration of... Cn55%:
53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development OMZT\$9yT
54. []'s model focuses on... g}D$`Nx:
55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to BmM,vllO
56. The published information that is relevant to this research... *Q>:|F[vM
57. This study further shows that LBE".+
58. Their work is based on the principle of 35>}$1?-6
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979]. f@{C3E dd
60. Studies have been completed to established 6Te}"t>
61. The ...studies indicated that c`+ITNV
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in zb" hy"hKw
recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. {eXYl[7n
Problem / Issue / Question Lm?*p>\Q
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as wgyO%
manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined `[KhG)Y7t
model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration e!yw"Cf*
of multiple aspects. -1:Z^&e/
64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems m\f_u*
67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved V\ "5<>+O
jE#8&P~
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed wb[(_@eZ
69. An unanswered question 78)^vvn5~
70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. Q8x{V_Pot
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... ^{s0d+@{
72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed PR?clg=z
73. The three prime issues can be summarized: [S:)UvB
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... {wP|b@(1t
75. There have been many attempts to ^0Q*o1W
76. It is expected to be serious barrier to \zU5G#LQ
77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex 1VFqT'
problem. [MS.5+1Y
1. There are several ways to get around this problem. mPin\-I
2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new. \NU[DHrMP
3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation. MuGg
z>CV[
4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx. qJU)d
5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of # &83;uys
the problem. F5+_p@!i
6. Several problems are associated with them. A#S:_d
7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two 7[BL 1HI*
major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system io7U[ #
can be realized. Ok&>[qu
8. Most problems in practice are complicated %uVJLz
9. More problem surface here. /dt!J
`:
10. Hamper effort toward a xx system |o
zoc"'
11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and zL'IN)7MU
imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which ;&6PL]/d
bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample wp.e3l
population of xx Q5nyD/k4c
12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers ^
:DhHqvK
attempting to develop QX.6~*m1
13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of m}[~A
@qD
membership function determination. /Jf`x>eiH
14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical |vN@2h(|"
and empirical problems. F[D0x26^
M
|?p3%
15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new '$h@
methodological framework to real-world problems and data, we have I"32[?0
(;
to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx. nP\V1pgA
Chapter 3. Proposed methodology QeeC2
Assumption >'-w%H/
1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too ]9&q'7*L
restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination (_qBsng:
time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be uxC
applied. =HV-8C]
2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state-dependent, and \As oeeF
the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which NnLhJPh
stems from the problem's nature. y|;8 :b32
3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the dD^_^'i
assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the u1)TG"+0
execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the /
}XsuH
experiment is in progress. VUy)4*
4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at K rr?`n
which the expert is indifferent. 5&HT$"H:
5. Main simplifying assumptions are: 9IvcKzS
2
6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption. 7"n1it[RJ8
Outline / Structure / Module NT;x1
1. An outline of the research >2lAy:B5
2. Information is incorporated within the scheme fsrg2:kQ
3. Is built into ... structure <RoX| zJw
4. A nice modular structure. )7I.N]=
5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria JMirz~%ib
Classification jA-5X?!In
1. A xx system comprises three main components: \za5:?[xB
2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of .. mo|PrLV
3. Consists of the following steps: 5mna7BCEb
4. This is summarized in the following steps: -B *<Q[_
R(2HYZ
5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas: 2H?I'<NoC
6. Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the O^X[9vr
W
7. Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more vZ[$H
8. The following steps should be followed vbRrk($`
9. xx can be classified by a different ways. 4-]Do?
10. Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following: b`h%W"|2L
11. This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing. h/ LR+XX!
System W(uP`M%][0
1. Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not $[M}K
usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong U`bC>sCp
answer. fa!3/X+
2. The system consists of both ... and ... 1u"R=D9p,=
3. The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on %rpR-}j
three levels. 5
,HCeN
4. expert system domains are area of expertise g.[+yzuE6
5. To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be *[d~N
k%Y$
considered: v87$NQvwQ
6. The system has been developed / designed to determine Lnh':7FQJx
7. The system has proven to be able to S2J#b"Y
8. The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular G$;>ueM
domain X'V+^u@W
9. The system comprises a ... with TK;\_yN
10. The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique 8w)e/*:j
11. The system environment must be relatively stable 8ivRp<9
12. The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and
;Y
Dv.I
retrieve ... uk`T+@K
13. The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx !"g=&Uy&
stage. i Td-n9
14. The most essential part of .. system is the ... jg~_'4f#
15. The successful developments in ESs have made them an q<-%L1kc1
important tool in the development of yJnPD/i
16. An automated system was developed for :&Qb>PH[
17. In this case, the system can be considered to be generative. sS
C?io
]}BB/KQy^
18. An interactive automatic ... system fH-NU-"
19. A …. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system iPMB$SdfO
20. Should be capable of being generated from a ... system @Ppo &>
21. xx is an important part of the integrated system. y&
7YJx
22. The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a q#;BhP
c
separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision. JYPxd~T/-
23. The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin-like manner in -r!42`S
the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of &kb\,mQ
the antecedent of the next rule base. $9G3LgcS
24. The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the |-|jf
linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the Z,3 CC \
antecedent of a rule. ]x2Jpk99a
Computer System l$M$o(
1. The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an |Z
d]=tue
MS-DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well F@9Y\. ,
known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be 5)mVy?Z
easily implemented. 26M~<Ic
2. The current version of the xx program when compiled with ^b=XV&{q
WATFOR77 results in an executable code of about 270K bytes. (s088O
Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible l1}R2lSEO
machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min )i @1XH"D
to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem. KCD
5*xH
3. Time consuming procedures have been implemented in J2'K?|,m
C-language and directly linked to the Prolog environment. NS Np
4. The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires b7!UZu]IEv
approximately 180 seconds. 0rcjorWI
5. It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, ~Yl<S(/4
80386..209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math s{ =5-:
co-processor. +5-]iKh
6. The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx Yc
d3QRB
method and the other based on the new method, were written in ]/_G-2.R
FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co-processor. M\dO({o
7. Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes )
oxIzF
dhW<p5
development time. \dTQQ
l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the ~5ubh2{
computer. R4SxFp
l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study "7d.i(vw
l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe .uKx>YB}
limitations. g#qNHR
l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving 7b46t2W<
five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria ESIzG
aM
-- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min. HlPG3LD!
l This combination is being implemented in an objected-oriented @zrNN>
programming environment (Smalltalk-80 system) to solve problems #
kEOKmO
encountered in construction xxx. ib]vX-
Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / +0"x|$f~
Rule / Formula / Technique th
ptm
l A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system cOb4c*
l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach D%U:!|G
may be applied. q@kOTkHv)
l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the "yW&<7u1
l Although large collections of rules and equations have been % $TEDr!
complied, none are generally accepted k"
YHsn
l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the 4LsHs
body of the report. 9U^$.Lb
l This can be accomplished by W2eAhz&
l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by sofu
step as follows: 9tk" :ld
l The above preliminary analysis has provided important +j
[`,5oS
information LeHiT>aX!
l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum...
HE;V zR
l These concepts have been applied to :}9j^}"c3
l On the basis of the concept mentioned above, FZXyfZw!|
l This can be achieved by
{155b0
l This fact suggests that a new concept O@jqdJu
l This was accomplished by taking ... 1,`H:%z%
k)":v3^
l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. V"#Jk!k9k
l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility b/<mRQ{
l There is little hope of achieving successful ... K\&o2lo]
l There has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using Oq+E6"<y;?
most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception vv.PF~:
of =yqHC<8:
l Only a few studies can be found. vT7g<
l It is a very tedious process to go through <9ifPSvJ
l It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected N:x0w+Ca
l The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. >F3.c%VU]w
l These approaches are sometimes very tedious. `4
UlJ4<`
l Several techniques can be used jGD%r~lN
l A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the o| D^`Z
following]/[follows]: <>=mCZ2
l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. {/}^D-
l A xx model represents an xx by its xx. @6&JR<g*t
l A process decision model captures the logic essential to V1<`%=%_W
l From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx X:=c5*0e
times the ... 6 h'&6
l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. $|a;~m>
l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... G7-!`-Nk
l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the "C74
system. qLjT.7 .x
l A number of heuristic rules have been developed for MzTW8
l Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that s".HEP~]=
l An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine 1 Z[f
{T)
l Euler's formula states the following: Gvx[8I
l The completed model should agree with the formula. *Km7U-BG
l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the '
*R%^RK
object is necessary R^8{bP
l Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, [,g~m9
l To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide 3M<!?%v\A
enough to 3?E}t*/
be useful. 97LpY_sU
h6M;0_'
Point of View SY
_='9U
l from an implementation standpoint, KCtX$XGL
l From the point of view of this application, BSzkW}3q9
l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named {-WTV"L5*2
xxx (CRI for short). C1fyV]
l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of @8gEH+r
some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions. 5Op_*N{V
l From a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an EW(J5/mn
FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm. p
FO^/P'
l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, flnVYQe
tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a 8cdsToF(e.
screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129] U Cb02h
Justification TV:<T
R
l We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has f
RHKQ(a#
received wide acceptance and can ! OE*z $\
l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible CqoG.1jJS
environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. N|d
D!
l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an [Z<Z;=t
estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar k-jahm4
value on the estimate. IeTdN_8
l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications jk70u[\
since it is natural and easy to implement. nhH;?D3
l A function definition expresses the membership function of a ' [p)N,
fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell-shaped function, etc. K&_Uk548
Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to xJhU<q~
?
manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic. 8<dOMp;}r
l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on GP,<`l&
which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in O4|2|sA
nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural p2 ! FcFi
framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions HW 6.O|3
analysis. r>n"
51*
l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a &ab|2*3?X
jRj=Awy
convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains !G?gsW0\h
why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which :b/J\
are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if-the" rule. ;
O=h$8]
Chapter 4. Examples Lp&k3?W
Example/ Data q,l)I+
l The data used in the following example was taken from an ejePDgi_[
experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx +4)7j&L
technique. qx)?buAij
l The data consists of over xx measurements. JK )qZ=
l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are 0b-?
q&*_
compared with a xx ;hDa@3|]34
l Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be _D;@v?n6!O
applied are xx, xx, etc. ^vni&sJ
l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of W
Fv!Pbq,
illustrating the computational procedure discussed. }iiHr|l3
l This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual {qpi?oY
xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied #1/}3+=5B
statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic SNY (*
methods. c:hK$C)T
l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but $:bih4@>
deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed 9;=dxWf
references for those wishing this level of detail. 7{M>!}
rY
l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the M0'v&g
paper. $P {K2"Oc
Comparisons + ,4"
u
l As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process S\ ,mR4:
planning point of view will be discussed. N|Cs
=-+
l The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh 5W? PCOh\
(1973) appeared more suitable Va<eusl
l As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously], YZwaD b
-K%5(Eg
Relation v/Pw9j!r;m
l We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one 2&LQg=O
mapping. }SfbCa)UO
l The relationships appear very complicate (/{aJV
l Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between 4gBp8*2
the task variables and the human operator's characteristics. t;q7t!sC]
l These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ... %&
blJ6b
l The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can |(R5e
establish a relationship among terms such as high, medium, and low, C*kK)6v`
and then modify these relationships. ocR dbmS
l This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former. `}gbc69
l The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product. >t+
qe/
Importance F`+\>ae$h
l The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to ,[rPe\w.z
rule based decision making. :QQlI
Consideration / Attention hvV_xD8|
l Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure Xq#Y*lKVD
l Such a formulation does not change further considerations. |`rJJFA
l Considerable attention has been paid to vDj;>VE2b
l Attention should be paid to an important finding of this B;#J"6w
investigation. ~Qj}ijWD
l Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ... B|Wk?w.{r\
l Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others b'p4wE>
can be accommodated +b$S~0n
l After ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried T2'RATfG
out/performed to determine 7{kP}?
l A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration %/9;ZV
before making the appropriate decision. \}*k)$r
l It should be noted that @'FE2^~Jj
l It is important to point out that ... :*i f
l These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of f'En#-?O
providing ... <O~WB
*s4\\Wb=
l We should stress the fundamental importance of the xx @\P4/+"9
Chapter 5. Results. ;iYff N
Advantages / Disadvantage oDB`iiBXQ
l One of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it w!^~<{Kz
can be applied to the experimental study of Q\Kx"Y3i
l One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it. O'*@ Ytn
l The xx system is versatile 1`bl&}6l|E
l It has a very fast decision making process IND ]j72
l All the algorithms involve mostly logical operations. MmTC=/j
l It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a N!&:rK
microprocessor-based environment. }CGSEr4'w~
l It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch. "hz\Z0zg2
l The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following: JC?N_kP%W
l However, xx is not without its shortcomings. UL@9W6
l In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing v;1F[?@3Y
xxx. J%C#V}z7E
l Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally C(T;>if0NH
reduced by 5% to 9%. RIn9(r
l The "best case" results shows a savings of 6% to 9%. .4y>QN#VL
l Most of the existing works based on xx approach can only bru/AZ# de
recognize a xx . lK7m=[j
l Most of the above methods are computational expansive and Mj=$y?d ]
limited to xx. Ey[On^$
l Some other advantages of xx are the following: ~V=<3X
l The problem is the limitation of this method to a limited domain of t(!r8!c
u}
parts. |]=2 }%1w
l It proved limited in application because it demanded precision in ti5HrKIw
system modeling that was impossible in practice. MxQ?Sb%Gka
l There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and "Ml
&[Oge
benefits, the use of xx, Sw&!y$ed
l The disadvantages of this method are also disadvantages of TJ8E"t*)
conventional xx approaches. x`R
Tp:#
d5 Edu44
l This combines the best features of both techniques h0vob_Fdl
l Hopefully, this tool can be as the reference framework of for BI?@1q}:
developing a xx platform, and helping the administration, marketing,
6M.;@t,Y
and knowledge management activities in virtual communities. (6
p]ZY
Results <|Yj%f
l An improvement on the result shown above can be made by based M6r^L6$N
on the data provided kUx&pYv
l Discussion of these theories is beyond the scope of this review
w2O!M!1
l Based on the information contained in this xda;
K~w
l The result can be categorized into nine classes U).*q?.z
l The results are illustrated by an example ?YM4b5!3T
l The experimental results for each xx time are reported in Table 2. %h"z0@+
l From the results obtained so far, it seem that w@\vHH.;V
l Because of the inaccuracy of the ..., a conclusion cannot be drawn Qcjc,
as 5l-mW0,MK
l Although much effort has been made to., this reality is far from _/* U2.xS
completion. 2 !"
XzdD
l The results indicate that the total benefits are higher than the SHb(O<6
total costs. ]&~]#vB#
l Their results may then serve as guidelines for lower level models, BElJB&I
less fuzzy and more detailed. JPM))4YDR
Chapter 6. Conclusion X;F?:Iw \
l From the discussion, one may conclude that ... e}VBRvr
l Form the above discussion, the conclusion can be reached that ^taBG3P
l The conclusions drawn are also valid ,vqr<H9e
l In conclusion to this, it becomes obvious that the problem of xx v4miU;|\
lies not only in... vKwQXR~C
l We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with a 0Z<I%<8bK
theory of o'~5pS(wq
xx based on fuzzy sets. 7+TiyY]K
l Considerable more work, hopefully, will be done in this area Sw`RBN[ yo
l A fuzzy set procedure is proposed to solve xx selection problems depYqYK7G
+(D$9{y
interwoven with imprecise data :f5s4N
l Employing the compositional rule of inference, the assessment of :M{Y,~cP
the xx compatibility in achieving prescribed xx projectiles in any iGDLZE+?
level of the hierarchy is made possible. ]{
BEr*
l This paper has presented a theoretical and experimental study of {*ZY(6^
the xx process and xx concept. n26Y]7N
l The experimental research results will hopefully serve as useful 8By,#T".
feedback information for improvements for xx work. I]Tsz'T!9
l The scope of this contribution was to introduce a xx method. ]W0EVf=,k
l In general, fuzzy sets theory provides an alternative foundation S|rgCh!h
for xx analysis in a fuzzy environment. 6ZgU"!|r
Future Research to8X=80-3
l Thus, first extension of the approach could be, TvNY:m6.%
l Present some cues for a further approach from Fuzzy Sets Theory kpbm4t
application to YJs|c\ eq?
l Some improvements to the scheduling aspect of the model may xR"M*%{@0
be brought through additional levels in the hierarchy for more o]{uc,
detailed representation of the scheduling activity. S.B<pjgt
Tables and Figures t:JI!DR
l Figure 7-1 sketches these relationships. Iu~\L0R427
l The graphical representation of these functions is shown in Figure ;TcvA
1. j`
E +qk
l The xx may be depicted as in Figure 1. S~qZr
l Figure x shows the schematic diagram of the Y
$g$x<7
l Figure 1 though 2 provide a ... that wpA`(+J
l the architecture of this expert system for .... is illustrated in Figure G>YAJo
2. a</D_6
6
l Figure 2 gives the outline of an ... system ;)Kh;;e
l Table shows the xX0-]Y h:
l as shown in Table 1 and 2 d"G+8}.4
l This concept is illustrated in Figure 2 h0?2j)X_
l At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data. /$n ~lf
C
]Si|D
l Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as ~,D@8tv
row-headings, `"i Y*
xx through xx as column-headings. >$gG/WD?KR
l A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are -K(fh#<6KO
made. $@\mpw
ANl
CONJUGATION :"6q,W
To Indicate Addition $d+DDm1o
l additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, f:zFFpP.j@
besides, equally important, especially, finally, for the same reason, OE)~yKy
first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, likewise, moreover, next, YL
jHt\
second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, broadly _!xD8Di#
speaking 2)?(R;$,
To Indicate Cause and Effect -]Cc
l accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in e73^#O&Xt
short, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, truly "SN4*
To indicate Comparison GwsY-jf
l in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternatively |VOg\[f
To Indicate Concession A]`El8_t"
l after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, !.7udYmB
even so , I admit, naturally, of course He0=-AR8
To Indicate Contrast ]"AyAkT(
l and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in d
"BW/%m|g
contrast, in the real life, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, r#WT`pav
normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, traditionally, HLQ"?OFlz
rather, unfortunately, ?&WYjTU]H
To Indicate Time Relationships: B;Nl~Y| \
after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon TAL/a*7\
ArLvz5WV
as, at last, at length, at the moment, at that time, at the same time, #gQF'
before, earlier, currently, immediately, in the meantime, in recent k'`m97B
years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, g*\/N,"z
soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, ,O=a*%0rt
while 2.}R
To Indicate Special Features or Examples: ~Y=@$!Uq
for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, 0X..e$ '
in particular, in practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this L^kp8o^$
respect, theoretically, as mentioned before / above
NW$H"}+o
To Indicate Summary: W!$zXwY}(
in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to Qz<d~N
conclude -y) ,Y
|
, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately, )!9Ifk
0KH
VERB PHASE dtM[E`PL
l build a .. model
u'Q?T7
l build up the key link
;sdN-mb
l began a new era in ... =1/NFlt8
l can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained cl[!`Z
through n[xkSF^)
l can result in XY7Qa!>7j
l carries out ... tasks [um&X=1V8
l production information in order to simultaneously 33l>{(y
l contains all information necessary to describe H(+<)qH
l do not make use of production information D _X8-
l deals with <T,A&`/
l end with failure yFIy`9R
l fetch the information from the model directly wjU.W5IR
l has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the cleOsj;S
development of / ?v]-^X=&
been recognized as O0~vf[i];
l BE aimed at / built up / carried out by / essentially concerned O>r-]0DI[
>X}{BDMb.
with / considered to be the key technology / associated with each )-P!Ae_.v
feature of a compo dZ2%S''\
site component / cable of / currently implemented for / >O{7/)gS^
demonstrated by an example / finally reached / made equal to / I %_MV
equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / interpreted as / |g)FA_#|<
pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / uF(k[[qaiN
shown in / used to effectively guide the search B:oF;~d/,
l makes use of r((Tavn
l make up wvc>0?t'
l meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands "X1vZwK8N
placed upon it i s"vekC
l must be justified QEJGnl676
l point out R"xp%:li
l play an important role Z[#IfbYt
l relates to 83;IyvbL
l rely on [,f)9v)
l satisfy the needs `7Ug/R<
l determine the total requirements for the ... <!x+eE`
l uses ... as a key to search for... tB6k|cPC
l without relying on `| 9K u
l will be available/ performed/ overlooked PnWD}'0V
NOUN PHASE
,+L
KJl
l a basic technical function of }C6@c1myq-
l a critical need c?6d2jH.
l a key / principle feature of F-0Ud
V
l a substantial impact on v[#)GB
_5
l an intensive review was conducted D1"7s,Hmu
l an increasing need for expanding the application of .... c~tAvDX
l an important component / function / aspect / issue 0
-xCp ~vE
l each rule is numbered in sequence n6f3H\/P&
l each of these involves f'{>A
Ki=C
l for this calculation, it is necessary to define TlPVHJyt
l in the physical environment / integration of gue(C(~.k_
MW@ DXbKVl
l in the reality of situations where … $L{7%]7QC
l many aspects of j[DIz@^
l most past efforts have been spent on ... h([0,:\
l common sense to a well studied and documented technical field.
KOSyh<&
l sources of additional information on ... are listed /yYlu
l systematic and rationally structured format T-P@u-DU
l the basis on which a range of ...operations can be established is ,L%p
shown JuJ5qIal
l THE basic philosophy / principles of / key element / general &&C~@WY,r
hypothesis / candidate list of / concept of ... has attracted wide i QqbzOY
interest / function is concerned with / heart / impact / nature / role (3fPt;U
/ task of / kernel functions TN ci.']
l the number of parts needed to \Da~p9T&
l the above statement means that Yq;&F0paK
l the output data is passed to OK\]*r
l the proposed method / underlying principle
y h-9u
l the recommendations made in this report, if implemented, should VRhRwdC
l this information resides in =g2\CIlVU6
l this process is composed of ... different ... operation 0*{p Oe/u
l along with the use of $K=z
l concerning general aspects of mh8nlB
l due to B}5XRgq
l for later use in generating..., L&HzN{K
l in turn, ^V,@=QL3U
l IT IS believed / noted / assumed / suggested / shown / quite 3mA/Nu_
evident / appears / implies that / intended for / of no important to -9Xw]I#QR
l it can be claimed/concluded that <w11nB)
l it demonstrates the decisions required of |
VRq$^g
l it also provides information to .. bgXc_>T6_y
l it becomes essential to s.ey!ew
l let ... be the probability that ZArf;&8
l once... is written, it is compiled into... @f'
AWeJ2
l suppose it is observed that %w%zv2d
l this is because "U{mMd!9L
Ot"(uW4$[
l this results in a 8Nv-/VQ/b
l upon completion of the ... analysis, /^WE@r[:
l when the knowledge is of mathematics or quantum physics, it will 7dx4~dF
also be Z~B+*H
F
recorded in books and papers QD6Z=>?S
l selection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation ";58B}ki
plans, P:vX }V |[
is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly. m
R"9&wq
l for the sake of convenience UvoG<;
l correct decision to be reach 0c{Gr 0[>
l keeping the number of rules to a minimum. Z 'Zd[."s
l a good process plan will result exhibiting several characteristics: (jt*u (C&Y
l practical solutions Zr~"\llk
l because of rather small job lot sizes ]*;RHy9
l Backward reasoning can be used to answer the question "should zh?xIpY
milling tool be select" different level of knowledge in the realm of 8~rT
process planning