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Beginning s'/_0
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 11S{XbU
2. This paper proceeds as follow. Fbotn(\h@
3. The structure of the paper is as follows. {2xc/
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related {'P?wv
concepts 7F]oK0l_
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the }K.)yv n
Introduction rk+s[Qi~
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the (CAVOed
problem and a detailed presentation of how the required JWM4S4yZHR
membership functions are defined. /L`qOr2E
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 0kp
{`3ce
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various j`u2\ ;
situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an gT fA]
entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy gBgaVG
service time with stochastic arrivals and non-fuzzy service rule is tR=1.M96Y
studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. 'uqY%&U
Review @gx]3t*]I
1. This review is followed by an introduction. ]7,0}q.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is it j&L <e
presented in Section 2. NmNj0&
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. ,[| i^
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard V#&S&dn
to ... ){J ,Z*&
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. ^x >R #.R
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of #FGj)pu
action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of CTB
qX
systems and outlines the need for development of possibility "f!H[F1~
methods. bhjJH,%_>
Body pr\OjpvD
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its @oRo6Y<-
n~yhX%=_Du
importance. b
9l%5a
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision-making \S#![NC
logic. Cm6%wAzC
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx VPDd*32HC
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, #
i|pi'Ij
natural language understanding. CVgVyy^
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed H3|x
in terms of fuzzy time-window Kb#Z(C9
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in
u3vw[k
the ... ESY\!X:|
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including Z=144n 1
the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. JN<u4\e{-&
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. &Y8S! W@4
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the qJJ~#W)
analysis of xx. k
3oR:
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human yex0rnQ|
decision. FJ
V!B&
11. Section 3 is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy -* piC(
decision rules X2C&q$8
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 a.G;s2>
describes the xx strategies. 05[k@f$n
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the {edjvPlk
proposed model. gO]jeO
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set-based approach to cost p>0n~e
variance investigation. $r/tVu2!W
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. rTYMN
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of 6nHyd<o
memory process. S5xum_Dq
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of P4 dhP-t
Section 2 and 3. ~&T%u.u7
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and "midC(rTm
illustrate its use on experimental data. iz\GahK
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set bZzB\FB~
model .. 1usLCG>w{
w4\g]\
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further .Fn7yTQ%
work. KMogwulG
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. rIZ^ix-N
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are -jQMh
discussed very briefly in Section 2. Dmp
G35Jk
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a *Bm
_
whole model &Uu8wFbIJ
of human DM system DE _<LN
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which =^S1+B
MY-
a ... scheme must satisfy. KO5!
(vi@
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and jK9#.
0
uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness 7,&M6<~
when the domain of discourse is order-dense. ;7w4BJcq']
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical [,As;a*o
study /D&7 \3}
currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to l#k&&rI5x.
construct membership functions. X4Y!Z/b
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two v[I,N$:
kinds of inference experiments... Fl0 :Z
This Section 19.oW49Sw
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which :FqHMN
MRP is designed are described. Z_}[hz$
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations #Qnl,l
f
which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results. t,vj)|:
Next Section 7\nR'MOZ
2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the hk.Zn.6A'
computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. oZSPdk
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical 95%QF
;h
applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as +JrbC/&
discussed in the next section. mcqLN5
4. The three components will be described in the next two section, S@[B?sNj
and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will \4 5%K|
)CM3vL {
then illustrate their use. QkU6eE<M*
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the moT*r?l
following sections. ^I]A@YNni
6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful N^
;rLrm*
for arguments based on xx (f `zd.
Summary k2Y *
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research ~![J~CkPS
consideration in section 5. N~t4qlC/
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. CPt62j8
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. #9FY;~
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions 0AWOdd>.
of the paper. :
j}4F
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized t+<?$I[
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and @=G6fW:
conclusions are drawn. m(o^9R_=^9
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. 0P7sMCYu
Chapter 0. Abstract .Mb<.R3
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a V~!lY\
xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. QK0-jYG^
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy A4
mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx [JyhzYf\
measures. q88;{?T1
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
_(1Shm
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. <7R+p;y
5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 9_ru*j\
6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile g;mX {p_@
xx algorithm. f<;w1sM\
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. {;-wXzv`
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. &8x
wR
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. TkyP_*
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 4Mck/i2
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are c%x9.s<+1
/(jG9RM
presented and justified. 5 ^867
12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 4];<`
%
13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis u0{R;)
procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. rJKac"{
14. This paper analyses problems in T:=ST3#m
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... G5,g$yNs
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... a>8&B
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for dng^#|X)?
approaching CAa&,ZR
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by [x8_ax}w
which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are KEfwsNSc%
evaluated. W87kE?,
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx =)YDjd_=z
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. z0T9tN!(
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy qe2@bG%2+F
phases of: xx, xx }Yargj_Gn
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise 0`KR8# A@
represented by linguistic variables. ~i
UG2 4v
23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational 3-v&ktD&N'
procedure 6`WI
S4
Chapter 1. Introduction 8DGPA
Time 4QBPN@~t
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive noZ!j>f{@l
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world XIBm8IkF
3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the kca#ssN
4. The development of ... is explored
;pt.)5
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a zK>}x=
variety of directions aIo%~w
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years V='A;gs
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance 45Lzq6
with the advent of ... &G)/i*
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... _%KRZx}
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. ZxAk
I<qG{PA
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx ${{[g16X
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these BVG.ZZR})
weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be I#/"6%e
developed. t1ers> h
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965]. 3,0b<vf
Sv
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far >Z>sR0s7
from ready to be used in commercial systems. w
ufQyT`
Objective / Goal / Purpose 49=L9:
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: vLpIVNA]]Y
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non-experts to >
{[
utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, "u)L
e6.
and to provide intelligent, computer-aided instruction for xxx. vG:S(/\>
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx !b?cY{
4. The scope of this research lies in 9^E!2CJ
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule-based " ~q~)T1Z
decision making. ujf7r`;u.
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and Q_`EKz;N{
confidence as to permit ... T%aM~dp
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: r<B
pX["
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of C=t9P#g*.
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide h0")NBRV&
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to ,I
H~
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such
7n*"9Ai(
probability distribution. "A0y&^4B@
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the 9W&nAr
following requirements: Bm 4$
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity a7aj:.wi
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be yp)D"w4@
completed o%*C7bU
15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... S
R s
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues P 1
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently na@Go@q
developed procedure for the xx. `6(Zc"/
\m
HX ,\a`
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well-known OR problems are iNilk!d6Q3
studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. YMVmpcz
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and 0"Zxbgu)
strategies for structuring ..methods R ^ZOcONd-
20. This illustration points out the need to specify *BvdL:t
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 5}a.<
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review RKp9[^/?
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, D=K{(0{"/,
for example, regarding xx v`S ;.iD
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the IC1nR
u2I
last decade c}s#!|E0v
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of y6Ez.$M
uncertainties associated with xx. +S'm<}"1
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning nJ$2RN
27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to FL4BdJ\
uncertainty in xx. pH(X;OC9S
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is Jp|e
KZ
still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in E)wf'x
concrete applications. e,d}4 jy
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. :yTr:FoF
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system gYbcBb%z
analysis. 4iZg2"[D
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the ?9>wG7cps7
development of .jiJgUa7
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this *!E~4z=
design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. d[ _@l
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or lr?SL\D
probabilistic in nature. sLFZ61rT
34. The central issue in all these studies is to 4*IXBi7%
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, FM(EOsWk
however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical G/#m.=t
approaches. j@Pd"
Z9
36. Applied ... techniques to 5ArgM%
37. Characterized the ... system as VMe
n-{ d7haOa
38. Developed an algorithm to ;$e)r3r`LV
39. Developed a system called ... which KN"u PW
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce wLb:FB2
41. Emphasized the need to dQ_4aO
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology g-B{K "z
43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken C`.eJF
44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed l)~U
8
45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ A{M7
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights gs=ok8w
46. Point out that the problem of Lusd kc7
47. A study on ...was done / developed by [] %d*0"<v
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 6VuyKt
49. The approach taken by [] is sC.r$K+k5
50. The system developed by [] consists x*RSD,3
51. A paper relevant to this research was published by [] i$`o,m#
52. []'s model requires consideration of... wa{!%qu5.R
53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development {MyI3mvA
54. []'s model focuses on...
t&
F:C
55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to GAZRQ
56. The published information that is relevant to this research... (5,x5l]-N
57. This study further shows that S'W,AkT
58. Their work is based on the principle of IR$d?\O3
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979]. g5"I{ol5T~
60. Studies have been completed to established [CfZE
61. The ...studies indicated that *OdmKVw6G
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in pZlt4
recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Yw]$/oP`
Problem / Issue / Question nw, .I [
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as a5saN5)H
manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined TwVkI<e0s?
model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration 5uahfJk
of multiple aspects. ; %(sbA
64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems K3`!
0(
67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved =$^90Q,Z;
::'Y07
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed
!bCL/[
69. An unanswered question M!mw6';k
70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 4lpcJ+:o
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... t 4zUj%F
72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 1a
V32oK
73. The three prime issues can be summarized: hmOGteAf-
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... x V`l6QS
75. There have been many attempts to !G\gqkSL
76. It is expected to be serious barrier to Zi7cp6~7
77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex zv0sz])
problem. [7HBn
1. There are several ways to get around this problem. (ER9.k2
2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new. 8Dt
pb7\o
3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation. <82&F
4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx. F=w:!tqA
5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of WFV'^-4
the problem. ,%N[FZ`|
6. Several problems are associated with them. p=A,yGDV
7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two w xte
major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system 0gW{6BtPWm
can be realized. (`E`xb@E,=
8. Most problems in practice are complicated 4%8den,|
9. More problem surface here. %Cqp88]
10. Hamper effort toward a xx system AkW>*x
11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and t2
OBVzK
imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which IzUpkwN
bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample 7)[Ve1;/N
population of xx i/'bpGrQ(
12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers !
}e75=x
attempting to develop NziCN*6
13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of X
<C fy
membership function determination. SJh~4R\
14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical qwJp&6
and empirical problems. (BxmV1
{'h&[f>zcQ
15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new :7"Q
methodological framework to real-world problems and data, we have cAwqIihZ
to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx. 0x5Ax=ut
Chapter 3. Proposed methodology W!O/t^H>
Assumption LS9,:!$
1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too *VJ ISJC
restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination ilJ`_QN
time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be *<67h*|)
applied. gYrB@W;2
2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state-dependent, and N*&T)a
the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which wf]?:'}
stems from the problem's nature. 2#^g] o-N
3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the Q
Kr/
assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the |,oLZCNa
execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the EwV$2AK
experiment is in progress. 9d/-+j'
4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at lGR0-Gh2
which the expert is indifferent. Y %bb-|\W
5. Main simplifying assumptions are: UxHI6,b
6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption. hR7uAk_?
Outline / Structure / Module 7* Y*_cH5
1. An outline of the research |36% B7H
2. Information is incorporated within the scheme |J:r]);@K
3. Is built into ... structure \rxjvV4fcZ
4. A nice modular structure. :X'B K4EN
5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria uQdy
Classification nyR<pnuC'
1. A xx system comprises three main components: 4Ps;Cor+
2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of .. =Jw*T[ E
3. Consists of the following steps: N_B^k8j
4. This is summarized in the following steps: W
=Bw*o-
'R-\6;3E>9
5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas: WUz69o be
6. Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the }MMK
Or(
7. Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more b?iPQ$NyQ
8. The following steps should be followed \7qj hA@
9. xx can be classified by a different ways. e
}C,)
10. Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following: N]iarYc
11. This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing. B%Qo6*b
System ub>:dNBN
1. Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not H#YI7l2
usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong ai?J
answer. oVHe<zE.
2. The system consists of both ... and ... ~:Z|\a58j
3. The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on )ADI[+KW
three levels. :'<;]~f
4. expert system domains are area of expertise B;8Zl m9
5. To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be
wI
7gHp
considered: GQYn |vm
6. The system has been developed / designed to determine tx<^P
V2
7. The system has proven to be able to
,Il) t H
8. The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular ZEDvY=@a
domain AHuIA{AdUR
9. The system comprises a ... with 19O
10. The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique hTEb?1CXU
11. The system environment must be relatively stable 4Lk<5Ho
12. The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and \DE,
,
retrieve ... ;?iu@h
13. The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx 1|G\&T
stage. T<Y*();Zo
14. The most essential part of .. system is the ... s1[.L~;J
15. The successful developments in ESs have made them an 5o4KV?"
important tool in the development of `IBNBJy
16. An automated system was developed for v]Pyz<+
17. In this case, the system can be considered to be generative. 7>MG8pf3a
W)f=\.7
18. An interactive automatic ... system b5%<},ySq
19. A …. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system l
*wGKg"x3
20. Should be capable of being generated from a ... system *K?UWi#$
21. xx is an important part of the integrated system. E+<GsN]
22. The model consists of four rule bases, each of which addresses a cQd?,B3#F
separate problem in the hierarchy of scheduling decision. sxuP"4
23. The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin-like manner in )Ac
evEHB
the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of {=d}04i)E"
the antecedent of the next rule base. J1gnR
24. The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the WZ!zUUp}V
linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the rzie_)a Y%
antecedent of a rule.
jFKp~`/#
Computer System K7{B!kX4k
1. The system has been implemented using Prolog language in an +CSv@ />3
MS-DOS environment. Prolog was chosen because it offers a well B9
?58v&
known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be NB^Al/V@
easily implemented. nW\W<[O9
2. The current version of the xx program when compiled with oXk6,b"
WATFOR77 results in an executable code of about 270K bytes. UB8
n,+R
Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible `h :!^"G
machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min rk;]7Wu
to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem. 6M_ W(
3. Time consuming procedures have been implemented in A{)pzV25
C-language and directly linked to the Prolog environment. !or_CJ8%
4. The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires ='1hvv/
approximately 180 seconds. 6v%ePFul
5. It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, x2HISxg
80386..209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math %Q}(.h%M
co-processor. 6,~1^g*
6. The computer programs used for the analyses, one based on the xx Vep41\g^
method and the other based on the new method, were written in NZ8X@|N
FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co-processor. Tz9 (</y
7. Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes Q3bU"f
(OwGp3g
development time. 1!U:M8T|
l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the Xj30bt
computer. )~"0d;6_
l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study BOA7@Zaa$p
l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe a
^juZ
limitations. &~B8~U4%
l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving -h
^MX
five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria 9FNsW$b?
-- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min. #bG6+"g{=L
l This combination is being implemented in an objected-oriented b&_Ifx_YF
programming environment (Smalltalk-80 system) to solve problems N.
nGez
encountered in construction xxx. {+{
p.
Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Q]K$yo
Rule / Formula / Technique BKE ?o^03
l A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system :.a184ax
l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach 'q}f3u >
may be applied. ?X\.O-=4X
l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the !SnLvW89Z
l Although large collections of rules and equations have been /e|qyWs
complied, none are generally accepted ${wp}<u_
l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the /yY} .S
body of the report. L=HnVgBs
l This can be accomplished by 7D'D7=Z.
l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by mtE+}b@(!&
step as follows: &U}8@;
l The above preliminary analysis has provided important Z8Vof~
information bt.3#aj
l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... M ]O4
l These concepts have been applied to G'dN<Nw6
l On the basis of the concept mentioned above, BxQ,T@
l This can be achieved by VTyj<6Y
l This fact suggests that a new concept yxf#@Je"
l This was accomplished by taking ... vo&h6'i>7
N{@~(>ee^
l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. \M0's&